Suchergebnisse

Sovereign immunity — Foreign sovereign entities — Pontificia Opera di Assistenza (POA) — Organ of the Holy See — Status of Holy See under international law — Legal status of POA — Employee of POA — Contract of employment — Termination of — Action for damages for failure to provide insurance benefits — Whether POA entitled to jurisdictioinal immunity — Nature of employment relationship — Acts iure imperii and iure gestionis — The law of Italy

State responsibility — Claims — Nationality of — Proof of — Claims Commission established to distribute compensation under Franco-Roumanian Agreement of 1959 — Compensation for French property, rights and interests nationalized in Roumania — Transfer of property from Roumanian to French national — Whether prior to nationalization — Whether French or Roumanian law to be applied determining legal date of contract opposable to third parties — The law of France.

Award date: 28 November 2014 ; Supervisor: Prof. Stefan Grundmann, European University Institute ; This thesis explores the potential civil liability of Credit Rating Agencies towards investors in the European Union and more especially in France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The recent provision Article 35a of the EU Regulation on CRAs facilitating CRAs' liability towards investors has to be added to the legal bases existing under the law of these Member States. Fruitful comparative conclusions can be drawn from this analysis, inspiring judges of these Member States on issues specific to civil liability claims against CRAs such as the limits and characteristics of the class of claimants; the foreseeability of the use of ratings by investors and of their damage in case of incorrect rating; or, the degree of care required of CRAs because of their status as gatekeepers. The main conclusion is, nonetheless, that the area is clouded by legal uncertainty, with no decided cases on this specific matter in any of the Member States examined. To overcome the current legal uncertainty in Member States' approaches to the issue, pertaining to the scope of civil liability, I advance certain proposals aimed at maintaining legal responsibility within reasonable limits in the final chapter of this thesis.

In this article some principal peculiarities of legal regulation of social and labour sphere in Russia are revealed during conducting state politics was got name «war communism ». From both historical and legal aspects first and foremost Soviet authority measures were directed to creation fundamental elements of system of socialist labour organization (as the historical new form of the working process organization) are considered. Fundamental principles of politics «war communism» are uncovered with taking into account concrete historical conditions of that period. The attention is accented on forced character of realization this politics was caused in accordance with historical situation. Basic legal and normative documents which commenced and were defined the specific character of this state politics are analyzed. Author lay down his main aim to consider specific peculiarities of such social phenomenon and the definition principle of politics «war communism» as «forced labour». Juridical and normative deeds were become legal base for organization and practical application of Russian proletariat forced labour are also analyzed in the work. Particular attention paid to ideological providing with carrying out measures. In the article author makes quotations from works of party theoreticians and statesmen, who creates ideological basis for formation and development necessary in that period sources of law.

Emphasizing the need to recognize and constructively engage negative public emotions, Mihaela Mihai contributes theoretically and practically to the growing field of transitional justice. Drawing on an extensive philosophical literature and case studies of democratic transitions in South Africa, South America, and Eastern Europe, her book rescues negative emotions from their bad reputation and highlights the obstacles and the opportunities such emotions create for democracy. By valorizing negative emotions, either through the judicial review of transitional justice bills or the criminal trials of victimizers, institutions realize the value of respect and concern for all while contributing to a culture that is hospitable to democracy

A lo largo de los últimos quince años se ha discutido numerosas veces la posibilidad de modificar la legislación sobre el uso propio de semillas. En el centro de estos debates yace el conflicto por el cobro de regalías, que tiene particular relevancia respecto de las semillas genéticamente modificadas de soja: junto con sus derivados, se trata del principal producto de exportación de la Argentina. En este sentido, la posibilidad de apropiar regalías por el uso propio está atada a la regulación de los derechos de propiedad intelectual, con lo cual una parte significativa del conflicto se vincula a los esfuerzos por modificar la legislación. En este trabajo nos proponemos analizar estas cuestiones. Así, tras sintetizar algunos antecedentes relevantes sobre el conflicto, nos detendremos en el análisis del marco jurídico que regula estos derechos. Sobre estas bases, avanzaremos en el análisis del rol que jugó la legislación en el conflicto y el accionar de distintos actores sociales en torno a este marco jurídico, vinculando estas cuestiones con la dinámica que presenta la acumulación del capital en la rama de la producción de semillas. ; Over the last fifteen years, numerous bills regarding the regulation of seed saving were discussed. At the heart of these debates lies the conflict over fees collection, which is particularly relevant to genetically modified soybeans, which are (as well as their by-products) Argentina's main export commodity. In this regard, the possibility of appropriating royalties for seed saving is tied to the regulation of intellectual property rights. Hence, a significant part of the conflict is linked to the efforts to modify the current legislation. In this paper we aim to analyze these issues. Thus, after synthesizing some relevant aspects of the conflict, we will dwell on the analysis of the legal framework that regulates intellectual property rights over plant organisms. We will then analyze of the role played by the legislation in this conflict and the actions of different social actors around this legal framework, linking these issues with the dynamics presented by the accumulation of capital in the seed production branch. ; Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales

The military's historically destructive relationship with the environment and its several national security exemptions from compliance with federal environmental laws would appear to indicate that the military's mission is inherently at odds with environmental protection. Nevertheless, the U.S. Department of Defense ("DoD") has recently demonstrated a significant interest in ensuring military readiness by reducing potential impediments to normal military operations on DoD installations. Often cumulatively referred to as "encroachment," these outside pressures include land-use restrictions from federal environmental laws as well as more direct interference from nearby civilian populations, such as noise complaints and light pollution. By pursuing initiatives that reduce encroachment issues on military bases, the DoD has developed several adaptive solutions to its land management challenges—to wit: compatible-use buffering programs that create space between military lands and nearby civilian populations, cooperative partnerships with interested stakeholders outside military bases, and various Service-specific conservation policies. These efforts seek to produce the "win-win" outcome of responsibly managing natural resources on and surrounding DoD lands while simultaneously protecting national security through increased military training capabilities and decreased geopolitical instability (a consequence of climate change). This Note seeks to fill a gap in the literature by arguing that Congress and the public should encourage the military's successful land management efforts by substantially increasing the employment of land buffering programs and collaborative partnerships near military bases, as authorized by the Sikes Act of 1960 and 10 U.S.C. § 2684(a). This Note further argues that other government agencies with land management responsibilities should apply the DoD's lessons to develop policies that effectively balance mission requirements with environmental interests.

Recientemente asistimos a un desplazamiento progresivo –aunque lento– del interés de la doctrina desde la aplicación hacia el proceso de creación del Derecho Penal, abundando en la perspectiva de lege ferenda. Con ese contexto, el presente trabajo analiza una de las figuras jurídicas más polémicas del StGB en los últimos años: los casos especialmente graves y los ejemplos-regla. El objetivo de estas figuras es conseguir la justicia material –justicia en el caso concreto– reclamando del juez una valoración global del hecho y del autor para aplicar marcos penales agravados. Este proceso de flexibilización genera evidentes riesgos para el principio de legalidad. Las consecuencias que se saquen de este estudio pretenden ser útiles para afrontar el proceso de flexibilización que tiene lugar en nuestro propio CP ; Recently, we have been attending to a progressive although slow movement about the interest the doctrine shows, from its application to the process of creation of criminal law and, consequently, to the perspective of "lege ferenda". On this context, this current work analyses one of the most problematic legal figures in the StGB in the past years: we mean those "besonders schwere Fälle" (especially serious cases) and "Regelbeispiele" (ruledexamples). The objective of these figures is getting the material justice –justice in the concrete case– claiming from the judge a global judgement on the fact and the subject to apply qualified punishment. This process of flexibility creates evident risks for the principle of legality. The consequences from this study intend to be effective to tackle the process of flexibility that is part of our own criminal law

The article touches upon the most problem matters of differentiation of jurisdictional powers between courts of law and arbitration courts at the modern stage of law-making process development and criteria of their definition with a view to jurisdiction of these courts prescribed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal constitutional laws regulating activity of the judicial system of the Russian Federation. The author analyze critically the tendencies of the legislative process of recent years connected with unmotivated delegation of certain categories of legal affairs from courts of law to jurisdiction of arbitration courts without regard for the principles initially established by the legislator as a base of differentiation of jurisdictional powers between two judicial branches. For the purposes of execution of the order of the President of the Russian Federation resulted from the Decree dated May 7, 2012 "On Long-term State Economic Policy" aimed at definition of jurisdictions of courts of law and arbitration courts, the author has attempted to define approaches for determination of the concept of economic dispute being a key element for definition of the main principals enabling to differentiate the subject-matter jurisdiction of courts and to form it in consideration of general orientation of their activities conditional on the purpose of each judicial system formation. ; The article touches upon the most problem matters of differentiation of jurisdictional powers between courts of law and arbitration courts at the modern stage of law-making process development and criteria of their definition with a view to jurisdiction of these courts prescribed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal constitutional laws regulating activity of the judicial system of the Russian Federation. The author analyze critically the tendencies of the legislative process of recent years connected with unmotivated delegation of certain categories of legal affairs from courts of law to jurisdiction of arbitration courts without regard for the principles initially established by the legislator as a base of differentiation of jurisdictional powers between two judicial branches. For the purposes of execution of the order of the President of the Russian Federation resulted from the Decree dated May 7, 2012 "On Long-term State Economic Policy" aimed at definition of jurisdictions of courts of law and arbitration courts, the author has attempted to define approaches for determination of the concept of economic dispute being a key element for definition of the main principals enabling to differentiate the subject-matter jurisdiction of courts and to form it in consideration of general orientation of their activities conditional on the purpose of each judicial system formation.

This thesis contributes to an understanding of the pathways of civic influence into the least dangerous branch of American politics - the Judicial Branch. Specifically, this thesis examines the influence of the Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy - a conservative and libertarian legal network of more than 40,000 members - on twelve of the most salient Supreme Court decisions concerning federalism and the separation of powers over the last three decades. As a special case, it also examines Federalist Society influence on a subset of controversial Executive Branch policies issued under George W. Bush. To understand the unique nature of this civic group's influence, it establishes the Federalist Society for Law and Public Policy as a kind of epistemic community; i.e., a network of legal professionals and civic leaders bound together and shaped by a set of beliefs about law, the nature of government, and constitutional interpretation. Using this framework, it proceeds to demonstrate how individual members of the Federalist Society acted as "cognitive baggage handlers," carrying these shared ideas into their roles as judges, academics, litigators, and government officials. Finally, it evaluates the extent to which these actors were successful or not in diffusing the epistemic community's ideas into law and policy. It finds that while there is substantial evidence of Federalist Society influence in the areas of federalism and separation of powers, overall the results have been mixed. The final chapter examines why that was and speculates as to the conditions that might facilitate and frustrate epistemic community influence more generally.

The genesis of the general rules on abuse of right at the legal frameworks of the USSR and other socialist states as well as their further transformation at the legislation of the post-socialist countries are investigated in the article. First of all rules of the Draft of the Civil Code of the Russian Empire of 1913 provided on the abuse of right as well as ante-revolutionary legal studies of Russian lawyers and their impact on the Soviet law are described. Further the genesis of the rules of the Soviet law of different periods provided for the exercise of legal rights and the discussion of the Soviet lawyers for this topic are covered. The impact of the Soviet law on the legal frameworks of a number of socialist countries of the Eastern Europe is reviewed. The comparative analyses of the changes of legal rules on the abuse of right of the post-Soviet and post-socialist countries have been fulfilled as well as a modern discussion of the lawyers of the post-soviet countries for this topic has been outlined. ; В данной статье рассматривается развитие общих норм о злоупотреблении правом в правовых системах СССР и социалистических государств и последующая их трансформация в законодательствах постсоциалистических стран. Обобщаются значимые черты как регулирования проблемы осуществления прав, так и доктрины злоупотребления правами в советский период. По результатам сравнительного анализа норм советского права и социалистических государств делается вывод о серьезном влиянии советского права на правовые системы социалистических государств по данному вопросу. По результатам сравнительного анализа норм права постсоциалистических государств делается вывод об отсутствии преемственности в подходах к правовому регулированию проблемы злоупотребления правами в социалистический и постсоциалистический периоды в большинстве государств (кроме Польши и бывших республик Югославии). Выявлены как оригинальные решения законодателей, так и заимствования из правовых систем других государств. Отмечается важная роль теории пределов осуществления прав советского правоведа В. Грибанова в формировании норм Общей части ГК Российской Федерации о злоупотреблении правом, а также — заимствование данной конструкции законодателями большинства постсоветских государств, включая Украину. Теория пределов осуществления прав характеризуется как внутренне противоречивая, а подход законодателей, основанный на отсылке к категории пределов осуществления прав без раскрытия ее содержания, признается неудовлетворительным. Лучшим вариантом правового регулирования данного вопроса признается решение, предусмотренное в правовой системе Литвы. ; У цій статті розглядається розвиток загальних норм про зловживання правом у правових системах СРСР і соціалістичних держав і подальша їх трансформація в законодавствах постсоціалістичних країн. Узагальнюються суттєві риси як регулювання проблеми здійснення прав, так і доктрини зловживання правами в радянський період. За результатами порівняльного аналізу норм радянського права і соціалістичних держав робиться висновок про серйозний вплив радянського права на правові системи соціалістичних держав з цього питання. За результатами порівняльного аналізу норм права постсоціалістичних держав робиться висновок про відсутність наступництва в підходах до правового регулювання проблеми зловживання правами в соціалістичний і постсоціалістичний періоди в більшості держав (крім Польщі та колишніх республік Югославії). Виявлено як оригінальні рішення законодавців, так і запозичення з правових систем інших держав. Відзначається важлива роль теорії меж здійснення прав радянського правознавця В. Грибанова у формуванні норм Загальної частини ЦК Російської Федерації про зловживання правом, а також — запозичення цієї конструкції законодавцями більшості пострадянських держав, включаючи Україну. Теорія меж здійснення прав характеризується як внутрішньо суперечлива, а підхід законодавців, заснований на відсиланні до категорії меж здійснення прав без розкриття її змісту, визнається незадовільним. Кращим варіантом правового регулювання цього питання визнається рішення, передбачене в правовій системі Литви.

Sexual assault survivors who report to the criminal legal system often need the assistance of victim advocates to navigate this complex and often retraumatizing system. In recent years, victim advocates have been called upon to assist more survivors in "cold case" sexual assault prosecutions. The term "cold case" refers to a criminal incident that is reopened years after it was initially reported, often because new evidence has become available. In this study, we interviewed sexual assault survivors and community-based victim advocates about their experiences working together in cold cases. These cases were reopened because victims' sexual assault kits (SAKs; also known as "rape kits") had not been submitted by the police for forensic DNA testing in a timely way. When these SAKs were finally tested, the biological evidence produced new investigatory leads, and prosecutors wanted to move forward with criminal charges against the offenders. Re-opening these legal cases caused significant emotional distress for survivors, but most did not want mental health counseling during their legal re-engagement. Instead, survivors wanted their advocates to provide emotional support while focusing on their tangible needs so that they had sufficient life stability to re-engage in the prosecution process. Survivors also needed extensive legal advocacy from their advocates throughout their hearings and trials. These results underscore the need for cold case protocols that train practitioners about the long-term impacts of trauma and the importance of centering survivors' individual needs.

Administrative effort is a procedure that can be taken by a person or private legal entity if he is not satisfied with a state administration decision. In the case of settlement, it must be done by the supervisory agency or other agency from the issuing decision. Formulation of the problem (1) How is the procedure that was passed in administrative efforts as a preliminary attempt before filing a lawsuit to the Padang State Administrative Court in Decision Number 13/G/2019/PTUN.PDG regarding Termination for Committing Criminal Acts of Criminal Occupation or Criminal Acts that exist Relationship to position? (2) What are the legal consequences of the administration of Administrative Efforts as a preliminary attempt before filing a lawsuit to the Padang State Administrative Court? The type of research used is normative juridical, with document study data collection techniques, the type of data is secondary data consisting of Primary, Secondary, Tertiary legal material and analyzed qualitatively. Conclusions of the study (1) Procedure of administrative efforts conducted is guided by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Supreme Court No. 6 of 2018 concerning Guidelines for Settling Government Administrative Disputes after taking Administrative Efforts which are the obstacle to lack of clarity. Employee coaches (2) the legal consequences if they do not make administrative efforts are that the Judge will not accept a lawsuit (NO)Keywords: KTUN, Administrative Efforts, PTUN.