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Benny Gantz, the former chief of the Israel Defense Forces and prime minister in a revolving arrangement with Benjamin Netanyahu several years ago, announced that he is quitting the war cabinet. What impact this has on Netanyahu's government and its war policy in Gaza is now the subject of high speculation.He and another centrist former IDF commander, Gadi Eisenkot, had accepted a place in the war cabinet to underscore Israeli unity in the wake of the October 7 Hamas assault on Israeli towns in the southern Negev. They have, for the most part, supported, or at least acquiesced in, the government's Gaza campaign.Despite international insistence that a ceasefire was essential to the well-being of Gaza's battered civilian population and diplomatic intervention, Gantz and Eisenkot have backed Netanyahu's insistence that a ceasefire before Hamas had been completely dismantled would be unacceptable to Israel. Their position mirrors the Hamas view: any ceasefire that does not recognize Hamas's authority in Gaza or permits Israel to resume the war after hostages and their remains have been repatriated is unacceptable to Hamas's Gaza wing. Much ink has been spilled analyzing Qatari, Egyptian and U.S. missteps or hidden agendas in the negotiations, but the fact is that neither Yahya Sinwar nor Benjamin Netanyahu could sign up to ceasefire terms that granted the other even the most symbolic of victories.The stated reason for Gantz's defection, which he foreshadowed a couple of weeks ago, was Netanyahu's failure to produce a post-conflict plan for Gaza that wasn't laughable. The prime minister has floated various arrangements. The first was to use Gazan businessmen for service delivery, essentially of humanitarian goods, but of more kinds of imports as time progressed, and as the Israeli conduit to Gaza for non-military purposes. How this would evolve into a government for Gaza was not clear, but the Israeli government did seem to think that its business partners would eventually coalesce into a governing authority. This idea was shredded by the first attempt to put it in practice, when a shipment of food that Israel had transferred to these new partners was raided by Hamas. Thereupon another conception took flight involving the Saudis, or other moderate Arab states, accepting security responsibility and, in the case of Saudi Arabia, offering "temporary" refuge to Gazans displaced by Israeli military operations. This idea was promptly and predictably derided by the proposed participants. More recently, the government's planning crossed the line between absurdism and surrealism by circulating a brochure of the "new" Gaza, which depicted a science fiction version of contemporary Dubai. This made the Onion look like the Wall Street Journal. Gantz himself advanced the idea of a kind of Star Wars bar governing authority consisting of personnel from an array of moderate Arab governments, Western powers, NGOs and some Gazans who could verify that had never heard of Hamas. Both Gantz and Netanyahu refuse to countenance a role for the Palestinian Authority; Gantz, it's well to remember, opposes a two-state solution. Gantz's criticism of Netanyahu's lack of a "day after" plan is certainly apt, but Gantz's own seems unequal to the desolation of Gaza and the vacuum that Israel's campaign will have created.Be that as it may, the question on the tips of many tongues is whether Gantz's departure will unleash a political process resulting in Netanyahu's defenestration. This seems unlikely. The Knesset numbers are what they are. Netanyahu's coalition will not fall. And the Knesset calendar is what it is. Netanyahu just has to last until 25 July, when the legislature goes into recess. It won't come back until the week before the November 4 U.S. elections, which could produce a Trump presidency.And before the Knesset recesses, Netanyahu will have had yet another occasion to address both houses of the U.S.Congress. This will stir up the large reservoir of American support for Israel's Gaza campaign, burnish Netanyahu's credentials as custodian of the U.S.-Israel relationship and set the stage for nearly three more years of Netanyahu's leadership.One of Netanyahu's claims is likely to be that under his skillful leadership, dire predictions of a widening war and escalating violence have not come to pass. While it is true that Israel's north is in parts uninhabitable, the same could be said for Lebanon's south. As for increasing exchanges of fire across the Blue Line that separates the two countries, "…well, you should see the other guy." A confrontation with Iran in April was handled like a clockwork Kennedy School class project orchestrated by Thomas Schelling. Israel organized a coalition of the U.S., France, UK, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia to neuter Iran's attack and responded with the perfect blend of constraint and precision firepower. The picture of course was more complicated than that and raised ominous questions about how a real war would play out. But for Netanyahu's domestic political purposes these considerations are obviously irrelevant.Even as Netanyahu's probable durability leaves a workable Gaza endgame open to grave doubt, it also raises the question of what Israel will do in the north. Israel pundits and officials have been beating the war drums for weeks, suggesting that the IDF is prepared to enter Lebanon and push Hezbollah 30 kilometers or more back from the Blue Line. Hezbollah has up to 100,000 missiles and rockets it could rain on Israel in response. The IDF however has been planning for an operation in Lebanon since the fiasco of the 2006 war. Military planners likely believe they have got the problems sorted: Swift attrition of Hezbollah's missiles via thousands of airstrikes and a well-stocked air defense umbrella; new and improved tactics for use of armor and infantry; and the advantage of surprise. Much of Israel's armor is in the north, there aren't any Israeli civilians in the area to worry about, and the ongoing exchanges of fire would provide cover for a surprise attack.On the other hand, Netanyahu will probably shy away from the tremendous risks that such a war would entail; he would be especially averse to starting another full-scale and far more challenging fight until Gaza has been digested. If he is attracted to the idea, he might prefer to wait until after Election Day in the U.S. Dealing with Trump might make a Lebanon War easier to prosecute; a Biden White House would be decidedly less sympatico.As for the near term, Gantz should take the opportunity for a relaxing vacation. The only real question is Itamar Ben-Gvir's demand that he be included in the war cabinet upon Gantz's departure. This might make the hair stand up on the backs of many necks in Washington and Israel, but the fact is that Netanyahu has been quite attentive to Ben-Gvir's preferences from the outset. Indeed ,he was channeling this ultra-right winger in his latest public statement on Israel's war aims, in which he doubled down on the proposition that the security of Israel – that is, the destruction of Hamas – takes precedence over the fate of the hostages.

The political contention that considers forests to be mere economic assets to achieve state welfare has slowly changed into a more conservative view since the Ninth World Forestry Congress in Mexico in 1985 rightly acknowledged that there has been severe tropical forest destruction and environmental deterioration around the globe. Several international agreements to address specific forestry issues have been established and new forms of forest governance have been formed, and an alliance of domestic and international actors have to implement these, mostly in forest-rich countries. These attempts have sometimes met with difficulty, due to the domestic forest-related bureaucracies' own programmes and goals. Here, various interests in domestic politics compete for international support, resulting in the acceptance, rejection of, or changes to, those forest governances. Consequently, international forest governance may be adopted in a country in a form that is different from its original concept. To gain more insight into forest politics as carried out by bureaucracies, and its consequences for forest policy processes and forest resources, this dissertation examines the question of how forest-relevant bureaucracies respond to new international forest governance. This framework contributes to a description of the bureaucratic processes involved in the implementation of selected international forest governances. For this purpose this framework will be structured as follows: 1. Theoretical framework on bureaucratic politics, domestic politics in response to international forest regimes, theory of power, and the concept of absolute and relative power gains; 2. Methodological framework for data collection and analysis of international forest issues relevant in Indonesia, the role of influential actors in specific cases, bureaucracies respond to forest policy introduced by other actors, and power dynamics of actors involved; and 3. Results, highlighting the selection of international forest governance forms by domestic bureaucracies, the effort bureaucracies make to restore their authority over forests, the international influence on forest politics, the forming of super bureaucracy and its suspension, and symbolic forest policy. The origin of this framework consists of five articles, each of which addresses specific questions in selected study cases. The publications are listed below, together with a brief description. Article 1: Wibowo, A., & Giessen, L. (2015). Actor positions on primary and secondary international forest-related issues relevant in Indonesia. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(3):10-27. This article identifies timber legality, climate change (including the REDD initiative) oil palm plantation and its environmental aspects, harmonisation of wood and forest certification schemes, land use change, forest and species conservation, and deforestation and decentralized forest governance as the seven most relevant forest issues in Indonesia. Article 2: Wibowo, A., & Giessen, L. (2015). Absolute and relative power gains among state agencies in forest-related land use politics: The Ministry of Forestry and its competitors in the REDD+ Programme and the One Map Policy in Indonesia. Land Use Policy, 49, 131-141. It describes how the two forest-related policies involving many state agencies do not work well since there is no strong leading agency responsible for them. Article 3: Wibowo, A., Sahide, M.A.K, & Giessen, L. (2015). From voluntary private to mandatory state governance in Indonesian forest certification: Reclaiming authority and legitimacy by bureaucracies. Article submitted to Global Environmental Change. This describes the strategy of the Ministry of Forestry of increasing its influence over stakeholders along the value chain of domestic timber business, by utilising its authority in Indonesia-EU FLEGT-VPA negotiation. Article 4: Pratiwi, S., Wibowo, A., & Giessen, L. (2015). Third-party certification of forest management in Indonesia: Analysing stakeholders' recognition and preferences. Journal Manajemen Hutan Tropika [Journal of Tropical Forest Management], 21(2), 65–75. This unveils certification schemes preferred by industries and the criteria they use in selecting such schemes. Article 5: Wibowo, A., Pratiwi, S., & Giessen, L. (2015). Comparing forest certification and timber legality systems in Indonesia: Complementary or competitive? Environmental, Development and Sustainability, under revision. This compares two international and one national forest certification scheme with the timber legality verification system in Indonesia that uses the Forest Certification Assessment Guide (FCAG), and concludes that those schemes are in competition and that each of them tries to delegitimise the others. These five publications answer the central question of how forest-relevant bureaucracies respond to new international forest governance. To address this central question, four questions that are more specific are formulated, namely: (i) What policy instruments are international forest governances trying to apply to domestic forest policy?; (ii) Who are the important domestic and non-domestic actors involved in the policy processes concerning specific forest issues?; (iii) How do the main forest-related bureaucracies respond to forest policy introduced by other bureaucracies?; and (iv) What are political factors influence the acceptance of new forest-related policies?. We used non-participant observations, expert interviews, and content analyses of policy documents in most of our works. Specifically, online survey was used to identify stakeholders' perception on forest certification schemes working in Indonesia and Forest Certification Assessment Guide (FCAG) to compare the standard of forest sustainability certification and timber legality verification. We applied theory of actor-centred power, theory of power, concept of absolute and relative power gains, and domestic response to foreign agenda in all publications. The results show that, first, forest-related bureaucracies are more responsive to issues with high economic benefit, and pay less attention to those with low economic benefit. They are also more involved with topics that become issues of international concern, such as timber legality, climate change and REDD+, and oil palm plantation and its environmental aspects. Second, domestic bureaucracies in charge of economic tasks are more involved in the forestry business than those in charge of environmental tasks. In addition to the Ministry of Forestry, the Ministry of Trade and the Ministry of Industry are the two ministries most involved in domestic forest governance. Other state agencies that influence domestic forest policy are UKP4 (Presidential Delivery Unit for Development Monitoring and Oversight, Unit Kerja Presiden Bidang Pengawasan dan Pengendalian Pembangunan), REDD+ Agency, BAPPENAS (National Development Planning Agency, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional), DNPI (National Council on Climate Change, Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim). Third, domestic bureaucracies form alliances with central power in the states (the president) to be involved in or/and to shape domestic forest policies, and to cooperate with international actors to gain public legitimacy for the way in which they run their programmes. Fourth, the three main cases examined in this dissertation, namely REDD+, one map policy and forest certification, are likely to be symbolic only. Symbolic policy is defined as sense of a non-policy, which formulates goals and instruments but is not assigned with clear responsibilities in terms of implementing agencies, sufficient staff, budget resources and necessary information. This conclusion is based on the fact that REDD+ policy, as well as timber legality verification, are based on weak legal constructions, have no single and strong leading agency responsible for ensuring continuity, and have only weak long-term agendas with no stand-alone budgets or discrete staff. Weak legal construction means that the policy can be changed, postponed or discontinued by other powerful actors, and having no leading agency means that there is an absence of an actor with the power to direct and implement the policy or of an authority that would penalize anyone acting against it.

[SPA] El crecimiento demográfico, el desarrollo industrial, la expansión de la agricultura de regadío y el aumento de la calidad de vida han dado lugar en los últimos años a una fuerte presión sobre los recursos hídricos. En climas áridos y semiáridos se presentan frecuentes situaciones de déficit hídrico que afectan principalmente a la agricultura, que con un 75% de la demanda total de recursos hídricos representa el mayor consumidor de agua. Por tanto, actualmente es de gran interés el desarrollo de técnicas y herramientas para optimizar el uso de agua, especialmente en la agricultura. Las pérdidas por evaporación en embalses pueden representar una importante pérdida de agua en zonas áridas y semiáridas. Varios estudios a escala mundial señalan la importancia de estas pérdidas de agua. Gökbulak y Özhan (2006) estiman que la evaporación anual en lagos y embalses de Turquía es mayor que la suma del consumo urbano e industrial de dicho país. Craig et al. (2005) indicaron que hasta un 40% del agua almacenada en embalses se pierde por evaporación en muchas regiones de Australia. En el sureste español, la continua expansión de las zonas regables durante las últimas décadas ha dado lugar a un gran aumento de la demanda de recursos hídricos. En la cuenca del Segura (CS), este desarrollo de las zonas de regadío ha supuesto un déficit hídrico estructural de 460 hm3, que afecta a 3,5?105 ha de regadío (Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 2000). Gran parte de los recursos hídricos de la CS proceden de trasvases de agua desde otras cuencas, dependiendo por tanto de la disponibilidad hídrica en la cuenca de origen, y están sujetos a decisiones políticas que son difíciles de predecir, especialmente en situaciones de sequía. Las comunidades de regantes de la CS reciben sus dotaciones de agua en función de la disponibilidad de recursos y, generalmente, la distribuyen a sus usuarios mediante una organización por turnos. Cada regante debe disponer de un embalse de riego en el que almacenar el agua suministrada durante su turno, para poder regar cuando resulte oportuno y poder hacer frente a periodos sin disponibilidad de recursos. Este tipo de organización en la distribución de las dotaciones, junto a la elevada incertidumbre en el suministro, ha conllevado la construcción masiva de pequeños embalses o balsas de regulación de riego en la CS. La pérdida de agua por evaporación que se produce en estos numerosos embalses no había sido estudiada rigurosamente con anterioridad a este trabajo de investigación. Para poder evaluar la importancia de las pérdidas de agua por evaporación de los embalses de riego de la CS, se ha realizado un estudio detallado. El primer paso ha sido la identificación del número, localización y dimensión de cada uno de los embalses de riego existentes en la CS, que se ha realizado mediante la fotointerpretación de la imagen aérea del vuelo SIGPAC 2003 (http://sigpac.mapa.es/fega/visor/) con el Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG) ArcGis 9.2. Esta imagen ha permitido estimar el área de cada embalse. Además, se ha tenido en cuenta que los embalses se encuentran normalmente por encima de un tercio de su capacidad total con el fin de mantener un cierto nivel de seguridad en caso de periodos de sequía prolongados. Por tanto, a efectos de considerar una superficie evaporante representativa, se ha considerado en los cálculos que los embalses están a dos tercios de su capacidad, S2/3, lo que equivale aproximadamente al 85% de su superficie total, ya que los embalses tienen generalmente taludes con pendiente 1/1. Una vez conocida la localización y dimensión de los embalses, el siguiente paso ha sido la determinación de la evaporación en cada uno de ellos, para posteriormente agregar esta información y obtener el valor de evaporación regional. Un método sencillo para estimar la demanda evaporativa es el uso de tanques evaporímetros estándar Clase A. Para estimar la evaporación de un embalse, E, a partir de datos de evaporación en tanque, Ep, es necesario aplicar un coeficiente de conversión (Kp = E/Ep). Para determinar Kp, hay que tener en cuenta las condiciones climáticas locales y las dimensiones geométricas del cuerpo de agua. Martínez-Álvarez et al. (2007) mostraron que el valor anual de Kp dependía principalmente de la superficie del embalse, no afectando significativamente su profundidad, mientras que la variación espacial de Kp a nivel de cuenca estaba relacionada con el valor anual del déficit de presión de vapor (DPV). La metodología propuesta por Martínez-Álvarez et al. (2007) se ha aplicado para calcular el valor anual de Kp en cada embalse, considerando su superficie (S2/3) y el DPV local de su localización. Se han elaborado mapas de Ep y VPD de la CS para calcular el Kp y la superficie evaporante de cada embalse y, mediante la combinación de toda esta información, estimar su evaporación. En la determinación de la evaporación total en la cuenca y en las distintas zonas hidrológicas se han utilizado técnicas de agregación espacial con GIS. El total de pérdidas por evaporación en los embalses de riego en la CS se ha estimado en 58,5 hm3, lo que corresponde a una lámina de agua evaporada de 1.404 m anuales. Esta cifra representa el 8,3% del agua distribuida para riego durante el periodo de estudio, es más del doble del consumo industrial, equivale a un 27% del consumo urbano y es igual la demanda medioambiental. Teniendo en cuenta el señalado déficit hídrico de la CS, estas cifran ponen de manifiesto la importancia de las pérdidas de agua por evaporación en embalses de riego y la necesidad de plantear posibles soluciones. A escala mundial, los pequeños embalses son muy numerosos y se destinan a usos tan diferentes como la acuicultura, la jardinería, el uso recreativo, el riego, los abrevaderos de ganado, etc. Se estima que cubren en conjunto 77.000 km2 (Downing et al., 2006). A pesar del creciente interés en optimizar el uso de los recursos hídricos, apenas se han realizado trabajos de investigación sobre la evaporación en estos pequeños embalses, basándose los pocos estudios disponibles en datos escasos y de baja calidad (Rosenberry et al., 2007). Tampoco existen trabajos relevantes centrados en el proceso de evaporación y la evolución de las componentes del balance de energía en pequeños embalses, cuyo conocimiento es fundamental para poder modelizar y predecir adecuadamente las pérdidas por evaporación. En el presente trabajo de investigación se ha llevado a cabo la cuantificación y análisis detallado de las componentes del balance de energía de un embalse de riego de la CS, basado en datos experimentales. Para ello se ha monitorizado un embalse de riego típico de la CS durante un año (2007), registrándose datos de evaporación, del perfil de temperatura y de las variables meteorológicas relacionadas, que han dado lugar a datos diarios de gran calidad no disponibles con anterioridad a este estudio. A partir de estos datos, se han descrito y cuantificado todos los flujos del balance de energía, así como la distribución de la energía disponible para la evaporación a escala mensual, poniéndose de manifiesto la importancia de considerar la inercia térmica del cuerpo de agua para el cálculo de la evaporación a una escala inferior a la anual. Los resultados muestran que la radiación neta y la evaporación (principales términos del balance de energía) se encuentran desfasados temporalmente debido a la acumulación de calor en el cuerpo de agua. Como consecuencia de este desfase se producen importantes errores en la estima de la evaporación a partir de relaciones lineales con la radiación neta, en las que no se considera el calor almacenado en el cuerpo de agua. Además se ha propuesto una ecuación simplificada que permite estimar el calor almacenado a escala mensual a partir de datos de temperatura del aire, dado que habitualmente no se dispone de la información sobre la temperatura del agua requerida para su cálculo. Los valores anuales y la evolución mensual del coeficiente de advección de Priestley-Taylor y de las componentes advectiva y radiativa del método de Penman también han sido estudiados y se dan simplificaciones y recomendaciones para el uso de estos métodos. En general, este trabajo representa una referencia fundamental para el estudio de evaporación en pequeños cuerpos de agua, especialmente para aquellos ubicados en zonas de clima semiárido. Otro objetivo fundamental de la tesis ha sido el estudio de la mitigación de las pérdidas por evaporación. Para reducir la evaporación en superficies de agua existen diferentes alternativas, que pueden clasificarse en los siguientes grupos: métodos físicos, métodos operacionales, coberturas químicas y métodos estructurales (Brown, 1988). Los métodos físicos son aquellos que modifican las propiedades físicas del agua, como la des estratificación artificial del agua. Los métodos operacionales hacen referencia a las buenas prácticas de manejo orientadas a la prevención de la evaporación. Las coberturas químicas se forman aplicando productos químicos en la superficie del agua, que crean una capa reductora de la evaporación. Por último, los métodos estructurales incluyen las coberturas y módulos flotantes, que reducen los intercambios de masa y energía entre la superficie de agua y el aire circundante, los cortavientos, que protegen la superficie del agua de la exposición al viento y las coberturas de sombreo suspendidas, que minimizan el paso de la radiación solar y protegen de la acción directa del viento. Entre todos estos métodos, las coberturas de sombreo suspendidas parece ser una de las técnicas más prometedora para la reducción de la evaporación. (Craig et al., 2005; Martínez-Álvarez et al., 2006). ; [ENG] Current global population growth, industrial development, sustained increase of living standards and the trend towards irrigated agriculture have produced a strong competition for water resources. In arid and semiarid climates, this causes water shortages that mainly affect agricultural users. There is an urgent need to improve water management by developing new water-saving technologies, especially in agriculture, whose water consumption accounts for 75% of the human water use. In arid and semiarid regions, evaporation loss from agricultural water reservoirs (AWRs) for irrigation can be potentially large. Several studies have pointed out the importance of evaporation losses. Gökbulak and Özhan (2006) estimated that annual evaporation from lakes and dams in Turkey is greater than the water used for domestic and industrial purposes. Craig et al. (2005) estimated that in many areas of Australia up to 40% of the stored water in on-farm storages can be lost through evaporation. In the semiarid region of south-eastern Spain, sustained development of new irrigated lands over the last few decades has led to an important increase in water demand. This has caused a dramatic water deficit, estimated at 460 hm3 in the Segura River Basin (SRB), affecting 3.5·105 ha of irrigated farmlands (Ministry of Environment, 2000). Agricultural allotments in the SRB mainly come from adjacent basins and its quantity and temporal availability mainly depends on political decisions that are difficult to anticipate, especially in drought periods. The collective irrigation schemes, which have intermediate infrastructures for medium-term storage of allotted water, distribute water to farms generally by turn. Due to the water distribution system by turn and in order to deal with irregular water allotment and extended periods without water supply, many farms and collective irrigation schemes built and now use AWRs. These reservoirs guarantee water throughout the year and therefore have an important impact on agriculture productivity and revenues of farming systems. To assess the actual importance of evaporation loss in the SRB, a detailed study was carried out. The first step was to identify the number, location and dimensions of all irrigation reservoirs in the SRB. The aerial orthophoto SIGPAC (http://sigpac.mapa.es/fega/visor/) of 2003 was meticulously photointerpreted, using ArcGIS 9.2 Geographical Information System (GIS), to identify all extant AWRs in the SRB. The usual practice in south-eastern Spain is to keep AWR water level above one third of its total depth, in order to maintain some level of insurance against the uncertain and poorly timed delivery of irrigation water to farms. For this reason, a floodable area (S2/3) corresponding to two thirds of the total depth of each AWR was considered a realistic value for determining the average annual evaporative area, which represents about 85% of the floodable area for most cases since embankments usually have an inner slope of 1/1. Once the extension and location of all evaporating area were known, the next step was to estimate evaporation from each reservoir and then aggregate the information to obtain the regional evaporation. The simplest way to estimate evaporation from AWRs is to use Class-A pan evaporation data, Ep. This method is commonly used to derive the evaporation rate, E, of a water surface, for hydrological applications. An empirical pan coefficient, Kp (defined as the ratio of E to Ep), is to be applied to estimate E. To determine Kp, local climate conditions and the geometric dimensions of the water body need to be considered. Martínez-Alvarez et al. (2007) found that, at a given location in the SRB, annual Kp values mostly depend on the AWR flooded area, S, and depend loosely on depth, D, and that spatial variation of annual Kp at a regional or catchment scale is related to the annual air vapour pressure deficit, VPD. In this study, the methodology proposed by Martínez-Alvarez et al. (2007) was applied to calculate Kp, taking into account the surface of reservoirs (S2/3) and the local VPD. Regional maps of Ep and VPD were produced and then combined with evaporating area and Kp of each reservoir in order to calculate the evaporation of each reservoir. To calculate the regional evaporation loss, spatial aggregation GIS techniques were used. Results indicated that annual water loss at a basin scale reaches 58.5 hm3, which corresponds to 1,404 m of water depth over the flooded area. To assess the importance of total evaporation loss within the water budget of the Segura River Basin, the evaporation loss was compared to the rest of the water demands in the basin. The total regional loss corresponds to 8.3% of irrigation water use, it is higher than the industrial demand, similar to the environmental demand, and it is equivalent to 27% of the domestic water use. Considering that the SRB, like most of semiarid basins, presents a marked water deficit, the latter figures underline the need of further research on evaporation from water storages and alternatives to reduce this water loss. Accurate estimates of free water evaporation from on-farm water storages are essential for assessing storage efficiency and for evaluating the use of mitigation measures. Small water storages for livestock, fishing, irrigation or recreational activities are estimated to cover about 77,000 km2 worldwide (Downing et al., 2006). In spite of the increasing interest in optimizing storage efficiency in irrigation districts, detailed evaporation studies of these numerous small water bodies are scarce and often based on sparse or remotely collected data (Rosenberry et al., 2007). To our knowledge, there are very few studies that provide a detailed insight into the dynamics of the energy balance components and evaporation loss of on-farm water reservoirs. There is a need to study in detail the dynamics of small storages. A thorough quantification and analysis of the components of the energy balance of a typical AWR based on detailed experimentation is of main interest. The second part of this research work was focused on the mitigation of evaporation from on-farm water storages. To reduce evaporation losses, a wide variety of methods have been proposed, which can be classified into the following groups: physical, operational, chemical and structural methods. Among these methods, suspended shade cloth covers (SSCCs) have been pointed out as one of the most promising techniques from a technical point of view (Craig et al., 2005; Martinez-Alvarez et al., 2006). ; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena

WOS: 000413347000006 ; A search is presented for the pair production of heavy vector-like T quarks, primarily targeting the T quark decays to a W boson and a b-quark. The search is based on 36: 1 fb(-1) of pp collisions at root s = 13TeV recorded in 2015 and 2016 with the ATLAS detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. Data are analysed in the lepton-plus-jets final state, including at least one b-tagged jet and a large-radius jet identified as originating from the hadronic decay of a high-momentum W boson. No significant deviation from the Standard Model expectation is observed in the reconstructed T mass distribution. The observed 95% confidence level lower limit on the T mass are 1350 GeV assuming 100% branching ratio to Wb. In the SU(2) singlet scenario, the lower mass limit is 1170 GeV. This search is also sensitive to a heavy vector-like B quark decaying to Wt and other final states. The results are thus reinterpreted to provide a 95% con fidence level lower limit on the B quark mass at 1250 GeV assuming 100% branching ratio to Wt; in the SU(2) singlet scenario, the limit is 1080 GeV. Mass limits on both T and B production are also set as a function of the decay branching ratios. The 100% branching ratio limits are found to be applicable to heavy vector-like Y and X production that decay to Wb and Wt, respectively. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia; NRC KI; Russian FederationRussian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos; Thales programme; Aristeia programme; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, FranceCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; I-CORE, Israel; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia; NRC KI; Russian FederationRussian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; Canada Council, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; FQRNT, CanadaFQRNT; Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); ERCEuropean Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Region Auvergne, FranceRegion Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes; DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos; Thales programme; Aristeia programme; EU-ESFEuropean Union (EU); Greek NSRFGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; BSF, IsraelUS-Israel Binational Science Foundation; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Generalitat Valenciana, SpainGeneralitat Valenciana; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust; Fondation Partager le Savoir, France ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DSM/IRFU, France; SRNSF, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF, I-CORE and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, the Canada Council, CANARIE, CRC, Compute Canada, FQRNT, and the Ontario Innovation Trust, Canada; EPLANET, ERC, ERDF, FP7, Horizon 2020 and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, Region Auvergne and Fondation Partager le Savoir, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF; BSF, GIF and Minerva, Israel; BRF, Norway; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; the Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) are at the forefront of efforts to protect privacy and enable responsible data use. But what are they and how are they used? Dan Cassara, Project Manager for the Digital Credit Observatory (DCO), provides a case study of how PETs can be used in public health responses in the second part of our series on 'How PETs Make Data Work for All.' Read part one.Young African delivery man with package and smartphone wearing surgical face mask for coronavirus outbreak | Credit: Sabrina via Adobe StockPrivacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) aim to preserve the insights of a dataset and the privacy of the individuals in the data. The first case study in the How PETs Make Data Work for All series showed how Multiparty Computation could enable banks to work together to enhance regulatory efforts without compromising sensitive customer data. In other cases, researchers may already have a central dataset, so the challenge isn't in pooling the data but in sharing the insights that can be gleaned from it. PETs can help with that, too.Mobility data from cell phones are collected in centralized datasets and can play an important role in improving humanitarian relief efforts and public health responses. This data, which tracks location over time, can help model the spread of epidemics, track displaced populations after natural disasters, detect government violence against citizens, or provide insight into population movements.While collecting and analyzing mobility data can lead to large social benefits when done ethically, it also carries risks for individuals, their privacy, and their autonomy. For example, the New York Times reported how cell phone location data could be used to identify political protesters from past demonstrations and learn about their current daily activities. The places people visit — trips to a place of worship, a bar, or a doctor's office — reveal a person's life and carry different social meanings. In the wrong hands, mobility data could be used to target religious minorities, track an ex-partner, or blackmail political officials.Privacy enhancing technologies like differential privacy can play a pivotal part in the ethical use of data for social good. Consider a hypothetical pandemic scenario in which decision makers want to gauge compliance with stay-at-home orders: can differential privacy address location and mobility privacy concerns in this context? And conversely, how does the context of a pandemic response inform the design of systems that rely on location and mobility data?Call Detail Records (CDR) — metadata like the date, time, duration, and location of phone calls — can be used to compute statistics on mobility. Of particular interest for our example is population flow between distinct regions in a given time period, an important factor in determining the spread of disease. Analyzing sensitive data demands that we first think through privacy risks to the data used and the statistics generated. The WHO provides 17 guidelines for ethical public health surveillance; the five below are related to the collection and sharing of public health data:[3]: Surveillance data should be collected only for a legitimate public health purpose.[4]: Countries have an obligation to ensure that the data collected are of sufficient quality, including being timely, reliable and valid, to achieve public health goals.[13]: Results of surveillance must be effectively communicated to relevant target audiences.[15]: During a public health emergency, it is imperative that all parties involved in surveillance share data in a timely fashion.[17]: Personally identifiable surveillance data should not be shared with agencies that are likely to use them to take action against individuals or for uses unrelated to public health.Best practices such as sharing data only when necessary and de-identifying data as early as possible can help protect individuals. These steps, combined with the public health need in our hypothetical, satisfy WHO guidelines 3, 13, and 15, but guideline 17 may not be met. A growing body of research shows that true anonymization with these approaches is nearly impossible, meaning these mobility statistics could leak the presence or absence of an individual. Enter differential privacy.Privatizing Statistics: Differential PrivacyWe can privatize statistics by adding random deviations or "noise" to them, ensuring no one can learn too much about any individual in a dataset. How much is known about an individual depends on the circumstances and the statistics we wish to publish. While adding noise to a dataset increases the level of privacy, it also decreases the accuracy of the data — this is known as the accuracy-privacy tradeoff.Imagine we'd like to know more about compliance with stay-at-home orders related to COVID-19. We could produce a histogram showing the count of people who traveled certain distances, adding noise to make the counts differentially private. This provides insights on general compliance with travel restrictions, as well as the risks associated with long distance travelers who could contract or distribute the disease in many places. To better understand the importance of choosing the right statistics for the job, we can also contrast our histogram with other statistics. Though average distance traveled may seem like a more intuitive choice here, because the maximum distance an individual can travel is quite large, the average may be sensitive to their presence or absence and a lot of noise is needed to mask their data's contribution. Adding more noise reduces the accuracy of our estimates and highlights the accuracy-privacy tradeoff. Although it may seem more invasive to produce an entire histogram and share more data points, because an individual cannot change counts nearly as much as they could an average, much less noise is needed to privatize the histogram. Thus, the histogram enables us to gain more privacy for each bit of noise we add, and to produce meaningful insights for policymakers without earning "too much" about any individual in the data, even if the statistics were leaked.Big data and new technologies have created many opportunities to improve the distribution of aid and the delivery of public health interventions, but they come with many risks, including threats to individual privacy. Modern day mobility data can play a useful role in policymaking and evaluation, but presents ethical dilemmas. Thankfully, PETs and a well designed analysis allow for the production of useful insights to public health officials in an ethical manner that limits infringements on privacy.Mobility Statistics for Public Health Response was originally published in CEGA on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

Retrospective and the modern financial support for domestic agricultural land resource sector are analyzed. It is noted that market economic principles radically changed the funding mechanism for landowners and land users. Participation of the state in the provision of financial processes, conservation, improvement and protection of farmland are analyzed. The removal of state and local governments to participate in the processes of land management AIC are critically evaluated. The new financial principles for land fund in the agricultural sector are suggested and the development of adequate national program of land management should precede them. We give a new direction for financial provision aimed at reproduction of land resources based on a performance to preserve and improve the environment, solving social problems, rural development criteria. Attention is drawn to the current asymmetry concerning the formation of agricultural crop and livestock sectors, violation of balance between them. It is stated that the agricultural sector, including the renewal of land resources, will be successful if the balance is achieved in the development of crop and livestock production in Ukraine. The need for intensification of rural development as the foundation, which will ensure solving demographic problems, is justified in the article. The existing principles of small private ownership are critically evaluated. It is stated that it led to problems related to the deterioration of soils, increasing contamination and pollution of land, the dominance of personal interests of owners and users of public land over social ones. The study says that the information on the quality of the land in Ukraine is still missing, and it makes it impossible to carry out works on their evaluation. It is proposed to organize the agricultural land fund in accordance with the requirements of modernity. This important role is assigned to the state, which guarantees the equal right of all citizens to use land resources. Official statistics firmly convince and point to shortcomings in their organization. We investigate the government support of farms based on outdated principles and directed to increase the production of agricultural products. The survey ends with conclusions and proposals where the author suggests to change the mechanism and criteria for public funding of land plots of agricultural enterprises and farms. It is proposed to introduce a paradigm financing approaches that have been used successfully in many EU countries. Carrying out activities of de-privatization and reprivatization of land which is in private property are among the main measures. ; Проанализирована ретроспектива и современное состояние финансового обеспечения земельных ресурсов отечественного аграрного сектора. Отмечено, что рыночные принципы хозяйствования радикально изменили механизм финансирования землевладельцев и землепользователей. Проанализированы участие государства в финансовом обеспечении процессов использования, хранения, улучшения и охраны сельскохозяйственных угодий. Критически оценено отстранения государства и местных органов самоуправления от участия в процессах управления земельными ресурсами АПК. Предложены новые принципы финансирования земельного фонда аграрного сектора, которым должны предшествовать разработка адекватной программы развития отечественного земельного хозяйства. Приведен качественно новый перечень направлений финансового обеспечения воспроизводства земельных ресурсов, в основу которых положены показатели сохранения и улучшения экологии, решение социальных задач, развитие сельских территорий. Обращено внимание на действующую асимметричность формирования в сельском хозяйстве растениеводческой и животноводческой сфер, нарушение между ними сбалансированности. Акцентировано внимание, что аграрная сфера, в частности воспроизводство земельных ресурсов, будет успешным тогда, когда в Украине будет достигнута сбалансированность в развитии растениеводства и животноводства. Обоснована необходимость интенсификации развития сельских территорий как фундамента, который будет обеспечивать решения демографических проблем. Критически оцениваются действующие основы мелкого частного землевладения, которое привело к неурядицам, связанным с ухудшением состава почв, роста загрязненности и засоренности земель, доминированию личных интересов владельцев и пользователей земельных участков над социальными. Отмечено, что в Украине по сей день отсутствует информация качественного состава земель, указанного на чрезмерное мелкоземелье, что делает невозможным проведение работ по их оценке. Предложено упорядочить аграрный земельный фонд в соответствии с требованиями современности. При этом важная роль отведена государству, которое гарантирует равное право всех граждан на пользование земельными ресурсами. Официальные статистические данные твердо убеждают и указывают на недостатки в их организации. Исследована государственная поддержка фермерских хозяйств, которая базируется на устаревших принципах и направляется на наращивание объемов производства сельхозпредприятий продукции. Завершается исследование итогами и предложениями, в которых предложено изменить механизм и критерии государственного финансирования земельных угодий сельскохозяйственных предприятий и земельных участков хозяйств населения. При этом предлагается ввести парадигмальные подходы финансирования, которые успешно используются во многих странах ЕС. В числе мер главное место отведено проведению мероприятий деприватизации и реприватизации земель, которые находятся в частной собственности граждан. ; Проаналізовано ретроспективу і сучасний стан фінансового забезпечення земельних ресурсів вітчизняного аграрного сектору. Зазначено, що ринкові засади господарювання радикально змінили механізм фінансування землевласників і землекористувачів. Проаналізовано участь держави у фінансовому забезпеченні процесів використання, збереження, покращення та охорони сільськогосподарських угідь. Критично оцінено відсторонення держави і місцевих органів самоврядування від участі у процесах управління земельними ресурсами АПК. Запропоновано нові засади фінансування земельного фонду аграрного сектору, яким має передувати розроблення адекватної програми розвитку вітчизняного земельного господарства. Наведено якісно новий перелік напрямків фінансового забезпечення відтворення земельних ресурсів, в основу яких покладено показники збереження та поліпшення екології, розв'язання соціальних завдань, розвиток сільських критерій. Звертається увага на чинну асиметричність, яка стосується формування в сільському господарстві рослинницької та тваринницької сфер, порушення між ними збалансованості. Акцентовано увагу, що аграрна сфера, зокрема відтворення земельних ресурсів, буде успішним тоді, коли в Україні буде досягнута збалансованість у розвитку рослинництва й тваринництва. Обґрунтовано потребу інтенсифікації розвитку сільських територій як фундаменту, що забезпечуватиме вирішення демографічних проблем. Критично оцінено чинні засади дрібного приватного землеволодіння, яке призвело до негараздів, пов'язаних із погіршенням складу ґрунтів, зростанням забрудненості й засміченості земель, домінування особистих інтересів власників і користувачів земельних ділянок над суспільним. Зазначено, що в Україні донині відсутньою залишається інформація щодо якісного складу земель, на надмірне дрібноземелля, що унеможливлює проведення робіт щодо їх оцінювання. Запропоновано впорядкувати аграрний земельний фонд відповідно до вимог сучасності. При цьому важлива роль відведена державі, яка гарантує рівне право всіх громадян на користування земельними ресурсами. Офіційні статистичні дані твердо переконують і вказують на недоліки в їх організації. Досліджено державну підтримку фермерських господарств, яка ґрунтується на застарілих засадах і спрямовується на нарощування обсягів виробництва сільськогосподарської продукції. Завершується дослідження висновками і пропозиціями, в яких запропоновано змінити механізм і критерії державного фінансування земельних угідь сільськогосподарських підприємств і ділянок господарств населення. При цьому пропонується запровадити парадигмальні підходи фінансування, що успішно використовуються у багатьох країнах ЄС. Серед заходів головне місце відведено проведенню заходів деприватизації й реприватизації земель, які знаходяться у приватній власності громадян.

Retrospective and the modern financial support for domestic agricultural land resource sector are analyzed. It is noted that market economic principles radically changed the funding mechanism for landowners and land users. Participation of the state in the provision of financial processes, conservation, improvement and protection of farmland are analyzed. The removal of state and local governments to participate in the processes of land management AIC are critically evaluated. The new financial principles for land fund in the agricultural sector are suggested and the development of adequate national program of land management should precede them. We give a new direction for financial provision aimed at reproduction of land resources based on a performance to preserve and improve the environment, solving social problems, rural development criteria. Attention is drawn to the current asymmetry concerning the formation of agricultural crop and livestock sectors, violation of balance between them. It is stated that the agricultural sector, including the renewal of land resources, will be successful if the balance is achieved in the development of crop and livestock production in Ukraine. The need for intensification of rural development as the foundation, which will ensure solving demographic problems, is justified in the article. The existing principles of small private ownership are critically evaluated. It is stated that it led to problems related to the deterioration of soils, increasing contamination and pollution of land, the dominance of personal interests of owners and users of public land over social ones. The study says that the information on the quality of the land in Ukraine is still missing, and it makes it impossible to carry out works on their evaluation. It is proposed to organize the agricultural land fund in accordance with the requirements of modernity. This important role is assigned to the state, which guarantees the equal right of all citizens to use land resources. Official statistics firmly convince and point to shortcomings in their organization. We investigate the government support of farms based on outdated principles and directed to increase the production of agricultural products. The survey ends with conclusions and proposals where the author suggests to change the mechanism and criteria for public funding of land plots of agricultural enterprises and farms. It is proposed to introduce a paradigm financing approaches that have been used successfully in many EU countries. Carrying out activities of de-privatization and reprivatization of land which is in private property are among the main measures. ; Проанализирована ретроспектива и современное состояние финансового обеспечения земельных ресурсов отечественного аграрного сектора. Отмечено, что рыночные принципы хозяйствования радикально изменили механизм финансирования землевладельцев и землепользователей. Проанализированы участие государства в финансовом обеспечении процессов использования, хранения, улучшения и охраны сельскохозяйственных угодий. Критически оценено отстранения государства и местных органов самоуправления от участия в процессах управления земельными ресурсами АПК. Предложены новые принципы финансирования земельного фонда аграрного сектора, которым должны предшествовать разработка адекватной программы развития отечественного земельного хозяйства. Приведен качественно новый перечень направлений финансового обеспечения воспроизводства земельных ресурсов, в основу которых положены показатели сохранения и улучшения экологии, решение социальных задач, развитие сельских территорий. Обращено внимание на действующую асимметричность формирования в сельском хозяйстве растениеводческой и животноводческой сфер, нарушение между ними сбалансированности. Акцентировано внимание, что аграрная сфера, в частности воспроизводство земельных ресурсов, будет успешным тогда, когда в Украине будет достигнута сбалансированность в развитии растениеводства и животноводства. Обоснована необходимость интенсификации развития сельских территорий как фундамента, который будет обеспечивать решения демографических проблем. Критически оцениваются действующие основы мелкого частного землевладения, которое привело к неурядицам, связанным с ухудшением состава почв, роста загрязненности и засоренности земель, доминированию личных интересов владельцев и пользователей земельных участков над социальными. Отмечено, что в Украине по сей день отсутствует информация качественного состава земель, указанного на чрезмерное мелкоземелье, что делает невозможным проведение работ по их оценке. Предложено упорядочить аграрный земельный фонд в соответствии с требованиями современности. При этом важная роль отведена государству, которое гарантирует равное право всех граждан на пользование земельными ресурсами. Официальные статистические данные твердо убеждают и указывают на недостатки в их организации. Исследована государственная поддержка фермерских хозяйств, которая базируется на устаревших принципах и направляется на наращивание объемов производства сельхозпредприятий продукции. Завершается исследование итогами и предложениями, в которых предложено изменить механизм и критерии государственного финансирования земельных угодий сельскохозяйственных предприятий и земельных участков хозяйств населения. При этом предлагается ввести парадигмальные подходы финансирования, которые успешно используются во многих странах ЕС. В числе мер главное место отведено проведению мероприятий деприватизации и реприватизации земель, которые находятся в частной собственности граждан. ; Проаналізовано ретроспективу і сучасний стан фінансового забезпечення земельних ресурсів вітчизняного аграрного сектору. Зазначено, що ринкові засади господарювання радикально змінили механізм фінансування землевласників і землекористувачів. Проаналізовано участь держави у фінансовому забезпеченні процесів використання, збереження, покращення та охорони сільськогосподарських угідь. Критично оцінено відсторонення держави і місцевих органів самоврядування від участі у процесах управління земельними ресурсами АПК. Запропоновано нові засади фінансування земельного фонду аграрного сектору, яким має передувати розроблення адекватної програми розвитку вітчизняного земельного господарства. Наведено якісно новий перелік напрямків фінансового забезпечення відтворення земельних ресурсів, в основу яких покладено показники збереження та поліпшення екології, розв'язання соціальних завдань, розвиток сільських критерій. Звертається увага на чинну асиметричність, яка стосується формування в сільському господарстві рослинницької та тваринницької сфер, порушення між ними збалансованості. Акцентовано увагу, що аграрна сфера, зокрема відтворення земельних ресурсів, буде успішним тоді, коли в Україні буде досягнута збалансованість у розвитку рослинництва й тваринництва. Обґрунтовано потребу інтенсифікації розвитку сільських територій як фундаменту, що забезпечуватиме вирішення демографічних проблем. Критично оцінено чинні засади дрібного приватного землеволодіння, яке призвело до негараздів, пов'язаних із погіршенням складу ґрунтів, зростанням забрудненості й засміченості земель, домінування особистих інтересів власників і користувачів земельних ділянок над суспільним. Зазначено, що в Україні донині відсутньою залишається інформація щодо якісного складу земель, на надмірне дрібноземелля, що унеможливлює проведення робіт щодо їх оцінювання. Запропоновано впорядкувати аграрний земельний фонд відповідно до вимог сучасності. При цьому важлива роль відведена державі, яка гарантує рівне право всіх громадян на користування земельними ресурсами. Офіційні статистичні дані твердо переконують і вказують на недоліки в їх організації. Досліджено державну підтримку фермерських господарств, яка ґрунтується на застарілих засадах і спрямовується на нарощування обсягів виробництва сільськогосподарської продукції. Завершується дослідження висновками і пропозиціями, в яких запропоновано змінити механізм і критерії державного фінансування земельних угідь сільськогосподарських підприємств і ділянок господарств населення. При цьому пропонується запровадити парадигмальні підходи фінансування, що успішно використовуються у багатьох країнах ЄС. Серед заходів головне місце відведено проведенню заходів деприватизації й реприватизації земель, які знаходяться у приватній власності громадян.

The identification of risks in the planning phase of a project and the arrangement of impact values has become a fundamental basis of the successful completion of today's various construction projects. Despite robust and well-planned projects, unexpected problems will likely emerge in any stage of the project if possible risks are not identified and assessed beforehand. Therefore, this process has become a requisite in increasing the success as well as minimizing the problems of a project. Large-scale transport infrastructure projects (LSTIPs) are developed structures that emerged from the essential necessity of fast-paced and convenient transportation in gradually growing populations. LSTIPs, technologically equipped projects, meet the essential needs of the recent era but also bring about numerous risks such as financial, technical, managerial, political, economical, natural or legal. Hence, being exposed to such risks in the planning and construction stage of LSTIPs, could lead to negative consequences in the fate of the project. Regarding the risks that could be confronted in European and Middle Eastern LSTIPs, this study aims to investigate and determine the possible risks in order of priority for each region by means of an Analytical Network Process (ANP) method. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine the risks that were thereafter synthesized in collaboration with pertinent experts. The priority orders were obtained separately for Europe and the Middle East, and comparisons were made between these regions. The results in the study highlight that Europe and the Middle East share both common and distinctive risk factors in the orders of priority. "The financial strength of the client" listed in the financial category for Europe and the Middle East received a priority value of 13.37% and 11.54%, respectively, clearly ranked as the foremost common risk factor for the two regions. However, salient differences were noted in the second leading risk categories for Europe and the Middle East, namely, the findings revealed that the "change in scope of work" risk factor under the construction category has a priority value of 5.48% for Europe and the "water pollution" risk factor under the natural and environmental category has a priority value of 4.55% for the Middle East. To further support the priority orders achieved in this study, two different case studies were conducted. This study also aims to develop a conceptual framework which provides a pathway for the planning phase and to offer risk lists and their priority orders that reinforce the construction phase. This study also incorporates a developed knowledge-based tool that is an aid to rapid and efficient risk identification and decision making in the planning phase of LSTIPs operated by firms in Europe and the Middle East. This knowledge-based tool was created by using the data attained from the firms as well as the risk factors' priority orders obtained from the ANP model to deploy the logical if-then rules in order to convert them to Exsys corvid shell. In addition to highly contributing to the LSTIPs in Europe and the Middle East, it is believed that the priority orders and the LSTIPs risk identification and decision supporting (RiDECS) tool achieved in this study could be used as a guideline for identifying and sequencing risks in the planning stages of similar projects conducted in various countries. Moreover, future related studies could be juxtaposed with the results of this study to analyze the alterations of priority orders that will have occurred in the course of time. Keywords: large-scale; transport; infrastructure projects; ANP; Europe; Middle East; knowledge-based; RiDECS; Tool ; ÖZ: Bir projenin planlama aşamasında risklerin tanımlanması ve etki değerlerinin düzenlenmesi, günümüzün çeşitli inşaat projelerinin ana bir temeli haline gelmiştir. Sağlam ve iyi planlanmış projelere rağmen, olası riskler önceden tespit edilip değerlendirilmezse, projenin herhangi bir aşamasında beklenmeyen problemler ortaya çıkacaktır. Bu nedenle, bu süreç, bir projenin problemlerini en aza indirmenin yanı sıra, başarının arttırılmasında da bir ihtiyaç haline gelmiştir. Büyük ölçekli ulaştırma altyapısı projeleri (BÖUAP), giderek artan nüfus içinde hızlı tempolu ve rahat ulaşımın temel gerekliliğinden ortaya çıkan yapılar geliştirilmektedir. Teknolojik olarak donanımlı projeler olan BÖUAP'ler, son dönemin temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılarken, aynı zamanda finansal, teknik, yönetimsel, politik, ekonomik, doğal ya da yasal olmak üzere birçok risk beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle, BÖUAP'lerin planlama ve inşaat aşamasında bu tür risklere maruz kalmak, projenin kaderinde olumsuz sonuçlara yol açabilir. Avrupa ve Orta Doğu BÖUAP'lerinde karşılaşılabilecek risklere ilişkin olarak, bu çalışma her bir bölge için bir öncelikli olarak bu olası riskleri bir Analitik Ağ Süreci (AAS) yöntemi ile listelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Daha sonra ilgili uzmanlarla işbirliği içinde sentezlenen riskleri belirlemek için kapsamlı bir literatür taraması yapıldı. Öncelikli sıraları Avrupa ve Orta Doğu için ayrı ayrı elde edilmiş ve bu bölgeler arasında karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Çalışmadaki sonuçlar, Avrupa ve Orta Doğu'nun öncelik sıralarında hem ortak hem de ayırt edici risk faktörlerini paylaştığının altını çizmektedir. Avrupa ve Orta Doğu için Mali kategoride listelenen "müşterinin mali gücü", sırasıyla .37 ve .54'lük bir öncelik değeri aldı ve iki bölge için en önemli ortak risk faktörü olarak belirlendi. Bununla birlikte, Avrupa ve Orta Doğu için ikinci en önemli risk kategorilerinde göze çarpan farklılıklar göze çarpmaktadır; diğer bir ifadeyle, bulgular, inşaat kategorisindeki "iş kapsamındaki değişiklik" risk faktörünün Avrupa için % 5.48, Doğal ve çevresel kategoride "su kirliliği" risk faktörü, Orta Doğu için % 4.55'lik bir öncelik değerine sahiptir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen öncelik sıralarını daha fazla desteklemek için iki farklı örnek olay incelemesi yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda planlama aşaması için bir yol oluşturan ve risk listelerini ve inşaat aşamasını güçlendiren öncelik sırasını sunan bir kavramsal çerçeveyi geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda Avrupa ve Orta Doğu'daki firmalar tarafından işletilen BÖUAP'lerin planlama aşamasında hızlı ve etkin risk belirleme ve karar verme sürecine yardımcı olan gelişmiş bilgi tabanlı bir aracı içermektedir. Bu bilgi tabanlı araç, firmalardan elde edilen veriler ve AAS modelinden elde edilen öncelik sırasına göre risk faktörlerinin, Exsys corvid kabuğuna dönüştürmek için mantıksal if - then kuralları kullanmasıyla oluşturulmuştur. Avrupa ve Orta Doğu'daki BÖUAP'lere büyük ölçüde katkıda bulunmanın yanı sıra, bu çalışmada elde edilen öncelik sıraları ve BÖUAP'lerin risk belirleme ve karar destek (RBKD) aracının, planlama aşamalarındaki risklerin belirlenmesi ve sıraya konulması için bir kılavuz olarak çeşitli ülkelerde benzer projelerin yürütülmesinde kullanılabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca, zamanla ortaya çıkacak öncelikli sıralarının değişikliklerini analiz etmek için bu çalışmanın sonuçları ile gelecekteki ilgili çalışmalar yan yana getirilebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: büyük ölçekli; ulaştırma; altyapı projeleri; AAS; avrupa; orta Doğu; bilgi tabanlı; RBKD; araç ; Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering. Institute of Graduate Studies and Research. Thesis (Ph.D.) - Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Engineering, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 2018. Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. İbrahim Yitmen

Hallintouudistus Etiopian korkeakoulujärjestelmässä:Tapaustutkimus Business Management Tool -välineiden käytöstä Mekellen yliopistossa Muutokset sosioekonomisessa ja poliittisessa kehityksessä ovat monissa maissa johtaneet usein myös korkeakoulujen johtamisen ja hallinnon mallien muutoksiin. Ulkoisen toimintaympäristön muutoksista johtuva tehokkuuden, tilivelvollisuuden ja läpinäkyvyyden tavoittelu on pakottanut yliopistot ottamaan käyttöön yritysmaailmassa suosittuja toimintastrategioita ja johtamismalleja. Tämä kehitys on tuonut suuria paineita yliopistoille niiden etsiessä tasapainoa näiden liike-elämässä kehitettyjen menetelmien ja yliopistojen omien sisäisten arvojen, uskomusten, normien ja toimintatapojen välillä. Yliopistojen akateemisten perusyksikköjen reaktiot ja niiden jäsenten käsitysten muutokset ovat sen muutoksen ytimessä, johon ulkoapäin tuotujen, alun perin yritysjohdon tarpeisiin suunnitelluilla johtamisen välineillä (Business Management Tools, BMT) pyritään vaikuttamaan. Tätä taustaa vasten tämä tutkimus pyrkii ymmärtämään ja tulkitsemaan Mekellen yliopiston ja sen akateemisten perusyksikköjen käsityksiä ja vastauksia BMT-välineiden käyttöönoton tuomiin paineisiin ja vaatimuksiin. Tutkimuksessa käytetään resurssiriippuvuusteoriaa ja uusinstitutionaalista teoriaa tapausyliopiston organisatoristen reaktioiden ymmärtämiseksi. Tutkimuksen aineisto on laadullinen ja se koostuu puolistrukturoidusta, organisaatio- ja yksikkötason avainhenkilöiden haastatteluista, tapausyliopiston dokumentti- ja arkistoaineistosta sekä muiden merkittävien sidosryhmien politiikkadokumenteista. Kerätty aineisto kokonaisuudessaan on analysoitu temaattisesti. Analyysin tulokset osoittavat, että BMT-välineet on otettu käyttöön ulkoapäin annettuina ja että akateeminen henkilöstö pitää niitä pääosin yliopiston ja sen akateemisten yksiköiden kulttuuriin ja toimintamalleihin sopimattomina. Koska Etiopian valtio on julkisten yliopistojen ainoana rahoittajana ottanut nämä välineet valtionohjauksen instrumenteiksi,Mekellen yliopisto on mukautunut paineisiin ja vaatimuksiin ottamalla nämä välineet myös sisäisesti käyttöönsä. Kuitenkin, koska valtionohjaus BMT-välineiden käyttöönottamiseksi voidaan tulkita prosessiltaan pakottavaksi toimenpiteeksi, yliopisto ja sen perusyksiköt suostuivat symbolisella tasolla ottamaan välineistön käyttöönsä varmistaakseen näin legitimiteettinsä ja selviytymisensä eikä niinkään lisätäkseen tehokkuuttaan ja vaikuttavuuttaan kuten valtio oli olettanut. Tämä tutkimus osoittaa lisäksi, että valtaosa BMT-välineiden käyttöönottoon tähtäävien ohjelmien ja toimintojen kehittämisestä ei ole rakenteellisesti integroitunut yliopiston ja sen akateemisten yksikköjen arvoihin, normeihin ja toimintamalleihin. Toisin sanoen,tämä tutkimus ei anna tukea väitteille siitä, että BMT-välineiden käyttöönotto olisi saanut aikaan merkittäviä organisatorisia muutoksia yliopiston ja sen yksiköiden työprosesseissa. Ylipäänsä yliopiston johdon voidaan havaita olevan eräänlaisessa tienhaarassa etsiessään tasapainoa akateemisten arvojen ja normien sekä BMT-välineiden käyttöönoton aiheuttamien ulkoisten paineiden välillä. Näiden havaintojen pohjalta voidaan suositella, että onnistuakseen akateemiseen toimintaan vaikuttavien merkittävien reformien tulisi olla mieluummin sisäsyntyisiä kuin ulkoapäin ja määräyksillä toteutettuja. Yliopiston autonomian tulisi olla tarpeeksi vahva, että ne pystyisivät ulkoisen ja sisäisen tilannearvionsa pohjalta kehittämään organisatoristen ominaispiirteidensä ja toimintaympäristönsä vaatimusten mukaisia uudistumisohjelmia. Lisäksi tutkimustulokset tukevat suositusta yliopiston sisäisen johtamis- ja hallintokapasiteetin vahvistamiseen tähtäävän koulutuksen käynnistämisestä yliopiston vakaan kehityksen takaamiseksi. Kansallisen korkeakoulututkimuksen keskuksen perustaminen ja toiminta auttaisivat yliopistojen johtoa yliopisto-organisaation erityislaatuisen dynamiikan ymmärtämisessä. Kaiken kaikkiaan, tutkimustulokset korostavat tarvetta jonka mukaan kaikkien sidosryhmien tulisi syvällisemmin ymmärtää yliopistoille ominaista muutosten dynamiikkaa pystyäkseen saamaan aikaan tavoittelemiaan muutoksia. ; Governance Reform in the Ethiopian Higher Education System: Organisational responses to business management tools in the Case of Mekelle University Changes in the socio-economic and political development of many countries have often resulted in changes in the governance arrangements of higher education institutions. The quest for efficiency, accountability, and transparency, which are the results of the changes in the external environment, have forced universities to adopt organisational strategies and management structures that are popular in business organisations. This development has brought enormous pressures to universities in their efforts to balance the pressures and requirements of business management tools with the internal values, beliefs, norms and practices of the universities. At the core of the process of adopting externally-driven business management tools are the perceptions and responses of universities and their academic units towards these tools. This study thus sought to understand and interpret the perceptions and responses of Mekelle University and its basic academic units to the pressures and requirements of BMTs. The study was guided by resource dependence and neo-institutional theories for understanding the organisational response of the case university. Qualitative data were used, including semi-structured interviews with key informants at the organisational level and members of the academic units, documents and archival data found in the university and from other major stakeholders. All the collected data were analysed thematically. The findings show that the BMTs are externally initiated and largely perceived as inappropriate tools for the culture and practices of the university and its basic academic units. As BMTs are initiated by the government, which is the sole funder of the public universities in Ethiopia, MU complied with the pressures, requirements and demands of the government to adopt these tools. However, as BMTs are largely perceived as inappropriate by the academic community to the university's values and norms, and their adoption is felt to be accompanied by an absence of quality and committed leadership at all levels of the university, MU and its basic academic units symbolically complied with the reform tools in order to insure survival and legitimacy not to improve efficiency and effectiveness as is envisaged by those who mandated the implementation of the tools. Moreover, this study indicates that most of the interventions and programmes crated by the university following the adoption of BMTs are not structurally integrated with the values, norms, practices and policies of the university and its academic units. In other words, the results demonstrate that there is little evidence to support the government and the university's claims that the adoption of these BMTs brought radical organisational changes in the university's and basic academic units' work processes. In general, the leadership of the university is in a crossroad keeping the right balance between the values and norms of the academics, and the external pressures to adopt BMTs as tools for radical organisational change in general and instruments for efficiency and effectiveness in particular. Therefore, the study recommends that major academic reform initiatives should be internally driven rather than imposed from outside. The university should have meaningful institutional autonomy to assess its internal and external situations and to come up with relevant reform agendas that take into account the basic characteristics of the university and the external environment's demands. Moreover, the findings of this study suggest that the university needs to introduce sustainable internal capacity development programmes and due focuses on establishing higher education study centre to have comprehensive understanding about the dynamics of change in universities. In general, the study call for much more nuanced approach by all stakeholders if reforms have to serve their purposes.

Climate change has prompted nations, provinces, and cities to take actions to reduce anthropogenic sources of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Accurate and consistent quantification of the emissions is required for both scientists and policymakers. Inventories of the CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel combustion are based on statistical data collected and reported by the emitters themselves and their quality is highly variable between countries. In principle, atmospheric measurements and inverse modeling could provide independent information to verify and evaluate these emissions. However, there are difficulties to separate the fossil fuel CO2 signal (FFCO2) from the signal of natural CO2 fluxes, in the atmospheric CO2 measurements from ground based continental networks. In this thesis, I aimed to improve the understanding of the potential of atmospheric 14CO2 measurements, one of the few tracers helping to separate FFCO2 from the signal of other CO2 sources, for the objective estimate of the fossil fuel emissions at national or provincial scales based on atmospheric inversion.I developed global inversion systems based on the global coarse-resolution (2.5°×3.75°) LMDZ atmospheric transport model, and on continental networks of atmospheric observations of CO2 and 14CO2, solving for the fossil fuel emissions at sub-continental / monthly scales in Europe and in China.In Chapter 2, I defined and quantified critical sources of modeling errors and their impact on the inversion of large-scale budget of the fossil fuel emissions when using a global inversion system and assuming FFCO2 data can be directly derived from 14CO2 measurements. The analysis highlighted the impact of ignoring the spatial distribution of the emissions and FFCO2 at a resolution higher than that of the transport model.In Chapter 3, I applied inversions with the system, assumptions and diagnostics of the modeling error from Chapter 2 in a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments to evaluate the skill of such an inversion system and of different virtual observation networks for estimating regional budgets of fossil fuel emissions in Europe. Results indicate that if assimilating continuous 2-week mean FFCO2 data from 17 existing 14CO2 European sites, the inversion would reduce the uncertainties in monthly fossil fuel emissions of western Germany by 30% compared to the assumed uncertainty in the inventories used as a prior knowledge in the Bayesian framework of the inversion. Using a larger network of 43 European sites that may be available in the future, up to 47% uncertainty reduction could be achieved for annual budgets of fossil fuel emissions for regions where the network would be the densest.In Chapter 4, I implemented a global isotopic inversion system that jointly assimilates atmospheric observations of CO2 and 14CO2 to simultaneously solve for fossil fuel emissions and natural CO2 fluxes over Europe and China. The purpose is to move beyond the assumption that variations in 14CO2 relate only to FFCO2 by accounting for non-fossil 14CO2 fluxes. The results confirm that 14CO2 data are useful to separate FFCO2 from the signal of natural fluxes at sites close to large emission regions, making 2-week mean 14CO2 data more efficient than daily CO2 data for estimating the emissions. ; Dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique, des états et des villes s'engagent à réduire leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre et en particulier celles de CO2. Une quantification précise des émissions est nécessaire aux scientifiques et aux décideurs politiques. La qualité des inventaires des émissions dues à la consommation des combustibles fossiles, qui reposent sur des données statistiques compilées et rapportées par les émetteurs, reste très variable selon les pays. Les mesures atmosphériques et la modélisation inverse pourraient fournir une information indépendante pour la vérification de ces émissions. Il est cependant difficile de séparer le signal de CO2 fossile (CO2CF) du signal des flux naturels dans les mesures atmosphériques fournies par les réseaux continentaux de mesure au sol. L'objectif de ma thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension du potentiel des données de 14CO2, un des traceurs permettant de séparer le signal de CO2CF des autres sources de CO2, pour l'estimation objective des émissions fossiles aux échelles nationales par inversion atmosphérique.J'ai développé des systèmes d'inversions mondiaux basés sur le modèle de transport atmospherique LMDz à basse résolution (2.5° ×3.75°), et reposant sur des réseaux de mesure du CO2 et du 14CO2, résolvant les émissions fossiles à l'échelle subcontinentale / mensuelle en Europe et en Chine.Dans le Chapitre 2, j'ai défini et quantifié les sources d'erreurs de modélisationprincipales, puis analysé leur impact pour l'estimation des bilans d'émissions fossiles à grande échelle avec un système d'inversion mondial en faisant l'hypothèse que les données de CO2CF peuvent être directement déduites des données de 14CO2. Les analyses soulignent l'impact de la méconnaissance de la distribution spatiale des émissions de CO2 et du CO2CF aux résolutions spatiales plus fines que celle du modèle de transport.Dans le Chapitre 3, j'ai utilisé le système, les hypothèses et les diagnostics d'erreurs de modélisation du Chapitre 2 dans une série d'expériences avec des données synthétiques pour évaluer le potentiel d'un tel système d'inversion et de différents réseaux d'observation virtuels pour l'estimation les bilans régionaux d' émission fossile en Europe. Les résultats indiquent qu'en assimilant des moyennes sur 2 semaines de mesures CO2CF issues du réseau actuel de 17 sites 14CO2 en Europe, l'inversion réduirait l'incertitude sur les émissions mensuelles pour l'Ouest de l'Allemagne de 30% par rapport à l'incertitude supposée sur les inventaires utilisés comme connaissance a priori dans le cadre du formalisme Bayésien de l'inversion. En utilisant un réseau plus dense en Europe, constitué de 43 futurs sites, des réductions d'incertitude de 47% pourraient être réalisées pour les bilans annuels des émissions pour les régions où le réseau serait le plus dense.Dans le Chapitre 4, j'ai implémenté un système d'inversion global isotopique permettant d'assimiler conjointement des données atmosphériques de CO2 et de 14CO2 pour résoudre simultanément les émissions fossiles et les flux naturels de CO2 en Europe et en Chine. L'objectif est de dépasser l'hypothèse que les variations de 14CO2 ne sont liées qu'au CO2CF, en tenant compte ses flux de 14CO2 non fossiles. Les résultats confirment que les données de 14CO2 sont utiles pour séparer le CO2CF du signal des flux naturels près des régions fortement émettrices, rendant les données de 14CO2 moyennes sur 2 semaines plus efficaces que les données journalières de CO2 pour l'estimation des émissions.

Climate change has prompted nations, provinces, and cities to take actions to reduce anthropogenic sources of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. Accurate and consistent quantification of the emissions is required for both scientists and policymakers. Inventories of the CO2 emissions due to fossil fuel combustion are based on statistical data collected and reported by the emitters themselves and their quality is highly variable between countries. In principle, atmospheric measurements and inverse modeling could provide independent information to verify and evaluate these emissions. However, there are difficulties to separate the fossil fuel CO2 signal (FFCO2) from the signal of natural CO2 fluxes, in the atmospheric CO2 measurements from ground based continental networks. In this thesis, I aimed to improve the understanding of the potential of atmospheric 14CO2 measurements, one of the few tracers helping to separate FFCO2 from the signal of other CO2 sources, for the objective estimate of the fossil fuel emissions at national or provincial scales based on atmospheric inversion.I developed global inversion systems based on the global coarse-resolution (2.5°×3.75°) LMDZ atmospheric transport model, and on continental networks of atmospheric observations of CO2 and 14CO2, solving for the fossil fuel emissions at sub-continental / monthly scales in Europe and in China.In Chapter 2, I defined and quantified critical sources of modeling errors and their impact on the inversion of large-scale budget of the fossil fuel emissions when using a global inversion system and assuming FFCO2 data can be directly derived from 14CO2 measurements. The analysis highlighted the impact of ignoring the spatial distribution of the emissions and FFCO2 at a resolution higher than that of the transport model.In Chapter 3, I applied inversions with the system, assumptions and diagnostics of the modeling error from Chapter 2 in a series of Observing System Simulation Experiments to evaluate the skill of such an inversion system and of different virtual observation networks for estimating regional budgets of fossil fuel emissions in Europe. Results indicate that if assimilating continuous 2-week mean FFCO2 data from 17 existing 14CO2 European sites, the inversion would reduce the uncertainties in monthly fossil fuel emissions of western Germany by 30% compared to the assumed uncertainty in the inventories used as a prior knowledge in the Bayesian framework of the inversion. Using a larger network of 43 European sites that may be available in the future, up to 47% uncertainty reduction could be achieved for annual budgets of fossil fuel emissions for regions where the network would be the densest.In Chapter 4, I implemented a global isotopic inversion system that jointly assimilates atmospheric observations of CO2 and 14CO2 to simultaneously solve for fossil fuel emissions and natural CO2 fluxes over Europe and China. The purpose is to move beyond the assumption that variations in 14CO2 relate only to FFCO2 by accounting for non-fossil 14CO2 fluxes. The results confirm that 14CO2 data are useful to separate FFCO2 from the signal of natural fluxes at sites close to large emission regions, making 2-week mean 14CO2 data more efficient than daily CO2 data for estimating the emissions. ; Dans le contexte du réchauffement climatique, des états et des villes s'engagent à réduire leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre et en particulier celles de CO2. Une quantification précise des émissions est nécessaire aux scientifiques et aux décideurs politiques. La qualité des inventaires des émissions dues à la consommation des combustibles fossiles, qui reposent sur des données statistiques compilées et rapportées par les émetteurs, reste très variable selon les pays. Les mesures atmosphériques et la modélisation inverse pourraient fournir une information indépendante pour la vérification de ces émissions. Il est cependant difficile de séparer le signal de CO2 fossile (CO2CF) du signal des flux naturels dans les mesures atmosphériques fournies par les réseaux continentaux de mesure au sol. L'objectif de ma thèse est d'améliorer la compréhension du potentiel des données de 14CO2, un des traceurs permettant de séparer le signal de CO2CF des autres sources de CO2, pour l'estimation objective des émissions fossiles aux échelles nationales par inversion atmosphérique.J'ai développé des systèmes d'inversions mondiaux basés sur le modèle de transport atmospherique LMDz à basse résolution (2.5° ×3.75°), et reposant sur des réseaux de mesure du CO2 et du 14CO2, résolvant les émissions fossiles à l'échelle subcontinentale / mensuelle en Europe et en Chine.Dans le Chapitre 2, j'ai défini et quantifié les sources d'erreurs de modélisationprincipales, puis analysé leur impact pour l'estimation des bilans d'émissions fossiles à grande échelle avec un système d'inversion mondial en faisant l'hypothèse que les données de CO2CF peuvent être directement déduites des données de 14CO2. Les analyses soulignent l'impact de la méconnaissance de la distribution spatiale des émissions de CO2 et du CO2CF aux résolutions spatiales plus fines que celle du modèle de transport.Dans le Chapitre 3, j'ai utilisé le système, les hypothèses et les diagnostics d'erreurs de modélisation du Chapitre 2 dans une série d'expériences avec des données synthétiques pour évaluer le potentiel d'un tel système d'inversion et de différents réseaux d'observation virtuels pour l'estimation les bilans régionaux d' émission fossile en Europe. Les résultats indiquent qu'en assimilant des moyennes sur 2 semaines de mesures CO2CF issues du réseau actuel de 17 sites 14CO2 en Europe, l'inversion réduirait l'incertitude sur les émissions mensuelles pour l'Ouest de l'Allemagne de 30% par rapport à l'incertitude supposée sur les inventaires utilisés comme connaissance a priori dans le cadre du formalisme Bayésien de l'inversion. En utilisant un réseau plus dense en Europe, constitué de 43 futurs sites, des réductions d'incertitude de 47% pourraient être réalisées pour les bilans annuels des émissions pour les régions où le réseau serait le plus dense.Dans le Chapitre 4, j'ai implémenté un système d'inversion global isotopique permettant d'assimiler conjointement des données atmosphériques de CO2 et de 14CO2 pour résoudre simultanément les émissions fossiles et les flux naturels de CO2 en Europe et en Chine. L'objectif est de dépasser l'hypothèse que les variations de 14CO2 ne sont liées qu'au CO2CF, en tenant compte ses flux de 14CO2 non fossiles. Les résultats confirment que les données de 14CO2 sont utiles pour séparer le CO2CF du signal des flux naturels près des régions fortement émettrices, rendant les données de 14CO2 moyennes sur 2 semaines plus efficaces que les données journalières de CO2 pour l'estimation des émissions.

La industria de la construcción es uno de los sectores que tiene mayores impactos en términos ambientales y se considera como una actividad en constante desarrollo, pues de ella depende la creación de infraestructuras básicas de carácter comercial, industrial, residencial o social. En la República Dominicana, el turismo es una de las actividades que genera grandes aportes económicos, por ello ha proliferado en el país la construcción de complejos hoteleros ubicados en la zona costera del país (Calderón & Vodusek, 1998; Carcuro, 2008; Ceara-Hatton, 2008). No obstante, estas instalaciones originan impactos negativos desde el inicio de su construcción. La ausencia de políticas ambientales, la incapacidad institucional de dar continuidad a los planes y programas nacionales existentes y la falta de sistemas de recolección y tratamiento de residuos, han provocado la disminución de la calidad ambiental del país. Existe la necesidad de que se establezca una normativa más específica referente al tema de residuos de la construcción e impulse el desarrollo de un sistema para el uso y disposición racional de los mismos. La solución al problema requiere un estudio en el que se evalúen los aspectos básicos del municipio (origen, generación, cuantificación y composición de los residuos del sector generador, tipo de recolección y transporte, etc.). En el presente trabajo se realizó una investigación previa sobre el sector hotelero en la Rep. Dominicana a través de la búsqueda, recopilación y sistematización de fuentes documentales relativas al tema para identificar las características básicas del mismo. Además, se analizaron, cuantificaron y compararon los materiales utilizados en 2 proyectos turísticos para pronosticar los tipos y cantidades de residuos que puede generar este tipo de construcción, con la finalidad de proponer nuevas alternativas que minimicen el impacto que éstos conllevan sobre el medioambiente. El análisis y la cuantificación fue realizada mediante el uso de la herramienta informática para la gestión de residuos de construcción Net Waste Tool, mediante la introducción de los datos, características y volúmenes de cada variable para poder determinar y cuantificar los tipos de residuos materiales generados por éstos. Cabe destacar que la herramienta informática se adaptó a las características constructivas del caso en concreto, donde el resultado sobre los residuos de las obras analizadas se encontró que, el hormigón y el acero destacan por generar un 80% y un 18% respectivamente y el 2% corresponde a la madera, a las tejas y cerámicos y a las mezclas bituminosas, porcentajes discrepantes en comparación con otros países. Por tanto, se evidencia que la información de los residuos de materiales varía según la procedencia del país o región, tecnología empleada y tipo de proyecto estudiado. Además, con respecto al tipo de gestión, el procedimiento deseable con respecto a una gestión con un procedimiento estándar, reduce aproximadamente la generación (peso y volumen) y el coste de los residuos, en términos generales, un 73% para el caso del hormigón, la madera y el acero; mientras que para las tejas, materiales cerámicos y las mezclas bituminosas se reduce un 37%. La creación de una legislación de cumplimiento obligado en el país es la clave para que se establezcan mejoras sostenibles en las obras de construcción y se tome en cuenta la adecuada supervisión que asegure la evaluación y establecimiento de procedimientos constructivos apegados a lo deseable, y no a lo que tradicionalmente se ejecuta. ; The construction industry is one of the sectors that have major impacts in environmental terms and it is considered as an activity in constant development since the development of basic commercial, industrial, residential or social infrastructure depends on it. In the Dominican Republic, Tourism is one of the main driving forces of economic growth, therefore the country has proliferated in the construction of hotel complexes located in the coastal area of the country (Calderon & Vodusek, 1998; Carcuro, 2008; Ceara-Hatton, 2008). But these facilities originate negative impacts from the beginning of its construction. The absence of environmental policy, the institutional inability to give continuity to the existing national plans and programs and the lack of collection systems and waste treatment, have caused the decline in the country's environmental quality. There is a need for more specific legislation regarding the issue of construction wastes and drive the development of a system for rational use and disposal thereof. The solution to the issue requires a study in which the basics of the municipality are assessed (origin, generation, quantification and composition of the waste generator sector, type of collection and transportation, etc.). In this paper we carried out a preliminary investigation on the hotel sector in the Dominican Republic through the research, collection and collation of documentary sources relating to the subject to identify the basic characteristics. Also two tourism projects materials were analyzed, quantified and compared to forecast the types and quantities of waste that this type of construction can generate, in order to propose new alternatives that minimize the impact on the environment these entail. The analysis and quantification was performed by using the software tool for the management of construction waste Net Waste Tool, by entering data, characteristics and volumes of each variable to determine and quantify the types of waste materials generated by these. Note that the software tool was adapted to the structural characteristics of the particular case, where the result of waste from the works analyzed showed that the concrete and steel highlights in generating 80% and 18% respectively, and the remaining 2 % corresponds to the wood, tiles and pottery and bituminous mixtures, divergent percentages in comparison with other countries. Thus, it appears that the information about material waste varies depending on the country's or region's origin, the technology used and the type of project. Furthermore, regarding the type of anagement, the desired process in contrast to a standard management procedure, approximately reduces the generation (weight and volume) and the cost of waste, overall, 73% for the case of concrete, wood and steel, while for tiles, pottery and bituminous mixtures is reduced by 37%. The establishment of legislation mandatory in the country is the key to sustainable improvements become established in the construction and take into account proper supervision to ensure the evaluation and development of construction procedures attached to what is desirable, nor which traditionally runs.

La industria de la construcción es uno de los sectores que tiene mayores impactos en términos ambientales y se considera como una actividad en constante desarrollo, pues de ella depende la creación de infraestructuras básicas de carácter comercial, industrial, residencial o social. En la República Dominicana, el turismo es una de las actividades que genera grandes aportes económicos, por ello ha proliferado en el país la construcción de complejos hoteleros ubicados en la zona costera del país (Calderón & Vodusek, 1998; Carcuro, 2008; Ceara-Hatton, 2008). No obstante, estas instalaciones originan impactos negativos desde el inicio de su construcción. La ausencia de políticas ambientales, la incapacidad institucional de dar continuidad a los planes y programas nacionales existentes y la falta de sistemas de recolección y tratamiento de residuos, han provocado la disminución de la calidad ambiental del país. Existe la necesidad de que se establezca una normativa más específica referente al tema de residuos de la construcción e impulse el desarrollo de un sistema para el uso y disposición racional de los mismos. La solución al problema requiere un estudio en el que se evalúen los aspectos básicos del municipio (origen, generación, cuantificación y composición de los residuos del sector generador, tipo de recolección y transporte, etc.). En el presente trabajo se realizó una investigación previa sobre el sector hotelero en la Rep. Dominicana a través de la búsqueda, recopilación y sistematización de fuentes documentales relativas al tema para identificar las características básicas del mismo. Además, se analizaron, cuantificaron y compararon los materiales utilizados en 2 proyectos turísticos para pronosticar los tipos y cantidades de residuos que puede generar este tipo de construcción, con la finalidad de proponer nuevas alternativas que minimicen el impacto que éstos conllevan sobre el medioambiente. El análisis y la cuantificación fue realizada mediante el uso de la herramienta informática para la gestión de residuos de construcción Net Waste Tool, mediante la introducción de los datos, características y volúmenes de cada variable para poder determinar y cuantificar los tipos de residuos materiales generados por éstos. Cabe destacar que la herramienta informática se adaptó a las características constructivas del caso en concreto, donde el resultado sobre los residuos de las obras analizadas se encontró que, el hormigón y el acero destacan por generar un 80% y un 18% respectivamente y el 2% corresponde a la madera, a las tejas y cerámicos y a las mezclas bituminosas, porcentajes discrepantes en comparación con otros países. Por tanto, se evidencia que la información de los residuos de materiales varía según la procedencia del país o región, tecnología empleada y tipo de proyecto estudiado. Además, con respecto al tipo de gestión, el procedimiento deseable con respecto a una gestión con un procedimiento estándar, reduce aproximadamente la generación (peso y volumen) y el coste de los residuos, en términos generales, un 73% para el caso del hormigón, la madera y el acero; mientras que para las tejas, materiales cerámicos y las mezclas bituminosas se reduce un 37%. La creación de una legislación de cumplimiento obligado en el país es la clave para que se establezcan mejoras sostenibles en las obras de construcción y se tome en cuenta la adecuada supervisión que asegure la evaluación y establecimiento de procedimientos constructivos apegados a lo deseable, y no a lo que tradicionalmente se ejecuta. ; The construction industry is one of the sectors that have major impacts in environmental terms and it is considered as an activity in constant development since the development of basic commercial, industrial, residential or social infrastructure depends on it. In the Dominican Republic, Tourism is one of the main driving forces of economic growth, therefore the country has proliferated in the construction of hotel complexes located in the coastal area of the country (Calderon & Vodusek, 1998; Carcuro, 2008; Ceara-Hatton, 2008). But these facilities originate negative impacts from the beginning of its construction. The absence of environmental policy, the institutional inability to give continuity to the existing national plans and programs and the lack of collection systems and waste treatment, have caused the decline in the country's environmental quality. There is a need for more specific legislation regarding the issue of construction wastes and drive the development of a system for rational use and disposal thereof. The solution to the issue requires a study in which the basics of the municipality are assessed (origin, generation, quantification and composition of the waste generator sector, type of collection and transportation, etc.). In this paper we carried out a preliminary investigation on the hotel sector in the Dominican Republic through the research, collection and collation of documentary sources relating to the subject to identify the basic characteristics. Also two tourism projects materials were analyzed, quantified and compared to forecast the types and quantities of waste that this type of construction can generate, in order to propose new alternatives that minimize the impact on the environment these entail. The analysis and quantification was performed by using the software tool for the management of construction waste Net Waste Tool, by entering data, characteristics and volumes of each variable to determine and quantify the types of waste materials generated by these. Note that the software tool was adapted to the structural characteristics of the particular case, where the result of waste from the works analyzed showed that the concrete and steel highlights in generating 80% and 18% respectively, and the remaining 2 % corresponds to the wood, tiles and pottery and bituminous mixtures, divergent percentages in comparison with other countries. Thus, it appears that the information about material waste varies depending on the country's or region's origin, the technology used and the type of project. Furthermore, regarding the type of anagement, the desired process in contrast to a standard management procedure, approximately reduces the generation (weight and volume) and the cost of waste, overall, 73% for the case of concrete, wood and steel, while for tiles, pottery and bituminous mixtures is reduced by 37%. The establishment of legislation mandatory in the country is the key to sustainable improvements become established in the construction and take into account proper supervision to ensure the evaluation and development of construction procedures attached to what is desirable, nor which traditionally runs.

The environmental deterioration caused by the intense economic activity that has been taking place since last century has led to the questioning of traditional forms of production in recent decades, opening the way to new business opportunities in which resources are responsibly managed. This new trend, which is consolidating its position mainly in Europe and North America, is marked by the emergence of conscious consumers who are concerned about environmentally friendly production processes. In this context, green businesses are proposed as a new alternative for development in Colombia; however, little research has been done on their export potential. According to the theory of environmental competitiveness, this study aims at establishing the extent to which green businesses in Bogota-Region use government export promotion programs to carry out their internationalization processes. This is a cross-sectional correlational study that, by means of surveys, investigates the relationship between the variables raised in the companies that have been classified as green businesses in Bogota-Region by the District Secretariat of Environment and the Regional Autonomous Corporation of Cundinamarca (CAR, by its acronym in Spanish). Among the findings, there is a low level of exportation and there is little knowledge about the existing support programs, situation that affects their use. ; El deterioro ambiental causado por la intensa actividad económica desarrollada desde el siglo pasado ha llevado a que en las últimas décadas se cuestionen las formas tradicionales de producción, de modo que se ha abierto el espacio a nuevas oportunidades de negocios en las que se realice un manejo responsable de los recursos. Esta nueva tendencia, que se consolida, principalmente, en Europa y Norteamérica, está marcada por la aparición de consumidores conscientes que se preocupan por que los procesos productivos sean amigables con el medio ambiente. En este contexto, los negocios verdes se proponen como una nueva alternativa de desarrollo para Colombia, sin embargo, poco se ha indagado sobre su potencial exportador. De acuerdo con la teoría de la competitividad ambiental, este estudio tiene como objetivo establecer qué tanto emplean los negocios verdes de Bogotá-Región programas gubernamentales de fomento a la exportación para llevar a cabo sus procesos de internacionalización. Este es un estudio de corte transversal de tipo correlacional que, por medio de encuestas, indaga la relación entre las variables planteadas en las compañías que han sido clasificadas como negocios verdes en Bogotá-Región por la Secretaría Distrital de Ambiente y la Corporación Autónoma Regional de Cundinamarca (CAR). Entre los hallazgos se encuentra que existe un bajo nivel de exportación y se evidencia poco conocimiento sobre los programas de apoyo existentes, lo cual afecta su uso. ; La dégradation de l'environnement et des écosystèmes, provoquée par les activités économiques et humaines depuis plusieurs décennies, a conduit à remettre en cause les modèles de production des dernières décennies, ouvrant de nouvelles opportunités commerciales aux entreprises exerçant une gestion responsable des ressources. Cette nouvelle tendance, qui se consolide principalement en Europe et en Amérique du Nord, est marquée par l'apparition de consommateurs conscients et soucieux du respect de l'environnement lors des processus de production. C'est dans ce contexte que de nouvelles alternatives de création et développement d'entreprises vertes apparaissent en Colombie même si les études de leur potentiel à l'exportation sont encore peu nombreuses. Conformément à la théorie de la compétitivité environnementale, cette étude vise à déterminer dans quelle mesure les entreprises écoresponsables de la région de Bogotá utilisent les programmes gouvernementaux de promotion des exportations pour mener à bien leurs processus d'internationalisation. Il s'agit d'une étude transversale de type corrélationnel qui analyse les relations entre les variables des entreprises écoresponsables de la région de Bogotá, le secrétariat à l'environnement et la société autonome régionale de Cundinamarca (CAR). Les résultats montrent un faible niveau d'exportation et un manque de connaissances et d'utilisation des programmes d'aide existants. ; A deterioração ambiental ocasionada pela intensa atividade econômica desenvolvida desde o século passado tem levado a questionar, nas últimas décadas, as formas tradicionais de produção, de modo que tem se aberto o espaço para novas oportunidades de negócios em que é realizada a gestão responsável dos recursos. Essa nova tendência, que se consolida principalmente na Europa e na América do Norte, é marcada pelo surgimento de consumidores conscientes que se preocupam com os processos de produção para que sejam amigáveis ao meio ambiente. Nesse contexto, os negócios verdes são propostos como uma nova alternativa de desenvolvimento para a Colômbia, porém, pouco se pesquisou sobre seu potencial exportador. De acordo com a teoria da competitividade ambiental, este estudo tem como objetivo estabelecer o quanto as empresas verdes da Região de Bogotá utilizam programas governamentais de promoção de exportações para realizar seus processos de internacionalização. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de natureza correlacional que, por meio de questionários, estuda a relação entre as variáveis levantadas nas empresas que foram classificadas como negócios verdes na Região de Bogotá pela Secretaria Distrital de Meio Ambiente e pela Corporação Autônoma Regional de Cundinamarca (CAR). Entre as constatações está que existe um baixo nível de exportação e pouco conhecimento é evidenciado sobre os programas de apoio existentes, o que afeta a sua utilização.

Padang is one of the areas in West Sumatera with the highest HIV/AIDS cases. There are 370 HIV cases and 39 AIDS cases in 2017. These cases increased in 2018 to 447 cases for HIV and 103 cases for AIDS. This study aimed to find out the description of HIV/AIDS patients who have been passed away due to socio-demography characteristics. Also to know the number of Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) caused by HIV/AIDS infection and its determinant factors. This study used a quantitative methodology with retrospective cohort study design and collected the data from medical records installation in RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang on patients with HIV/AIDS diagnosis that have been passed away. The data then analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. The result showed that 186 of death cases happened on 2015-2020 were mostly dominated by man (76.34%) with the average age around 31 years old, married (65.59%), and infected through heterosexual relationship (29.03%). The average year of YPLL was 26.09 year. Moreover, this study found that there was a significant relation between ARV therapy (CI 95% P= 0.002) and the total of CD4 diagnosed with YPLL (CI 95% P= 0.0001). Therefore, respondents of productive age should get serious attention from the Government and society around. Also for the Health Office and AIDS prevention commission were expected to make innovations in preventive promotive efforts and strengthening surveillance system on HIV/AIDS either to the risky group or general society. ; Padang es una de las zonas de Sumatera occidental con el mayor número de casos de VIH / SIDA. Hay 370 casos de VIH y 39 casos de SIDA en 2017. Estos casos aumentaron en 2018 a 447 casos de VIH y 103 casos de SIDA. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo conocer la descripción de los pacientes con VIH / SIDA fallecidos por características sociodemográficas. También conocer el número de Años de Vida Potencial Perdidos (AVPP) provocados por la infección por VIH / SIDA y sus factores determinantes. Este estudio utilizó una metodología cuantitativa con diseño de estudio de cohorte retrospectivo y recopiló los datos de la instalación de registros médicos en RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang sobre pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH / SIDA que han fallecido. Luego, los datos se analizaron utilizando una prueba t independiente, ANOVA de una vía y regresión lineal múltiple. El resultado mostró que 186 de los casos de muerte ocurridos en 2015-2020 fueron dominados en su mayoría por hombres (76,34%) con una edad promedio de alrededor de 31 años, casados (65,59%) e infectados a través de una relación heterosexual (29,03%). El año promedio de APVP fue de 26,09 años. Además, este estudio encontró que había una relación significativa entre la terapia ARV (IC 95% P = 0,002) y el total de CD4 diagnosticados con APVP (IC 95% P = 0,0001). Por lo tanto, los encuestados en edad productiva deben recibir una atención seria del gobierno y la sociedad que los rodea. También se esperaba que la Oficina de Salud y la comisión de prevención del SIDA hicieran innovaciones en los esfuerzos de promoción preventiva y fortalecimiento del sistema de vigilancia del VIH / SIDA, ya sea para el grupo de riesgo o la sociedad en general. ; Padang é uma das áreas em West Sumatera com o maior número de casos de HIV / AIDS. Há 370 casos de HIV e 39 casos de AIDS em 2017. Esses casos aumentaram em 2018 para 447 casos de HIV e 103 casos de AIDS. Este estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a descrição de pacientes com HIV / AIDS que faleceram por características sociodemográficas. Também saber o número de Anos de Vida Potencial Perdidos (YPLL) causados pela infecção pelo HIV / AIDS e seus fatores determinantes. Este estudo utilizou uma metodologia quantitativa com desenho de estudo de coorte retrospectivo e coletou os dados da instalação de prontuários médicos no RSUP Dr. M. Djamil Padang de pacientes com diagnóstico de HIV / AIDS que já faleceram. Os dados foram então analisados usando teste t independente, ANOVA unilateral e regressão linear múltipla. O resultado mostrou que 186 dos casos de óbitos ocorridos em 2015-2020 foram em sua maioria dominados por homens (76,34%) com média de idade em torno de 31 anos, casados (65,59%) e infectados por relacionamento heterossexual (29,03%). O ano médio de YPLL foi de 26,09 anos. Além disso, este estudo constatou que houve uma relação significativa entre a terapia ARV (IC 95% P = 0,002) e o total de CD4 com diagnóstico de LPVP (IC 95% P = 0,0001). Portanto, os entrevistados em idade produtiva devem receber atenção séria do Governo e da sociedade ao redor. Esperava-se também que o Gabinete de Saúde e a comissão de prevenção da AIDS fizessem inovações nos esforços de promoção preventiva e no fortalecimento do sistema de vigilância do HIV / AIDS para o grupo de risco ou para a sociedade em geral.