Suchergebnisse

We consider optimal monetary and fiscal policies in a New Keynesian model of a small open economy with sticky prices and wages. In this benchmark setting monetary policy is all we need - analytical results demonstrate that variations in government spending should play no role in the stabilization of shocks. In extensions we show, firstly, that this is even true when allowing for inflation inertia through backward-looking rule-of-thumb price and wage-setting, as long as there in no discrepancy between the private and social evaluation of the marginal rate of substitution between consumption and leisure. Secondly, the optimal neutrality of government spending is robust to the issuance of public debt. In the presence of debt government spending will deviate from the optimal steady-state but only to the extent required to cover the deficit, not to provide any additional macroeconomic stabilization. However, unlike government spending variations in tax rates can play a complementary role to monetary policy, as they change relative prices rather than demand.

The text provides a political reading of Shakespeare?s Macbeth, claiming that
the play is responding to the curious connection between witchcraft and
state power in the preceding century, as well as contemporary political
events. Namely, practices variously labeled as witchcraft, magic, conjuring
were an integral aspect of English politics and struggles over royal
succession in the sixteenth century; even more so were the witch hunts and
attempts by British monarchs to control witchcraft. These issues reached a
head with the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne in
1603, and the Gunpowder Plot in 1605. On the surface, Shakespeare?s play,
written in the immediate aftermath of the failed attempt at regicide, brings
these historical and political issues together in an effort to legitimize
James? rule. However, the article shows that a closer look reveals a more
complicated, indeed subversive undercurrent at play. Paradoxically, while
Macbeth does provide James with legitimacy, at the same time it calls into
question the grounds of that legitimacy.

The impact of marriage in the property rights of spouses has been recognized since Roman law and nowadays remains a principle well established under each European legal system. Under Kosovo law, marriage creates different legal consequences between spouses including for their property rights. The current property regime of spouses under the Law on Family establishes rules on individual ownership and joint ownership. However, it does not recognise the contract for the regulation of the property regime of spouses. This has created problems with regard to the separation of the property after the marriage ceases. Contrary to this, under Kosovo Draft Civil Code – Book 4 on Family, the property regime of the spouses has advanced including for the recognition of premarital and marital contracts. This paper discusses questions arising from the relationship between spouses that have an effect on property and are treated from a current law perspective and in line with the civil law codification that is occurring in Kosovo.

Abstract
Professions such as doctors and lawyers often enjoy some degree of self-regulation, i.e. they can set the codes of conduct in the market and even determine the rules for joining the profession. We address the problem of the optimal scope of self-regulation. Specifically, we model a profession that can decide about the quality of the service, and we examine if the profession should also be allowed to determine the number of suppliers. We assume that a larger number of professionals reduce the fixed cost of providing quality, and hence the motive to restrict entry is mitigated. Nonetheless, we find that for well-behaved fixed costs functions, the size of the profession preferred by the professionals is smaller than the socially optimal one. Still, if the only alternative to self-regulation is free entry to the profession, then self-regulation is the preferable regime. These findings are relevant for the services that are difficult to substitute by the services produced outside the profession.

Das Bundesverfassungsgericht ist bei der Ermittlung und Feststellung von entscheidungserheblichen Tatsachen prozessualen Regeln unterworfen. Diese Regeln wurden in der Wissenschaft bisher nur rudimentär behandelt, was v. a. daran liegen dürfte, dass das Gericht höchst selten »klassisch« Beweis erhebt. -- Ungeachtet dessen kommt dem Gericht in nahezu jedem Verfahren die Aufgabe der Rechtsanwendung auf einen spezifischen Sachverhalt zu und es entscheidet über diesen Sachverhalt unter den jeweiligen rechtlichen Vorzeichen in erster (und letzter) Instanz. Das Gericht uss somit eigene Tatsachenfeststellungen treffen, will es das Recht im konkreten Fall zutreffend anwenden. -- Die vorliegende Grundlagenarbeit widmet sich der Analyse und Entwicklung des dabei zwingend zu wahrenden verfassungsprozessualen Beweisrechts. Beleuchtet werden u. a. die Beweisbedürftigkeit entscheidungserheblicher Tatsachen, bestehende Mitwirkungslasten Dritter, das Beweiserhebungsverfahren sowie Fragen der Beweiswürdigung. / »The Law of Evidence in the Proceedings Before the German Federal Constitutional Court« -- In almost every legal proceeding before the German Federal Constitutional Court, the Court has to apply law to the specific facts of the case. At the same time, these facts are assessed by the Court »at first instance«. Therefore, the Court itself has to take evidence in order to speak justice. -- The present work is dedicated to the analysis and development of the procedural rules binding the German Federal Constitutional Court with regard to taking evidence.

The article discusses the problem of using multiple choice tests as a means of formative assessment. As a rule, this type of assessing materials is correlated with summarising assessment; however, as the analysis of theoretical sources has shown, the use of multiple choice tests for training allows us to realise the goals of formative assessment. During the study, the main aspects of the use of multiple choice tests in the course of assessment of learning and in the course of assessment for learning were compared, after which the requirements for multiple choice tests for formative assessment were formulated. The identification of the specific characteristics of the use of multiple choice tests for formative assessment allowed us to specify the methods of using tests at different stages of educational process. Based on the results of the study, recommendations for teachers on the development and use of multiple choice tests for assessment for learning are proposed.

This study deals with the fate of the only three Czech royal towns, which during the protracted confl ict over the Czech throne (1468–1479) declared themselves under the auspices of the Hungarian ruler Mathias Corvinus (České Budějovice, Pilsen), or had his authority under the title of King of Bohemia (from May 1469) successfully applied over them (Cheb). It reveals the motives for their leaning to the side of Mattias Corvinus and analyses their positions as military powers and, to a lesser extent, intelligence centres, deals with the changes in the holdings of real estate property in the towns in the course of Corvinus's reign, and shows the compositions of the town councils, their eff orts to maintain independent political approaches (especially in the case of Cheb) and the development of their relations with the military command of the city. Attention is also paid to the ecclesiastical administration and cultural level of these municipalities during Matthias's reign.

The article describes one of the possible methods for a generalized assessment of the state of the service sector in the regions, based on the use of the principal component method. For calculations, a matrix was formed that included indicators characterizing the state or level of development of the service sector in the country's regions from 2005 to 2018. Based on the results of the component analysis, 7 main components were identified whose statistical indicators for the highest factor loads allowed them to be correctly interpreted into generalized indicators. According to the normalized values of these indicators, five groups of regions from regions with low to regions with a high level of development of the service sector were identified according to a certain rule. The calculations made it possible to draw a conclusion about the average level of development of the service sector as a whole throughout the country on a Russian scale. The place and level of development of services in the Altai Territory is described in detail.

Das für eine schnellere Regulierung des europäischen Wertpapiersektors entwickelte und alsbald auf den ganzen Finanzdienstleistungssektor angewandte Lamfalussyverfahren ist ein mehrstufiger Rechtsetzungs- und Konkretisierungsprozess. Im Zuge der Finanzkrise und der Reform der Europäischen Verträge in Lissabon wurde Lamfalussy weiterentwickelt. Im Rahmen des Verfahrens unterstützen die Kommission und die europäischen Aufsichtsbehörden den Gesetzgeber mithilfe der ihnen hierzu verliehenen Befugnisse durch den Erlass von Durchführungsmaßnahmen und Verlautbarungen. Aufbauend auf der Untersuchung des historischen Kontextes von Lamfalussy systematisiert der Autor die zahlreichen Maßnahmen von Kommission und Behörden und klärt deren dogmatischen Hintergrund. Ebenso wird die inhaltliche Grenze der verschiedenen Rechtsetzungsinstrumente aufgezeigt. Diese ist allerdings nur im Falle der delegierten Rechtsetzung der vom europäischen Gesetzgeber entwickelte Wesentlichkeitsvorbehalt. / »The Limits to the Efficiency of Legislative Instruments of the European Commission and ESMA as Actors in the Lamfalussy Procedure« -- The study analyses what measures the European Commission can adopt in delegated and implementing acts on level 2 of the Lamfalussy regulatory approach. It also scrutinizes the possible content of public statements by the ESMA on the subsequent level. The author shows that the numerous measures can be systematized and that they follow a dogmatic pattern. The possibility to set rules finds its limits in the barrier of essentiality only in regards to delegated legislation.

This research departs from Indonesia's policy and practice on the submarine tailings disposal system, in which there is a legal vacuum in Indonesia legal system. However, Indonesia is part of UNCLOS 1982, which obliged to conform their rules with the regulation in the convention, especially on the protection of the marine environment. This research aims are to examine the current Indonesia's policy and compare it with American and Canadian policies. To visualize the above objective, this research applies normative-empiric legal research, which emphasizes its analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. All collected legal materials are classified, categorized, analyzed and constructed as well as developed through analytical prescriptive elaboration. The utilization of the marine area as a medium of submarine tailing disposal system could be categorized as a land-based source of marine pollution. As one of the biggest archipelago states in the world, Indonesia should have a strict regulation on submarine tailings disposal to prevent the past failure of the system in Buyat Bay, North Sulawesi.

Minimal discussion of foreign policy during the US presidential campaign has left President-elect Joe Biden pinned to very few specific foreign policy positions and given him great flexibility in carrying out his program. He would probably prefer to avoid confrontation with Turkey; in fact, he will likely explore areas of potential US‑Turkish cooperation, especially against Russia. However, Biden's core positions on human rights and rule of law, his long-time focus on Aegean and Eastern Mediter­ranean issues, and his seeming inclination to continue to fight ISIS in cooperation with the Syrian-Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG) militia - deemed "terrorists" by Ankara - probably augur deepening difficulties in US-Turkish ties. Down the line, a make-or-break decision on the future of US-Turkish ties will likely hinge on the Biden Administration's assessment of Turkish-Russian relations. Europe may have an important say on Biden's Turkish policy; a senior Biden adviser has said the new president will coordinate his approach to Turkey with the European Union. (author's abstract)

Pandemic violence and criminality are anathema to a democratic society. And yet, in Latin America, both operate side by side. Illicit activity has propagated precisely because the democratic states of the region have been ineffective at establishing and maintaining the rule of law via public security mechanisms like the police. This ineffectiveness has significant consequences for public support of police forces. Hence, an important question for students of state-building and democratisation is: What factors explain public perceptions of the police? We argue that police forces that are local and unprofessional will be less trusted and viewed as less effective than their more centralised and professional counterparts of state and federal police. In short, we find that centralisation and professionalisation mitigate the impact of crime victimisation and police corruption on the public opinion of the police in Mexico. These findings are drawn from an analysis of the National Survey of Victimisation and Perceptions of Public Security (ENVIPE) in Mexico for 2012 and 2018.

EU-GCC relations started thirty years ago, but proceeded very slowly. After the first agreement between the two institutions in 1998, the EU transformed, the GCC slowly changed, the international system dramatically converted and rules between two parties were amended by the ENP of the EU. Although both sides need each other, obstinate policies caused cessation of relations several times. According to some scholars, the GCC is becoming a periphery region for them, however the GCC still needs the EU as a first market in total trade. Bilateralism, cultural differences, the GCC's loose integration and lack of EU leverage in the Gulf could be lined up as some reasons for the non-progressive relations. Recent developments such as Trump's election, Brexit, the Qatar crisis, 5+1 Iran Nuclear Deal and Russia's growing interest to the Gulf are affecting EU-GCC relations negatively. In this study, historical and recent developments and their effects on the EU-GCC relations were examined; and lastly some alternative solutions are discussed.

Hanushek et al (2015, 'Returns to Skills Around the World: Evidence from PIAAC', European Economic Review 73: 103) find a weak wage–skill relationship in countries with limited skill reward possibilities due to high union density, strict employment protection, and large public sector. If these factors also restrict employment possibilities and the incentives to join the labor market, a possible mirror image of the weak wage–skill relationship is a steeper employment–skill gradient. We use PIAAC data to estimate the employment–skill association, and the results for the whole sample of individuals give some indication that the employment–skill gradient is steeper in countries with strict employment rules and centralized bargaining. Our results for subgroups show imprecisely estimated employment–skill gradients for immigrants. For individuals with poor health conditions and low formal education, the estimated gradient is somewhat higher than in the whole sample in countries with high bargaining coverage, a large public sector, and centralized collective bargaining systems.

Abstract
Competition law is increasingly international in its scope and application. Today, over 130 jurisdictions have competition law. Although most competition laws are national in scope and no formalized competition law-related rules apply globally, international norms for competition law have been created and fostered. These norms largely reflect the perspectives and approaches of the USA, European Union and developed countries more generally. However, developing countries now constitute the majority of competition law jurisdictions, and Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa – which all have competition laws – have risen as important economic powers. Whether and how these changing global dynamics will impact international competition law norms is an important issue that remains under-explored. This article considers this question by examining China and its competition law. It examines the extent to which China has adopted and incorporated international norms into its competition law and evaluates whether China's approach to, and understanding of, competition law might challenge or change the development of international competition law norms in the future.