Suchergebnisse

The incidence of interstate wars has dropped dramatically over time: The number of wars per pair of countries per year from 1950 to 2000 was roughly a 10th as high as it was from 1820 to 1949. This significant decrease in the frequency of wars correlates with a substantial increase in the number of military alliances per country and the stability of those alliances. We show that one possible explanation of this is an accompanying expansion of international trade. Increased trade decreases countries' incentives to attack each other and increases their incentives to defend each other, leading to a stable and peaceful network of military and trade alliances that is consistent with observed data.

Au début des années 1980, Bernard Lassudrie-Duchêne a été parmi les premiers à livrer une analyse théorique de la décomposition (ou fragmentation) internationale des processus productif (la DIPP). Ce phénomène, en large partie à l'origine de l'augmentation du commerce de biens intermédiaires dans le commerce mondial, est devenu l'une des composantes importantes de la globalisation industrielle. Dans cet article, nous proposons de rendre compte de certaines orientations contemporaines de la DIPP par la prise en compte dans l'analyse de la nature, «technique » ou «cognitive », du principe de division du travail qui préside à la fragmentation des processus de production, ainsi que de la spécificité des mécanismes de coordination qui leur sont associés.

Since the 1970s, political science research suggests no significant gender differences in overall levels of participation. For example, an examination of current rates of conventional political participation and voter turnout indicates little difference between men and women in either the United States, Great Britain, West Germany, Italy or other western industrial nations.1 Despite this disappearance of gender differences in political participation, however, both national and international research suggests an enduring gender gap in political interest. Regardless of country of origin, women remain less politically interested than men.2

The International Military Tribunal (IMT) at Nuremberg made history by introducing simultaneous interpreting to the world arena. In time, other tribunals of this sort have been organized. The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) was tasked with punishing the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Then as now, the interpreters were a linchpin for the proper functioning of an international tribunal. Although the recruitment, training, and practical working conditions of interpreters have evolved since Nuremberg, some issues remain eerily similar. Interpreters cannot be mere service providers, whether in terms of their positioning, the specific skills required, the technical equipment, logistical concerns, the inherent emotional immediacy, or the safeguarding of personal integrity. This paper attempts a comparison between the IMT and the ICTR considering these aspects and aims to extrapolate analogies and differences, hoping to witness an improvement in working conditions for interpreters in multilingual trials.