A World Among these Islands: Essays on Literature, Race, and National Identity in Antillean America, by Roberto Márquez (reviewed by Peter Hulme) Caribbean Reasonings: The Thought of New World, The Quest for Decolonisation, edited by Brian Meeks & Norman Girvan (reviewed by Cary Fraser) Elusive Origins: The Enlightenment in the Modern Caribbean Historical Imagination, by Paul B. Miller (reviewed by Kerstin Oloff) Caribbean Perspectives on Modernity: Returning Medusa's Gaze, by Maria Cristina Fumagalli (reviewed by Maureen Shay) Who Abolished Slavery: Slave Revolts and Abolitionism: A Debate with João Pedro Marques, edited by Seymour Drescher & Pieter C. Emmer, and Abolitionism and Imperialism in Britain, Africa, and the Atlantic, edited by Derek R . Peterson (reviewed by Claudius Fergus) The Mediterranean Apprenticeship of British Slavery, by Gustav Ungerer (reviewed by James Walvin) Children in Slavery through the Ages, edited by Gwyn Campbell, Suzanne Miers & Joseph C. Miller (reviewed by Indrani Chatterjee) The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates, by Peter T. Leeson (reviewed by Kris Lane) Theorizing a Colonial Caribbean-Atlantic Imaginary: Sugar and Obeah, by Keith Sandiford (reviewed by Elaine Savory) Created in the West Indies: Caribbean Perspectives on V.S. Naipaul, edited by Jennifer Rahim & Barbara Lalla (reviewed by Supriya M. Nair) Thiefing Sugar: Eroticism between Women in Caribbean Literature, by Omise'eke Natasha Tinsley (reviewed by Lyndon K. Gill) Haiti Unbound: A Spiralist Challenge to the Postcolonial Canon, by Kaiama L. Glover (reviewed by Asselin Charles) Divergent Dictions: Contemporary Dominican Literature, by Néstor E. Rodríguez (reviewed by Dawn F. Stinchcomb) The Caribbean Short Story: Critical Perspectives, edited by Lucy Evans, Mark McWatt & Emma Smith (reviewed by Leah Rosenberg) Society of the Dead: Quita Manaquita and Palo Praise in Cuba, by Todd Ramón Ochoa (reviewed by Brian Brazeal) El Lector: A History of the Cigar Factory Reader, by Araceli Tinajero (reviewed by Juan José Baldrich) Blazing Cane: Sugar Communities, Class, and State Formation in Cuba, 1868-1959, by Gillian McGillivray (reviewed by Consuelo Naranjo Orovio) The Purposes of Paradise: U.S. Tourism and Empire in Cuba and Hawai'i, by Christine Skwiot (reviewed by Amalia L. Cabezas) A History of the Cuban Revolution, by Aviva Chomsky (reviewed by Michelle Chase) The Cubalogues: Beat Writers in Revolutionary Havana, by Todd F. Tietchen (reviewed by Stephen Fay) The Devil in the Details: Cuban Antislavery Narrative in the Postmodern Age, by Claudette M. Williams (reviewed by Gera Burton) Screening Cuba: Film Criticism as Political Performance during the Cold War, by Hector Amaya (reviewed by Ann Marie Stock) Perceptions of Cuba: Canadian and American Policies in Comparative Perspective, by Lana Wylie (reviewed by Julia Sagebien) Forging Diaspora: Afro-Cubans and African Americans in a World of Empire and Jim Crow, by Frank Andre Guridy (reviewed by Susan Greenbaum) The Irish in the Atlantic World, edited by David T. Gleeson (reviewed by Donald Harman Akenson) The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean, edited by Walton Look Lai & Tan Chee-Beng (reviewed by John Kuo Wei Tchen) The Island of One People: An Account of the History of the Jews of Jamaica, by Marilyn Delevante & Anthony Alberga (reviewed by Barry Stiefel) Creole Jews: Negotiating Community in Colonial Suriname, by Wieke Vink (reviewed by Aviva Ben-Ur) Only West Indians: Creole Nationalism in the British West Indies, by F.S.J. Ledgister (reviewed by Jerome Teelucksingh) Cultural DNA: Gender at the Root of Everyday Life in Rural Jamaica, by Diana J. Fox (reviewed by Jean Besson) Women in Grenadian History, 1783-1983, by Nicole Laurine Phillip (reviewed by Bernard Moitt) British-Controlled Trinidad and Venezuela: A History of Economic Interests and Subversions, 1830-1962, by Kelvin Singh (reviewed by Stephen G. Rabe) Export/Import Trends and Economic Development in Trinidad, 1919-1939, by Doddridge H.N. Alleyne (reviewed by Rita Pemberton) Post-Colonial Trinidad: An Ethnographic Journal, by Colin Clarke & Gillian Clarke (reviewed by Patricia van Leeuwaarde Moonsammy) Poverty in Haiti: Essays on Underdevelopment and Post Disaster Prospects, by Mats Lundahl (reviewed by Robert Fatton Jr.) From Douglass to Duvalier: U.S. African Americans, Haiti, and Pan Americanism, 1870-1964, by Millery Polyné (reviewed by Brenda Gayle Plummer) Haiti Rising: Haitian History, Culture and the Earthquake of 2010, edited by Martin Munro (reviewed by Jonna Knappenberger) Faith Makes Us Live: Surviving and Thriving in the Haitian Diaspora, by Margarita A. Mooney (reviewed by Rose-Marie Chierici) This Spot of Ground: Spiritual Baptists in Toronto, by Carol B. Duncan (reviewed by James Houk) Interroger les morts: Essai sur le dynamique politique des Noirs marrons ndjuka du Surinam et de la Guyane, by Jean-Yves Parris (reviewed by H.U.E. Thoden van Velzen & W. van Wetering)
En América Latina y el Caribe hay más de 60 millones de personas con discapacidad. A pesar de los esfuerzos mundiales en materia de inclusión social y lo que ella representa se estima que más del 90% de los niños y niñas con discapacidad no asisten a la escuela, disminuyendo así sus posibilidades de ser en un futuro individuos activos y productivos para la sociedad. Si bien es cierto, que existen normas jurídicas que promueven la inclusión social de esta población, a la postre no dejan de ser más que paliativos para cumplir acuerdos con la comunidad internacional. Se hace evidente este hecho cuando el Estado Colombiano considera de obligatoriedad la inclusión de los menores con discapacidad en los Hogares Infantiles del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar, pero no reglamenta de manera específica cómo se realizará y cuáles son también específicamente las herramientas pedagógicas para procurar una inclusión exitosa. Los Hogares Infantiles del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar del distrito de Barranquilla recibieron menores de 6 años con discapacidad física en el año 2009; la investigación busca caracterizar a esta población, identificar los tipos de limitaciones físicas y describir el comportamiento de las variables edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad y régimen de Seguridad Social en Salud frente a la discapacidad física. Para su realización se utilizó el paradigma Empírico – Analítico, a partir del estudio descriptivo Transversal. Como instrumento de recolección de información se usó una encuesta que se aplicó a los padres de los menores con el propósito de obtener información socio demográfica y económica de los menores y sus familias. Al culminar la investigación se obtuvo como resultado el hecho de que la discapacidad de origen neuromuscular es la que mayormente se presenta; en lo referente a la edad las discapacidades son más frecuentes en los dos y tres años. No resulta concluyente que éstas se presentan con mayor frecuencia en menores varones debido a que ellos se encuentran matriculados en mayor número que las niñas. Socio demográficamente los menores con discapacidad física pertenecen a familias que no superan los dos salarios mínimos legales vigentes lo cual es un riesgo para que se conviertan en desertores. Los Hogares Infantiles del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar del Distrito de Barranquilla presentan poca inclusión de menores con discapacidad física evitando así su iniciación temprana en el sector educativo lo cual favorecería más adelante su pleno desarrollo dentro de la comunidad a la cual pertenecen. / Abstract. There are more than 60 million people with disabilities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Despite the worldwide efforts in the matter of social inclusion and which it represents, it is estimated that more than 90% of boys and girls with disability do not attend school, decreasing in this way their possibility of being future active and productive individuals for society. It is true that there are legal standards that exist to promote social inclusion of this population but they are only palliatives to comply with international community agreements. This facts are evident when the Colombian government considers obligatory the inclusion of minors with disabilities in infant homes of the Colombian family welfare institute (Instituto Colombiano del Bienestar Familiar), but does not regulates in a specific manner how it will be done and which specific pedagogical tools to make a successful inclusion. The Infant Homes of the Colombian Family Welfare Institute (ICBF) of the Barranquilla district presented 6 years old minor with physical disability in 2009, the investigation is looking to point out this population, to make this possible the analytical-empirical paradigm was used, utilizing the transversal descriptive study. As an information recollection instrument, a survey was applied to the parents of these minors with the objective of obtaining social-demographical and economical information of these minors and their families. At the end of the investigation it showed that neuromuscular disability origin is the highest, in reference to the age of the disability, are more frequent in two and three years of age. It is not evident that this will present more frequently in male minors due to the fact that these are registered in school in a higher number than girls. Social-demographically, the minor with physical disabilities belong to families that do not exceed two minimum legal salary wages which is a risk to be a deserter. The Infant Homes of the Colombian Family Welfare Institute of the Barranquilla district, show very few inclusions of minors with physical disabilities, this will prevent an early initiation in school. This early start would favor the minors later on in their development inside their community. ; Maestría
In: The Australian journal of politics and history: AJPH, Band 41, Heft 1, S. 141-173
ISSN: 1467-8497
Book Reviews in this titleAUSTRALIA'S AGE OF IRON: History and Archaeology By R. Ian Jack and Aedeen Cremin. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press and Sydney University Press, 1994, pp. xiv+175, Illustrated. Thirteen maps. $39.95.BRISBANE: The Aboriginal Presence 1824–1860 Edited by Rod Fisher. Kelvin Grove: Brisbane History Group Papers No 11, 1992, pp. 106. Illustrated. Two maps. $20.AUSTRALIA'S FIRST LADY By Lennard Bickel. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991, pp. xii +219. $34.95IRISH CONVICT LIVES Edited by Bob Reece. Sydney: Crossing Press, 1993, pp. x+266, illustrated. No price given.WAR ON THE HOMEFRONT: State Intervention in Queensland 1938–1948 By Kay Saunders. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993. pp. ix + 190. $29.95.CROWN OR COUNTRY: The Traditions of Australian Republicanism Ediled by David Headon, James Warden and Bill Gammage. St Leonards, NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1994, pp. xiv + 197. Illustrated. $24.95.VIETNAM: The Australian Dilemma By Terry Burstall. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1993, pp. xxv + 329. Illustrated. Sixteen maps. $19.95.FOR BETTER OR FOR WORSE The Federal Coalition Edited by Brian Costar. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1994, pp. xii + 163. $24.95.EMPLOYMENT RELATIONS: Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management in Australia By Margaret Gardner and Gill Palmer. Melbourne: Macmillan, 1992, pp. xii+ 522. $39.95.I WAS A TEENAGE FASCIST By David Greason. Melbourne: McPhee Gribble/penguin, 1994. $16.95.THE OXFORD HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND Edited by Geoffrey W. Rice. Second revised edition. Auckland: Ogord University Press, 1993, pp. xviii i 755. Eleven tables. Four maps. Eight graphs $39.95STUDYING NEW ZEALAND HISTORY By G. A Wood. Second edition Revised by Simon Cauchi and G. A. Wood. Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1992. pp. viii ‐+ 145. No price given.EUROPE JUSTINIAN By John Moorhead. London and New York: Longman, 1994, pp. ix + 202. Np price givenMIRACLES AND THE PULP PRESS DURING THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION: The Battle of the Frogs and Fairford's Flies By Jerome Friedman. London: University College London Press, 1993, pp. xv+304. Illustrated. $39.95.THE COMMODITY CULTURE OF VICTORIAN ENGLAND: Advertising and Spectacle 1851–1914 By Thomas Richards. London: Verso, 1991, pp. 306. $37.9Spb.CLASS AND ETHNICITY: Irish Catholics in England 1880–1939 By Steven Fielding. Buckingham, England: Open University Press, 1993, pp. mi + 180. No price given.THE POLlTICS OF IMMIGRATION AND "RACE" RELATIONS IN POST‐WAR BRITAIN By Zig Luyton‐Henry. Ogord: Blackwell, 1992, pp. xvii + 266. $34.95 pb.GOVERNMENT, INDUSTRY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY By Peter Barberis and Timothy May. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1993, pp. viii+ 260. $45.00.SOCIAL CHANGE IN CONTEMPORARY BRITAIN Edited by Nicholas Abercrombie and Alan Warde. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992, pp xi + 189. $32.9Spb.EUROPE IN OUR TIME A History 1945–1992 By Walter L. uqueur. New York: Penguin Books, 1992, pp. xrii + 617. US$14.CONTEMPORARY FRANCE By Hilary P. M. Winchester. Longman Group UK Limited, 1993, pp. xiii + 273, illustrated with photographs, maps, tables, $16.IMPERIAL GERMANY 1871–1914: Economy, Society, Culture and Politics By Volker Berghahn Providence/Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1993, pp. xvii + 362. NO price givenTHE GERMAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATS SINCE 1969 A Party in Power and Opposition Gerard Braunthal. Second revised edition. BoulderBart Francisco/Oxford: Westview Press, 1994. pp. xiii + 402. Tables and charts. $54.95.WHAT ABOUT THE WORKERS? Workers and the Transition to Capitalism in Russia By Simon Clarke, Peter Fairbrother, Michael Burawoy and Pavel Krotov. London: Verso, 1993, pp. 241. No price given.REST OF WORLD THE GUERRILLA WARS OF CENTRAL AMERICA: Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala By Saul Landau. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1993, pp. xiii + 222. Four maps. $49.45.A CRITICAL STUDY OF BINI AND YORUBA VALUE SYSTEMS OF NIGERIA IN CHANGE: Culture, Religion and the Self By Emmanuel D. Babatunde. Lampeter, Dyfed, Wales: me Edwin Mellen Press, 1992, pp. 283. No price given.IMPERIAL AFFINITIES: Nineteenth Century Analogies and Exchanges Between India and Ireland By S. B. Cook. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1993, pp. 162, Rs 195 (approx $9.00).DENG XIAOPING AND THE MAKING OF MODERN CHINA By Richard Evans. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1993, pp. xi + 339:$39.95.TENNOZAN: The Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb By George Feifer. New York: Ticknor & Field 1992, pp. xvii + 622. Illustrated. $25.IDEAS DARWINISM, WAR AND HISTORY: The Debate Over the Biology of War From the "Origin of Species" to the First World War By Paul Crook. Cambridge, New York, and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1994, pp. xii + 306. $49.95.PROSPECTS FOR DEMOCRACY: North, South, East, West Edited by David Held. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993, pp. xi + 412. $45 cloth; $14 pb.RACE, NATION, CLASS: Ambiguous Identities By Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein London, New York: Verso, 1991, pp. vii+232. $32.95.CULTURAL HISTORY By Roger Chartier. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993, pp. 209. $39.95pb.CULTURES IN CONFLICT By Urs Bitterli, translated by Ritchie Robertson. Oqord: Polity Press, 1993, pp. 215. pb. $39.95.MARC BLOCH: A Life in History By Carole Fink Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, pp. 324. $17.95.
This thesis aims at sketching an account of legitimacy that stands in-between Weber's and Williams'. The effort is to combine a beliefs-based concept of legitimacy with internal standards that allows to normatively evaluate political authority. Giving relevance to individuals' beliefs is important because it is a way to seriously consider people's experience of being subjected to power and, possibly, their feeling of being arbitrarily ruled. This dimension is often put aside, even within political realist accounts. In fact, the task of giving relevance to individuals' perspective does not depend on the political – as opposed to moral – nature of the standards of legitimacy; rather, it depends on the internality or externality of those standards. In this dissertation, I start with the elaboration of a minimal concept of legitimacy, which stands as a common denominator for different conceptions. The concept aims at illustrating how people conceive the relation between political power, legitimacy and the external world. Accordingly, I claim that legitimacy is a characteristic that can be ascribed to a political regime. That ascription depends on the perceived positive qualities of a regime by a subject. Their positivity depends on what the subject considers important either for herself directly, or for the world she is living in. According to this view, people express their belief in legitimacy as following: "the regime has the quality x; x is a positive quality for a regime to be legitimate; therefore, the regime is legitimate". Legitimacy is connected to the positivity of the regime, be it in terms of performance or source of power. The only requirement a belief in legitimacy has to fulfil is to pass the coherence test, namely, to derive the final judgement about the regime (il)legitimacy from consistent premises. The duty to pass the coherence test represents a minimal epistemic threshold, and has the advantage of being a standard internal to the belief. Besides, it has implication on the practical level, because it pushes toward the creation of what I called the public debate space, an ideal place where individuals' beliefs are exposed and challenged by other interlocutors. Depending on what is the feature x included in the belief, I elaborate four conceptions of legitimacy: a legal conception, based on the value of law; a rational conception, based on the value of security; a moral conception, based on the value of morality; and, finally, a symbolic conception, based on the values of trust and care. All of them are potentially capable of passing the coherence test, but the symbolic one has a higher level of emotionality in the elaboration of the belief and it can be the result of fascination by the individual toward a leader, or toward a certain ideology; in contrast, legal, moral and rational ones are built on features the content of which is usually highly rationalised. Notwithstanding, there is a reciprocal need between symbolic and non-symbolic conceptions of legitimacy. On one hand, the non-symbolic conceptions irrevocably include both the notions of trust and care; on the other hand, the symbolic conception is likely to merge into one of the non-symbolic in order to pass the coherence test. Besides, symbols are intrinsic to the political language. Therefore, the effort is to appreciate the symbols' influence in building both the identity of a political community and a shared conception of legitimacy. Assuming that there is nothing like an objective hierarchy of values, from which we can glean the principles that ground our conceptions of legitimacy, and given the vast amount of values people may engage with, the problem is to explain how to get to a shared truth about how a certain political community should be shaped. Here is where the symbolic mechanisms play a central role: they have both a definitional and a promotional role. After all, the expression of a belief in legitimacy is, at the same time, the communication of a standard the regime should satisfy in order to be recognized as legitimate. Such standards have a bottom-up origin and their content depends on individuals' vision of the world and system of values. On the other side, the regime has at least an instrumental interest in complying individuals' requirements. Indeed, stability is normally not guaranteed by the sole use of physical coercion. Notwithstanding, this does not exclude the possibility of a regime truly available to set a political order that reflects people's requirements. The availability of the regime to genuinely comply people's requirements says something further about its legitimacy. Here we get to the second definition I provide in the dissertation. Accordingly, legitimacy is the characteristic of a regime where individuals considers themselves as the authors, or sources, of their own political obligations. This definition contributes to the normativity of the concept of legitimacy, at least in its theoretical formulation. On the practical level, though, such a normativity is the result of the potential normativity of people's conceptions of legitimacy; in other words, legitimacy gets a normative concept when the conceptions people elaborate are normatively rich.
1. Opening session. Why science is needed for the culture of the third millennium - The motor for progress / Antonino Zichichi. Acceptance remarks on receiving the 2009 Gian Carlo Wick gold medal award / Nicholas P. Samios. Glacial retreat and its impact in Tibetan plateau under global warming / Honglie Sun. Climate stabilization on the basis of geo-engineering technologies / Yuri Antonovitch Izrael. Modeling forest ecosystems, their response to and interaction with global climate change / Herman H. Shugart. Forest policies, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection / Jan Szyszko. Avoiding disaster : Book presentation / Henning Wegener and William Barletta -- 2. Information security focus : Cyber conflicts and cyber stability - finding a path to cyper peace. Cyber conflict vs. cyber stability : Finding a path to cyber peace / Henning Wegener. Advancing the global cybersecurity agenda and promoting cyberstability globally / Hamadoun I. Toure. Bridging the global gaps in cyber security / Mohd Noor Amin. Cyber war vs. cyber stability / Jody R. Westby. Cyber conflict vs. cyber security : Finding a path to peace / John. G. Grimes. Information security, ensembles of experts / Rick Wesson. Cyber conflict vs. cyber stability : EU and multi-national collaboration / Jacques Bus. Erice declaration on principles for cyber stability and cyber peace / Jody Westby and William Barletta -- 3. Pollution focus : Integrating environmental health research and chemical innovation. Fomenting new opportunities to protect human health / John Peterson Myers. Green chemistry : A necessary step to a sustainable future / John C. Warner. Health impact of environmental chemicals : Need for green chemistry / Jerrold J. Heindel. Moving the chemical enterprise toward sustainability : Key issues / Terry Collins -- 4. Energy & climate focus : Essential technologies for moderating climate change and improving energy security. Balancing perspectives on energy supply, economics, and the environment / Carl O. Bauer. The outlook for power plant CO[symbol] capture / Edward S. Rubin. Making rapid transition to an energy system centered on energy efficiency and renewables possible / Wolfgang Eichhammer. Beyond emerging low-carbon technologies to face climate change? / Giorgio Simbolotti. Institutions for developing new climate solutions / Lee Lane, W. David Montgomery and Anne E. Smith. Moderating climate change by limiting emissions of both short- and long-lived greenhouse gases / Michael C. MacCracken. Current status of technology for collection of uranium from seawater / Masao Tamada. An explanation of oil peaking / Roger W. Bentley. The future of global oil supply : Understanding the building blocks / Peter Jackson. The importance of technology - The constant wild card / Rodney F. Nelson. Recent scientific development in Taiwan in response to global climate change / Maw-Kuen Wu -- 5. Climate focus : Global warming and greenhouse gases. Exponential analysis in the problem of the assessment of the contribution of greenhouse gases in global warming / Mikhail J. Antonovsky -- 6. Energy, climate, pollution and limits of development focus : Advanced technologies and strategies in China for meeting the energy, environment and economy predicament in a greenhouse constrained society. Myths and realities about energy and energy-related CO[energy] emissions in China / Mark D. Levine. Technologies and policies for the transition to low carbon energy system in China / Zhang Xiliang. Assessment of CO[symbol] storage potential in oil/gas-bearing reservoirs in Songliao Basin of China / Mingyuan Li. Carbon cycle in Karst processes / Yuan Daoxian. Bioenergy in China : A grand challenge for economic and environmental sustainability / Jie Zhuang and Gui-Rui Yu. Screening for climate change adaptation : Water problem, impact and challenges in China / Jun Xia -- 7. Climate and data focus : Significant climate uncertainties addressed by satellites. NASA satellite observations for climate research and applications for public health / John A. Haynes. Climate insights from monitoring solar energy output / Judit M. Pap -- 8. Climate & clouds focus : Sensitivity of climate to additional CO[symbol] as indicated by water cycle feedback issues. A natural limit to anthropogenic global warming / William Kininmonth. On the observational determination of climate sensitivity and its implications / Richard S. Lindzen and Yong-Sang Choi. Two basic problems of simulating climate feedbacks / Garth W. Paltridge -- 9. Climate without computer simulation focus : Mathematics, physics, and climate. What is the climate change signal? / Kyle L. Swanson. A key open question of climate forecasting / Christopher Essex -- 10. Climate and health focus : Windblown dust. Medical geology : Dust exposure and potential health risks in the Middle East / Mark B. Lyles. Climate change and climate systems influence and control the atmospheric dispersion of desert dust : Implications for human health / Dale Griffin -- 11. Science & technology focus : WMD proliferation - energy of the future - mathematics & democracy. Remote detection with particle beams / Gregory Canavan. Exploring the Italian navigator's new world : Toward economic,full-scale, low-carbon, conveniently-available, proliferation - robust, renewable energy resources / Lowell Wood. The Mathematics of Democracy in South Asia / K. C. Sivaramakrishnan -- 12. WFS general meeting PMP reports - debate and conclusions. Permanent monitoring panel on motivations for terrorism / Lord John Alderdice. AIDS and infectious diseases PMP / Franco M. Buonaguro. Mother and child PMP / Nathalie Charpak. Permanent monitoring panel on limits of development / Christopher D. Ellis. Pollution permanent monitoring panel : Annual report / Lorne Everett. Multinational repositories : Recent developments and 2010 session and workshop proposals / Charles McCombie. Energy PMP report / William Fulkerson ... [et al.]. Report of the permanent monitoring panel for the mitigation of terrorist acts : PMP-MTA / Sally Leivesley. Permanent monitoring panel on climate activity report / William A. Sprigg. Permanent monitoring panel on information security report from the co-chairs / Henning Wegener and Jody R. Westby -- 13. Information security panel meeting. Erice declaration on principles for cyber stability and cyber peace / World Federation of Scientists : Permanent monitoring panel on information security. Top cyber security problems that need resolution to address communications / World Federation of Scientists : Permanent monitoring panel on information security. Quest for cyber peace / World Federation of Scientists : Permanent monitoring panel on information security -- 14. Limits of development panel meeting. About questions to be discussed on occasion of the 2009 Erice meeting of the PMP limits of development : The situation in Argentina / Juan Manuel Borthagaray and Andres Borthagaray. Sustainable development in Mexico : Facing the multi-headed hydra / Alberto Gonzalez-Pozo -- 15. Mitigation of terrorist attacks meeting. Permanent Monitoring Panel - Mitigation of Terrorist Acts (MPM-MTA) workshop agenda / Richard Wilson. Development of CBRN event mitigation / Friedrich Steinhausler. One science for CBRN mitigation / Annette L. Sobel. The need for a corps of radiation workers for immediate assignment / Richard Wilson. India's response to the prospect of WMD terrorism / Ramamurti Rajaraman. Politization in the process of international cooperation to mitigate nuclear terrorism : Some dubious results / Vasily Krivokhizha. Immediate communications in the CBRN environment / Robert V. Duncan. Immediate evaluation of radiological and nuclear attacks / Richard L. Garwin. Establishment of a scientifically-informed rapid response system / Richard Wilson -- 16. Energy panel meeting. Status of ITER broader approach activities / Akira Miyahara. Topics of energy research in Japan / Akira Miyahara.
Verfügbarkeit an Ihrem Standort wird überprüft
Dieses Buch ist auch in Ihrer Bibliothek verfügbar:
The Presence of the Past or The Limits of What Can be Told. Letters, Diaries and Fictional Texts by GDR-Authors around 1970. The article discusses the way in which certain topoi, particularly those suggesting analogies between specific phenomena in the GDR and the NS-era, were dealt with in literary texts written in the GDR between 1968 and 1970. This historical period is marked by two events that were designed to fundamentally shatter the loyalty felt for the communist leadership of the GDR by a generation of authors born around 1930 and at first impressed by the GDR antifascist founding myth due to their former affiliation with the Hitler Youth or the German Reichswehr. These events were the invasion of the ČSSR in 1968 by troops of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, reminding many authors of the occupation of Czechoslovakia by German troops in 1938; and the GDR 7th Congress of German authors in 1969 with its attacks on Reiner Kunze and Christa Wolf. Particular attention is paid to possible self-censorship, i.e. differences in the covering of specific subjects depending on the authors' intention as to whether the respective text should be immediately published or not.With the Children's Eyes. At the end of the 1960s, many GDR authors representing the postwar generation mentioned above had already become parents. It was their children who were supposed to grow up in a better world, a society that would be the other to Auschwitz. It is the eyes of the authors' own children through which everyday life in the GDR is examined. Here it is particularly the discovery of similarities between educational methods and public rituals in the GDR and the NS-era, that even in the private discourse of diaries and letters, initially not designed for publication, can be denominated only against internal resistance. Reflections on the consequences that might be drawn from these observations succumb to taboos, imposed by the author himself. That the acting out of brutal violence can be understood as psychic preformation for the functioning in a fascist or comparable system can be found in published texts too, for instance in the novella Nachdenken über Christa T. (The Quest for Christa T., 1968) by Christa Wolf, where the first person narrator understands violence against animals as a recurrent theme, leading from the behavior of the fascist tenant in the village of the protagonist's childhood to her pupils in the GDR during the early 1960s. But in the published text the protagonist Christa T. takes a surprising turn, arguing that her pupils are indeed still prone to violence, but that the political order prevailing in the GDR would prevent them from living out those dispositions.Old Songs. Like a common thread, the singing of songs is connecting the oeuvre of Christa Wolf from the early Moskauer Novelle (1961) to the late Stadt der Engel oder The Overcoat of Dr. Freud (City of Angels, 2010). Particularly strong is the way her female protagonists feel about songs that have been sung during their BDM-years, not least because it had been the author herself who once had sung these tunes. The statement that these songs are still sung, or, in other words, that the past is not gone – it is with this quotation from William Faulkner that Christa Wolf started her autofictional novel Kindheitsmuster (Patterns of Childhood, 1976) – cannot be found exclusively in her initially unpublished letters and diaries. Instead, it makes its way quite early into her published texts. But here the explosiveness of this insight is at first mitigated by a treatment, according to which the singing of NS-songs is put in the mouths of bourgeois enemies of the new order.Trains. Trains representing the steadily advancing victory of socialism were one of the main symbols adopted from the Soviet paradigm into GDR literature. In her novella Blickwechsel (Exchanging Glances, 1970), dealing with the end of WWII, the flight before the advancing Red Army and the sudden awakening from blindness caused by the belief in NS-ideology, Christa Wolf, too, makes use of that figure. But in her text the image is highly ambivalent. Where a train is derailing from the tracks and speeding in the middle of the most incredible reality, it should be put back on the tracks again as soon as possible, only this time on the right ones. But at the same time this alternative is turned down by challenging the positive connotations connected with 'train' through the annexation of the adjective "stuffy". A surprisingly similar image can be found already two years earlier in the author's diary entry on September 27th 1968, later published in Ein Tag im Jahr: 1960–2000 (One Day a Year, 2003). In this image the train is heading again towards an unpleasant destination, but this time – shortly after the abolition of the Prague Spring – the destination is the East-German "really existing socialism". The insight into the endangerment of those who find themselves on the tracks and not on the trains, can be traced already in the early novel Der geteilte Himmel (They Divided the Sky, 1963). The protagonist Rita Seidel, who recovers in the novel's background story from a breakdown or suicide attempt, experiences herself at first as object, existentially endangered by the wagons aiming at her. But due to the optimistic development of the plot, the author and her protagonist succeed in overcoming the intrusive sentiment that the wagons, and analogously the socialist order, is aiming at Rita.Self-Censorship or Self-Imposed Taboos? In summary it can be stated that texts determined for immediate publication, as well as diary entries or letters, touch upon the same phenomena as far as the pervasive presence of the past is concerned. However one obvious difference can be detected: the transfer of an issue from a diary or letter into a text meant for immediate publication is characterized by certain "trans-lations" in the meaning of carrying across, displacement. As a result of this process these phenomena are deferred from their central position in a diary or letter to a marginal one in the published fictional texts. Among others, these translations are enacted by the projection of the phenomena in question on enemies of the GDR order.On the one hand, and in the light of the authors' desire to be published, the differences between published and initially unpublished texts can be ascribed to the writers' anticipatory obedience, the scissors in his or her head. On the other hand ruptures, dashes and the repeatedly emerging obvious ellipses marked by three dots in diaries and letters hint at a shying away from violations of self-erected taboos.
The article deals with the issue of the identity of the place, taken in reference to the concept of places and non-places by Marc Augé. The main purpose of the theoretical analyses and analysis and interpretation of empirical results of the study was to determine the identity of the place (borderland) by referring to the individual memory of members of the minority group, inscribed in multifaceted, individual negotiations of experiencing the identity of the place. An important aspect discussed in the article are issues of social forgetting in Paul Connerton's approach and socio-cultural consequences of this process for the identity of the individual, group and place. Narrative interview was the main form of data collection. The analyses are oriented to the variable of the identity of the borderland. The categories of the analysis refer to: the cultural identity of the borderland; personal memories of respondents related to the events, situations related to the past of their family; social memory of the minority group; social memory of the majority group. Memory of the borderland is a memory strongly embedded in a given area and unequivocally localized – assigned to a place "marked" and "embedded" cul- turally. This, of course, implies a series of difficult group-based negotiations regarding the contents of memory, places, events that, from the perspective of internal diversity of the group, may construct contradictory images of the past of the place. ; jolamusz@uwb.edu.pl ; Faculty of Education, University of Białystok, Poland ; Assmann, J. (2008). Pamięć kulturowa. Pismo, zapamiętywanie i polityczna tożsamość w cywilizacjach starożytnych. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Augé, M. (1995). Non-Places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity. Transl. J. Howe. London, New York: Verso. ; Baker, K. (2012). Identity, Memory and Place. The Word Hoard, 1(1), pp. 23–33. Retrieved from: http://ir.lib.uwo.ca/wordhoard/vol1/iss1/4. ; Buñuel, L. (2013). My Last Sigh. New York: Vintage. ; Castells, M. (1982). Kwestia miejska. Foreword B. Jałowiecki. Transl. B. Jałowiecki, J. Piątkowski. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ; Castillo, J.J. (2009, April 24). Snowball Sampling. Explorable.com. Retrieved from: http://explorable.com/snowball-sampling. ; Connerton, P. (2008). Seven Types of Forgetting. Memory Studies, 1(1), pp. 59–71. DOI:10.1177/1750698007083889. ; Connerton, P. (2012). Jak społeczeństwa pamiętają. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Erll, A. (2011). Traveling Memory. Paralax, 17(4), pp. 4–18. DOI:10.1080/13534645.2011.605570. ; Giddens, A. (2001). Nowoczesność i tożsamość. "Ja" i społeczeństwo w epoce późnej nowoczesności. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwa Naukowe. ; Giddens, A. (2008). Socjologia. Warszawa: PWN. ; Gills, J.R. (Ed.) (1994). Commemorations: The Politics of National Identity. New York, Princeton: Princeton University Press. ; Golka, M. (2010). Społeczna niepamięć. Pomiędzy zapominaniem a zamazywaniem. In: S. Kapralski (Ed.), Pamięć, przestrzeń, tożsamość (pp. 49–71). Warszawa: Scholar. ; Graves, M., & Rechniewski, E. (2010). From Collective Memory to Transcultural Remembrance. Portal: Journal of Multidisciplinary International Studies, 7(1): Fields of Remembrance, pp. 1–15. ; Halbwachs, M. (2008). Społeczne ramy pamięci. Warszawa: PWN. ; Harvey, D. (1989). The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford: Blackwell. ; Hensel, P., & Glinka, P. (2012). Teoria ugruntowana. In: D. Jemielniak (Ed.), Badania jakościowe. Vol. 1: Podejścia i teorie (pp. 89–113). Warszawa: PWN. ; Jałowiecki, B. (2011). Miejsca, przestrzeń, obszar. Przegląd Socjologiczny, 60(2–3), pp. 9–28. ; Kaczmarek, J. (2005). Podejście geobiograficzne w geografii społecznej. Zarys teorii i podstawy metodyczne. Łódź: Wydawnictwo UŁ. ; Kozielecki, J. (1997). Transgresja i kultura. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak. ; Kwiatkowski, T. (2008). Pamięć zbiorowa społeczeństwa polskiego w okresie transformacji. Warszawa: Scholar. ; Lewicka, M. (2012). Psychologia miejsca. Warszawa: Scholar. ; Losch, D. (2003). Bad Memories, The Poetics of Memory and the Difference of Culture. In: J. Bennett, & R. Kennedy (Eds.), World Memory: Personal Trajectories in Global Time (pp. 30–43). London: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Mannheim, K. (1952). The Problem of Generations. In: K. Mannheim, Essays on the Sociology of Knowledge (pp. 276–322). London: Routledge. ; Mendel, M., & Theiss, W. (Eds.) (2019). Pamięć i miejsce. Perspektywa społeczno-edukacyjna. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. ; Nikitorowicz, J. (2018). Etnopedagogika w kontekście wielokulturowości i ustawicznie kształtującej się tożsamości. Kraków: Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls. ; Nora, P. (2001). Czas pamięci. Transl. W. Dłuski. Res Publica Nowa, 7, pp. 37–43. ; Ryan, L. (2011). Memory, Power and Resistance: The Anatomy of a Tripartite Relationship. Memory Studies, 4(2), pp. 154–169. DOI:10.1177/1750698010366502. ; Rybak-Korneluk, A., Wichowicz, H.M., Żuk, K., & Dziurkowski, M. (2016). Pamięć autobiograficzna i jej znaczenie w wybranych zaburzeniach psychicznych. Psychiatria Polska, 50(5), pp. 959–972. DOI:10.12740/PP/38518. ; Schacter, D.L., & Madore, K.P. (2016). Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Identifying and Enhancing the Contribution of Episodic Memory. Memory Studies, 9(3), pp. 245–255. DOI:10.1177/1750698016645230. ; Sobecki, M. (2016). Komunikacja międzykulturowa w perspektywie pedagogicznej. Studium z pogranicza polsko-litewsko-białorusko-ukraińskiego. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak. ; Tuan, Yi-Fu. (1977). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis–London: University of Minnesota Press. ; Wallis, A. (1967). Socjologia wielkiego miasta. Warszawa: PWN. ; Wallis, A. (1990). Socjologia przestrzeni. Warszawa: Niezależna Oficyna Wydawnicza. ; Wójcikowska, K. (2014). Walka o miejsca pamięci w przestrzeni dwunarodowej gminy Sejny. Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne, 23, pp. 65–82. ; 4(126) ; 125 ; 137
Essays -- Public Choice and Constitutional Political Economy -- Public Choice: An Introduction -- Are Vote and Popularity Functions Economically Correct? -- Constitutional Political Economy -- Corruption -- Dictatorship -- Environmental Politics -- Experimental Public Choice -- Gordon Tullock at Four Score Years: An Evaluation -- Interest Group Behavior and Influence -- International Trade Policy: Departure from Free Trade -- James M. Buchanan -- Milton Friedman, 1912: Harbinger of the Public Choice Revolution -- Monetary Policy and Central Bank Behavior -- The Political Economy of Taxation: Positive and Normative Analysis When Collective Choice Matters -- Public Choice from the Perspective of Economics -- Public Choice from the Perspective of the History of Thought -- Public Choice Theory from the Perspective of Law -- Public Choice from the Perspective of Philosophy -- Public Choice from the Perspective of Sociology -- Public Finance -- Regulation and Antitrust -- Scholarly Legacy of Mancur Olson -- Shadow Economy -- Social Choice, Contracts and Logrolling -- Spatial Theory -- Trade Liberalization and Globalization -- William H. Riker -- Concepts -- Academia -- Al-Qaeda -- Alternative Voting Methods -- Altruism -- The Anatomy of Political Representation -- Approval Voting -- Arbitration and Bargaining -- Arrow's Impossibility Theorem -- An 'Austrian' Perspective on Public Choice -- Autocracy -- Autocratic Succession -- Bicameralism -- Blackmail -- Black's Single-Peakedness Condition -- Budgetary Processes -- Budget Deficits -- Bureaucratic Discretion -- Campaign Contributions and Campaign Finance -- Campaign Finance 1 -- Campaign Finance 2 -- Central Banks -- Chicago Political Economy -- The Clayton Act -- Coalitions and Power Indices -- Coalitions and Social Choice -- Coase Theorem and Political Markets -- Coercion -- Collective Action Under the Articles of Confederation -- Committee Assignments -- Committee Jurisdictions and PAC Contributions -- Committees in Legislatures -- Commons and Anticommons -- Constitution -- Constitutional Frameworks and Economic Progress -- The Constitution of the European Union -- Constitutional Political Economy -- The Contemporary Political Economy Approach to Bureaucracy -- Contractarianism -- Corruption 1 -- Corruption 2 -- Cost and Choice -- The Cost Disease of the Personal Services -- Customary Law -- The Demand-Revealing Process -- Deregulation of Postal Service -- Dictators and Social Contracts -- Direct Democracy -- Discrimination -- Dynamic Inconsistency -- Economic Freedom and its Measurement -- Economic Freedom and Political Freedom -- Economic Regulation -- The Economic Theory of Clubs -- Economists Versus the Public on Economic Policy -- Education and the State -- Efficiency of Democracy -- Efficiency of Democracy? -- The Efficiency of the Common Law Hypothesis -- Elected Versus Appointed Regulators -- Election Models -- Electoral College -- Electoral Competition in Mixed Systems of Representation -- The Elusive Median Voter -- Emerging from the Hobbesian Jungle -- Endogenous Morality -- Enron -- Environmental Politics and Economic Development -- The Euro -- European Political Integration -- Evolution of Institutions -- The Evolution of Law -- Experimental Economics and Public Choice -- Experimental Public Choice -- Expressive Voting and Redistribution -- Fair Division -- Fame and Politics -- Federal Reserve System -- Forecasting Presidential Elections in the United States -- Game Theory -- Game Theory in Public Choice -- Generality and the Efficiency of Government Decision Making -- Group Roles in Evolution and Cognition -- Growth of Local Government in the United States -- The Growth of Public Expenditure -- The Growth of the Relative Size of Government -- Heresthetics and the Evolution of the Us Constitution -- Homo Economicus -- Human Evolution and Political Behavior -- Ideology -- The Importance of the Middle in Spatial Politics -- Initiative and Referendum -- Institutions of Trade Protection -- Interest Groups 1 -- Interest Groups 2 -- International Game of Power -- International Organization -- Internet Voting -- Is Russia a Market Economy? -- Is Voting Rational? -- The Italian Public Finance Contribution to Public Choice -- The Judiciary -- The Law and Economics Movement -- Legal Precedents and Judicial Discretion -- Legal Rules and Standards -- Legislative Politics -- Legislators -- Leviathan Models of Government -- Logic of Collective Action -- The Logic of Liberty -- Logrolling 1 -- Logrolling 2 -- Meddlesome Preferences and Rent Extraction: The Tobacco Shakedown -- The Median in Politics -- The Median Voter Model -- Medieval Church -- Mercantilism -- Monetary Politics -- The New Deal -- Nonprofit Organizations -- The Origins of Social Choice Theory -- The Paradox of Rebellion -- Parchment Versus Guns -- Political and Cultural Nationalism -- Political Business Cycles -- Political Economics and Public Choice -- The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments -- The Political Economy of Italian Electoral Reform -- Political Transaction-Cost Manipulation -- Pressure Groups and Uninformed Voters -- Principal-Agent Relationships in the Theory of Bureaucracy -- Prohibition -- Public Choice and Socialism -- Public Choice and the Chicago School of Antitrust -- Public Choice in Italy -- Public Enterprise -- Public Finance and the Median Voter Model -- Public Finance in Democratic Process -- Public Goods -- Public Schools -- Public Utility Regulation -- Rational Choice Approaches to Economic and Political History -- Rational Ignorance -- Rational Irrationality -- Reciprocity -- Redistributive Politics 1 -- Redistributive Politics 2 -- Regulating Government -- Regulatory Takings -- Rent Dissipation -- Rent Extraction -- Rent Seeking -- Rent Seeking and Political Institutions -- Rent-Seeking Games -- Rent Seeking in Development -- The Rule of Law -- Rules Versus Standards -- Self-Interest -- Selfish Gene -- September 11, 2001 -- Single-Peaked Preferences and Median Voter Theorems -- The Social Cost of Rent Seeking -- Sortition -- Standard Oil and Microsoft: Antitrust Lessons -- State-Sponsored Murder as a Rent-Seeking Activity -- Structure-Induced Equilibrium -- Supply of Public Goods -- The Supreme Court -- Takings and Public Choice: The Persuasion of Price -- Term Limits 1 -- Term Limits 2 -- Terrorism -- The Theory and Measurement of Economic Freedom -- Totalitarianism -- Trade Protectionism -- Transitional Economies -- Transitions from Autocracy to Democracy -- Triangulation -- Underground Government: The Off-Budget Public Sector -- The Value of Voting Rights -- Votes for Women -- Voting Equipment, Minorities and the Poor -- Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections -- Voting Paradoxes in List Systems of Proportional Representation -- The War on Drugs -- Welfare Economics and Public Choice -- Welfare Economics and the Theory of the State -- Why Government Succeeds.
Zugriffsoptionen:
Die folgenden Links führen aus den jeweiligen lokalen Bibliotheken zum Volltext:
Die Inhalte der verlinkten Blogs und Blog Beiträge unterliegen in vielen Fällen keiner redaktionellen Kontrolle.
Warnung zur Verfügbarkeit
Eine dauerhafte Verfügbarkeit ist nicht garantiert und liegt vollumfänglich in den Händen der Blogbetreiber:innen. Bitte erstellen Sie sich selbständig eine Kopie falls Sie einen Blog Beitrag zitieren möchten.
The same reason why Louisianans appear to be a bit more skeptical about vaccinations generally is behind why Americans have fallen to just about record lows in trust of the media – with a perfect example recently teed up by the state's largest newspaper.
Last week, the Baton Rouge Advocate ran a piece with scare headline "Anti-vaccine movement gains steam with Louisiana politicians. Here's why doctors are concerned." It contended that "An unprecedented number of bills and resolutions aimed at weakening vaccine requirements are now law in Louisiana following a wave of successful legislation taking aim at public health authorities." Hold on to your hernia belts, as "The anti-vaccine movement … is becoming more mainstream in the Louisiana statehouse, causing concern among doctors and public health officials who worry it is eroding decades of health policy and will result in more disease and death."
Of concern, the article offers, is the drop in kindergarten vaccination rates from 90 to 86 percent, and similar drops in other age groups. The absolute number is small, but it's contended even a little erosion can be risky to allow a breakout of disease. Charles Stoecker, a Tulane health economist, laments that if there comes something like this, "we'll have only ourselves to blame." Dr. Mark Kline, physician in chief at Children's Hospital New Orleans said alleged "dismantling" of vaccine policies runs "counter to everything we know about the legitimate practice of public health. It jeopardizes all of our safety, and particularly the safety of people who have medical conditions that make them vulnerable to these diseases."
Perhaps the first warning sign that this opinionated piece poses as straight news is with the choice of these sources; both demonstrated they have an ideological interest in perpetuating the idea that Wuhan coronavirus vaccines in children if not being mandatory, then should be extremely encouraged. Stoecker came to attention recently through an article propounding a bribery system of cash rewards to entice people, including older children, to become vaccinated.
Kline was more blunt and egregious in his advocacy. In the same Advocate he authored an opinion piece in 2022 that bemoaned rhetoric discouraging policies requiring children's mask-wearing and virus vaccination. Ironically headlined in a way to suggest this discouragement was based upon myth, his piece spread misinformation exaggerating both the efficacy of masking and number of child deaths, using an uncorrected figure for deaths already revised downward in official statistics significantly which in any case (derived from a study from 2020-21) was less than 0.02 percent of the child population contracting the virus and extrapolates to less than half of the raw total he cited, research which in any event implicitly disavowed Kline's argument of broadly-applicable mandates in noting the overwhelming number of deaths and serious hospitalizations of children occurred among those with pre-existing risk factors.
But it's not the one-sidedness of the article's sources that really shows its ideological slip, but what it terms as the so-called "anti-vaccination legislation" that comprises its very core to which the sources merely are ornaments. These are the legislative instruments that the article claims fit the bill:
HB 46 prohibits any public or private school from requiring students to get a COVID-19 vaccination. HB 47 requires schools to include opt-out information in any communication about required immunizations. HB 908 prohibits discrimination in schools based on vaccination status. SB 133 restricts the state from enforcing any rules issued by the World Health Organization, the United Nations and the World Economic Forum. SB 357 allows a majority of either the House or Senate to end a public health emergency. HR 292 requests that the Louisiana Department of Health conduct a study on the unexpected deaths of children under the age of two related to the administration of vaccines. HR 222 requests that the state health department investigate the factors affecting children diagnosed with autism.
None of these prohibits a family from deciding their child should receive a vaccination. Only one even directly would have a practical effect of reducing vaccinations, HB 46, and then with only the one coronavirus strain addressed by an intervention that's not really a vaccination but a prophylactic (confusion over which also marked Kline's opinion article). Two aren't even laws but requests for academic study, one addresses policy concerning public health emergency declarations, another asks for clearer dissemination of parental rights and another protection of a civil right, and finally includes a symbolic statute replicating current policy about extra-jurisdictional mandates.
None of this remotely conveys an "anti-vaccination" sentiment – unless you're a believer in forcing mandates that affect almost nobody positively while asking everybody to surrender individual rights in the process, increasing research on a virus, establishing checks and balances in government's ability to usurp people's basic rights, keeping people in the dark about their rights if not creating bias towards violating these, or in preventing transnational organizations from dictating domestic policy despite existing of state sovereignty, as defining "anti-vaccine." Which in that case you might be more at home in a totalitarian state than in America.
It's within what is held out as straight news this blatant editorializing – entirely misrepresenting the subject matter at hand in order to create a story where none exists – that has turned people so much away from the mainstream media as a reliable source of information. Contrary to what many in that institution think, many news consumers aren't stupid and can see though attempts to interject ideological posturing into what it presents and dares to characterize as impartial "news."
And this carries over to their rational behavior in the face of government edicts. It's not that any decline in vaccination rates came from some phantom surge of anti-vaccination policy-making – the legislative record shows zero evidence of that – but because the public was so badly fooled by "authorities" including the mainstream media on issues such as coronavirus vaccination. The heavy-handedness on this issue by government, as a ruse to increase the size of government and its command and control over people, has poisoned the well for some on all vaccinations.
If anti-vaccination sentiment has grown among Louisianans, it's because of misbegotten policies of the federal government and in Louisiana of the administration of Democrat former Gov. John Bel Edwards, in office during the pandemic, that served to deprive people of liberties that neither arguments nor data sufficiently justified taking such actions. And the mainstream media's uncritical vetting, if not actual cheerleading, of that just because it fit their dominant ideology provided another reason why the public increasingly loathes them.
The Supreme Court has rarely considered what applicants must show to intervene as of right under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a)(2) since the Court amended the provision in 1966. This dearth of Supreme Court treatment has meant that primary responsibility for interpreting Rule 24(a)(2) has devolved upon the lower federal courts. Many of these courts and numerous commentators have recognized that it is very difficult to identify precisely what the Rule demands of those that seek to intervene of right. During much of the last quarter century, however, the federal judiciary agreed about one important proposition: Rule 24(a)(2) does not require that intervention applicants possess standing to sue. An increasing number of circuit and district courts, however, recently demanded or suggested that applicants have an "interest" greater than, or equal to, that necessary for standing or comply with certain standing requirements. Indeed, in 1986, the Supreme Court acknowledged that the "Courts of Appeals have reached varying conclusions as to whether a party seeking to intervene as of right must himself possess standing." The Court, nonetheless, expressly declined to decide whether an applicant "must satisfy not only the requirements of Rule 24(a)(2), but also the requirements of Article III." The Court's reservation of the question for future decision and the increasing disagreement among lower federal courts regarding the relevance of standing to intervention have created confusion in the application of Rule 24(a)(2). The courts' interpretations have complicated, and even precluded, participation in lawsuits by certain applicants; particularly public interest litigants, such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and the Sierra Club. The treatment has prevented affected interests from being heard, while the federal judiciary has lost helpful expertise, information and perspectives needed to make the best substantive decisions. The invocation of standing in the intervention of right context has been inadvisable, and its effects recently have worsened. Until the Supreme Court resolves the question of standing's relevance to intervention of right, litigants increasingly will ask that federal courts find standing applicable to Rule 24(a)(2), and these requests will engender greater uncertainty, cost, and hardship. It is important, therefore, to analyze this issue. The first section of this Article explores the background and judicial application of standing to sue and the history of intervention of right. The ideas have different origins and serve dissimilar purposes, although both implicate what entities need to participate in litigation. Standing basically entails what a plaintiff must demonstrate to initiate suit and Article Ill's requirement that there be a case or controversy between the parties. In comparison, intervention of right involves what an absentee must show to participate in ongoing litigation, as to which the plaintiff has standing and whose resolution may prejudice the applicant, and Rule 24{a)(2)'s requirements that an applicant have an inadequately represented interest which will be impaired. The second part assesses the enforcement of Rule 24(a)(2) since its revision in 1966. The federal judiciary has experienced considerable difficulty in delineating exactly what applicants must demonstrate to intervene of right, but few courts have mentioned standing. Over the last decade, a growing number of judges has insisted that applicants possess an interest more substantial than, or identical to, that necessary for standing or satisfy various standing requirements. That enforcement has restricted, and occasionally prevented, the participation of public interest litigants and has deprived courts of valuable input. Until the Supreme Court resolves the issue, plaintiffs and defendants increasingly will request that judges consider standing relevant to intervention of right, and this will create mounting confusion, expense and hardship. The third section analyzes the opinions of those courts that have stated or suggested that standing implicates Rule 24(a)(2). The federal judiciary has provided little justification for the invocation of standing, and the Rule's history, language and underlying policies lend minimal support to such application. Moreover, the evaluation shows that the standing and intervention inquiries essentially are, and should remain, discrete. The courts; therefore, should sharply circumscribe their reliance on standing. These conclusions do not necessarily mean that standing is wholly irrelevant. Indeed, standing is critical to intervention of right in one sense: the policies that underlie standing help. to define the idea of a case and to identify appropriate parties to participate in litigation. A case is a vehicle for facilitating the federal judiciary's performance of its quintessential responsibilities-explicating public values in the Constitution and statutes and requiring compliance with them by governmental entities. The party structure of a case, accordingly, should include litigants that can facilitate the efficacious discharge of these judicial duties. The final part of the Article offers suggestions for future application of standing to Rule 24(a}(2). The segment recasts intervention of right jurisprudence, drawing on transformed conceptualizations of the idea of a case and of the federal judiciary's role in public' law litigation. The approach is a pragmatic, fair, and sensitive adjustment of the traditional intervention mechanism to the practicalities of modem litigation. Its implementation should enable courts to improve their substantive decisionmaking and achieve judicial economy.
THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY The Literary Journal of Pennsylvania College Entered at the Postofice at Gettysburg as second-class matter VOL. X GETTYSBURG, PA., OCTOBER, 1901 No. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Nature's Chain, . 137 The Survival of the Fittest, . . . .138 Man Was Not Made to Mourn, . . . 143 Some Important Deductions from a Comparative Study of My-thologies, . . . . . . 147 The Thunder Storm, . 1SS Editorial, . . 157 Resolutions of Respect, . . . . 158 Oration: The Character of Our Early American Forefathers, . 159 James Russell Eowell, . 165 Exchanges, . . . . . 170 NATURE'S CHAIN [From the "Essay on Man"] Look 'round our world; behold the chain of love Combining- all below and all above, See plastic nature working- to this end, The single atoms each to other tend, Attract, attracted to, the next in place, Formed and impelled its neighbor to embrace. See matter next, with various life endued, Press to one center still, the general good. See dying vegetables life sustain, See life dissolving, vegetate again; All forms that perish other forms supply (By turns we catch the vital breath, and die); Eike bubbles on the sea of matter borne, They rise, they break, and to that sea return. Nothing is foreign; parts relate to whole; One all-extending, all-preserving Soul Connects each being, greatest with the least; Made beast in aid of man, and man of beast; All served, all serving; nothing stands alone ; The chain holds on, and where it ends, unknown. —POPE. ^•jataut HHOMIHIHHBBHHHmBIBH 138 77/^ GETTYSBURG MERCURY THE SURVIVAL OF TME FITTEST D. C. BURNITE, '01 [dies Prize Essay—First Prize] "Ivives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime." —Longfellow. TV/fANKIND is like the face of a mountainous country. As we -*■'*■ view the human landscape, here and there, like peaks which rise above the plain and rear their snow-crowned heads among the clouds, appear, in bold contrast to the ordinary level of their fel-lows, the mighty men whose lives are the pages of history. And as we contemplate these epoch makers, there wells up in us, and quite naturally, too, a strong spirit of emulation. We admire them and would be like them. Of course, not every one of us can be a Napoleon, or a Wash-ington, or a Franklin, or a Grant; but each has abundant chances of becoming a less conspicuous, but yet quite prominent, feature in the plane of humanity. And it is the existence of such chances that prompts the youth of today to ask himself and others how best to pursue success. Geologists tell us that peaks owe their existence to their dur-able qualities. The surrounding material, by the action of aqueous erosion, has been carried away, leaving these tall projections which have been able to resist for ages the frictional action of water. Upon this same principle rests the success of the "makers of his-tory." Certain things in their make-up have enabled them to stand firm against the attrition of such circumstances as have swept their less sturdy fellows into the "realm of innocuous des-uetude." Their success is the result of the operation of the prin-ciple of the survival of the fittest. Ever since the world began, the principles and causes which have resulted in such changes as have been mentioned have al-ways been the same, and are the same, as those in operation to-day. And this is true of human affairs; so that the young man must realize that the same principles and causes which determined the success of great men, still operate. Ere he can resist the downward pressure of the busy, indifferent world about him, and, as Greely says, "bulge out over the top, where he is sure to be seen," it is necessary that he follows the same plan to secure suc-cess as that which has enabled others before him to become emi- THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 139 nent. Just as they have survived innumerable discouragements and scaled the heights of fame because they have made themselves the fittest, so must the youth, in order to reach a high place, develop in himself those things which will render him, too, fit to combat opposing forces. And what are the elements of that fitness which has led to the success of men? Rvery person expects to be or do something, some day; that is, all have purposes. Yet most of these are more or less vague. But what we who would get on in the world must have, are defi-nite purposes. A race without a fixed goal is nothing. Without a definite end to strive for, life is a mere "struggle for existence," and existence is all we get. But life is more than this. The fu-ture holds out many prizes to each of us, to be won only by those who decide definitely for what prize they shall strive. The trav-eller must know, if not to what distance he desires to go, at least what is the bearing of the course he wants to pursue, or he may travel in a circle. If we want to move from our present positions, we must have purposes which, though they are not necessarily limited in extent, yet in direction must be definite. Napoleon, at the very outstart of his brilliant career, aimed at the rulership of the French nation. Lincoln had a definite intention, formed early in life, to do good to others. And how signally he suc-ceeded when he liberated those millions of sufferers! And to rise as these men did, we too must adopt this important element of their fitness,—a definiteness of purpose. Besides the fact that great men have had definite intentions, we observe that they all show elements of fitness in the characters they possessed. All the truly great—and we mean by truly great, not a Nero or Lord Byron, but those whom the good admire,— have been men of high morality. And the more elevated their moral traits, the more we admire them. High moral qualities are a part of the equipment which has bsought them, and will bring us, success. As a possessor of such characteristics, "Old Abe" stands pre-eminent,— a veritable personification of honesty; an honesty which did not allow him to support the unjust, though legal, side of a question; an honesty which made him lose in purse, but gain in esteem, till as a result of this quality he attained a world-wide re-spect, which will last as long as man and memory exist. Lincoln's is real fame, and the young man can do nothing better than adopt 140 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY \ I in his character the prime element which brought renown to "Honest Old Abe." True courtesy is a moral quality, based upon thoughtfulness and consideration for others. Men must be gentlemen, if they want to make progress. Great men are not always polished models ot etiquette, but courtesy has always been a mark of their fitness to occupy the positions at which they have aimed. ' 'Jeffersonian simplicity" did not hinder the third President from reaching the place to which he was helped by Jeffersonian courtesy. Eet us avoid error, and imitate in ourselves this essential quality of fit-ness to advance. Impure and intemperate habits invariably destroy all chances of complete success. Neither Burns nor Poe have secured all the glory which steadier lives would have brought. Irregular habits undermine and weaken all the qualities of body, mind, and spirit, and under their influence complete triumph is impossible. Better adopt the kind of habits which rendered long and useful the lives of Greely, Bismarck, and Gladstone. Their temperate lives are models from which men may safely mould their conduct and there-by place themselves among the fittest to survive. Morality is admirable, but when heightened by the influence of Christian principles, it becomes sublime. Men like Luther and Washington, who have worked under the rule of Christianity, stand at the very summit of human esteem. Elijah Morse once said: "Young man, a good character; yes, and a clean, religious life, are the foundation stones for success." But the moral and religious traits we have spoken of are not all that bring success. It is true that they are the "foundation stones," but upon these there has always been built a structure of other materials, which have made their possessors able to sur-vive opposing forces. The extremely pious are not always re-membered, but those whomwe admire most and shall never for-get have linked their piety, as we should do, with other things essential to render them fittest to endure. L,et us speak also of these. Josh Billings says- "Energy is what wins. Many men fail to reach the mark because the powder in them is not proportional to the bullet." Men must have "vim," or they fail to remove what to them seem insurmountable obstacles. The Alps were no barrier to the vigor of Bonaparte. Neither must the young man THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 141 of to-day lack this same sort of energy. It will enable him to sur-vive in the conflict with whatever comes between him and victory. The life of the man who would "fight it out on this line, if it takes all summer," testifies that the aspirant must try to imitate that in Grant which, in vulgar parlance, we call' 'sticktoitiveness.'' He must have a spirit of assiduity. Pluck cannot get along with-out Plod. Those who have become eminent have done so because they have hung to their purpose till triumph has crowned their persistence. Sir Isaac Newton, although met by what would seem to most men an impassable barrier, worked on for thirteen years before he was able to give the world the correct theory of gravity. The pursuit of success is up-hill work and a halt on the slope is fatal. Not one of the world's great men would have been able to survive the friction of ever-appearing hindrances, without this quality of persistency. Neither can any others who lack it hope to appear among the fittest. "Eternal vigilance is the price of success." It was on this principle that Mark Twain worked while becoming famous as a Mississippi River pilot, and later, while rising to his present lit-erary status. He himself testifies to the importance of this trait, when he gives this advice: "I say, young man, put all your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket \" We must "Stop, look and listen !" for the multifarious dangers we are liable to en-counter. It was the "Father of the New York Tribune" who turned failure into success by following the principle he himself puts forth in these words: "Do the very best you can where you are!" Concentration and thoroughness have marked the lives of those we desire to emulate. We have all made a practice of doing one thing at a time, and doing that well. It was John Wanamaker who once wheeled the delivery barrow of a dry-goods firm through the streets of Philadelphia; and he did it well, too. Concentrated effort in one direction led him finally to make for us an excellent Post-Master-General. And we also can follow his plan and rise. Close attention to little things enabled Watt to notice and use the principle he saw in the movement of his mother's tea-kettle as the means whereby his steam-engine could be impelled. It is of little things the big are made. Nothing we see or experience is too small to receive attention. Andrew Carnegie knows all the details of his immense business,—none too small to be important \ i ■ I i 142 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY to him. Nor must the youth who would succeed act differently from those whose fitness to rise included attention to little things. The best recommendation for the importance of a good educa-tion comes from those who have never had this advantage. Lin-coln's life-long regret was that he had not had a college education, and it limited his powers in many directions. However, self-taught men like he was have managed to climb the steep and reach the level of greatness without it. But just as one member of the body becomes stronger when its mate is injured, so such men, in the absence of higher education, have developed a substitute in the shape of great common sense. This we must have, or our fit-ness to survive the impositions of more shrewd men is impaired All these principles, and many, many others under which great men have worked, we must adopt if we want to aim at true great-ness. However, all cannot reach the topmost places. But an honest attempt to make the conditions in our lives conform to those manifested in the lives of successful men, will, at least, en-able us to rise far above mediocrity. Just as mountain peaks are formed of material most suitable to stand the wear and tear of ages, so must we young men be made of such stuff as will help us to throw off, without injury, those things which would keep us down, and rise till we attract the no-tice and elicit the worthy commendation of our fellows. Yet, let us not forget that the principle of the survival of the fittest extends farther than we have mentioned. For, away back, twenty centuries ago, there appeared a Great Man, a Model such as we find nowhere among the thousands of earthly great. He is the fittest and His survival is everlasting. Would we survive all the ills of this life, would we be classed among the truly fit, would we attain to higher praise than men can give,—heavenly praise ? Ifso, let us emulate him, the Model of all models, the Ideal! Then can we be like Him and join Him in the eternal survival of the fittest. "How void of reason are our hopes and fears 1 What in the conduct of our life appears So well designed, so luckily begun, But when we have our wish, we wish undone." DRYDHN. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 143 MAN WAS NOT MADE TO MOURN J. B. BAKER, '01 [Gies Prize Essay—Second Prize] OOBERT BURNS is the author of a varied and numerous array A * of beautiful poems. As a song writer he is the world's greatest. As rusticity's artist he ranks well with Shakespeare. His heart was great and his genius commensurate, winging its way to loftiest heights and recognizing the meanest things. He has been called the most directly inspired of all the poets. While the fame of other immortals rests upon the matured product of a life study, his finds its basis in the product of an hour. He goes out into the couutr)', disturbs a field mouse and ad-dresses it on the spot in quaint poetic style. A limping hare, a bank of flowers, a winding brook, a chilly blast, a neighbor's weal, a neighbor's woe, all appealed to his sensitive nature and won immediate response in verse. Such an one, however great he be, is in danger. Second thoughts, even in a Shakespeare, are preferable and it is neither a reflection upon the author nor a mark of conceit upon anyone to deferentially differ from him in a passing thought or hastily written verse. Burns said, "Man was made to Mourn.'.' The poem is sub-lime in its pathos but false, we believe, in sentiment. It shows the leaden sky but not the bow of promise. To study the end to which man was made we must ask time to turn backward in her flight for a moment or two and bring up the past. Oliver Wendell Holmes said we ought to begin a man's biog-raphy one hundred years before he is born. We would begin with generic man already when the idea of his creation was first formulated in the Divine Mind, for the idea of creation and the object of existence must have been coeval. They are concomitant notions and of a twin birth. What then was the mood of that pregnant mind at the event-ful date ? That question answered and our query is practically solved, for created things invariably bear the marks of their Creator. The readers of the world know the character and object of a literary production of a known author, before they open the book. They would not expect the sweet placid flow of an Irving from I I 144 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY the rough and rugged Cooper. Nor would they hope to hear the strains of Whittier coming from Virgil's lyre. Neither could have produced the works of the other. Their gems, in prose and song, were merely the externalization of their own minds and they could not have written otherwise because they could not have externalized that which had not already had an anterior internal existence. Precisely so, in our crude, fragmentary, symbolic fashion must we conceive of the Alpha of all reality. We are wooed to believe that everything in this central universe bears marks of kinship with Him, and particularly do we believe it to be true of man. We are like Him. Is He glad or is He sad? Does He mourn? That is the question upon the solution of which depends the pur-posed end of man's existence. To attempt an answer to a question like that, however, involv-ing as it does, eons of time and a Being unfathomable, might ap-pear a bit presumptuous, but a little reflection will prove the con-trary. We cannot escape it. The question abides with us through every period of our rational life. It presses upon us as atmos-pheric air upon our frames. It fills the human mind as star dust fills the sky. We must think of God, but without attributes that is impossible. What then are the qualities discoverable in his na-ture to give us an antecedent probability that man was made to mourn? Those qualities discoverable by us and those recognized by ages before us are wisdom, power and goodness and these in an unlimited degree. The gradual unfolding of orderly arrangement, hitherto unknown, reveals the wisdom. The spangled robe of night reveals the power. While the goodness, as for it, it shines from His very nature as light from the noon-day sun. How One possessed at once of Omniscience, Omnipotence and Infinite Benevolence could ever be sad and in mourning is beyond the grasp of human reason. Mourning implies regret at something that has happened and surely nothing could grieve Him who had the ability and fore-sight to avert the offending cause. Mourning is incompatible with the idea of Divinity as held by the majority of men to-day. But some are disposed to call these qualities into question. Not a few thinkers of eminent ability and indubitable integrity find themselves unable to predicate them of Him. I | El l SOME IMPORTANT DEDUCTIONS FROM A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MYTHOLOGIES C M. A. STINE, '01 [Gies Prize Essay—Third Prize] THE meaning of the word mythology is, literally, a treatise of *■ myths, or a writing composed of a number of fables. The term is applicable to the writings descriptive of ancient systems of religious beliefs, their various deities, and the attributes and the relations of these deities. Just as the child peoples the world about it with fairies both good and evil in their intentions toward human beings, so in a somewhat similar manner, the early races personified the phenom-ena of nature and sought to render intelligible the workings of nature thrust upon them for explanation, and which were to them otherwise inexplicable. Out of these explanations arose the vast bodies of legends descriptive of the various deities, their origin, adventures, attributes and relations. These personifications of nature with their body of attendant prerogatives arose from two principal causes: the necessity of pro-viding a cause for an observed effect, and the necessity of supply-ing a want felt in every human soul. Every human soul feels the need of a deity upon which to rest its faith and to whom it may look for aid. Whether the production is evolved by the human soul without a divine revelation does not concern us at present. To arrive at some explanation of the nature of the world, and the operation of those natural laws otherwise unintelligible, as well as of his own genesis, man invented the host of gods and demi-gods. The higher attributes ascribed to the divinities—their more purely spiritual qualities, arose out of man's need. Man is con- 148 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY scious of those forces which we call good and evil. He realizes the constant antagonism between the two, and the ethical super-iority of the former. He feels that according to his sense of jus-tice good should be rewarded and evil punished; yet his experience teaches him that such is not always the case. Hence there arises a feeling of the need of some force which may be supernatural, and which will reconcile the apparent contradictions, and fill the hiatus which is felt to exist. Thus there is the necessity of a god and a future existence. The study of ancient mythology with a comparison of the dif-ferent systems, serves a number of purposes. We gain a knowl-edge of the varying degrees of complexity of the different systems of belief, the height of their spiritual conceptions, and their degree of knowledge of the true God—that is their relation to Monothe-ism, the resemblance of the different creeds in the attributes as-cribed to the different divinities, and the similarity in their names. First. We may judge of the character and location of the people—whether agricultural, pastoral, commercial, peaceful or warlike, inland or maritime; and as to the climatic conditions, and natural features of the territory occupied. Secondly. We may judge as to the degree of civilization at-tained. An enumeration of what is included in the term civil-ization may be in place. By civilization we mean the knowledge of the arts and sciences, mechanical and political; also the degree of purity of religious conception. Upon the true or erroneous ideas of God depends man's treatment of his fellow-man, his real-ization of the principles of universal brotherhood, and divine fatherhood, and all the altruistic impulses. There is certainly but little civilization where these latter are lacking, and upon the extent of the realization and adoption of these principles depends the greater or less degree of excellence to which a civilization may lay claim. Thirdly. A comparison of these systems affords a means whereby the knowledge of the common origin of various branches of the human family may be gained. In our consideration of ancient mythology, the chief form of belief to which we wish to devote our attention is that held by the Indo-Germanic family. The systems of mythology which we shall briefly study, are those of the Greeks, latins, Norse and THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 149 Old Germans, Hindoos and Egyptians, as affording the best illus-tration of the principles enumerated. The system of mythology held and constructed by the Greeks is the one of which the most complete knowledge is attainable, excepting perhaps that of the Latins. But the resemblance be-tween these two is close, and the Greek may be taken as typical. Upon these, therefore, we shall base our conclusions. A study of Greek mythology reveals the following as to the character of the people, their location, and the climatic conditions of the territory occupied. The Greeks were an imaginative people, judging from the vast collection of myths relating to their deities, their doings among men. Every tree, blade of grass, fountain, streamlet and river; every breeze that blew and every raging storm, had its own particular presiding spirit. Gods, demigods, nymphs, satyrs, dryads and hamadryads are multiplied without number. The stories of the gods based upon nature, are given a vast body of detail, and an amount of local coloring which displays the workings of a national imagination of great activity and scope. The race seems also to have been somewhat mercurial in tem-perament. All of the earlier races are susceptible to changes in the seasons, and to the alternations of day and night, but the Greeks were particularly so. The approach of spring was heralded with the most extravagant rejoicings and sacrifices to various gods, especially to Dionysos. From the character of the deities worshiped they must have been a people engaged in pastoral, agricultural and commercial pursuits. We arrive at this conclusion because the people wor-shiped deities who were presumed to have the care of shepherds and their flocks, of farmers and their harvests, and of sailors. Some of the gods are themselves shepherds. Apollo is so repre-sented, although his flock is made up of the clouds in the fields of ether. Demeter is the goddess of the harvests. Hermes is the guardian of the sailor. The Greeks were extremely careful to preserve the favor of their gods, and maintained their sanctity to the last of their na-tional existence. They are extremely afraid of offending their deities, and must have been an exceedingly pious people. But all their piety did little for their morals. In all their business trans-actions we have evidence that they were a lying and a tricky I ; 'f. 150 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY i people. Hermes, the god of liars, the protector of the knave, was greatly venerated. From what we have already said we would infer that the land of the Greeks was suitable for the pasturing of flocks and for the cultivation of the vine. Wewouldalso infer thatit was contiguous to the ocean. It must also have been alandsubject to the change of the seasons, for we have already seen that the festivals com-memorating the change of times and seasons, formed a part of his worship. That he made much of physical excellence is evident from the fact that he prayed often to a god whose chiefprerogativewasthe care of the athlete. Mythology and history are heartily agreed upon this point. He was evidently highly intellectual and capable of abstract thought; for he worshiped a goddess who was the personification of mind and intellectuality. Her attributes are those of mind and she is above the physical desires and passions that enslave. From this recounting of the physical enviroment and the in-tellectual attainment of the Greek we can readily determine the degree of civilization attained. We admit right here that myth-ology is not our only source of information, but we do maintain that we can determine the degree of civilization from the mythol-ogy of the people. Because the Greek engaged in commerce he came in contact with other nations, and thus acquired a knowledge of their arts and sciences. The Greek had his organized household, and was far in ad-vance of the wandering tribe; but not one of his deities is repre-sented as presiding over domestic life. The L,atins with their Lares and Penates, seem to come much nearer to the conception of our modern home. The number of muses presiding over the various forms of lit-erary composition, and the completeness of attributes, together with the veneration in which they were held, indicate literature to have been one of the chief pursuits of the people. The high degree of excellence attained in this respect confirms our position. The degree of his intellectuality is evinced in his conception of the goddess Athene. Then, too, if there had been no artists and sculptors there would have been no deities to inspire that class of men. The same may be said of government and the deities that preside over magistrates. ta THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 151 The worship of a deity supposed to aid in the right government of a state, and to have the oversight of the fulfillment of the ends of justice presupposes a well organized system of government. All this is indicative of the degree of civilization of a people. But all these things are the mere externalities, the polish of civilization rather than the vital principle. Civilization of the heart, that is purity of life and worship, are the fundamental prin-ciples of civilization, and these are attained or not attained accord-ing to the character of the conception of the one true God. It is uncertain in how far the Greek attained to the idea of one God. Very high attributes and lofty conceptions were had by the Greeks, of divinity. This is plainly shown by attributes assigned to their different divinites. In a few cases Zeus is represented as exercis-ing a sort of supreme power over the other gods, which somewhat approaches the conception of the Bible of God and the angels as ministering spirits. As already stated, the Greek was pious in the extreme. His life was one of constant anxiety lest he offend, voluntary or involuntary, some one ofhis numerous deities. The names he applies to his deities are not those which would be ap-plied by a loving creature to a gracious Creator. In Aeschylus we find the words: "Zeus, wherever thou art, by whatever name it please thee to be named, I call on thee and pray." The Greeks made a constant effort to flatter and propitiate the gods, who were regarded as enemies of human happiness. Prob-ably the only god whom the Greeks truly loved was Dionysos. He was thought to rejoice in the happiness of men, and to his worship, in the festivals, the Greek surrendered himself with de-light. He was probably the only deity whom they worshipped from motives of affection rather than fear. Whilst many of the stories related of the various deities are incompatible with our conception of God; it must nevertheless be remembered that many of these stories are mere allegories created to typify and explain analogous happenings in nature. Thus they lose their revolting character. For a long time this was remem-bered by the worshipper himself, but it is feared that in later national history the Greek often gave himself up to excesses under the impression of divine sanction. Whilst many of the stories of the deities are revolting, many are very beautiful, and come close to the Christian conception of right conduct. Therefore there must i 152 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 1 i have existed a high ethical conception in the souls of many. But these conceptions are, after all, the exception and not the rule. The Greek's conception of life was largely fatalistic. Ananka, Necessity, loomed as a vast incontrovertible force from whose decrees there could be no escape. When a crime of any sort was committed the Erynys dogged the unhappy perpetrator with an awful insistence, and at some time, sooner or later, the crime was avenged. The conception of the hereafter as imagined by the Greek was gloom}' in the extreme. The spirit of the ordinary mortal passed at death to a domain of dimmest twilight, to the land of Hades. Here the shadow of the body lived an existence surrounded by in-tangible spectres, in the gloom of the mighty underworld. Only the souls of heroes and those semi-divine beings who were espe-cially, favored of the gods attained the happiness of the sunlit Elysian fields. The soul of the criminal passed to a region beneath Hades, to Tartaros, a place of torment and woe. The immortality of the soul held no joy to the mind of the Greek. His mythology gives us no reason to believe that he had the slightest conception of a hereafter portrayed in the bible. This affords us a complete understanding of the Greek mind. Polished in intellect, beautiful in body, in many ways possessing a refined nature, yet in this one essential the civilization of the Greek fell short. Self-sacrifice and unselfish devotion, whilst here and there in his mythology dimly hinted at, yet to the mass of the nation unknown, never animated the every-day life of the Greek. Thus in this cursory glance at the Greek nature we have pointed out the application of the first two principles enunciated at the beginning of this paper; but these same principles are equally well illustrated in the mythology of other peoples. Whilst our knowledge of the Norse and old German Mythol-ogies is much less complete, since the people were not literary, and preserved their traditions largely in memory and not in books, yet this mythology upon examination, is found to yield the same results as the Grecian. The conception of the god Odin for in-stance, shows the same conformity and coloring which that of the Greek Zeus exhibits. We cannot in this article enter into a de-tailed description of the mythology of the Latins, the Norse and old German, the Hindoo and the Egyptian, yet they all equally THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 153 well serve to show the condition of the peoples who originated them. Let us now pass to the third fact, namely, that by a considera-tion of the mythologies of the peoples a knowledge of their common origin is obtained. No student of mythology will deny that in all the religious beliefs of the different nations there is a certain similarity. The Aztec system with the great god at the head and with its crowd of lesser deities, the North American Indians' conception of the Great Spirit with the host of lesser deities, in common with the nations of the Indo-Germanic family, had a degree of resemblance in the wider facts of their mythologies. The consideration of the conceptions of belief and worship of all the peoples and nations we have studied drives us to the conclusion that these peoples had a common origin. Let us glance at a few of the more marked resemblances which appear. Odin of the Norse, Zeus of the Greeks, Jupiter of the Latins, and Atmer of the Hin-doo- Brahmin systems are all alike personifications of the life-giv-ing properties of the air of heaven. The Egyptian system seems to be much farther advanced at the period with which our record begins, than the other systems enumerated. In fact it had reached a more metaphysical development. Consequently there is greater difficulty in the comparison of the Egyptian conception with the others, but in this system we notice the same overlapping of the attributes of one deity with those of another, and in some degree, an identity of attributes. Zeus is the father of the muses and Odin is the father of Saga, the goddess of poetry. Thor or Donar, another Norse divinity, is the god of thunder. As the god of thunder he resembles Zeus, and as the thunder bolts of Zeus were forged by the smith-god Hephaestus, who dwelt below ground, so the hammer of Thor was forged by the dwarves (Zwerge), or black elves who dwelt within the earth. Thor and Odin are identified with one another much the same as Vishnu and Indra in the Hindoo system. Thor and Vishnu go on foot to the councils of the gods. Vishnu is represented as traversing heaven in three strides. The Norse god, Tyr, is a personification of the brightness of the heavens. He is also named Zui and Saxuot. Here there appears a striking resemblance in names. Zui is iden-tical with the root meaning to shine. Sanscrit, Dyaus, the Greek Zeus, the Latin, Deus. Among the Vedic gods, Dyaus is the god of the shining heavens in the same way as Zeus of the Greeks. 154 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Dyaus-pater is the same as Jupiter, the dy being displaced by the J in the L,atin. Indra, of the Hindoos, who hurls the thunder-bolts, and is "the cloud compeller," corresponds in these func-tions with Zeus and Thor. His beard of lightning is the red beard of Thor. The goddess Ushas is the goddess of dawn among the Vedic deities. She corresponds to the Greek Eos. We notice the striking similarity between the two words, indicating deriva-tion from a common root. Thus we might go on multiplying in-stances and giving examples of this similarity. The attributes of the Egyptian deities are to a large extent interchangeable with those of the Greeks and the Norse. The Egyptian conceptions are arrived at by the same personifications of the powers of nature, and in their attributes represent the same mingling of the mater-ial with the spiritual, as do the Grecian, I,atin, Norse and Hindoo. They all represent the occurrences of nature under similar anal-ogies of deeds performed by the divinities. Their names have similar physical meanings. For in the resemblance thus illus-trated and existing to a much greater degree than we can stop to point out, we derived unquestionable proof of identity in the origin of these peoples. It is probable from the very close simil-arity of the I^atin and the Greek systems, that these two nations were less widely separated after the first division than were the other nations, or else that the separation of these two branches took place at some time after the original body had divided and migrated to different points of the compass. From this hasty glance at a few of the ancient systems ot mythology and a review of a number of their points ofresemblance, we obtain an idea of the vast importance which this study may assume. In conclusion we must remark what is palpable to every stu-dent of mythology, that the Christian religion could never have been evolved out of these systems. In its sweet simplicity, its purity and truth, it over-reaches all others in their utmost stretch. Of a truth there is no god but God, and no revelation but the bible. There is a majesty in simplicity which is far above the quaint-ness of wit.—Pope. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 155 THE THUNDER STORM C. W. WEISER, '01 [Gies Prize Essay—Honorable Mention] Upon a sultry August noon The scorching sun came beating down, And all was wrapt in smoky haze Swelt'ring 'neath the withering rays. Above the rugged mountain brink Arose a cloud as black as ink; Dark and motionless it loomed, As if the peak itself were doomed To bear the threat'ning, murky mass, Towering o'er the narrow pass. Then arose a sullen roar, A sudden rush and down it bore Along its path, As tho' in wrath It meant to take, To bend, or break; Destruction carry, Doom, or harry. Now on its course, In mutterings hoarse, It came with rumble Loud, and grumble. A peal, a mutter, A flash and flutter, And on it swept with dire confusion, And in its wake in swift profusion Came other clouds as swift, now dark, Then livid with old Vulcan's spark. Thro' the whirling and the roar Now the rain began to pour In torrents loud upon the roof, And the pine-tree tops aloof, Dashing 'gainst the shanty walls In a way that most appalls, Beating loudly oh the pane Were the dashing drops of rain. Flash of lightning Heavens bright'ning, Peals of thunder Fill with wonder. Crash ! we hear the loud report, Crash ! returns the dread retort. Heavens lighten, splinters flying 156 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY From the mighty trees outlying ! Crash ! Flash ! Flash ! Crash I Rumble ! Roar! Crash ! Flash ! Hurling death and doom, destruction— Crash ! Flash ! in loud convulsion— Upon the forest, peaks disheveled, Rain-tossed, sighing, lowly leveled; Filling all with consternation At this freak of old creation. Flash !—growing dimmer its existence. Crash !—a pealing now in distance. Rumble, rumble, roar and rumble, Mutterings dull and muffled grumble; Rumble, rumble, rumble, roar, Down the dell, the mountains o'er. Gently now the rain is pattering, On the roof and windows clattering, While below the brook is gushing, Muddy wild and roaring, rushing. Clouds are flying, sky is clearing, The storm has passed, and sun appearing Smiles upon the world again Thro' the crystal drops of rain. i A populous solitude of bees and birds, And fairy-form'd and many colored things, Who worship him with notes more sweet than words, And innocently open their glad wings. Fearless and full of life, the gushing springs And fall of lofty fountains, and the bend Of stirring branches, and the bud which brings The swiftest thought of beauty, here extend, Mingling and made by love unto one mighty end. —BYRON. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Entered at the Postoffice at Gettysburg as second-class matter Voi,. X GETTYSBURG, PA., OCTOBER, 1901 No. 5 E. C. RUBY, '02, Editor-in- Chief R. ST. CLAIR POFFENBARGER,' 02, Business Manager J. F. NEWMAN, '02, Exchange Editor Assistant Editors Miss ANNIE M. SWARTZ, '02 A. B. RICHARD, '02 Advisory Board PROF. J. A. HIMES, A. M., LIT. D. PROF. G. D. STAHLEY, M. D. PROF. J. W. RICHARD, D. D. Assistant Business Manager CURTIS E. COOK, '03 Published eacli month, from October to June inclusive, by the joint literary societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, One Dollar a year in advance; single copies Fifteen Cents. Notice to discontinue sending the MERCURY to any address must be accompanied by all arrearages. Students, Professors, and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIAL '"pHIS issue of the MERCURY is made up largely of essaj's which *■ were in the Gies Prize Contest last year. Had it not been for this supply the editor might have had considerable difficulty in finding enough material for this number. We are looking for-ward to the future of our literary publication with a great deal of hope and firmly believe that our hope can be realized. We cer-tainly have among our fellow-students many who possess consid-erable literary talent, and others who desire the opportunity for development in the literary field. To such we would suggest that they should not neglect the opportunity which the MERCURY ex-tends to them. We shall be glad to have all who are interested in literary work place into our hands any manuscripts for publi-cation. We shall carefully examine them and always exercise 158 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY I i our best judgment in the selections we make for presentation to the public. Fellow-students, it will depend largely upon the in-terest which you take in this work whether our hopes for the suc-cess of the MERCURY shall be realized or not. Let us not forget that this is a matter which pertains to the institution and not to any particular individual. By doing our duty towards this pub-lication we are making it a true index of the work that is being done in the literary departments ot our Alma Mater. RESOLUTIONS OP RESPECT CLASS VV7HEREAS, God in his divine wisdom has seen fit to sum- " mon from our midst to his eternal home one whom we most highly esteemed as a classmate and companion, Theodore Frank McAllister, Therefore, at a meeting of the class of '03, Pennsylvania Col-lege, September 7th, 1901, be it unanimously Resolved, That by this untimely visitation of Divine Providence we have lost one of the most worthy members of the class, one whose Christian character was such as to call forth universal ad-miration, whose amiable disposition gained the friendship of all whom he met, whose abilities as a student pointed to a most use-ful career; and also Resolved, That though we be saddened by this bereavement in the midst of our collegiate course, we humbly submit to the will of Him, who knoweth and doeth better than we, believing that our loss is his gain; and also Resolved, That by his death, by its great effect upon us, we have been led to a greater seriousness in the work of life; and also Resolved, That we extend to the family in its bereavement our sincere sympathy, and pray that God and Saviour, who has borne our griefs and carried our sorrows, to comfort them in their afflic-tion, and also Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be sent to the sorrow-ing family, and to the college journals and town papers. DAVID S. WEIMER, ROSE E. PLANK, EDWARD B. HAY. THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY Y. M. C. A. 159 WHEREAS, it has pleased Almighty God in his all-wise provi-dence to remove from our association our friend and faithful co-worker, T. Frank McAllister, be it Resolved, That in his death the association has lost a member whose manly virtue and consistent Christian life were a help and inspiration to all, and be it Resolved, That the college has lost a faithful student and an en-thusiastic man in all college affairs, one who lived for the better-ment of his fellows and was happiest when promoting their wel-fare, and be it Resolved, That these resolutions be published in the town and college papers. WILBUR H. FLECK, FRANK DAYMAN, F. GARMAN MASTERS, Committee. nMHMWMHIWiill^HflUllil IHl|i|IMBillililll|H|IH 1v t jj 1 111 J GQgj ORATION: THE CHARACTER OP OUR EARLY AMERICAN FOREFATHERS P. H. R. MULLEN, '01 "PAR from me and my friends be such frigid philosophy as may ■*• conduct us indifferent, and unmoved, over any ground which has been dignified by wisdom, bravery or virtue. That man is little to be admired whose patriotism would not gain force on the plain of Marathon, or whose piety would not grow warmer among the ruins of Ionia." These noble words from the pen of Dr. Johnson express a sen-timent that ought to find a response in the heart of every Ameri-can citizen. We cannot visit the spots forever hallowed by the valorous deeds of enduring worth, wrought by the makers of our early history, without a sense of gratitude and profound reverence. To dwell upon such a theme without a thrill of emotion, would augur a spirit undeserving of the great legacy bequeathed to us by those venerable personages of the past. If the Greek could boast of an illustrious ancestry we can boast more; if the Roman could linger at the forum to hear the orators lavish their loftiest flights of eloquence upon the rising glory of the "eternal city," we may declare with great emphasis that its ■ 160 THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY splendor grows dim before the rising sun of our national glory, as the moon pales with the advancing day. No other nation has had such a beginning. The early history of every other great nation has a vague outline that marks its transition from lawlessness and barbarism to civilization, but America, comparatively speaking, sprung into being full grown, as "Athena from the brow of Zeus." We are alone among the nations of the earth in having such colossal founders. We need only mention the Pilgrim Fathers, and there is suggested a host of associations. At what a critical period in the world's history did they appear! They shattered the power of a dominant ecclesiasticism and gave to the world re-ligious freedom. We see them committing themselves in a frail bark to a "cruel, crawling sea," uncertain whether they should not all begin their long sleep, and fill a "wandering grave" beneath its restless bil-lows, before they should set foot on American soil. But, guided by their adored Jehovah, through the trackless waters, they at length disembark upon a rock on a desolate shore, and we hear their com-mingled prayers of gratitude break the monotonous voice of the sea. From this rock they go forth to sow the seeds of a mighty nation. We hear the blows of their axes against the primeval forest, ringing out on the frosty air like the pealing of liberty bells. In the light of their burning villages we see a band of savages danc-ing in taunting glee. With unabated zeal they resurrect another village from the ashes. From a miserly soil is forced, by untiring energy, a comfortable livelihood, and the "wilderness blossoms as the rose." A noted statesman has fittingly said: "We shall not stand unmoved on the shore of Plymouth while the sea con-tinues to wash it, nor will our brethren in future time forget the place of the nation's establishment till their river shall cease to flow by it. No vigor of youth, no maturity of age will lead the nation to forget the spots where its infancy was cradled and de-fended." The years of our nation's infancy were truly the most "sad and sublime'' in history. We have dwelt at some length upon the achievements of the Pilgrim Fathers because their deeds are the best interpreters of their character. It is a noteworthy fact, much to the credit of the Pilgrims, that they were the first colonists with sufficient "staying power" THE GETTYSBURG MERCURY 161 to establish a permanent colony in North America. Repeated efforts had been made in Mexico and in Florida, by the Spaniards, but those colonists had as often retreated in the face of unexpected difficulties, without accomplishing anything except the squander-ing of the resources of the borne government. France, likewise, had been unsuccessful for several reasons, chiefly because of the temper of her colonists. Several companies of English colonists also had attempted to take up land in the New World, but had repeatedly failed. It remained for the Pilgrims to be the honored founders of our great Republic, and their final success is fraught with great significance. They were constituted of ' 'sterner stuff'' than their predecessors and had an unchangeable purpose to prod their spirits in the presence of discouragement. To them physical pain was decidedly preferable to spiritual bondage, and they suffered on, unflinchingly, uncomplainingly, to the bitter end. "Religious Liberty" were the two words emblazoned upon the banner of the Pilgrims, and many times were those words des-tined to be written in blood before that banner was to be free from assault. They had, however, one harbor to which they repaired in every time of storm, one fortress in time of danger, one harbinger of hope in time of gloom, one source of truth amid the duplicity of oppressive and corrupt governors—the Bible, from which they received iron into their blood. This book was the Pilgrim's hope, his song, his prayer, his guide. The Old Testament, with its honor roll of immortal heroes, furnished the Pilgrims an ideal for their conduct in persecution and trial. The New Testament was the eternal pledge of final victory, an unfailing reward, an un-fading crown. The Puritans were characterized by a total lack of effeminacy. Their character was sturdy and masculine. No amusements were tolerated that had a tendency to destroy the severity and intensity of life. Severely religious, strict to a degree of intolerance, sternly resolute, stubbornly persistent, implicitly obedient to the dictates of conscience, the Puritans exhibit a massiveness and rugged grandeur of character that has never been surpassed. They were men of unblemished integrity, as distinguished for private pur-ity as for public virtue.'' We have never contemplated a group of men whose faults were so few, whose virtues so many, whose honor was so stainless, whose characters were so untarnished, as Stationery, Blank Books, Amateur Pho-tographic Supplies, Etc., Etc. BALTIMORE ST. R. fi. GULP PAPER HANGER, Second Square, York Street. COLLEGE EMBLEMS. EMIL ZOTHE, ENGRAVER. DESIGNER AND MANUFACTURING JEWELER. 19 S. NINTH ST. PHILADELPHIA SPECIALTIES: Masonic Marks, Society- Badges, College Buttons, Pins, Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Athletic Prizes. All Goods ordered through A. N. Beau. A. G Miller Job Printer Students' Trade Solicited Best of Work Guaranteed Meneely Bell Co. TROY, N. Y. MANUFACTURERS OF SUPERIOR BELLS The 2000 pound bell now ringing-in the tower of Pennsylvania Col-lege was manufactured at this foundry. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. The Pleased Customer Is not a stranger in our establish-ment— he's right at home, you'll see him -when you call. We have the materials to please fastidious men. Jf. D. LIPPY, Merchant Tailor 39 Chambersburg- St., Gettysburg, Pa. L Try My Choice Line of , High-Grade Chocolates ¥¥ at 40c per lb. Always fresh at CHAS. H. McCLEARY Carlisle St., Opposite W. M. R. R. ^ Also Foreign and Domestic Fruits p Always on Hand. L. D. Miller, GROCER Confectioner and Fruiterer. Ice Cream and Oysters in Season. 19 Main St. GETTYSBURG City Hotel Main St. Gettysburg. Free 'Bus to and from all Trains Thirty seconds' walk from either depot Dinner with drive over field with four or more, $1.35 Rates $1.50 to $2.00 per day John E. Hughes, Prop. Capitol Cits Cafe Cor. Fourth and Market Sts. HARRISBURG, PA. First-Class Rooms Furnished. Special Rates to Private Parties. Open Day and Nig-ht. European Plan. Lunch of All Kinds to Order at the Restaurant. ALDINQER'S CAPITOL CITY CAFE. POPULAR PRICES F. Mark Bream, Dealer in Fancy and Staple Groceries Telephone 29 Carlisle St., QETTYSBURQ, PA. .Photographer. No. 3 Main St., GETTYSBURG, PENNA. Our new effects in Portraiture are equal to photos made anywhere, and at any price. - J PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS Manufacturers of High Grade Fraternity Emblems Fraternity Jewelry Fraternity Novelties Fraternity Stationery Fraternity Invitations Fraternity Announcements Fraternity Programs . Special Designs on Application. 140-142 Woodward Avenue DETROIT, MICH. Send for Catalogue and Price List MOTEL GETTYSBURG LIVERY GETTYSBURG, PA. LOING & HOLTZWORTM, Proprietors Apply at Office in the Motel for First-Class Guides and Teams THE BATTLEFIELD A SPECIALTY Qhe Bolton Market Square Ibarttsbura, ff>a. Large and Convenient Sample Rooms. Passenger and Baggage Elevator. Electric Cars to and from Depot. Electric Light and Steam Heat. J. M. & M. S. BUTTERWORTH, Proprietors Special Rates for Commer-cial Men "EZ 1ST IMMER CUT ET WAS ZU WISSEIN." These are the words of Goethe, the great German poet, and are as true in our day as when uttered. In these times of defective vision it is good to know something- about eyes. A great deal has been learned about the value of glasses and their application since Goethe lived. Spectacle wearers have increased by thousands, while at the same time, persons losing their eyesight have been greatly diminished. If your eyes trouble you in any way let me tell you the cause. Examination free and prices reasonable. We grind all our own lenses and fit the best lenses (no matter what anyone else has charged you) for $2.50 per pair and as cheap as SO cents per pair, or duplicate a broken lens if we have one-half or more of the old one, at a reasonable charge, returning same day received. .E. L. EGOLf. 807 and 809 INorth Third Street, MARRISBURG, PA. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. II ^entpol }4otel, ELIAS FISSEL, Prop. (Formerly of Globe Hotel) Baltimore Street, Gettysburg, Pa. Two doors from Court House. MODERN IMPROVEMENTS. Steam Heat, Electric Light and Call Bells all through the House. Closets and Bath Rooms on Every Floor. Sefton & Flem-ming's Livery is connected with this Hotel. Good Teams and Competent Guides for the Battlefield. Charges Moderate, Satisfaction Guaranteed. Rates $1.50 Per Day. GET A SKATE ON And send all your Soiled Linen to the Gettysburg Steam Laundry R. R. LONG, Prop. Horace Partridge & Co., BOSTON, MASS. Fine Athletic Goods Headquarters for Foot Ball, Gym-nasium, Fencing and Track Supplies. Send for Illustrated Catalog-. 84 and 86 Franklin Street R.W. LENKER, Agent at Penna. College. JOHN M. MINNIGH, Confectionery, lee, .andlee Gream:o>^j Oysters Stewed and Fried. No. 17 BALTIMORE ST. The Leading Barber >Sf)op (Successor to C. C. Sefton) Having thoroughly remodeled the place is now ready to accommodate the public Barber Supplies a Specialty. .Baltimore Street. GETT*I5§IIIU}, PA. ESTABLISHED 1876 PENROSE MYERS, Watchmaker and Jeweler Gettysburg Souvenir Spoons, Col-lege Souvenir Spoons. NO. lO BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PENNA. L. 1\. ALLEAVAH Manufacturers* Agent and Jobber of Hardware, Oils, Paints and Queensware. GETTYSBURG, PA. The Only Jobbing House in Adams County.
Tecnologías como cloud, big data, IA, IoT o computación cuántica impactan de lleno con el derecho fundamental de protección de datos. La cuestión se agrava cuando se habla de información de salud de personas que puede condicionar la vida de las mismas en situaciones cotidianas como una solicitud de un seguro interactivo de salud, un empleo o una hipoteca. Esa información tiene una clara dimensión económica, más allá y al margen de la búsqueda del bien común de una sociedad desarrollada y con calidad de vida, tanto para proveedores farmacéuticos o tecnológicos como para las personas. Existen ejemplos de ello. Respecto al primer caso, nos referimos a una empresa de genética y al "mercadeo" de datos de miles de pacientes (de un valor total de 48 millones de euros) o a empresas farmacéuticas que podrían comprar paquetes de datos de pacientes (de un valor de 441 euros aprox./persona). Y es que cada vez es más frecuente encontrarse con consorcios formados por gigantes tecnológicos e industrias farmacéuticas para obtener mayor rentabilidad en sus negocios. En cualquier caso, partiremos de la premisa de que los intereses económicos no deberán primar sobre los derechos y libertades de las personas. Y en el segundo caso, nos referimos a que las personas, dentro de poco también van a poder "monetizar" sus datos personales a través de blockchain, bien como recompensa económica o bien en forma de descuentos de servicios o productos. En otro orden de cosas, no podemos ignorar las dificultades que existen para regular la tecnología, debido a la escasa especialización y capacitación del legislador, como se ha podido ver con el RGPD y su aplicabilidad en blockchain (con el derecho de supresión, portabilidad, etc.). Además, a medida que vayan llegando avances tecnológicos, más complicado será desarrollar un marco jurídico, piénsese p.e. en la deep learning de smartphones que leen la mente con IA , a la neurotecnología que ponen en peligro la "privacidad mental" o a la computación cuántica que hará desaparecer la ciberseguridad conocida hasta la fecha. Pero esa falta de especialización también toca al mercado laboral en donde escasean profesionales expertos en ética de los datos y privacidad o en tecnologías blockchain, posiciones del futuro según el Informe EPYCE. A pesar de esto último, el escenario no es tan pesimista. Por ejemplo, surge la tendencia hacia un "modelo de autogestión de la información personal de salud" del individuo y las organizaciones cuentan con medios autorregulatorios en materia de seguridad y privacidad de la información, de ética empresarial y RSC donde los valores tienen un gran peso. En estas organizaciones e instituciones trabajan comités de ética con equipos multidisciplinares (ingenieros, economistas, matemáticos, filósofos, juristas, físicos, etc.). El soft law y la autorregulación corporativa serán instrumentos útiles y necesarios para paliar el atraso de la máquina legisladora frente a la tecnología. Ahora bien, la ética y la legalidad deberán encajar y complementarse de la mejor manera posible. En cualquier caso, se requerirá de un diálogo entre stakeholders que ayude a eliminar el mito de que el derecho pone freno a la innovación, sin la cual no podría ser posible una sociedad desarrollada y con mejor calidad de vida. Ante escenarios dinámicos; soluciones flexibles y creativas basadas en ética y cumplimiento normativo. ; Technologies such as cloud, big data, IA, IoT or quantum computing have a full impact on the fundamental right to data protection. The issue is aggravated when we talk about health information of people that can condition their lives in everyday situations such as an application for an interactive health insurance, a job or a mortgage. This information has a clear economic dimension - beyond the search for the common good of a developed society with a quality of life- for pharmaceutical or technological providers as well as for individuals. For example, in the first case, we refer to a genetics company and the "marketing of data" from thousands of patients (EUR 48 million) or to pharmaceutical companies that could buy packages of patient data (for 441 € approx./person). It is becoming more and more frequent to find consortiums formed by technological giants and pharmaceutical industries in order to obtain greater profitability in their businesses. In any case, we will start from the premise that economic interests should not take precedence over people's rights and freedoms. And in the second case, persons will soon also be able to "monetize" their personal data through blockchain, either as a financial reward or in the form of discounts on services or products. On the other hand, we cannot ignore the difficulties that exist to regulate technology, due to the scarce specialization and training of the legislator, as has been seen with the GDPR and its applicability in blockchain (with the right of to be forgotten, portability, etc.). In addition, as technological advances arrive, it will be more complicated to develop a legal framework, think e.g. deep learning of smartphones that read the mind by AI, neurotechnology that endanger "mental privacy" or quantum computing that will make disappear the cybersecurity known to date. But this lack of specialisation also affects the labour market, where there is a shortage of professionals with expertise in data ethics and privacy or in blockchain technologies, positions of the future, according to the EPYCE report. Despite the latter, the scenario is not so pessimistic. For example, there is a trend towards a"model of self-management of personal health information" of the individual and organizations have self-regulatory means in terms of information security and privacy, business ethics and RSC where values carry great weight. In these organizations and institutions, ethics committees work with multidisciplinary teams (engineers, economists, mathematicians, philosophers, jurists, physicists, etc.). Soft law and corporate self-regulation will be useful and necessary instruments to alleviate the backwardness of the legislative machine in the face of technology. Now, ethics and legality must fit together and complement each other in the best possible way. In any case, a stakeholder dialogue will be required to help dispel the myth that law holds back innovation. Without technology there could not be a developed society with a better quality of life. Therefore, the best option in dynamic scenarios is to use flexible and creative solutions based on ethics and regulatory compliance. ; Programa de Doctorado en Derecho por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: Julián Valero Torrigos; Secretario: Antonio Troncoso Reigada; Vocal: José Manuel Martínez Sesmero
This report reviews the status of Mashreq countries' economic integration with the world, with the Arab world, and within the Mashreq sub-region itself. It examines the drivers of progress to date and barriers to further integration. It focuses on Mashreq countries' participation in integration agreements; integration through trade, labor, and capital flows; and physical infrastructure. The main findings are that Mashreq countries trade more with the European Union (EU) than with other countries in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) or among themselves, but account for a significant share of MENA's trade in services. With the exception of Iraq, a major oil exporter, the Mashreq countries export a relatively large share of manufactured goods-surpassed only by Tunisia and Morocco. Mashreq exports are relatively less concentrated than other MENA countries, with the exception of Tunisia and Morocco. Regional economic integration would be enhanced through better trade facilitation procedures and by better transport infrastructure. Policies relating to further improving the investment climate and private sector development also matter.
Paper presented at the Sixth Annual IWMI-TATA Partners? Meet. Institute of Rural Management, Anand (IRMA), 8-10 March 2007 ; Since the 1850s, the Krishna basin has seen an increasing mobilization of its water resources and a dramatic development of irrigation, with little regard to the limits of available water resources. This progressively led to the closure of the basin: surface water resources are now almost entirely committed to human consumptive uses; the increasing groundwater abstraction negatively affects the surface water balance by decreasing base flows, and the discharge to the ocean continues to decrease. The lower Krishna basin, located in Andhra Pradesh, is a deficit sub-basin; it depends highly on inflow from the upper basin and on upstream water uses. It is the first part of the Krishna basin to face the adverse consequences of any hydrological changes. It is also the region of the basin where most of the available water is depleted by human consumptive uses. In times of drought, it is the first region to face severe water shortages and to witness a spatial re-distribution or re-appropriation of water. Taking place on the basis of current political, institutional and geographical forces, this re-appropriation of water raises socio-political questions of sectoral and regional water apportionment within the lower Krishna basin and may be at the origin of conflicts between water users. This paper identifies two main drivers to the lower Krishna basin closure: (i) a long-term trend towards decreasing water availability with a declining surface water inflow due to water development in the upper basin and (ii) a local water over-commitment due to uncontrolled development of private groundwater abstraction and short term management decisions, both at the farmer and command area levels, in the large irrigation projects of the lower Krishna basin. In 1996/2000, 80% of the lower Krishna basin net inflow was depleted and discharge to the ocean amounted to 17.9 km3/yr, defining a moderately modified ecosystem. During the drought of 2001/2004, likely to forecast the future waterscape of the lower Krishna basin, all indicators point to further water resource commitment with a depleted fraction amounting to 98% of the net inflow, a lack of discharge to the ocean and the shrinkage of surface irrigated agriculture. This paper illustrates that local users and managers participate to a large extent in the shifting waterscape of the lower Krishna basin. At the basin scale, this paper shows that both the intra-agriculture and the inter- sectoral distribution of water are being reshaped. In the agricultural sector, the strong political divide among the three regions of Andhra Pradesh and the need to balance rural development among those regions are two of the main driving forces of a shifting agricultural water use. If surface water distribution among large irrigation projects tends to be to the advantage of the politically influent coastal region; the uncontrolled groundwater development mainly benefits the dry upland regions of Telangana and Rayalaseema and is tantamount to a spatial and social redistribution of water impinging surface water use in the lower reaches of the basin. The inter-sectoral distribution of water is also being modified. First, increasing power needs have led to the completion of hydro-power projects which do not yet impact other uses. Second, domestic and industrial needs of urban areas are increasing and are preferentially met. Currently, this is not affecting existing water uses as volumes considered remain marginal but in case of drought it could further deprive agricultural uses in the large irrigation projects located downstream. Third, environmental degradation has led to increasing awareness to recognize the environment as a water user in its own right. This has yet to be translated in formal allocation mechanisms and will point to further water commitment letting very little room for further water resources development. At the local level, this study highlighted a large range of adaptive strategies developed by both farmers and managers in the large irrigation projects of the lower Krishna basin. Strategies include: differential canal supply management, reduction of the cropping season, crops shift, development of groundwater use, etc. Strategies vary both temporally and spatially and reflect the particular political economy of the region studied To overcome the degradation of the resource base and the management difficulties linked to resource over- commitment, this paper underlines that the state has to play a central role in articulating a specific course among different available options through the definition and the implementation of formal effective and adaptive water allocation mechanisms, both in time and space, to allow transparent and sustainable use of available water resources. At present, calls for demand management by the State and international donors are strong but the consideration and implementation of mega inter-basin transfers perpetuates an unsustainable rush towards further resource mobilization and should not be taken as a justification for disregarding other management options that will allow regulating water use notably in the agricultural sector. Finally policies limited to the water sector are unlikely to ease the pressure on the water resources and there is a clear need for strategies and policies that would ensure the rural population to make a successful transition beyond agriculture.
The article systematizes and analyzes the main groups of historical sources and scientific andnon-fiction literature on the theoretical and practical principles of neoconservatism, its Britishmodel «Thatcherism» during 1979–1990; Margaret Thatcher's methods, tools and results inimplementing social and economic policies and further prospects for research. Various types ofhistoriographical sources and literature of English origin were used: memoirs, interviews andspeeches, party and program documents, collective and individual monographs, profile articlesand intelligence, press information, Internet resources, etcetra have been used. By synthesizinghistorical, comparative sociological and problem-chronological methods for the first time in thedomestic historiography attempts have been made to comprehensively analyze historical sourcesand scientific works on economic and social policy headed by M. Thatcher of neoconservativegovernments. Found out on the basis social science studies of social scientists, economic, politicaland ideological factors that caused the turnaround of the British Conservative Party on socialissues in the 80's the years of the twentieth century; outlined and traced the problems encounteredin the context of reforming the British economy. It is determined that among gaps that need furtherscientific reflection are this legislative support of the social and economic policies of Tetcher'sgovernment and clarification of the categorical and conceptual apparatus in the field of socialpolicy. For the first time in national historiography, a comprehensive generalization and systematicdata of English sources and literature on internal the policies of the M. Thatcher governments.The opportunity to go deeper understanding the features of internal political and socio-economicprocesses that took place in the UK in 1979–1990, their degree reflection in English-languagesources and research; expansion of information and reference base for scientific writing works. ; В статье систематизируются и анализируются основные группы исторических источников и на-учной, научно-публицистической литературы о теоретических и практических основах неоконсерва-тизма, его британской модели – «тэтчеризма» – в течение 1979-1990 гг.; о методах, инструментах ирезультатах работы правительства Маргарет Тэтчер в реализации принципов социальной и экономиче-ской политики и о дальнейших перспективах исследования проблемы. Использованы и проанализиро-ваны разножанровые исторические источники и литература англоязычного происхождения: мемуары,интервью и речи, партийные и программные документы, прессовая информация, коллективные и ин-дивидуальные монографические работы, научные статьи и разведки, исторические очерки, политиче-ские биографии, интернет-ресурсы и тому подобное. Критический анализ исторических источников,научной и публицистической литературы осуществлен по принципу объективности. Путем синтезаисторического, сравнительно-социологического и проблемно-хронологического методов впервые в от-ечественной историографии предпринята попытка комплексного анализа исторических источников инаучных работ по проблематике экономической и социальной политики возглавляемых Тэтчер неокон-сервативных правительств. Выяснено на базе изучения научных достижений англоязычных исследо-вателей социальные, экономические, политические и идеологические факторы, обусловившие поворотбританской консервативной партии к социальной проблематике в 80-х гг. ХХ в.; очерчены и просле-жены проблемы, которые возникли в контексте реформирования британской экономики. Определено,что среди пробелов, которые требуют дополнительного научного осмысления, законодательное обе-спечение социально-экономической политики тэтчеровского правительства и уточнение категориаль-но-понятийного аппарата в области социальной политики. Впервые в отечественной историографиикомплексно обобщены и систематизированы данные англоязычных источников и литературы о вну-тренней политике правительств М. Тэтчер. Получена возможность более глубокого понимания особен-ностей внутренних политических и социально-экономических процессов, происходивших в Велико-британии в 1979-1990 гг., степень их отражение в англоязычных источниках и научных исследованиях;расширение информационной и справочной базы для написания научных работ. ; У статті систематизуються й аналізуються основні групи історичних джерел та наукової йнауково-публіцистичної літератури про теоретичні та практичні засади неоконсерватизму, йогобританської моделі – «тетчеризму» – упродовж 1979–1990 рр.; про методи, інструменти й резуль-тати роботи уряду Маргарет Тетчер у реалізації засад соціальної та економічної політики та проподальші перспективи дослідження проблеми. Використано й проаналізовано різножанрові істо-ричні джерела та літературу англомовного походження: мемуари, інтерв'ю та промови, партійніта програмні документи, пресову інформацію, колективні та індивідуальні монографічні роботи,наукові статті та розвідки, історичні нариси, політичні біографії, інтернет-ресурси тощо. Критич-ний аналіз історичних джерел, наукової та публіцистичної літератури здійснено за принципомоб'єктивності. Шляхом синтезу історичного, порівняльно-соціологічного та проблемно-хроноло-гічного методів уперше у вітчизняній історіографії зроблено спробу комплексного аналізу істо-ричних джерел й наукових робіт з проблематики економічної та соціальної політики очолюванихМ.Тетчер неоконсервативних урядів. З'ясовано на базі вивчення наукових здобутків англомовнихнауковців соціальні, економічні, політичні та ідеологічні чинники, що зумовили поворот британ-ської консервативної партії до соціальної проблематики у 80-х рр. ХХ ст.; окреслено і простеженопроблеми, які виникли в контексті реформування британської економіки. Визначено, що середпрогалин, які потребують додаткового наукового осмислення, законодавче забезпечення соціаль-но-економічної політики тетчерівського уряду та уточнення категоріально-понятійного апаратуу царині соціальної політики. Уперше у вітчизняній історіографії комплексно узагальнено та си-стематизовано дані англомовних джерел та літератури про внутрішню політику урядів М. Тет-чер. Отримано можливість більш глибокого розуміння особливостей внутрішніх політичних тасоціально-економічних процесів, які відбувалися у Великобританії у 1979–1990 рр., ступінь їхвідображення в англомовних джерелах та наукових дослідженнях; розширення інформаційної тадовідкової бази для написання наукових робіт.
