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Республика Молдова расположена на территории, которая на протяжении всей истории своего существования находилась на пересечении внешних геополитических интересов. Несколько геополитических центров постоянно боролись за влияние на Молдову: Россия, Турция, Германия. После обретения Республикой Молдова независимости в 1991 году к этому списку присоединились Румыния и США. Ситуация осложняется тем, что в Молдове нет сбалансированной политической системы и обширного опыта управления независимой страной. Такие условия крайне осложняют обеспечение её внутриполитической и внешнеполитической стабильности. В отсутствие сильной государственной власти молдавские регионы приобретают еще большее значение. Прежде всего, речь идет о Приднестровье и Гагаузии. Формирование обоих регионов происходит на фоне преобразований в Советском Союзе, известных как "перестройка". После разрыва старой системы отношений в молдавском обществе не было надежных арбитров, которые смогли бы сдерживать существующие противоречия. Это привело к появлению центробежных сил в южной и восточной части Республики Молдова. SECURITATEA POLITICĂ A REPUBLICII MOLDOVA: PROBLEME ȘI AMENINȚĂRI INTERNE ȘI EXTERNE Republica Moldova este situată pe un teritoriu care, de-a lungul istoriei sale, a fost la intersecția intereselor geopolitice externe. Mai multe centre geopolitice au luptat constant pentru influența asupra Moldovei: Rusia, Turcia, Germania. După ce Republica Moldova a obținut independența în 1991, România și SUA s-au alăturat acestei liste. Situația este complicată de faptul că Republica Moldova nu are un sistem politic echilibrat și o experiență vastă în guvernarea unui stat independent. Astfel de condiții fac extrem de dificilă asigurarea stabilității sale politice interne și externe. În absența unei solide puteri de stat, regiunile moldovenești devin și mai importante. În primul rând, vorbim despre Transnistria și Găgăuzia. Formarea ambelor regiuni are loc pe fundalul transformărilor din Uniunea Sovietică, cunoscute sub numele de "perestroika". După ...

Gene therapy is a therapeutic process consisting of the transport of genetic material into cells. The design and preparation of novel carriers to transport DNA is an important research line in the medical field. Hybrid compounds such as metallo-liposomes, containing a mixture of lipids, were prepared and characterized. Cationic metal lipids derived from the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ complex, RuC11C11 or RuC19C19, both with different hydrophobic/lipophilic ratios, were mixed with the phospholipid DOPE. A relation between the size and the molar fraction α was found and a multidisciplinary study about the interaction between the metallo-liposomes and DNA was performed. The metallo-liposomes/DNA association was quantified and a relationship between Kapp and α was obtained. Techniques such as AFM, SEM, zeta potential, dynamic light scattering and agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated the formation of lipoplexes and showed the structure of the liposomes. L/D values corresponding to the polynucleotide's condensation were estimated. In vitro assays proved the low cell toxicity of the metallo-liposomes, lower for normal cells than for cancer cell lines, and a good internalization into cells. The latter as well as the transfection measurements carried out with plasmid DNA pEGFP-C1 have demonstrated a good availability of the Ru(II)-based liposomes for being used as non-toxic nanovectors in gene therapy. ; This work was funded by the Consejería de Educación y Ciencia de la Junta de Andalucía (Proyecto de Excelencia P12-FQM-1105, FQM-206 and FQM-274, and PI-0005-2018), the VI Plan Propio Universidad de Sevilla (PP2018-10338), the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (RTI2018-100692-B-I00), the grant Ramon y Cajal RYC2015-1867 and the European Union (Feder Funds). ; Peer reviewed

The Roma people are the largest transnational ethnic minority in Europe and can be considered the last human migration of South Asian origin into the continent. They left Northwest India approximately 1,000 years ago, reaching the Balkan Peninsula around the twelfth century and Romania in the fourteenth century. Here, we analyze whole-genome sequencing data of 40 Roma and 40 non-Roma individuals from Romania. We performed a genome-wide scan of selection comparing Roma, their local host population, and a Northwestern Indian population, to identify the selective pressures faced by the Roma mainly after they settled in Europe. We identify under recent selection several pathways implicated in immune responses, among them cellular metabolism pathways known to be rewired after immune stimulation. We validated the interaction between PIK3-mTOR-HIF-1α and cytokine response influenced by bacterial and fungal infections. Our results point to a significant role of these pathways for host defense against the most prevalent pathogens in Europe during the last millennium. ; Tis study has been funded by a Spinoza grant of the Netherlands Organization for Scientifc Research (MN), and by BFU2016-77961-P (JB and EBo), PID2019-110933GB-I00 (JB and EBo) and CGL2016-75389-P (DC) (AEI/ FEDER, UE) awarded by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación, CEX2018-000792-M, Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu (JB, DC and EBo), and GRC 2017 SGR 702 of Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya (JB, EBo and DC). BD is supported by FPU grant FPU13/06813 from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (Spain). MM was supported by the European Union through the European Regional Development Fund (Project No. 2014-2020.4.01.16-0030)

In this paper I return and rework previous inquiries on the philosophical method, and explicit its link with the subject concept from a post-foundational perspective. The objective is to report the work in progress and the singular trajectory in which I have been deploying, among different authors, my own theoretical perspective on these intertwined topics. These elaborations respond not only to a theoretical or epistemic need, but to an ethical-political —ie, critical— concern about the present. I clearly subscribe to the practice of that critical ethos that Foucault rescues from the Enlightenment and which consists in linking epistemic inquiries to ethical and political considerations at the same time, which constitutes a critical ontology of the present. In this case, exceeding Foucault's own elaborations and linking them to other authors, such as Badiou and Althusser. ; En este escrito retomo y complejizo indagaciones anteriores sobre el método filosófico, y explicito su vinculación con el concepto de sujeto desde una perspectiva posfundacional. Se trata de dar cuenta de un trabajo en curso y del trazado singular en el cual he ido desplegando, entre diversos autores, mi propia perspectiva teórica acerca de estos tópicos entrelazados. Estas elaboraciones responden no sólo a una necesidad teórica o epistémica, sino a una inquietud ético-política —es decir crítica— por el presente. Claramente me inscribo en el cultivo de aquel ethos crítico que Foucault rescata de la Ilustración y que consiste en enlazar las indagaciones epistémicas a consideraciones éticas y políticas al mismo tiempo, lo que constituye una ontología crítica del presente. En este caso, excediendo las elaboraciones del propio Foucault y vinculándolas a otros autores, como Badiou y Althusser.

International audience ; Mediators specialized in territorial dialogue lead conciliation processes aimed to resolve environment-related conflicts or to contribute to building up a project involving all the stakeholders concerned. They developp a neutral position towards the different stakeholders and interests, related to their ethical and professional norms. Their personal values and the principles of independence and impartiality underpin their vision of neutrality, but it is mainly a quality, a personal and contextual capacity to express a proactive and empathetic attitude. An additional dimension of neutrality rests on the equity, which is present in the practices of the mediators, but remaining to conceptualize. Mediators tend indeed to do justice to arguments based on local knowledge and traditional uses of natural resources. Their ideal of neutrality can nevertheless be compromised by the influence of technical and bureaucratic approaches which usually prevail in deliberation procedures and by the difficulty of providing an equal status to citizens vis-à-vis the organizations representatives. This point raises an issue of parity of participation, which is a condition of an ecological democraty. ; Les médiateurs du dialogue territorial animent des processus de concertation visant à résoudre un conflit d'environnement ou construire un projet avec les différents acteurs concernés. Leur posture de neutralité vis-à-vis des protagonistes, des visions et des intérêts en présence, est centrale dans leur éthique et dans leur pratique professionnelles. Si des valeurs et des normes d'indépendance et d'impartialité soustendent cette posture de neutralité, celle-ci est d'abord une qualité : elle s'incarne dans une attitude active et empathique. Une dimension de la neutralité encore peu conceptualisée par ces professionnels, celle de l'équité, transparaît en outre à l'observation de leurs pratiques. Ils favorisent en effet des modes d'argumentation inclusifs des savoirs et des cultures non experts, comme l'expérience ...

Abstract Our study proposes an analysis of Romanian political language in the second half of XIX century, in terms of specific discursive mechanisms, of semantic mutations that are recorded in the political vocabulary of the time, of the discrepancies that characterize verbal sign in the space of political communication. Since the press of this time plays a crucial role in the formation and distribution of the Romanian political language, we support our observations on the analysis of political articles published by Mihai Eminescu in the journalistic work of the time. Being the sign of one of the most precipitate era in the national history, Eminescu's journalism is relevant to the avatars of the Romanian political language, which was still in its infancy at the time. Rezumat În studiul dat, ne propunem o analiză a limbajului politic românesc din cea de-a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea, din prisma mecanismelor discursive specifice, a mutaţiilor semantic, pe care le înregistrează vocabularul politic al vremii, a discrepanţelor ce caracterizează semnul verbal în spaţiul comunicării politice. Dat fiind că presa acestei vremi joacă un rol esenţial în procesul de constituire şi de difuzare a limbajului politic românesc, ne sprijinim observaţiile pe analiza articolelor politice, publicate de Mihai Eminescu în publicistica timpului. Semn al uneia dintre cele mai precipitate perioade din istoria naţională, jurnalistica eminesciană este relevantă pentru avatarurile limbajului politic românesc, aflat încă la început de drum în epocă. ; Mocanu, Mihaela. The specific of the romanian political language in the second half of XIX century. Case study: Mihai Eminescu's political articles / M. Mocanu // Limbaj şi context = Speech and Context : Rev. de lingvistică, semiotică şi şt. literară. – 2012. – Anul IV, nr. 1. – P. 274-282. – ISSN 1857-4149.

Solar radiation and nutrient pulses regulate the ecosystem's functioning. However, little is known about how a greater frequency of pulsed nutrients under high ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels, as expected in the near future, could alter the responses and interaction between primary producers and decomposers. In this report, we demonstrate through a mesocosm study in lake La Caldera (Spain) that a repeated (press) compared to a one-time (pulse) schedule under UVR prompted higher increases in primary (PP) than in bacterial production (BP) coupled with a replacement of photoautotrophs by mixotrophic nanoflagellates (MNFs). The mechanism underlying these amplified phytoplanktonic responses was a dual control by MNFs on bacteria through the excretion of organic carbon and an increased top-down control by bacterivory. We also show across a 6-year whole-lake study that the changes from photoautotrophs to MNFs were related mainly to the frequency of pulsed nutrients (e.g. desert dust inputs). Our results underscore how an improved understanding of the interaction between chronic and stochastic environmental factors is critical for predicting ongoing changes in ecosystem functioning and its responses to climatically driven changes. ; This study was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (CGL2011-23681 and CGL2015-67682-R to PC), Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Rural, y Marino (PN2009/067 to PC) and Junta de Andalucía (Excelencia projects P09-RNM-5376 and P12-RNM-327 to PC and JMMS, respectively). M.J.C. was supported by the Spanish Government "Formación de Profesorado Universitario" PhD grant (FPU12/01243) and I.D.-G. by the Junta de Andalucía "Personal Investigador en Formación" PhD grant (FPI RNM-5376). This work is in partial fulfillment of the Ph. D. thesis of M.J.C.

[EN] The interaction of small molecules with acid-base and redox centers in small Ce21O42 nanoparticles has been theoretically investigated using the DFT + U approach with the PW91 functional and U = 0.2 and 4 eV, in order to determine the influence of the U value on the trends observed in selected properties describing such interactions. CO adsorption at low coordinated Ce4+ Lewis acid centers, water adsorption and dissociation at acid-base pairs, formation of oxygen vacancy defects by removal of an oxygen atom from the system, and interaction of molecular O-2 with such defects have been considered. The largest effect of the value of U is found for the description of the reduced Ce21O41 nanoparticle. In all other cases involving stoichiometric and oxidized Ce21O42 and Ce21O43 systems, the trends in the calculated adsorption and reaction energies, optimized geometries, charge distribution, and vibrational frequencies are quite similar at the three levels considered. ; Financial support from the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (Consolider Ingenio 2010-MULTICAT CSD2009-00050 and Subprograma de apoyo a Centros y Universidades de Excelencia Severo Ochoa SEV 2012 0267) is acknowledged. The European Union is also acknowledged by ERC-AdG-2014-671093 — SynCatMatch. Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) and Centre de Càlcul de la Universitat de València are gratefully acknowledged for computational facilities and technical assistance. T. L.-A. thanks ITQ for a contract. We thank Konstantin Neyman for providing the Ce21O42 nanoparticle model. ; Boronat Zaragoza, M.; López Auséns, JT.; Corma Canós, A. (2016). The acid-base and redox reactivity of CeO2 nanoparticles: Influence of the Hubbard U term in DFT plus U studies. Surface Science. 648:212-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2015.10.047 ; S ; 212 ; 219 ; 648

212 219 648 ; S ; [EN] The interaction of small molecules with acid-base and redox centers in small Ce21O42 nanoparticles has been theoretically investigated using the DFT + U approach with the PW91 functional and U = 0.2 and 4 eV, in order to determine the influence of the U value on the trends observed in selected properties describing such interactions. CO adsorption at low coordinated Ce4+ Lewis acid centers, water adsorption and dissociation at acid-base pairs, formation of oxygen vacancy defects by removal of an oxygen atom from the system, and interaction of molecular O-2 with such defects have been considered. The largest effect of the value of U is found for the description of the reduced Ce21O41 nanoparticle. In all other cases involving stoichiometric and oxidized Ce21O42 and Ce21O43 systems, the trends in the calculated adsorption and reaction energies, optimized geometries, charge distribution, and vibrational frequencies are quite similar at the three levels considered. Financial support from the Spanish Science and Innovation Ministry (Consolider Ingenio 2010-MULTICAT CSD2009-00050 and Subprograma de apoyo a Centros y Universidades de Excelencia Severo Ochoa SEV 2012 0267) is acknowledged. The European Union is also acknowledged by ERC-AdG-2014-671093 — SynCatMatch. Red Española de Supercomputación (RES) and Centre de Càlcul de la Universitat de València are gratefully acknowledged for computational facilities and technical assistance. T. L.-A. thanks ITQ for a contract. We thank Konstantin Neyman for providing the Ce21O42 nanoparticle model. Boronat Zaragoza, M.; López Auséns, JT.; Corma Canós, A. (2016). The acid-base and redox reactivity of CeO2 nanoparticles: Influence of the Hubbard U term in DFT plus U studies. Surface Science. 648:212-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2015.10.047

Section Thématique 10Les rapports au politique des étudiantsStudents' Attitudes towards Politics ; International audience ; This communication will present the results of a quantitative study on the political knowledge of students in law, political science and mathematics. It will question the determinants of political knowledge inequalities (social background, age, gender, academic discipline, school competence, etc.). It also aims to establish correlations between the political knowledge level and some dispositions and attitudes. The study mainly focuses on methodological issues concerning knowledge tests. Indeed multiple-choice questions allow the test-takers to guess the answers, and the issue is that the tendency to guess is unequally distributed among the population, for example according to gender. In order to both reduce and measure the extent of this bias, I used an original method: for each of their answers, the students were asked to indicate a "degree of certainty". This method enables 1) to establish a more precise evaluation of their knowledge by testing different scorings, and 2) to measure the student's level of confidence in their answers, according to individual characteristics, considering an equal level of knowledge. This communication will question the impact of the different methods of scoring political knowledge and present the main results. ; Cette communication présentera les résultats d'une enquête quantitative portant sur les connaissances politiques des étudiants inscrits en Licence de droit, science politique et maths. Il s'agira de présenter les déterminants des inégalités de connaissances politique (milieu social, âge, genre, discipline, niveau, etc.) et d'établir des corrélations entre les connaissances politiques et certaines dispositions et attitudes. Une attention particulière sera portée aux enjeux méthodologiques, qui constituent en eux-mêmes une dimension importante de la recherche. En effet les tests de connaissance induisent des biais méthodologiques de taille : lorsqu'ils ...

Section Thématique 10Les rapports au politique des étudiantsStudents' Attitudes towards Politics ; International audience ; This communication will present the results of a quantitative study on the political knowledge of students in law, political science and mathematics. It will question the determinants of political knowledge inequalities (social background, age, gender, academic discipline, school competence, etc.). It also aims to establish correlations between the political knowledge level and some dispositions and attitudes. The study mainly focuses on methodological issues concerning knowledge tests. Indeed multiple-choice questions allow the test-takers to guess the answers, and the issue is that the tendency to guess is unequally distributed among the population, for example according to gender. In order to both reduce and measure the extent of this bias, I used an original method: for each of their answers, the students were asked to indicate a "degree of certainty". This method enables 1) to establish a more precise evaluation of their knowledge by testing different scorings, and 2) to measure the student's level of confidence in their answers, according to individual characteristics, considering an equal level of knowledge. This communication will question the impact of the different methods of scoring political knowledge and present the main results. ; Cette communication présentera les résultats d'une enquête quantitative portant sur les connaissances politiques des étudiants inscrits en Licence de droit, science politique et maths. Il s'agira de présenter les déterminants des inégalités de connaissances politique (milieu social, âge, genre, discipline, niveau, etc.) et d'établir des corrélations entre les connaissances politiques et certaines dispositions et attitudes. Une attention particulière sera portée aux enjeux méthodologiques, qui constituent en eux-mêmes une dimension importante de la recherche. En effet les tests de connaissance induisent des biais méthodologiques de taille : lorsqu'ils ...

Alumina-supported manganese catalysts with cryptomelane and/or birnessite structure have been prepared using a simple method based on the thermal decomposition of potassium permanganate. The samples have been characterized by XRD, FTIR, TGA, DSC, N2 adsorption at −196 °C, SEM, H2-TPR and XPS, and their catalytic activity for soot combustion has been tested and compared to that of a reference Pt/alumina catalyst. The thermal decomposition of alumina-supported KMnO4 yields a mixture of supported birnessite and potassium manganate which is the most effective, among those prepared, to lower the soot combustion temperature. However, this material is not useful for soot combustion because the accelerating effect is not based on a catalytic process but on the oxidation of soot by potassium manganate. A suitable soot combustion catalyst is obtained after potassium manganate is removed by water washing, yielding only the birnessite phase on the γ-Al2O3 support. This birnessite phase can be transformed into cryptomelane by calcination at 600 °C. These two samples, γ-Al2O3-supported birnessite and cryptomelane are suitable catalysts for soot combustion in NOx/O2 mixtures, as their catalytic activity is based on the NO2-assited mechanism, that is, both catalysts accelerate the oxidation of NO to NO2 and NO2 promotes soot oxidation. The soot combustion temperatures obtained with these birnessite/cryptomelane alumina-supported catalysts are similar to that obtained with the reference Pt/alumina catalyst. ; The authors thank to Spanish government (MICINN project CTQ2009-07475), DIMA (Dirección de Investigaciones) and Laboratorio de Magnetismo y Materiales Avanzados (Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales) and Vicerrectoría de Investigaciones de la Universidad de Caldas for the financial support.

The organizational learning is outstanding in the current context of the global economy, since the organizations change and they at great speed transform. Under these conditions, it has been said that they will only succeed those companies that are able to learn in a consistent way quicker and better than their competitors, it would be that when diffusing it in their interior, incorporate it quickly to the news technologies and products, challenge that it also face the government's organizations. Under this perspective a descriptions of the characteristics of the organizational learning begins in the public entities of the national order in Bolivar Department, the factors that affect this learning and the knowledge and analysis of their causes and outstanding impacts in this institutions setting down. At the end it shows up the general conclusions and some proposals for their improvement. ; El aprendizaje organizacional es relevante en el contexto actual de la economía global, dado que las organizaciones cambian y se transforman a gran velocidad. Bajo estas condiciones, se ha dicho que sólo alcanzarán el éxito las empresas que de un modo consistente sean capaces de aprender más rápido y mejor que sus competidoras, sea que creen un nuevo conocimiento o lo adquieran del entorno y que al difundirlo en su interior, lo incorporen rápidamente a las nuevas tecnologías y productos, reto que también enfrentan las organizaciones públicas. Bajo esta perspectiva se inicia una descripción de las características del aprendizaje organizacional en las entidades públicas del orden nacional en el Departamento de Bolívar, estableciendo los factores que afectan dicho aprendizaje y el conocimiento y análisis de sus causas e impactos relevantes en dichas instituciones. Al final se presentan las conclusiones generales y algunas propuestas para su mejoramiento.

Clusters are characterised by partnership practices that lead to a high level of competitiveness. However some of them encounter coordination difficulties due to conflicts over the appropriation of collective gains. This is more specifically the case of bioclusters because of their sectoral particularities and because of the different public policies that apply. Stemming from an analysis of conflicts at stake in a biocluster, this article aims at bringing to light how firms and institutions strategies emerge and co-evolve as their actions are characterised by divergent interests. According to an evolutionary perspective, we propose an exploratory simulation leading to an analysis of the mutual adaptation dynamics developed by the agents involved. The results show on the one hand that firms adjust their bargaining strategies according to uncertainty and to their perception of the gains which might be generated at the collective level. On the other hand, the model shows that local authorities can play a regulatory part in the game. This exploratory research provides insight into management public modalities so as to generate cooperation and innovation within bioclusters. ; Si les clusters se caractérisent par des pratiques partenariales vecteurs d'une forte compétitivité, certains d'entre eux rencontrent des difficultés de coordination liées à des conflits d'appropriation des bénéfices collectifs. C'est tout particulièrement le cas des bioclusters du fait de leurs particularités sectorielles et des politiques publiques à l'oeuvre. Partant d'une analyse des conflits en jeu dans un biocluster, cet article vise à saisir comment émergent et co-évoluent les stratégies des firmes et des institutions en proie à des intérêts divergents. Selon une perspective évolutionnaire, nous proposons une simulation exploratoire permettant une analyse des dynamiques d'adaptation mutuelle de ces agents. Les résultats montrent d'une part que les firmes modulent leurs stratégies de négociation en fonction de l'incertitude et de la ...

10 páginas, 3 figuras, 3 tablas.-- et al.-- El pdf del artículo es la versión post-print. ; The distribution of BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ line mutations in breast/ovarian cancer families varies among different populations, which typically present a wide spectrum of unique mutations. Splicing mutation 5272-1G>A of BRCA1 and frameshift mutation 5374delTATG of BRCA2 are highly prevalent mutations in Castilla-León (Spain), accounting for 18.4% and 13.6% of BRCA1 and BRCA2 positive families, respectively. To test the presence of founder effects, 9 Spanish 5272-1G>A and 13 5374delTATG families were genotyped with polymorphic markers linked to BRCA1 or BRCA2. All the 5272-1G>A families shared a common haplotype in eight markers (1.1 Mb region) and the mutation age was estimated in 15 generations (∼380 years). A conserved haplotype associated to 5374delTATG was observed in four markers (0.82 Mb). The mutation occurred approximately 48 generations ago (∼1200 years). Each mutation likely arose from a common ancestor that could be traced to a small area of Castilla-León and expanded to other Spanish regions. They can have a significant impact on the clinical management of asymptomatic carriers as well as on the genetic screening strategy to be followed in populations with Spanish ancestries. ; This work has been supported by the Regional Government of Castilla y León, and grants PI061102, PI052275, PI050864) (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), 200820I135 (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), INT07/191 (Instituto de Salud Carlos III), PGDIT06BTF910101PR (Xunta de Galicia). EB was supported by The Health Department of The Basque Country Government (BOPV, 17 Jul 2008, p.16983). ; Peer reviewed