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This paper was prepared for the 35th IARIW General Conference [Copenhagen ‐ Denmark, 20‐25/8/2018] ; Unconditional basic income is not a new topic in political economy, and it gains new momentum as more and more research is being devoted to it. The discussion focusses on the adequacy and effects such a policy measure may entail for a person and his socio‐economic situation, usually. Object of investigation is the individual, and the corresponding theory is of microeconomic descent. In this paper, in contrast, we develop a method of how to assess feasibility and consequences of an unconditional basic income for a modern, open economy, on the macroeconomic level, using concepts and statistics of a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) as our main tool. A SAM‐based approach can measure, and perhaps model, the impact on the economic activity of a country, and on its economic institutions of new policy measures such as introducing an unconditional basic income. The economic activity of a country is expressed in monetary flows as registered in the National Accounts. So their underlying principles and definitions are adopted. However, the habitual way of putting an economy into a sequence of institutional accounts connecting each institution's income to the cost, ‐ similar to business accounting ‐ reveals only one, namely the inner‐institutional half of the economic circuit. The other, outer half, namely, how the costs of one institution generate income for another one is better captured by the format of a Social Accounting Matrix. In the paper, the impact of an unconditional basic income is quantified, for macroeconomic aggregates of institutional sectors and socio‐economic groups of households, taking the German and the Portuguese economies as examples. Purpose of the paper is not to argue for, or against, an unconditional basic income, but to offer a scientific tool with which to calculate and assess possibilities and consequences of the proposal, for a national economy as a whole. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

BACKGROUND: The magnitude of intimate partner violence (IPV) in young women is a source of increasing concern. The prevalence of IPV has not been analysed in Europe as a whole. The objective was to assess the prevalence and main characteristics of experiencing physical and/or sexual and psychological-only IPV among young women in the European Union and to identify individual and contextual associated risk factors. METHODS: We analysed a cross-sectional subsample of 5976 ever-partnered women aged 18-29 years from the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights Violence Against Women Survey, 2012. The main outcomes were current physical and/or sexual IPV and lifetime psychological-only IPV. Risk factors were assessed by the prevalence ratio (PR) from multilevel Poisson regression models. RESULTS: Current prevalence of physical and/or sexual IPV was 6.1%, lifetime prevalence of psychological-only IPV was 28.7%. Having suffered physical and/or sexual abuse by an adult before age 15 was the strongest risk factor for IPV (PR: 2.9 for physical and/or sexual IPV, PR: 1.5 for psychological-only IPV). Other individual risk factors were: perceived major difficulties in living within their household income (PR: 2.6), having children (PR: 1.8) and age 18-24 years (PR: 1.5) for physical/sexual IPV and immigration background for psychological-only IPV (PR: 1.4). Living in countries with a higher prevalence of binge drinking or early school dropout was positively associated with IPV. CONCLUSIONS: Findings show that the fight against violence in young women should consider individual characteristics, childhood experiences of abuse and also structural interventions including reduction of alcohol consumption and improvement in the education-related indicators. ; This paper was partially supported by the ISCIII Network on Addictive Disorders (Networks for Cooperative Research in the Carlos III Health Institute) (grant numbers RD16/0017/0013 and RD12/0028/0018). ; SI

Forest degradation and forest loss threaten the survival of many species and reduce the ability of forests to provide vital services. Clearing for agriculture in Angola is an important driver of forest degradation and deforestation. Charcoal production for urban consumption as a driver of forest degradation has had alarming impacts on natural forests, as well as on the social and economic livelihood of the rural population. The charcoal impact on forest cover change is in the same order of magnitude as deforestation caused by agricultural expansion. However, there is a need to monitor the linkage between charcoal production and forest degradation. The aim of this paper is to investigate the sequence of the charcoal value chain as a systematic key to identify policies to reduce forest degradation in the province of Bié ; . It is a detailed study of the charcoal value chain that does not stop on the production and the consumption side. The primary data of this study came from 330 respondents obtained through different methods (semi-structured questionnaire survey and market observation conducted in June to September 2013&ndash ; 2014). A logistic regression (logit) model in IBM SPSS Statistics 24 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA) was used to analyze the factors influencing the decision of the households to use charcoal for domestic purposes. The finding indicates that 21 to 27 thousand hectares were degraded due to charcoal production. By describing the chain of charcoal, it was possible to access the driving factors for charcoal production and to obtain the first-time overview flow of charcoal from producers to consumers in Bié ; province. The demand for charcoal in this province is more likely to remain strong if government policies do not aim to employ alternative sources of domestic energy.

BACKGROUND: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) requires health financing systems that provide prepaid pooled resources for key health services without placing undue financial stress on households. Understanding current and future trajectories of health financing is vital for progress towards UHC. We used historical health financing data for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015 to estimate future scenarios of health spending and pooled health spending through to 2040. METHODS: We extracted historical data on gross domestic product (GDP) and health spending for 188 countries from 1995 to 2015, and projected annual GDP, development assistance for health, and government, out-of-pocket, and prepaid private health spending from 2015 through to 2040 as a reference scenario. These estimates were generated using an ensemble of models that varied key demographic and socioeconomic determinants. We generated better and worse alternative future scenarios based on the global distribution of historic health spending growth rates. Last, we used stochastic frontier analysis to investigate the association between pooled health resources and UHC index, a measure of a country's UHC service coverage. Finally, we estimated future UHC performance and the number of people covered under the three future scenarios. FINDINGS: In the reference scenario, global health spending was projected to increase from US$10 trillion (95% uncertainty interval 10 trillion to 10 trillion) in 2015 to $20 trillion (18 trillion to 22 trillion) in 2040. Per capita health spending was projected to increase fastest in upper-middle-income countries, at 4·2% (3·4-5·1) per year, followed by lower-middle-income countries (4·0%, 3·6-4·5) and low-income countries (2·2%, 1·7-2·8). Despite global growth, per capita health spending was projected to range from only $40 (24-65) to $413 (263-668) in 2040 in low-income countries, and from $140 (90-200) to $1699 (711-3423) in lower-middle-income countries. Globally, the share of health spending covered by pooled resources ...

The choice of economic policy instruments to ensure economic growth is one of the important problems of the country. The purpose of the article is to analyze and characterize the interconnection of income, inflation and aggregate demand in the Russian economy and at the regional level in order to increase the effectiveness of the state's economic policy. We show the contradictory causes of demand-pull inflation and cost-push inflation, as well as anti-inflationary measures aimed at overcoming them. The hypothesis is that the decline in inflation results from tight monetary policy and the use of monetary measures. The decline in inflation have negative effect associated with a reduction in aggregate demand in the economy, a slowdown in economic development or decline in production, a decrease in investment and innovation activity in the country, a decrease in real incomes. Based on the analysis of tabulated models, we have determined functional dependencies between changes in household incomes, inflation and aggregate demand. We have revealed that there was no unambiguous correlation between the money incomes of the population, investments, government spending and changes in the level of inflation in Russia. Moreover, the increase in total spending was more often accompanied by a decrease in inflation than by the development of inflation processes. We have concluded that the transition to the state policy of stimulation of cumulative demand is appropriate. The results of the research can be used when developing the state economic policy and regional programs aimed at ensuring the economic development of territorial subjects of the Russian Federation. © 2018 Institute of Economics Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. ; Проанализирована взаимосвязь доходов, инфляции и совокупного спроса в российской экономике и на региональном уровне. Показана противоречивость причин инфляции спроса и издержек и антиинфляционных мер, направленных на их преодоление.

Parenting programs are a promising approach to improving family well-being. For families to benefit, programs need to be able to engage families actively in the interventions. Studies in high-income countries show varying results regarding whether more disadvantaged families are equally engaged in parenting interventions. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), almost nothing is known about the patterns of participation in parent training. This paper examines group session attendance and engagement data from 270 high-risk families enrolled in the intervention arm of a cluster-randomized controlled trial in South Africa. The trial evaluated a 14-week parenting intervention aiming to improve parenting and reduce maltreatment by caregivers. The intervention was delivered in 20 groups, one per study cluster, with 8 to 16 families each. Overall, caregivers attended 50% of group sessions and children, 64%. Using linear multilevel models with Kenward-Roger correction, we examined child and caregiver baseline characteristics as predictors of their attendance and engagement in the group sessions. Variables examined as predictors included measures of economic, educational, and social and health barriers and resources, as well as family problems and sociodemographic characteristics. Overall, the study yielded no evidence that the level of stressors, such as poverty, was related to attendance and engagement. Notably, children from overcrowded households attended on average 1.2 more sessions than their peers. Our findings suggest it is possible to engage highly disadvantaged families that face multiple challenges in parenting interventions in LMICs. However, some barriers such as scheduling, and alcohol and substance use, remain relevant. ; Research was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013, grant agreement 313421), UNICEF Innocenti Office of Research, Leverhulme Trust (grant number PLP-2014-095), University of Oxford's ESRC Impact Acceleration Account (K1311-KEA-004; 1602-KEA-189), and the John Fell Fund (103/757). I was supported by Cambridge Commonwealth, European & International Trust and Additional Insights 2016-2017 Fellowship.

Abstract. Implementation of Poverty Matriculation Mitigation (PK2) Program in Kaibon Village, Geger Sub-district, Madiun District is a model of pilot activity in the framework of testing the process and the result of the activity so that it can be known the level of effectiveness and improvement efforts on the implementation of programs or activities that are larger and spacious. The objectives of community service at Jalin Matra PK2 Program in Kaibon Village are: (a) To encourage vulnerable villagers of Kaibon Village to be able to overcome their own vulnerability based on local social-economic potential in their village; (b) Encourage the vulnerable community of Kaibon Village to conduct productive economic activities based on the local socio-economic potential of the village, and (c) Encouraging the growth and development of Kaibon Village to be able to manage community empowerment activities, poverty alleviation and village economics. The target of community devotion of Jalin Matra Penanggulangan PK2 Program in Kaibon Village is target household (RTS) of PK2 beneficiaries and BUMDDa Kaibon village PK2 aid managers whose value is Rp. 100,000,000 received by East Java Provincial Government in 2016 through Jalin Matra Program. The selected target audience is the member of BUMDesa and the Beneficiary of Jalin Matra PK2 of Kaibon Village, Geger Sub-district, Madiun Regency, amounting to 17 people. The dedication to beneficiaries PK2 and BUMDDa Kaibon Jalin Matra beneficiaries include (1) Training Accounting to BUMDesa Kaibon as a fund manager of Jalin Matra PK2 Rp. 100.000.000, - (2) Entrepreneurship training for PK2 loan beneficiaries in Kaibon village, and (3) Submission of marketing technique of PK2 Program recipient business in Kaibon Village, Geger District, Madiun District. The result of Community Service at Jalin Matra PK2 Program in Kaibon Village is the training activity was held on 22 September 2017 at 15.30 WIB, located in Kaibon Village, Geger Sub-district, Madiun Regency. Participants of the training ...

The study assessed the resource use efficiency of groundnut farmers in Bekwara Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to; describe the socio-economic characteristics of groundnut farmers, determine the cost and returns of groundnut production, determine the technical efficiency of groundnut farmers, identify the socio-economic factors influencing technical efficiency of groundnut production. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select groundnut farmers in the area. Data were obtained using a set of structuredquestionnaire. Descriptive, gross margin analysis and stochastic frontier were used for data analyses. Result from the study showed that majority (51.02%) of the respondents fall within age ranged of 31 – 40 years, with a mean age of 34 years. Females dominated groundnut production, 67.4% were married, 89.9% had family sizes of 1-10 persons per households, 94.9% had one form of education or the other. The result further shows that majority (79.60%) had 6 – 11 years of farming experience, 58% had farm sizes of between 1 – 1.5 hectares. The gross margin analysis shows that groundnut production was a profitable business with a gross margin and net farm income of ₦338, 019.249 and ₦330, 407.51 respectively. The result also revealed that quantity of seed used and farm size had positive and significant relationship with groundnut production. The mean technical efficiency was 0.97 with minimum and maximum efficiencies of 0.85 and 0.99. The inefficiency model showed that educational level, membership to co-operative, access to credit and the amount received were the significant variables that increased the technical efficiency of the respondents. It is recommended that policies by the government and non-governmental agencies should be geared towards encouraging farmers' education on farm management practices so that they would be able to allocate production resources more efficiently especially agrochemicals for optimum yield.Keywords: Groundnut farmers, Resource efficiency, technical efficiency, inefficiency

IntroductionHealth and demographic surveillance systems (HDSS) have been an invaluable resource for monitoring the health status of populations, but often contain self-reported health service utilisation, which are subject to reporting bias.
ObjectivesTo implement point-of-contact interactive record linkage (PIRL) between demographic and health facility systems data, characterise attributes associated with (un)successful record linkage, and compare findings with a fully automated retrospective linkage approach.
MethodsIndividuals visiting the Kisesa Health Centre were matched to their HDSS records during a short uptake interview in the waiting area of the health facility. The search algorithm was used to rank potential matches, from which the true match(es) were selected after consultation with the patient. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify characteristics associated with being matched to an HDSS record. Records matched based on respondent's clarifications were subsequently used as the gold-standard to evaluate fully automated retrospective record linkage by calculating sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV).
ResultsAmong 2,624 individuals who reportedly lived in the HDSS coverage area, we matched 2,206 (84.1%) to their HDSS records. Characteristics associated with a higher odds of being matched were increased age (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.02, 1.12; per 5-year increment), a later consent into the study (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.37, 3.12; in the most recent six-month period), and fieldworker level of experience. The main drivers of the linkage algorithm were name, sex, year of birth, village, sub-village, and household member name. At the lowest match score threshold, automated retrospective linkage would have only correctly identified and linked 55% (1440/2612) of the records with a PPV of 55% (1440/2612).
ConclusionWhere resources are available, PIRL is a viable approach to link HDSS and other administrative data sources that outperforms purely retrospective approaches.

SummaryEarly sexual debut is of major concern because it is a correlate for health and economic shocks experienced in adulthood. In South Africa, this concern has provided impetus for research directed at the HIV and AIDS epidemic, teenage pregnancy and the effect of adolescent sexual behaviour on persistence in school. Of interest to the present study is high school completion, which is a well-established empirical barometer of adult socioeconomic opportunities. Using data from the five waves of the Cape Area Panel Study (CAPS), this paper examines the association between sexual behaviours initiated in pre- and early adolescence and high school completion rates. The CAPS study is a longitudinal survey that was designed to investigate young people's (aged 14–22 years) educational attainment and sexual behaviours in Cape Town, South Africa. The sample was constituted from 3213 individuals who had initiated sex during their teenage years and the analysis was undertaken when the youngest cohort was aged 21, an age at which they should have completed high school if they were on time. Logistic regression models were fitted separately for males and females. Overall, the results reveal that early sexual debut is correlated with long-term negative educational outcomes. Individuals who experience early sexual debut are less likely to complete high school than their counterparts who make their sexual debut later on in life. This effect is worse for Africans, who also disproportionately have an earlier sexual debut than other race groups. Apart from race however, the findings also reinforce the effect of other demographic factors on high school completion, namely, place of residence and family socioeconomic status as measured by parental education and household income. Hence, early sexual debut adds another layer of inequality and worsens the plight of Africans, females, those living in rural areas and those who come from low-income families.

Introduction Zimbabwe is still burdened with HIV epidemic and the government has an ambitious aim in the post-2015 era to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. To achieve this, the government has set up the 90-90-90 strategic milestones to be achieved by 2020. It is daunting task to increase HIV testing uptake from current estimate of 56%to 90% to meet these targets. The current government's initiative requires an understanding of determinants of HIV testing. Objectives The specific objectives of this study are to: (i) identify the individual and community-level determinants of HIV testing, focussing on predisposing, enabling and perceived need factors (PREP); and (ii) establish gender differences. Material and Methods We applied multilevel logistic regression models to nationally-representative samples of 17,797women and 14,587 men from the 2005/6 and 2010/11 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the determinants of HIV testing. Results HIV testing uptake increased significantly between 2005/6 and 2010/11, especially for women (females OR=5.60; males OR=2.57). Most PREP factors associated with HIV testing are largely consistent with patterns in Southern Africa (e.g. higher uptake by women and those who are wealthier), but unique patterns have also emerged. In particular, results reveal important gender differences: rural residence is associated with lower uptake of HIV testing for women (OR=0.74) but higher for men (OR=1.16); community wealth is a more important factor in enabling HIV testing than household wealth for women, but the converse is true for men; and individual-level, rather than community-level stigma is important for women, while for men, it is community-level stigma that is important. Conclusion Observed gender disparities in determinants of HIV testing calls for gender specific response. Couple-oriented HIV counselling and testing services where men accompany their spouse to HIV screening during pregnancy may help increase HIV testing uptake for males and reduce gender disparities.

International audience ; Paraguay, like other countries in the region, is part of a scheme of services and services of "stratified universalism" (Filgueira, 1997): access to different types of social protection benefits is determined by the type of insertion of workers to the labor market. This model has to face new risks such as the increase of unemployment, occupational instability, informality and labor precariousness and challenges in relation to the incorporation of women into the labor market. In this context, there is a significant inequity in access to social protection between formal workers and informal workers and the unemployed. Maternity leave is a clear example of the benefits of social protection, which show the asymmetries in access that arise from the determinants of the labor market. First, these licenses are essential for child development. Secondly, the differences in length between maternity and paternity leave contribute to gender discrimination in the labor market. Third, they are a paradigmatic example of the policies needed to reconcile productive and reproductive lives. In the last decade the rate of activity of women has increased considerably, and when considering a variant as "household chores" it can be noted that women's activity rates vary from 60.1% to 80.5% while that of men is maintained without variant, which can be inferred that domestic activities are almost exclusively developed by women. ; Paraguay, se enmarca en un esquema de prestaciones y servicios de "universalismo estratificado" (Filgueira, 1997): el acceso a los distintos tipos de prestaciones de la protección social está determinado por el tipo de inserción de los trabajadores al mercado laboral. Este modelo tiene que enfrentar hoy nuevos riesgos tales como, el aumento del desempleo, inestabilidad ocupacional, informalidad y precariedad laboral y desafíos con relación a la incorporación de la mujer al mercado laboral. En este contexto, existe una importante inequidad en el acceso a la protección social entre los ...

Since colonization, West African transport corridors drew an economic dependence on space towards global market. Massive imports of manufactured goods are not balanced by the export of raw materials. The African market is not yet the market for Africans and this generally hampers territorial development. In the transport corridor between Ouagadougou and Accra, in West Africa, the challenges of regional integration and food security are crystallizing in the staple food circuits. The exchanges that take place there regulate the mobility of foodstuffs between places. In the space constituted by Burkina Faso and Ghana, characterized by an ecological gradient between the Sahel and the coast that strongly differentiates agricultural potentialities, the thesis puts these challenges in perspective with territorial development. She analyzes the inclusive potential of merchant staple food circuits through the example of yam, maize and cowpea in the corridor that connects Ouagadougou to Accra. After analyzing the transactional practices of these circuits based on surveys carried out with traders and transporters in the field, we simulate potential exchanges using a gravity model based on data relating to production, commerce, and consumption, but also to road accessibility of space. Between food availability and household demand, locating these exchanges and their paths questions the articulation of the food trade scales and the complementarity of places and activities with regard to the links between agriculture, trade and transport identified as carriers of spatially inclusive development. In a context of secondary cities, margins and borders, our approach explores the spatial interactions between surplus and deficit areas in order to propose technical recommendations with operational and political scope to contribute to the reflection on regional integration and security food. ; Depuis la colonisation, les corridors de transport ouest-africains ont inscrit dans l'espace une dépendance économique pénalisante vis à vis de ...

Since colonization, West African transport corridors drew an economic dependence on space towards gobalized market. Massive imports of manufactured goods are not yet balanced by the export of raw materials. The African market is not yet a market for Africans and this generally hampers territorial development. In the transport corridor between Ouagadougou and Accra, in West Africa, the challenges of regional integration and food security are crystallizing in the staple food circuits. The exchanges taking place there regulate the mobility of foodstuffs between places. In the space constituted by Burkina Faso and Ghana, characterized by an ecological gradient between the Sahel and the coast that strongly differentiates agricultural potentialities, the thesis puts these challenges in perspective with territorial development. We analyze the inclusive potential of merchant staple food circuits through the example of yam, maize and cowpea in the corridor that connects Ouagadougou to Accra. After analyzing the transactional practices of these circuits based on surveys carried out with traders and transporters in the field, we simulate potential exchanges using a gravity model. We use for this data relating to production, trade and consumption and we assess spatial accessibility through localized road data. Between food availability and household demand, locating these exchanges and their paths questions the articulation of the food trade scales and the complementarity of places and activities regarding the links between agriculture, trade and transport identified as carriers of spatially inclusive development. In a context of secondary cities, margins and borders, our approach explores the spatial interactions between surplus and deficit areas. Our main goal is to propose technical recommendations with operational and political scope to contribute to the debate on regional integration and food security. ; Depuis la colonisation, les corridors de transport ouest-africains ont créé pour les pays sans littoral une ...

Since colonization, West African transport corridors drew an economic dependence on space towards global market. Massive imports of manufactured goods are not balanced by the export of raw materials. The African market is not yet the market for Africans and this generally hampers territorial development. In the transport corridor between Ouagadougou and Accra, in West Africa, the challenges of regional integration and food security are crystallizing in the staple food circuits. The exchanges that take place there regulate the mobility of foodstuffs between places. In the space constituted by Burkina Faso and Ghana, characterized by an ecological gradient between the Sahel and the coast that strongly differentiates agricultural potentialities, the thesis puts these challenges in perspective with territorial development. She analyzes the inclusive potential of merchant staple food circuits through the example of yam, maize and cowpea in the corridor that connects Ouagadougou to Accra. After analyzing the transactional practices of these circuits based on surveys carried out with traders and transporters in the field, we simulate potential exchanges using a gravity model based on data relating to production, commerce, and consumption, but also to road accessibility of space. Between food availability and household demand, locating these exchanges and their paths questions the articulation of the food trade scales and the complementarity of places and activities with regard to the links between agriculture, trade and transport identified as carriers of spatially inclusive development. In a context of secondary cities, margins and borders, our approach explores the spatial interactions between surplus and deficit areas in order to propose technical recommendations with operational and political scope to contribute to the reflection on regional integration and security food. ; Depuis la colonisation, les corridors de transport ouest-africains ont inscrit dans l'espace une dépendance économique pénalisante vis à vis de ...