Suchergebnisse

International audience ; The introduction and acclimatization of exotic plant species in the South-East of France, in particular since the second half of the nineteenth century, have contributed to the domestication of wild species used in ornamental horticulture, perfume industry and landscape. A few species have naturalized, some have become invasive and are impacting the highly endemic indigenous flora. Early detection of naturalizing species and evaluation of biological invasion risk are useful for control or eradication operations. The question arises for woody plant species introduced since 1973 in a forest arboretum of the Esterel Mountains. Out of 400 species planted initially, 13 are naturalizing, among which several species of Hakea genus (Proteaceae) native of Australia. This study aims to assemble useful data for the invasion risk evaluation. These data include reproduction traits, seed bank, dispersion system and introduction history. Risk analysis confirmed that several species can become a threat to the environment if they naturalize outside the arboretum. Two of them (Hakea salicifolia (Vent.) B.L. Burtt and Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C. Wendl.) already have an invasive status in other Mediterranean countries. Studies lead to the production of a technical itinerary and to the local operators' awareness to organize control. This method could be applied to other arboretums, especially those situated in the Mediterranean region. ; L'acclimatation d'espèces végétales exotiques dans le sud-est de la France, en particulier depuis la 2ème moitié du XIXème siècle, a contribué à la domestication d'espèces sauvages destinées à l'horticulture ornementale, l'industrie de la parfumerie ou le paysage. Quelques espèces exotiques se sont naturalisées ; certaines sont devenues envahissantes et impactent la flore indigène à fort taux d'endémisme de cette région. La détection précoce d'espèces en cours de naturalisation et l'évaluation des risques d'invasion biologique permettent d'alerter les politiques ...

El tema de la violencia política en Colombia ha sido un punto central de numerosos estudios, donde se intentan develar las causas de este fenómeno complejo que trasciende en toda la historia de nuestro país. En este sentido, el presente trabajo confronta los planteamientos teóricos de Kalyvas, haciendo la exploración de los microfundamentos de la violencia con un estudio de caso que pone en evidencia la confrontación armada en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia), en la que se vio directamente vinculado el pueblo Kankuamo. De acuerdo con lo anterior, la autora analiza cómo la lógica de control territorial de los actores armados posicionados en la zona, determinó el tipo de violencia (selectiva o indiscriminada) que estos utilizaron para obtener la colaboración de dicha comunidad indígena. De este modo, la investigación ayuda a comprender por qué este control territorial se convierte en un factor contundente y determinante para ejercer coerción en el marco de las nuevas guerras. ; The topic of the political violence in Colombia has been a central point of numerous studies, where attempting to uncover the causes of this complex phenomenon have had transcendency in the history of our country. In the present research, it confronts Kalyvas s theoretical approaches doing the exploration of the micro foundations of the violence with a case study about the evidences of the armed confrontation in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia), which was directly linked the Kankuamo people. In line with the above, the Author analyzes how the logic of territorial control of armed actors positioned in the zone, it determined the type of violence (selective or indiscriminate) that they used to obtain the collaboration of this indigenous community. In such a way, this research helps up to understand why this territorial control becomes a forceful factor and crucial to exert coercion in the context of new wars.

Archaeological research done in the port region of Rio de Janeiro has revealed the presence of a complex and well-preserved juxtaposing of building structures in the city's underground. Dated since the 16th century, when Rio de Janeiro became the center of political occupation for the Portuguese Crown, these remains are representative of colonial and post-colonial Brazilian history. The port region of Rio de Janeiro is currently undergoing intense urban remodeling with a large volume of ongoing engineering work. At the same time, in 2012 Rio de Janeiro became the first city in the world to receive UNESCO's title of World Heritage as an Urban Cultural Landscape. It is important to remember the specificity of Brazil's situation. Since a national society was formed greatly through a drastic separation between indigenous occupations and the European element, later enriched by African and other cultures, the current community often does not recognize its ties to the archaeological (and even historical) context. As a result, studies must not only reveal aspects connected to the country's past, but also include historical and cultural aspects of the current communities to ensure that the work incorporates the way in which each social group relates to heritage and what each group observes and recognizes as being heritage. Among the great variety of social groups involved in this Program, we will highlight the African-descendant community since the research is being done in archeological sites that corresponds to the largest necropolis of African slaves in Latin America. Therefore, the Program deal with dramatic events that still occupy a special place in the living history of current communities, requiring the development of procedures considering the strong cultural and social sensitivity of the African-descendant groups present in this area. This exposition aims to analyze researches developed from the perspective of Continuous Archaeology, integrating communities with their past and expand their cultural identity. ...

The objective of the following article is to think over the literary and political contribution made by the intellectual Manuel Zapata Olivella in attempting to position individuals of African origins in Colombia´s cultural field during the 20th century. To accomplish this, the article covers one of the dimensions least dealt by critical studies concerning his extensive literary production, i.e., his essay production and, more specifically, his role as founder and editor of the literary review Letras Nacionales (1965-1985). The main proposition argued is that literary nationalism, key assumption of the aforementioned publication, far from a mere attempt at esthetic literary re-foundation, was an editorial program that searched deep into the colonial substratum for tools in order to give indigenous peoples, mestizos, and mainly, Afro-Colombians, a dignity as well as a tacit incorporation in the national historical narrative, resorting to the art, music, folklore and language of these social groups, elements which were finally translated into an innovative and creative literary act. ; El presente artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar en torno al ejercicio literario y político realizado por el intelectual Manuel Zapata Olivella para posicionar el lugar de los sujetos(as) de origen africano en el campo cultural colombiano del siglo XX. Para ello, traza un recorrido a través de una de las dimensiones menos abordadas por los estudios críticos en torno a su extensa obra, esto es: su producción ensayística y en específico, su rol como fundador y editor de Letras Nacionales (1965-1985). Se sostiene como premisa que el nacionalismo literario, axioma fundamental de dicha revista, más que ser un mero ejercicio de refundación estético-literaria, se constituyó como un programa editorial que buscó en lo profundo del sustrato colonial, herramientas para entregar a indios, mestizos y, principalmente, negros una dignidad e incorporación tácita al relato histórico nacional apelando, para ello, al arte, la música, el folclore y ...

This paper is a survey of the architectural resources built within the territory comprehended by the continental United States by colonial powers for use by American Indians or in service of their assimilation into 'white' culture. It will examine key movements in religious and secular Indian policy and study architectural case studies that exemplify those movements. When Europeans first came to the present-day United States, they had expectations of wealth, glorious conquest and pious dreams of Christian Indians -- expectations based on interactions with Muslim culture, the conquest of Mexico, Christian doctrine and secular movements developing in Europe. They imagined that conversion to Christianity and exposure to the manners and habits of Europe would convert them quickly and naturally to civilization as it was familiar to Europeans. As interaction with native peoples progressed, these expectations changed. Each wave of new settlers brought a new approach to the question of civilizing Native Americans. The architecture of assimilation is an architecture that represents conversion and coercion, land-claim politics, Euro-Christian values, violent conflict, power and control; it is also an architecture of ideals. It tells us about the European experience in the New World -- what it desired and hoped for, what it encountered, how it reacted and what it learned. In the beginning, the architecture was a pure expression of the conqueror's will in a strange and unwilling setting. However, as this experience took its course, the architecture that expressed it began to be more and more a reflection of the intended occupants. Finally, within the last thirty years, Euro-American architects have begun to work with Native American clients to create an environment that is both expressive of indigenous building traditions and social values. The architecture of assimilation is an accurate and invaluable reflection of the Euro-American attitudes towards Native Americans, encompassing all the ideals, realizations and compromises that have characterized the course of Euro-Native relations.

This study explores the relationship between Medias, city and modernity. The corpus analysed is provided by newspapers and the ground of the research is the Senegalese city. These last years, most of academic studies carried on Senegalese Medias are mainly focused on political issues: human rights, democratic governance, and competitive elections whereas others deal with ICT or Internet issues. This doctoral research wants to find originality in approaching urban dynamics over time, using communication and information science tools. The premise of the study is that the city is the place where Medias are generated and this fact is to be considered in the rating of the urbanity of different types of media (radio, TV, newspapers, internet). This relationship began in the nineteenth century in the city of Saint-Louis, in a colonial context where the first newspapers were raised by the colonial power (France). The city planning led by the colonizer as a vector of modernization and domination, causes clashes with indigenous people. The city in its ability to produce new ways of life (urbanity), as demonstrated by Chicago School, has emerged as the emblem of modernity. In fact urban diversity induces three types of pluralism: urban, political and media pluralism that fit in complex with implications in information gathering and production. The media strive to get free from their original context of emergence and become a lieu of city and town planning. This is noticeable through the journalistic uses of the term modernity or through representations of urban space. The City and the Media can be considered as elements of a single body that significantly contribute in the adventure of modernity in Senegal. Concepts as spatiogenesis, urban semiosphere, and urban territoriality, are used to account for these phenomena. The Constructivism as a methodology is used to highlight the Media capacity of building the reality. The thesis provides theoretical tools for understanding the relationship between Communication and ...

In recent years, scholarly and civil society debates regarding tiger conservation in India have been sharply divided both in favor and against the efficacy of 'fortress' models of conservation that discourage subsistence-level access to resources by the local poor. Such debates have been further intensified since 2005 due to a drastic drop in the wild tiger population – presumably due to illegal poaching – and the passing of a Forest Rights Act that grants forest lands ownership rights to traditional forest-dependent communities. This article analyzes local community-forest collaboration in the Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala in Southern India. Periyar Tiger Reserve has been the only 'success story' out of the seven national parks where the India Eco-Development Project was implemented in 1997. The IEDP was funded by the World Bank, the Global Environmental Facility, and the Government of India to solicit the support of forest-adjacent communities in protecting wildlife habitats by offering them market-based livelihood opportunities. Information comes from ethnographic research conducted ten years after the Eco-Development Project was first implemented, and studies of the evolving nature of state-community relationships under the umbrella of a newly formed 'Government Organized Non-Governmental Organization' or GONGO. Theoretically, the article focuses the role of emotions and identity politics in shaping the worldviews of the participating community members, and not on the economic incentives of stakeholders. In doing so, I propose a more nuanced analysis of community-state relationships than is offered by polarized debates amongst conservationists and people's rights advocates in India and elsewhere. I illustrate the sense of ownership and regional pride shared by different social actors, in the context of the continuation of the fortress model of conservation.Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, fortress conservation, eco-development, social fencing, identity politics, indigenous communities, tiger reserve, Kerala, India.

173 192 11 2 ; OJS ; [EN] In recent years, the presence of vulnerable groups (disabled people and members of indigenous communities) at universities has achieved greater visibility and attention from government agencies, public policy and educational institutions. This paper is a thoughtful analysis of the relationship between diversity and socio-educational inclusion at the university spaces as well as the distance between normative discourses and real practices, addressing the devices that universities use to guide, accompany and support the academic and personal processes carried out by students. Contributions from two doctoral research on the subject in argentine public universities will be recalled. These studies integrate quantitative and qualitative methodology, with a strong predominance on the second. For the purposes of the study, semi- structural interview was designed to relieve some basic variables and significant axes. Also, the researchers use key informant interviews, in order to regain institutional and organizational aspects that could enrich the approach. From the results of these research in regard with the real practices, it would be important, once this findings had been acquired, to be socialized in order to include the study and treatment of diversity at the university agenda, promoting the design and implementation of policies, programs, and affirmative actions (tutoring, orientational and supporting systems) that may bring on more democratic, inclusive and intercultural spaces, and that the process of entry, persistence and graduation of students in vulnerable situation become stronger and more significant. ; [ES] La presencia de grupos en situación de vulnerabilidad en las universidades (personas con discapacidad y pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas) en los últimos años ha logrado tener mayor visibilidad y atención por parte de organismos del Estado, de políticas públicas y de instituciones educativas. Este artículo supone un análisis reflexivo acerca de la relación establecida ...

В статье автор исследует проблемы регионального развития и их трансформации в странах Центрально-Восточной Европы. Рассматривает основные этапы трансформации, которые были характерны для стран, и дает краткую характеристику, при этом указывает на некоторые отдельные проявления в отдельно взятых странах. Определяется влияние децентрализации политики государства в делах местного развития. Проанализирована роль региональной политики государства для самих регионов. Дана характеристика тех проявлений, где улучшение жизнедеятельности произошло в регионах. Рассмотрены основные законодательные изменения в странах, которые привели к перестройке региональной политики государства в целом, и определено влияние тенденций Европейского Союза на этот процесс. ; This thesis presents a thorough study of regional development and regional policy in EU countries. It describes the theoretical and methodological fundamentals of regional development and uses the practical achievements of regional policy in the European Union (EU) as an example of good international practice. The stages of formation of regional policy in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have a same problems and models of development, that's why it's useful to describe the process of formation in the context of progress in this region. The author analyzed the role of regional policy for the regions, the main legislative changes in countries that led to the restructuring of regional policy in general and the influence of trends in the European Union in this process. The evolution of regional studies in EU countries, reflecting the shift from industrial to post-industrial, knowledge-based economies, is of particular interest when assessing how particular indigenous economic, social, and natural geographical factors affect the success of a region. The factors which play a significant role in allowing a country or region to be highly competitive in the unstable environment of the global innovative economy are different from those which formerly led to regional or national success.

This study explores the relationship between Medias, city and modernity. The corpus analysed is provided by newspapers and the ground of the research is the Senegalese city. These last years, most of academic studies carried on Senegalese Medias are mainly focused on political issues: human rights, democratic governance, and competitive elections whereas others deal with ICT or Internet issues. This doctoral research wants to find originality in approaching urban dynamics over time, using communication and information science tools. The premise of the study is that the city is the place where Medias are generated and this fact is to be considered in the rating of the urbanity of different types of media (radio, TV, newspapers, internet). This relationship began in the nineteenth century in the city of Saint-Louis, in a colonial context where the first newspapers were raised by the colonial power (France). The city planning led by the colonizer as a vector of modernization and domination, causes clashes with indigenous people. The city in its ability to produce new ways of life (urbanity), as demonstrated by Chicago School, has emerged as the emblem of modernity. In fact urban diversity induces three types of pluralism: urban, political and media pluralism that fit in complex with implications in information gathering and production. The media strive to get free from their original context of emergence and become a lieu of city and town planning. This is noticeable through the journalistic uses of the term modernity or through representations of urban space. The City and the Media can be considered as elements of a single body that significantly contribute in the adventure of modernity in Senegal. Concepts as spatiogenesis, urban semiosphere, and urban territoriality, are used to account for these phenomena. The Constructivism as a methodology is used to highlight the Media capacity of building the reality. The thesis provides theoretical tools for understanding the relationship between Communication and ...

The present study explores the economic nature and property rights related to the provision of forest fire prevention. Fire protection is consumed collectively and can be co-produced by beneficiaries. Hence, we test features that may facilitate agents' coordination in the emergence of decentralized solutions, and the role economic incentives and government intervention may have for a successful low risk maintenance. A review of scholar literature on common-pool resources and public goods allow for distinguish forest-related problems in the Mediterranean and establish the framework for analysing facilitating factors for collective action. Several case studies have been assessed in this frame, namely: public contracts with shepherds, public grants for herders and voluntary agreements private forest owners-herders, always with the purpose of lowering biomass in fuel breaks for fire prevention. Accumulation of shrub biomass in forests is a relatively recent phenomenon, what may preclude for successful, spontaneous self-management solutions. Government involvement is present in all cases in different degrees and is justified by the conservation of forest externalities to society at large. Results show that external (usually government) support is required for catalyzing agreements and covering start-up expenses. There is a large expectation in this pastoral approach, seen as potentially more financially sustainable that traditional mechanical interventions, given the reduced costs for the administration while it also provides a marketable product. Secondary benefits accrue: an innovation in the social role of herders, incentives for indigenous cattle races conservation and better coordination between departments. Compensation payments are seen as a deserved reward for the effort incurred by herders due to grazing in less attractive areas for their business. Private owners agreements with herders are more likely to take place in areas with previous experiences of cooperation, high risk perception and with potential ...

Facultad de Arquitectura. Investigación y restauración de sitios y monumentos ; For their frontier work, the missions established between the years XVII and XVIII have been a point of discussion on their peripheral role within the processes of edification in the viceregal period, since it has generated the idea that these were provincial versions of Metropolis Few are the works dedicated to understanding the missionary architecture of the Septentrión Novohispano, since the bulk of the writings on this type of buildings have been dedicated to understanding the social and political processes in which they occurred. However, the most recent studies on the construction of missions in Chihuahua territory have mostly consisted of the observation of formal and aesthetic issues, as well as the use of the Center / Periphery phenomenon; Phenomenon studied by the History of Art. In spite of the efforts to understand this type of architecture, these writings are not conclusive, since they have not defined which would be the centers and peripheries. For this reason, the present thesis offers the possibility to understand the differences and coincidences within the missionary buildings through the reading of the material culture reflected in the constructive systems and the structural behavior of the Jesuit mission temples belonging to the Rectorate of the Antigua Tarahumara, because this Order was the one that missioned in this region in the indicated temporality. For this, four chapters are presented in which they deal with issues such as the institutional and ideological motives that gave rise to the spatial and formal design of mission architecture; The participation of indigenous labor with its characteristics and temporalities; The general structural behavior of the model mission of the North and finally the application of a model of reading and interpretation of the historical evolution of the missions that were the units of analysis. ; Por su labor fronteriza, las misiones establecidas entre los años XVII y XVIII han ...

Abstract In southern Africa, there are now 10,000 to 14,000 private ranchers that promote wildlife enterprises alone or in some in combination with domestic livestock. An important conservation success, this new bio-experience economy also creates social well-being through economic growth and job creation. It is an economic sector that needs to be taken seriously, not least because it pioneers policies that inform the valorization and sustainable management of ecosystem services. The article describes the historical emergence of a sustainable use approach to wildlife conservation since the Arusha Conference in 1963. It suggests that indigenous multi-species systems may have ecological advantages over modern livestock production systems, but these are difficult to quantify in complex dryland ecosystems and are trumped by economics and political processes. However, wildlife provides the foundation for a bio-experience economy that has a decided comparative economic advantage over agro-extractive commodity production (like beef) in drylands. We describe how new policy approaches, especially the valorization of wildlife and the devolution of proprietorship to landholders and communities, have allowed wildlife's economic advantages to be reflected in land use decisions through both 'game ranching' and 'community-based natural resource management'. Institutional changes have modified the economics of wildlife in drylands, promoting both conservation and development by allocating environmental raw materials to higher-order goods and services. A further goal of the paper is to describe practical economic methods for assessing and explaining the wildlife sector to policy makers in terms of its profitability, both to individual landholders and to society through jobs and economic growth. The paper covers a 50-year period between the PhD studies of the four authors and takes a trans disciplinary approach which values the knowledge of practitioners as much as the academic literature.

Estos tres casos de restitución a los indios muestran la adaptación de la institución en la gobernación de Tucumán; allí, el siglo XVII fue una época de cambios rápidos y definitivos para todos sus habitantes. El primero transcurrió alrededor de 1615; el segundo c.1640, cuando todavía el sistema de encomienda indiana era funcional a la minería y la mayoría de los productos de Tucumán se destinaban al altiplano. En cambio, el tercer caso transcurrió cuando eran evidentes la falta de mano de obra indígena y se habían modificado los alcances de la legislación española en las Indias. Por otra parte, el tema en sí de la Restitución, hasta donde se, no fue objeto de estudios pormenorizados con relación a la gobernación de Tucumán. La falta de noticias puede deberse a que aquí parece que no se llamó a dicha institución por su nombre. ; These three cases of restitution to the Indians show the adaptation of the institution in the government of Tucuman; there, the seventeenth century was a time of fast and definitive chages for all its inhabitants. The first passed around 1615, the second c.1640, when still the "encomienda indiana" system was functional to the mining and most products of Tucumán were for the highlands. Instead, the third case passed when they were evident the lack of indigenous manpower and had changed the scope of Spanish law in the Indies. On the other hand, the subject in himself of the Restitution, to where, was not object of studies detailed in relation to the government of Tucuman. The lack of the news can be due to that it seems here that was not called to this institution by its name. ; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Se analizan los procesos de presión y conflicto sobre espacios de uso colectivo asociados a comunidades asentadas en Putre (zona precordillerana de Arica). A partir de documentación proveniente de diversos archivos nacionales, regionales y locales, se revisan los elementos de conflicto a partir de la implementación de políticas liberales impulsadas por el Estado chileno posterior a la anexión del territorio post conflicto Guerra del Pacífico (1880) hasta el momento de consolidación del territorio considerado como privado y propiedad del Fisco chileno (1935). Se examinan los procesos de control del espacio territorial a partir de la constitución de propiedad privada e incorporación de sistemas de registros de carácter fiscal, y se analizan las reacciones provocadas en la ciudadanía y población indígena sobre estos influjos destacando la capacidad de reacción, uso e interpretación performática de las políticas estatales frente al uso y tenencia de los espacios comunitarios.Palabras clave : Estado chileno; tierras comunales; propiedad de la tierra. Abstract This article studies the pressure and conflict processes concerning collective spaces associated with settled communities in Putre (foothills zone of Arica). Starting from documentation of diverse national, regional and local files, we review the conflict elements of the implementation of liberal politics boosted by the Chilean State after the annexation post War of the Pacific (1880) until the consolidation of the territory now considered private property of the Chilean State (1935). We also examine the processes of control over territorial space based on the constitution of private property and the incorporation of the fiscal system registry, as well as the reactions provoked in the citizens and indigenous population about these influences. We give emphasis to the capacity for reaction, and the use and performative interpretation of state politics in the use and ownership of community spaces.Palabras clave : Chilean State; communal land; land ownership.