Resumen Por lo menos desde 1977, año en que publicó Las armas ideológicas de la muerte (San José, Educa), que recoge parte de sus reflexiones chilenas, Hinkelammert se interesa por la relectura del "fetichismo de la mercancía". Para él lo que Marx pone a la luz a partir de su análisis es que, en el marco de las relaciones contractuales, sucede una inversión de la relación entre los seres humanos y los productos de su trabajo social: lo humano-concreto (el sujeto vivo, corporal y necesitado) queda invisibilizado y subsumido por lo abstracto (la institución mercado). En adelante el mercado decidirá sobre la vida y la muerte de los seres humanos y de la naturaleza, según criterios formal-instrumentales. Para Hinkelammert esto evidencia que la sociedad capitalista genera un mundo espiritual habitado por seres abstractos y poderosos, dioses de una extraña religión profana, que gobiernan la vida humana; en ese reino celestial el mercado es la divinidad suprema. Lo que llamamos "secularización" de las sociedades modernas no equivale, entonces, al desplazamiento de la religiosidad humana por el predominio de la razón, sino a la suplantación de los dioses trascendentes de las sociedades pre-modernas por otros inmanentes y seculares. Ese mecanismo es analizado años después por Hinkelammert en diversos espacios de la creatividad humana, de los cuales en esta conferencia se analizan dos: las representaciones de mecanismos perfectos en las ciencias modernas y las utopías en el pensamiento político occidental. Hinkelammert demuestra los peligros inherentes a estos instrumentos abstractos ?desarrollados por el ser humano para desplegar todas sus potencialidades y alcanzar formas más plenas y dignas de organización social?, que tienen lugar si se olvida su papel subsidiario respecto de la reproducción de la vida de todos y todas, incluida la naturaleza. Probablemente nunca los seres humanos dejarán de arrodillarse ante los productos de su imaginación, ya sea que estén revestidos de carácter trascendente o inmanente. Pero lo verdaderamente importante no es dejar de proyectar estos fantasmas, sino afirmar frente a todos ellos, siempre, la anterioridad y primacía del ser humano como sujeto vivo, corporal, natural y social, en definitiva, necesitado de los otros y de la naturaleza. Palabras Claves: Secularización, divinidades profanas, fetichismo, mecanismos de funcionamiento perfecto, utopías. Abstract At least since 1977, when he published "The Ideological Weapons Of Death: A Theological Critique Of Capitalism" (San Jose, Educa), which includes part of his Chilean reflections, Hinkelammert was interested in reinterpretation of "commodity? fetishism." For him, what Marx do from his analysis is that , in the context of contractual relations, it happens an inversion of relationship between human beings and the products of their social work: the human - specific (the subject live , body and needy ) is invisible and subsumed by the abstract ( the institution market). Thereafter the market will decide about life and death of human beings and nature, according to formal-instrumentals criteria. For Hinkelammert this demonstrate that the capitalist society generates a spirit world lived by abstract and powerful beings, gods of a strange profane religion, that govern the human life; in that celestial kingdom the market is the supreme divinity. What we call "secularization" of the modern societies is not equivalent, then, of the displacement of human religiosity by the predominance of the reason, but it is equivalent to the impersonation of transcendent gods of the other pre- modern immanent and secular societies. This mechanism is analyzed years later by Hinkelammert in diverse areas of human creativity, of which in this conference two are discussed: the representations of perfect mechanisms in modern science and utopias in Western political thought. Hinkelammert demonstrates the dangers inherent in these instruments abstract - developed by the human to deploy all his potentials and reach fuller and worthy forms of social organization, which happen if the subsidiary role forgets about the life reproduction of all, including nature. Humans probably will never stop kneeling before the products of their imagination, whether they are covered with transcendent or immanent character. But the important thing is not to stop projecting these ghosts, but affirm against all of them, always, the precedence and primacy of the human being as a living, physical, natural and social subject , needed from others and from the nature. Keywords: Secularization, profane deities, fetish, perfect operation mechanisms, utopias.
Resumen Por lo menos desde 1977, año en que publicó Las armas ideológicas de la muerte (San José, Educa), que recoge parte de sus reflexiones chilenas, Hinkelammert se interesa por la relectura del "fetichismo de la mercancía". Para él lo que Marx pone a la luz a partir de su análisis es que, en el marco de las relaciones contractuales, sucede una inversión de la relación entre los seres humanos y los productos de su trabajo social: lo humano-concreto (el sujeto vivo, corporal y necesitado) queda invisibilizado y subsumido por lo abstracto (la institución mercado). En adelante el mercado decidirá sobre la vida y la muerte de los seres humanos y de la naturaleza, según criterios formal-instrumentales. Para Hinkelammert esto evidencia que la sociedad capitalista genera un mundo espiritual habitado por seres abstractos y poderosos, dioses de una extraña religión profana, que gobiernan la vida humana; en ese reino celestial el mercado es la divinidad suprema. Lo que llamamos "secularización" de las sociedades modernas no equivale, entonces, al desplazamiento de la religiosidad humana por el predominio de la razón, sino a la suplantación de los dioses trascendentes de las sociedades pre-modernas por otros inmanentes y seculares. Ese mecanismo es analizado años después por Hinkelammert en diversos espacios de la creatividad humana, de los cuales en esta conferencia se analizan dos: las representaciones de mecanismos perfectos en las ciencias modernas y las utopías en el pensamiento político occidental. Hinkelammert demuestra los peligros inherentes a estos instrumentos abstractos ?desarrollados por el ser humano para desplegar todas sus potencialidades y alcanzar formas más plenas y dignas de organización social?, que tienen lugar si se olvida su papel subsidiario respecto de la reproducción de la vida de todos y todas, incluida la naturaleza. Probablemente nunca los seres humanos dejarán de arrodillarse ante los productos de su imaginación, ya sea que estén revestidos de carácter trascendente o inmanente. Pero lo verdaderamente importante no es dejar de proyectar estos fantasmas, sino afirmar frente a todos ellos, siempre, la anterioridad y primacía del ser humano como sujeto vivo, corporal, natural y social, en definitiva, necesitado de los otros y de la naturaleza. Palabras Claves: Secularización, divinidades profanas, fetichismo, mecanismos de funcionamiento perfecto, utopías. Abstract At least since 1977, when he published "The Ideological Weapons Of Death: A Theological Critique Of Capitalism" (San Jose, Educa), which includes part of his Chilean reflections, Hinkelammert was interested in reinterpretation of "commodity? fetishism." For him, what Marx do from his analysis is that , in the context of contractual relations, it happens an inversion of relationship between human beings and the products of their social work: the human - specific (the subject live , body and needy ) is invisible and subsumed by the abstract ( the institution market). Thereafter the market will decide about life and death of human beings and nature, according to formal-instrumentals criteria. For Hinkelammert this demonstrate that the capitalist society generates a spirit world lived by abstract and powerful beings, gods of a strange profane religion, that govern the human life; in that celestial kingdom the market is the supreme divinity. What we call "secularization" of the modern societies is not equivalent, then, of the displacement of human religiosity by the predominance of the reason, but it is equivalent to the impersonation of transcendent gods of the other pre- modern immanent and secular societies. This mechanism is analyzed years later by Hinkelammert in diverse areas of human creativity, of which in this conference two are discussed: the representations of perfect mechanisms in modern science and utopias in Western political thought. Hinkelammert demonstrates the dangers inherent in these instruments abstract - developed by the human to deploy all his potentials and reach fuller and worthy forms of social organization, which happen if the subsidiary role forgets about the life reproduction of all, including nature. Humans probably will never stop kneeling before the products of their imagination, whether they are covered with transcendent or immanent character. But the important thing is not to stop projecting these ghosts, but affirm against all of them, always, the precedence and primacy of the human being as a living, physical, natural and social subject , needed from others and from the nature. Keywords: Secularization, profane deities, fetish, perfect operation mechanisms, utopias.
Resumen Por lo menos desde 1977, año en que publicó Las armas ideológicas de la muerte (San José, Educa), que recoge parte de sus reflexiones chilenas, Hinkelammert se interesa por la relectura del "fetichismo de la mercancía". Para él lo que Marx pone a la luz a partir de su análisis es que, en el marco de las relaciones contractuales, sucede una inversión de la relación entre los seres humanos y los productos de su trabajo social: lo humano-concreto (el sujeto vivo, corporal y necesitado) queda invisibilizado y subsumido por lo abstracto (la institución mercado). En adelante el mercado decidirá sobre la vida y la muerte de los seres humanos y de la naturaleza, según criterios formal-instrumentales. Para Hinkelammert esto evidencia que la sociedad capitalista genera un mundo espiritual habitado por seres abstractos y poderosos, dioses de una extraña religión profana, que gobiernan la vida humana; en ese reino celestial el mercado es la divinidad suprema. Lo que llamamos "secularización" de las sociedades modernas no equivale, entonces, al desplazamiento de la religiosidad humana por el predominio de la razón, sino a la suplantación de los dioses trascendentes de las sociedades pre-modernas por otros inmanentes y seculares. Ese mecanismo es analizado años después por Hinkelammert en diversos espacios de la creatividad humana, de los cuales en esta conferencia se analizan dos: las representaciones de mecanismos perfectos en las ciencias modernas y las utopías en el pensamiento político occidental. Hinkelammert demuestra los peligros inherentes a estos instrumentos abstractos ?desarrollados por el ser humano para desplegar todas sus potencialidades y alcanzar formas más plenas y dignas de organización social?, que tienen lugar si se olvida su papel subsidiario respecto de la reproducción de la vida de todos y todas, incluida la naturaleza. Probablemente nunca los seres humanos dejarán de arrodillarse ante los productos de su imaginación, ya sea que estén revestidos de carácter trascendente o inmanente. Pero lo verdaderamente importante no es dejar de proyectar estos fantasmas, sino afirmar frente a todos ellos, siempre, la anterioridad y primacía del ser humano como sujeto vivo, corporal, natural y social, en definitiva, necesitado de los otros y de la naturaleza. Palabras Claves: Secularización, divinidades profanas, fetichismo, mecanismos de funcionamiento perfecto, utopías. Abstract At least since 1977, when he published "The Ideological Weapons Of Death: A Theological Critique Of Capitalism" (San Jose, Educa), which includes part of his Chilean reflections, Hinkelammert was interested in reinterpretation of "commodity? fetishism." For him, what Marx do from his analysis is that , in the context of contractual relations, it happens an inversion of relationship between human beings and the products of their social work: the human - specific (the subject live , body and needy ) is invisible and subsumed by the abstract ( the institution market). Thereafter the market will decide about life and death of human beings and nature, according to formal-instrumentals criteria. For Hinkelammert this demonstrate that the capitalist society generates a spirit world lived by abstract and powerful beings, gods of a strange profane religion, that govern the human life; in that celestial kingdom the market is the supreme divinity. What we call "secularization" of the modern societies is not equivalent, then, of the displacement of human religiosity by the predominance of the reason, but it is equivalent to the impersonation of transcendent gods of the other pre- modern immanent and secular societies. This mechanism is analyzed years later by Hinkelammert in diverse areas of human creativity, of which in this conference two are discussed: the representations of perfect mechanisms in modern science and utopias in Western political thought. Hinkelammert demonstrates the dangers inherent in these instruments abstract - developed by the human to deploy all his potentials and reach fuller and worthy forms of social organization, which happen if the subsidiary role forgets about the life reproduction of all, including nature. Humans probably will never stop kneeling before the products of their imagination, whether they are covered with transcendent or immanent character. But the important thing is not to stop projecting these ghosts, but affirm against all of them, always, the precedence and primacy of the human being as a living, physical, natural and social subject , needed from others and from the nature. Keywords: Secularization, profane deities, fetish, perfect operation mechanisms, utopias.
Nachhaltige Energieversorgung spielt eine wichtige Rolle für den Klimaschutz. Dabei gehört die Steigerung der Energieeffizienz zu den zentralen Elementen einer Energiewende. Die vorliegende Fallstudie beschäftigt sich intensiv mit einem in der Policy Analyse bisher vernachlässigten Politikfeld: der Energieeffizienzpolitik. In Deutschland wird viel Energie dazu gebraucht, um Gebäude zu heizen. Hier existieren große wirtschaftliche Effizienzpotentiale. Die EU sieht darin eine "Schlüsselrolle" und fordert von ihren Mitgliedstaaten mit der Richtlinie 2002/91/EG Rahmenbedingungen für energieeffizientere Gebäude. Mit Ansätzen der EU-Implementationsforschung und der Politikfeldanalyse untersucht die Arbeit den Implementationsprozess dieser Richtlinie zwischen 2003 und 2010 in Deutschland und beschreibt die formale und praktische Effektivität des Ergebnisses mithilfe neu entwickelter kontextspezifischer Kriterien. Eine detaillierte Prozess-Analyse identifiziert relevante Faktoren, die das politische Ergebnis beeinflusst haben. Formal hat Deutschland die EU-Gebäude-Richtlinie größtenteils implementiert. Doch einige Anforderungen sind verspätet oder unbefriedigend praktisch implementiert worden. Eine wichtige Ursache der Verzögerung waren inhaltliche Differenzen zwischen den politischen Ressorts. An der öffentlichen Debatte beteiligten sich starke Befürworter beider Seiten, die den Prozess zusätzlich beeinflussten. Für den Vollzug der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) sind die Bundesländer zuständig; ihre Kontrolle der energetischen Mindeststandards bei Bestandsgebäuden ist jedoch nicht befriedigend. Es gibt kaum Daten zu der Frage, ob neu gebaute oder sanierte Gebäude den gesetzlichen Anforderungen entsprechen. Ursachen für den mangelhaften Vollzug liegen im Zielkonflikt zwischen ambitionierter Klimaschutzpolitik auf der einen und Bürokratieabbau auf der anderen Seite. Hier war der Bundesrat, der behördliche Stichproben ablehnte, entscheidender Akteur. Die Verzögerungen und die ineffektive praktische Implementation der Richtlinie in Deutschland waren Resultat politischer Auseinandersetzungen. Es gab also keine institutionellen oder administrativen Probleme bei der Implementation im engeren Sinne, wie sie Implementationsdefizite in anderen Fällen erklären. Abschließend werden konkrete Handlungsempfehlungen entwickelt, wie die Bundesregierung eine effektive Implementation der EU-Gebäude-Richtlinie gewährleisten (u.a. bessere formale Implementation des Energieausweises und der Heizungsinspektion sowie effektivere Durchsetzung der EnEV durch Stichprobenkontrollen) und erfolgreich gegen Widerstände von Interessengruppen durchsetzen kann (z.B. indem sie Pro-Effizienz-Interessenkoalitionen stärkt und neben dem Ordnungsrecht auch begleitende Instrumente weiterentwickelt, beispielsweise finanzielle Anreize sowie Information und Beratung, auch um mit dem gängigen Missverständnis aufzuräumen, die EnEV sei freiwillig). ; Sustainable energy supply plays an important role for climate protection. Enhancing energy efficiency is one of the key elements of the proclaimed energy transition. This case study deals with energy efficiency policy, a policy field that has been widely neglected by policy analysis so far. In Germany, much energy is used to heat buildings. Thus, heating of buildings holds a great economic potential for energy efficiency measures. The European Union sees energy efficiency policies related to heating of buildings as "a key factor" in this field. Its Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD, 2002/91/EG) provides a framework demanding more energy efficient buildings in its member states. This study uses approaches of EU implementation research and policy analysis to examine the process of implementation of the EPBD in Germany between 2003 and 2010. New context specific criteria are developed to describe the formal transposition and practical application of this directive. A detailed process analysis identifies relevant factors influencing the political results of its implementation. Formally, Germany has implemented most of the regulations required by the EPBD. However, some requirements have not been implemented in due time. Moreover, in terms of practical implementation, results have not always been satisfying. Important reasons for the delay were factual differences between the departments of the different ministries involved in the process. Strong supporters of both sides took part in the public debate and thus influenced the process further. The responsibility for the enforcement of the German Energy Saving Ordinance (Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV)) is assigned to the federal states. However, their control of minimum energy performance requirements in existing buildings is not satisfactory. Concerning the question of whether or not new or renovated buildings meet legal requirements, very few reliable data sets are available. The deficient enforcement can be explained by a target conflict between ambitioned climate policy on the one hand and the intent to reduce bureaucracy on the other hand. The Bundesrat (the second (federal) parliamentary body of Germany) was a key player, as it opposed random controls by the authorities as an instrument of enforcing compliance with the regulations required by the directive. Late and ineffective practical EPBD implementation measures in Germany were results of political contestation. Therefore, in this case, the implementation deficits cannot be explained by institutional or administrative problems as in other studies of EU implementation research. How should the federal government act to ensure an effective implementation of the EPBD? Concrete recommendations derived from this study suggest organizing a better formal transposition of energy performance certificates and inspection of boilers, plus effective enforcement through random controls by local authorities. In addition, the study provides advice on how to defend these measures in spite of opposition by interest groups: by strengthening pro-energy-efficiency-coalitions and by further developing joining instruments besides regulatory law: like financial incentives, information and consulting. These measures could also help to avoid the misconception that the EnEV was voluntary.
Mit der im Jahre 2000 in Kraft getretenen europäischen Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL) haben erstmals ökonomische Prinzipien, Instrumente und Methoden explizit Eingang in eine umweltpolitische Richtlinie der EU gefunden. Neben dem Einsatz ökonomischer Anreizinstrumente erfordert die WRRL auch die Anwendung prozeduraler ökonomischer Instrumente. Im Falle eines Nicht-Erreichens der definierten Umweltziele innerhalb des gegebenen Zeitrahmens können nämlich nach Art. 4 WRRL Ausnahmetatbestände in Anspruch genommen werden, die über die sog. Unverhältnismäßigkeit von Kosten aus ökonomischer Perspektive auch ökonomische Begründungen in Form von Kosten-Nutzen-Analysen (KNA) einer Verbesserung des Gewässerzustands erfordern. Aus umweltökonomischer Perspektive wird das Potenzial von KNA für die Verbesserung umweltpolitischer Entscheidungsprozesse durch die Erhöhung der Transparenz und Effizienz der Entscheidungsfindung sowie die Integration des (ökonomischen) Wertes von Umweltgütern immer wieder hervorgehoben. Demgegenüber ist jedoch eine vergleichsweise begrenzte Nachfrage nach umweltökonomischen Bewertungen von Seiten der politisch-administrativen Praxis, zumindest in Deutschland, zu verzeichnen, die bislang nicht hinreichend erklärt worden ist. Im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit steht die Analyse der nationalen Anpassungsreaktionen an die ökonomischen Anforderungen der WRRL im Hinblick auf die Integration von KNA und die Analyse der wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren, die das Ausmaß der Integration ökonomischer Umweltbewertungen und deren tatsächliche Entscheidungsrelevanz beeinflussen. Damit wird ein Beitrag zur Erklärung der Zurückhaltung gegenüber umweltökonomischen Bewertungsansätzen geleistet und Ansatzpunkte für eine Verbesserung der Integration identifiziert. Zunächst werden der Implementationsprozesses der ökonomischen Anforderungen der WRRL und die nationalen Anpassungsreaktionen rekonstruiert, um erste Hinweise auf die politische Relevanz von KNA zu erhalten. Der empirische Teil der Arbeit basiert dann im Wesentlichen auf vier Einzelartikeln, die zum einen die gegenwärtige Anwendung und Entscheidungsrelevanz von KNA im wasserwirtschaftlichen Verwaltungshandeln analysieren (1), zum anderen den Einfluss ausgewählter potenzieller Determinanten auf die Nutzung von KNA und ökonomischen Umweltbewertungen aus unterschiedlichen theoretischen Analyseperspektiven beleuchten: den Einfluss nationaler Politikstile und Traditionen der Entscheidungsfindung (2), die Einstellung politisch-administrativer wasserwirtschaftlicher Akteure gegenüber dem Einsatz und der Nutzbarkeit ökonomischer Umweltbewertungen (3), sowie den Einfluss von Eigeninteressen und grundlegenden Überzeugungen bürokratischer Akteure auf die Integration ökonomischer Umweltbewertungen (4). Im Ergebnis konnte festgestellt werden, dass die betrachteten Einflussfaktoren im Hinblick auf unterschiedliche Dimensionen die Integration unterschiedlich stark beeinflussen. Während die Nutzbarkeit von KNA zur Erhöhung der Transparenz und Effizienz des Entscheidungsprozesses weitgehend anerkannt wird, stellen im Hinblick auf institutionelle Beschränkungen vor allem die mangelnden umweltökonomischen Kenntnisse und Erfahrungen ein wichtiges Hemmnis dar. Insbesondere aber die grundlegende Überzeugung der Überlegenheit fachlicher gegenüber ökonomischer Kriterien und die Ablehnung des umweltökonomischen Wertkonzeptes erweisen sich als bedeutendstes Hindernis. ; The European Water Framework Directive (WFD), which came into force in 2000, explicitly integrates economic principles, instruments and methods. In addition to the use of economic incentive-based instruments, the WFD also requires the use of procedural economic instruments, such as environmental cost-benefit analysis (CBA). If the defined environmental objectives cannot be achieved within a given timeframe, WFD exemptions can be granted according to article 4. An economic justification of the exemptions, based on the so-called disproportionality of costs, calls from an economic perspective for a comparison between the likely costs and benefits of improving the environmental quality of the water body. Environmental economists repeatedly emphasise the potential of CBA to improve environmental decision-making, particularly by increasing its transparency and efficiency and including the (economic) value of environmental goods. However, the demand of policy-makers for environmental-economic valuation estimates is comparatively limited, in Germany at least. The reasons for this are not entirely clear. The present study thus focuses on an analysis of the national implementation response to the WFD's economic requirements with respect to an integration of environmental CBA, and an analysis of the most important factors that might influence the integration of valuation estimates and their actual policy impact. In so doing, it contributes to an improved understanding of the apparent reluctance of environmental policy-makers against environmental valuation approaches and thus helps identify possible starting points for their better integration. To begin with, the implementation process of the economic requirements of the WFD as well as the national adaptation response is presented in order to gain first insights into the political relevance of CBA. The following, empirical part of the thesis is based primarily on four papers. It starts with an empirical analysis of the current use and decision-making relevance of CBA in German water resource management (1). Next, the influence of potential explanatory factors on the use of CBA and valuation estimates from different analytical perspectives is examined. These are the influence of national regulatory styles and policy-making traditions (2), the attitudes of decision-makers in water policy towards economic valuation approaches and their perceived usefulness (3), and the influence of self-interests and fundamental beliefs of bureaucratic actors on the integration of procedural economic instruments (4). The empirical analyses reveal that the explanatory factors influence the integration of valuation estimates in terms of different analytical dimensions to varying degrees. While the usefulness of CBA in order to increase the transparency and efficiency of the decision-making process seems to be widely acknowledged, institutional constraints, particularly in terms of the lack of environmental economic knowledge and experience, is an important obstacle for a wider integration. However, the fundamental beliefs about the perceived superiority of "professional" over economic criteria as well as the rejection of the economic value concept prove to be the most significant hampering factor.
Purpose of the studyTo investigate the impact of ART, HIV viremia and immunosuppression on triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) levels.MethodsWe considered the cross‐sectional associations between TG, TC and HDL‐C (mmol/l; first available measurement on/after enrolment in the D:A:D study) and use of ART, HIV viral load (VL; copies/ml), and CD4 count (cells/mm3) measured at the same time. TG was log10 transformed to ensure normality. Analyses were performed using linear regression and adjusted for other factors known to impact lipid levels (table footnote). ART and VL status were combined (off ART&VL >100,000, off ART&VL <100,000, on ART&VL <500, on ART&VL >500), current and nadir CD4 count were categorised as <200, 200–349, 350–499 and >500.Summary of results44,322/49,734 participants in the D:A:D Study (89.1%) contributed a TG measurement (median; IQR 1.52; 1.00–2.45), 45,169 (90.8%) a TC measurement (4.80; 4.00–5.70) and 38,604 (77.6%) a HDL‐C measurement (1.12; 0.90–1.40). Most participants were male (74%), of white ethnicity (51%), without AIDS (78%), were not receiving lipid‐lowering drugs (4%) and were ART experienced (61%) with 47% previously exposed to PIs, 61% previously exposed to NRTIs and 29% previously exposed to NNRTIs. The median (IQR) age, current CD4 count and CD4 nadir were 38 (36–45) years, 400 (242–590) cells/µl and 240 (100–410) cells/µl respectively. Compared to those on ART with a suppressed VL, all lipids were lower for those off ART (Table); non‐suppressive ART was also associated with lower TC and HDL‐C levels (no impact on TG). A low current CD4 count was associated with lower lipid levels, whereas a low nadir CD4 count was associated with higher TC and TG levels. Prior AIDS diagnosis was associated with higher TG and TC, but lower HDL‐C levels.
Impact of ART, immunosuppression and viraemia, on TG, TC and HDL‐C (mmol/l)
Average impact on log10TG*†
Average inpact on TC* Average impact on HDL‐C*
ART and VL
Off ART … VL≥100000 −0.09 (−0.10,−0.08) <0.001 −0.55 (−0.60,−0.51) <0.001 −0.14 (−0.16,−0.13) <0.001
Off ART … VL<100000 −0.04 (−0.06,−0.03) <0.001 −0.85 (−0.91,−0.78) <0.001 −0.31 (−0.33,−0.29) <0.001
On ART … VL<500 Ref
Ref
Ref
On ART … VL≥500 0.00 (−0.01, 0.00) 0.38 −0.40 (−0.44,−0.36) <0.001 −0.16 (−0.17,−0.15) <0.001
estimates included are mutually adjusted for each other and for the following demographic variables: age; gender; mode of infection; ethnicity; body mass index; smoking; family history of CVD; diabetes; use of lipid lowering drugs; co‐infection with hepatitis C; participating cohort; and year of entry into study. TG is log10 transformed. Thus, the results presented for TG reflect relative rather than absolute effects. For example, lipid levels for those off ART … VL ≥100000 are 9% lower than those on ART … VL < 500.
ConclusionAlthough specific drug classes were not considered, lipid levels are considerably higher in those on a suppressive ART regimen. The higher TC/TG and lower HDL‐C levels seen among those with low nadir CD4 count and with a prior AIDS diagnosis suggests severe immunosuppression may be associated with dyslipidaemia over the long‐term.
La relación entre arte y publicidad solo puede ser comprendida en el marco del complejo de relacionesy cambios que afectan a la innovación social y técnica. El análisis e indagación sobre los mediosresulta imprescindible cualquiera que sea la parcela del campo social que se pretende investigar: tantoen su relación con las instituciones, el consumo, la política y la gobernanza de los conflictos, lainvestigación y formación en el ámbito de las profesiones, incluidas las artísticas. Partiendo de la anterior, es también posible comprender cuál es y podrá ser la diferencia en el terreno de la innovaciónexistente entre las áreas de los estudios universitarios y la del mercado. La relación entre arte ypublicidad tiene directamemte que ver con el lenguaje de las mercancías y la de este con los lenguajesartísticos. Del mismo modo, tanto en la esfera mercadológica como en la estética, esta relaciónexperimenta una nueva aceleración debido al proceso de dispersión que experimenta el cuerpohumano y sus buevas facultades resultado del desarrollo tecnológico. La potencia de hidridación entrelo orgánico y lo inorgánico tiende a debilitar los valores del humanismo y, en consecuencia, lospilastres en que se basa el modo de conocimiento y reopresentación del mundo característicos de lacivilización occidental. El arte, tal como ha sido concebido por el humanismo y la modernidad,resulta así refractario a la dimensión del presente. Dos mundos en relación asimétrica. Y es a partir deeste punto como debemos encontrar un nuevo punto de partida, si queremos pertrecharnos de unainnovadora línea de razonamiento capaz de dar cuenta tanto de sus oposiciones como de su convergencia. ; The relationship between art and advertising can only be understood by focusing on the intersectionsamong social and technical innovations. All the people who study social sciences must be aware ofmedia theories and media studies: the media should be studied for their relationships with institutions,consumption, policies and governance of conflicts, research and training in the fields of work and art.Starting from here we can also understand what is and what will be the different level of innovationbetween university studies and market procedures. The relationship between art and advertising has todo with the language of goods and its relation to the language of art. Just as the aesthetic and thecomsumption spheres, this relationship undergoes a new acceleration due to the dissemination ofhuman body and its faculties made possible by technological development. The power of hybridizationbetween organic and inorganic works to undermine the values of Humanism and thus the pillarsof the forms of knowledge and representation of the Western civilization of the world. Art as it hasbeen conceived by Humanism and modernity is thus refractory to the dimension of present time. Twoworlds in asymmetrical relationship. From here we have to find a starting point, if we want to find aninnovative way of thinking about their opposition and their convergence. ; Il rapporto tra arte e pubblicità può essere compreso solo se inquadrato all'interno dell'ambiente, delbacino di relazioni e scambi, in cui si incontrano innovazione sociale e innovazione tecnica. Ilpensiero e l'analisi sui media è d'obbligo qualunque sia il ragionamento che si intende portare avantiin campo sociale: i media vanno studiati per i loro rapporti con le istituzioni, i consumi, le politiche ele governance dei conflitti, la ricerca e la formazione nel campo delle professioni, ivi comprese quelledelle arti. Partendo da qui è possibile anche comprendere quale sia e quale potrà essere lo scarto diinnovazione tra area degli studi universitari e area del mercato. Il rapporto tra arte e pubblicità ha ache fare con il linguaggio delle merci, e il rapporto di quest'ultimo con il linguaggio delle arti. Allostesso modo della sfera merceologica e di quella estetica, questo rapporto subisce una nuova accelerazionegrazie al processo dispersivo del corpo umano e di ogni sua facoltà reso possibile dallo sviluppotecnologico. La potenza dell'ibridazione tra organico e inorganico preme per indebolire i valoridell'umanesimo, e dunque i pilastri delle forme di conoscenza e rappresentazione della civilizzazioneoccidentale del mondo. L'arte per come è stata concepita dall'umanesimo e dalla modernità è dunquerefrattaria alla dimensione del presente. Due mondi in relazione asimmetrica. Ed è a partire da questoche dobbiamo ritrovare un punto di partenza, se vogliamo trovare un modo di ragionare innovativotanto sulla loro opposizione quanto sulla loro convergenza.
Maģistra darbā ir izstrādāts projekts par topošo vecāku skolu SIA "MOM@DAD", kurš sniegs medicīnisko un psiholoģisko atbalstu, pakalpojumus (teorētiskas un praktiskas nodarbības) topošajiem vecākiem. Bērniņa gaidīšanas laiks ir brīnišķīgs! Sievietes ķermenī notiek pārmaiņas, mazulis attīstās, parādās pirmās kustības. Topošie vecāki arvien vairāk aizdomājas, kā viss notiks bērniņa dzimšanas laikā? Kādas būs dzemdības? Kas gaida pēc tam? Jebkura sieviete jūt lielu atvieglojumu, ja grūtniecības laikā un dzemdībās viņai līdzās ir tuvs cilvēks un viņiem abiem ir zināšanas par grūtniecību un dzemdību procesu. Dzemdības ir emocionāls pārdzīvojums un, ja dzemdībās piedalās abi vecāki, sagatavošanās tām ļaus justies daudz drošāk. Izanalizējot Jelgavas iedzīvotāju dzimumvecuma struktūras statistiskas datus par 2010.gadu ir veikts secinājums, ka Jelgavā būtiski liels sieviešu skaits vecuma no 19 līdz 30 gadiem, kas ir tuvu sieviešu vecumam dzemdējot pirmo bērnu Latvijā, varam apgalvot, ka priekš vecāku skolas tas ir ļoti patīkama tendence, jo ka mēs jau noskaidrojam mātes vidējais vecums, dzemdējot pirmo bērnu ir no 20 līdz 29 gadiem. Ražošanas plāns un ekonomiskie aprēķini izveidotu, lai noteikt uzņēmuma perspektīvas 2013.-2015. gadam. Pieņēmumi, uz kuriem balstīta finanšu prognoze ir valsts ekonomiskais stāvoklis, ņemot vērā inflācijas un nozares attīstību kopumā. Aprēķini ir balstīti uz iespējamiem finanšu resursiem un to avotiem, cenu politiku, likumdošanu un tirgus attīstības perspektīvām. Izpētot projekta finanšu plānu no uzņēmuma dibināšanas 2013. gada 15. janvāra līdz 2015. gada beigām tika konstatēts, ka apgrozījums katru gadu palielinās. Plānojot apgrozījuma palielinājumu tika ņems vērā, ka rādīsies arī papildus izdevumi, jo pieaugs pieprasījums un būs nepieciešami papildus ieguldījumi. Projekta atmaksāšanas laiks ir redzams jau pirmajā gadā, kad uzņēmuma bilances radītāji rāda pozitīvo uzņēmuma izaugsmi. Finanšu aprēķini parādīja, ka projekts apmaksājās jau sākot no pirmā darbības mēneša un jūnija ir redzama peļņa. Tas radītājs parāda uzņēmuma perspektīvas. Projekta atmaksāšanās periods tiek noteikts kā paredzamais gadu skaits, kas nepieciešams pilnīgai investīciju izmaksu kompensācijai. ; In the master's thesis has been designed the project about parent's school SIA "MOM @ DAD", which will provide medical and psychological support (theoretical and practical sessions) for prospective parents. It is a wonderful time during the pregnancy! A lot of changes in the woman's body, a baby develops, the first signs of movement. Prospective parents are increasingly thinks what will happen at the baby's birth? As will be born? What will be after? Any woman feels a great relief, if during the pregnancy and childbirth she will be together with loved one and both of them have the knowledge about pregnancy and process of childbirth. Childbirth is an emotional experience and, if the both parents want to participate in birth, preparation will allow them to feel more confident. After analyzing of sex-age structure population statistical data for the year 2010 in the Jelgava, has been concluded, that the are large number of women aged 19 to 30 years in Jelgava, which is close to women age for first childbirth in Latvia, we can say that for parents the school is very pleasant trend. As we have seen average age of mother who will give birth to first child between 20 and 29 years. Production plan and economical calculations have been carried out in order to define company's opportunites in 2013 – 2015. Assumtions which are the bases for financial prognose are the country's economical state, taking into consideration inflation and branch development. Calculations are based on possible financial resources and their sources, price politics, legislation and market development prospects. After exploring financial plan strating from the company foundation on 15th of January 2013 until the end of 2015, it was identified, that turnover will increase each year. In turnover planning it was considered, that additional costs will appear, due to demand increase and there will be additional investments necessary. The repayment period of project will be seen within the first year, when the company's balance sheet indicators will show positive growth of the company. Financial calculations of the company show that the project could be repaid during the first month of activity, and June we already could get profits. This financial indicator shows the company's prospects of growth. The project payback period is defined as the number of years necessary to achieve full compensation for the investment cost.
Nutritional benefits of fish can be attributed primarily to the content of high-quality proteins, vitamins, elements and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, fish and fishery products are susceptible to contamination by chemicals that have been recognized as ubiquitous environmental pollutants such as toxic elements and polychlorinated organic compounds. Fish consumption could be therefore considered as one of the major sources of human exposure to all above-mentioned environmental contaminants. This paper is focused on mercury (Hg) that enters the environment by both, natural means (such as volcanic activity, erosions and weathering, factors which contribute to the presence of Hg in water, soil and the atmosphere) and human activities - mining, fossil fuels combustion, industrial emissions, direct application of fertilizers and fungicides as well as disposal of solid waste. Total concentrations of Hg were measured in fish muscle and canned fish products available on Serbian market. Total of 651 samples were analyzed: 350 samples of marine fish (hake, mackerel, sprat, scorpanea, gilthead, salmon), 34 samples of freshwater fish (trout and carp) and 267 samples of canned fish products (tuna and sardines). Data were collected during 2011. For the purpose of intake assessment, we used the data obtained from the GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database. According to this source, estimated average weekly consumption of marine fish is 106.4 g/week, while freshwater fish and canned fish contribute to the consumption with 29.4 g and 18.2 g/week respectively. Mercury concentrations in marine fish were in the range of 0.005-0.208 μgg-1 (mean 0.040 μgg-1); in freshwater fish 0.005- 0.099 μgg-1 (mean 0.020 μgg-1) and in canned products they were in the range of 0.005-0.642 μgg-1 (mean 0.064 μgg-1). All analyzed samples contained mercury below the maximum level laid down by the European Union and Serbian regulation. The estimated weekly intake for total mercury, based on mean mercury value in fish and average body mass of 70 kg, was 0.095 μg/kg b.w./week. Based on FAO/WHO recommended safe limit and on obtained results, we can conclude that the intake of mercury in the case of consuming fish and canned fish products is lower than the safe limit. ; Nutritivna korist od konzumacije ribe ogleda se, pre svega u sadržaju visoko vrednih proteina, vitamina, makro i mikroelemenata i omega-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina. Sa druge strane, riba i proizvodi od ribe su u značajnoj meri podložni hemijskoj kontaminaciji ubikvitarnim zagađivačima kao što su teški metal i polihlorovana organska jedinjenja. Zbog svega ovoga, konzumacija ribe se smatra jednim od najznačajnijih izvora izloženosti navedenim kontaminentima. U radu je ispitivana kontaminacija živom koja se u spoljašnjoj sredini može naći kao posledica prirodnih procesa (vulkanska aktivnost, erozija tla i klimatska dešavanja koja doprinose prisustvu žive u vodi, zemljištu i atmosferi), kao i aktivnosti čoveka - eksploatacija ruda, sagorevanje fosilnih goriva, emisija industrijskih gasova, direktna primena veštačkih đubriva i fungicida, kao i neadekvatno odlaganje čvrstog otpada. Sadržaj ukupne žive je određivan u svežoj i konzervisanoj ribi sa srpskog tržišta. Ispitan je 651 uzorak: 350 uzoraka morske ribe (oslić, skuša, sardela, škarpina, orada i losos), 34 uzorka slatkovodne ribe (šaran i pastrmka) i 267 uzoraka konzervisane ribe (tuna i sardela). Svi uzorci su analizirani tokom 2011. godine. Za procenu unosa korišćeni su podaci iz 'GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database'. Prema ovom izvoru, procenjena prosečna nedeljna konzumacija morske ribe iznosi 106,4 g, slatkovodne 29,4 g dok je ova vrednost za konzervisane proizvode od ribe 18,2 g. Sardžaj žive u morskoj ribi se kretao u opsegu od 0,005 do 0,208 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,040 μgg-1); u slatkovodnoj ribi 0,005-0,099 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,020 μgg-1), dok se u konzervisanim ribljim proizvodima sadržaj žive kretao od 0,005 do 0,642 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,064 μgg-1). Nivo žive u svim ispitanim uzorcima je bio ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih vrednosti propisanih relevantnom legislativom EU kao i domaćim propisima. Procenjeni nedeljni unos žive baziran na srednjoj vrednosti žive u konzumiranoj ribi i prosečnoj telesnoj težini od 70 kg, bio je 0,095 μg/kg telesne mase nedeljno. Na osnovu preporuka FAO/WHO i dobijenih rezultata, može se zaključiti da je unos žive pri konzumaciji morske i slatkovodne ribe i konzervisanih ribljih proizvoda, niži od preporučenih graničnih vrednosti.
Nutritional benefits of fish can be attributed primarily to the content of high-quality proteins, vitamins, elements and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. On the other hand, fish and fishery products are susceptible to contamination by chemicals that have been recognized as ubiquitous environmental pollutants such as toxic elements and polychlorinated organic compounds. Fish consumption could be therefore considered as one of the major sources of human exposure to all above-mentioned environmental contaminants. This paper is focused on mercury (Hg) that enters the environment by both, natural means (such as volcanic activity, erosions and weathering, factors which contribute to the presence of Hg in water, soil and the atmosphere) and human activities - mining, fossil fuels combustion, industrial emissions, direct application of fertilizers and fungicides as well as disposal of solid waste. Total concentrations of Hg were measured in fish muscle and canned fish products available on Serbian market. Total of 651 samples were analyzed: 350 samples of marine fish (hake, mackerel, sprat, scorpanea, gilthead, salmon), 34 samples of freshwater fish (trout and carp) and 267 samples of canned fish products (tuna and sardines). Data were collected during 2011. For the purpose of intake assessment, we used the data obtained from the GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database. According to this source, estimated average weekly consumption of marine fish is 106.4 g/week, while freshwater fish and canned fish contribute to the consumption with 29.4 g and 18.2 g/week respectively. Mercury concentrations in marine fish were in the range of 0.005-0.208 μgg-1 (mean 0.040 μgg-1); in freshwater fish 0.005- 0.099 μgg-1 (mean 0.020 μgg-1) and in canned products they were in the range of 0.005-0.642 μgg-1 (mean 0.064 μgg-1). All analyzed samples contained mercury below the maximum level laid down by the European Union and Serbian regulation. The estimated weekly intake for total mercury, based on mean mercury value in fish and average body mass of 70 kg, was 0.095 μg/kg b.w./week. Based on FAO/WHO recommended safe limit and on obtained results, we can conclude that the intake of mercury in the case of consuming fish and canned fish products is lower than the safe limit. ; Nutritivna korist od konzumacije ribe ogleda se, pre svega u sadržaju visoko vrednih proteina, vitamina, makro i mikroelemenata i omega-3 polinezasićenih masnih kiselina. Sa druge strane, riba i proizvodi od ribe su u značajnoj meri podložni hemijskoj kontaminaciji ubikvitarnim zagađivačima kao što su teški metal i polihlorovana organska jedinjenja. Zbog svega ovoga, konzumacija ribe se smatra jednim od najznačajnijih izvora izloženosti navedenim kontaminentima. U radu je ispitivana kontaminacija živom koja se u spoljašnjoj sredini može naći kao posledica prirodnih procesa (vulkanska aktivnost, erozija tla i klimatska dešavanja koja doprinose prisustvu žive u vodi, zemljištu i atmosferi), kao i aktivnosti čoveka - eksploatacija ruda, sagorevanje fosilnih goriva, emisija industrijskih gasova, direktna primena veštačkih đubriva i fungicida, kao i neadekvatno odlaganje čvrstog otpada. Sadržaj ukupne žive je određivan u svežoj i konzervisanoj ribi sa srpskog tržišta. Ispitan je 651 uzorak: 350 uzoraka morske ribe (oslić, skuša, sardela, škarpina, orada i losos), 34 uzorka slatkovodne ribe (šaran i pastrmka) i 267 uzoraka konzervisane ribe (tuna i sardela). Svi uzorci su analizirani tokom 2011. godine. Za procenu unosa korišćeni su podaci iz 'GEMS/Food Consumption Cluster Diets database'. Prema ovom izvoru, procenjena prosečna nedeljna konzumacija morske ribe iznosi 106,4 g, slatkovodne 29,4 g dok je ova vrednost za konzervisane proizvode od ribe 18,2 g. Sardžaj žive u morskoj ribi se kretao u opsegu od 0,005 do 0,208 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,040 μgg-1); u slatkovodnoj ribi 0,005-0,099 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,020 μgg-1), dok se u konzervisanim ribljim proizvodima sadržaj žive kretao od 0,005 do 0,642 μgg-1 (srednja vrednost 0,064 μgg-1). Nivo žive u svim ispitanim uzorcima je bio ispod maksimalno dozvoljenih vrednosti propisanih relevantnom legislativom EU kao i domaćim propisima. Procenjeni nedeljni unos žive baziran na srednjoj vrednosti žive u konzumiranoj ribi i prosečnoj telesnoj težini od 70 kg, bio je 0,095 μg/kg telesne mase nedeljno. Na osnovu preporuka FAO/WHO i dobijenih rezultata, može se zaključiti da je unos žive pri konzumaciji morske i slatkovodne ribe i konzervisanih ribljih proizvoda, niži od preporučenih graničnih vrednosti.
Bei der Sächsischen Längsschnittstudie handelt es sich um eine sozialwissenschaftliche Längsschnittstudie. Sie wurde 1987 begonnen und untersucht über die Vereinigung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (DDR) und Bundesrepublik hinweg den politischen Einstellungswandel junger Erwachsener in den neuen Bundesländern. Seit der 16. Welle (2002) wird das Thema Arbeitslosigkeit und Gesundheit intensiv untersucht. Einen weiteren neuen Schwerpunkt stellen Fragen zu Partnerschaft und Persönlichkeit dar.
Politischer Mentalitätswandel bei jungen Erwachsenen nach der Wende.
Themen: Zukunftszuversicht; derzeitiger Wohnsitz in den neuen oder den alten Bundesländern bzw. im Ausland; erwarteter Zeitraum bis zur Wohlstandsangleichung zwischen Ostdeutschen und Westdeutschen, bis zum Zusammenwachsen zu einer Gemeinschaft sowie bis zur Einkommensangleichung; Verwirklichung der Ziele der friedlichen Revolution von 1989 sowie von Ostdeutschen errungene Freiheit; Protestaktionen im Heimatort zur Zeit der Wende; Teilnahme an diesen Protestaktionen; Lebensziele (Skala: Leben nach christlichen Werten, glückliches Eheleben, Arbeitszufriedenheit, eigene Kinder, soziale Mobilität, Einsatz für den Erhalt des politischen Systems, Job, Altruismus und politische Partizipation); Partei, von der sich der Befragte am besten vertreten fühlt; Selbsteinstufung links-rechts; Gefühl der zukünftigen Bedrohung durch: mögliche eigene Arbeitslosigkeit, durch die Auswirkungen von Hartz-IV, Zunahme von Leistungsdruck, durch eine persönliche Notlage, private Zahlungsunfähigkeit (Insolvenz), persönlicher sozialer Abstieg, Verteuerung des Lebens, Altersarmut, die Verschlechterung des Gesundheitszustands, Regierungsreformen, Überwachung der Bürger sowie durch die Folgen der Wirtschaftskrise); Höhe des persönlichen Nettoeinkommens; Veränderung des persönlichen Nettoeinkommens sowie des Haushaltsnettoeinkommens; Beurteilung des Lebens in der DDR; Zufriedenheit mit dem politischen System in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, mit der Wirtschaftsordnung, der Demokratie, der Sozialpolitik, der Familienpolitik, der Rentenpolitik und dem Zustand der deutschen Einheit; Zukunftszuversicht für den Befragten persönlich, dessen Eltern und Kinder, im Hinblick auf die Verwirklichung der persönlichen beruflichen Pläne sowie für die Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland; Vertrauen in die Parteien SPD, CDU/CSU, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen, DIE LINKE, FDP, rechte Parteien, in die derzeitige Bundesregierung sowie in das derzeitige Gesellschaftssystem; Parteipräferenz (Sonntagsfrage); Einstellung zur deutschen Einheit; Einstellung zur Aussage ´Gehört denn eigentlich zusammen, was zusammenwachsen soll?´; mehr Trennendes oder Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Ostdeutschen und Westdeutschen; Zurechtkommen mit den derzeitigen gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen; Nationalstolz als Deutscher, als Bürger der Bundesrepublik bzw. als Sachse; Bewertung der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung in Ostdeutschland als Fortschritt oder als Rückschritt; Zufriedenheit mit den politischen Einflussmöglichkeiten, dem Lebensstandard, dem Einkommen, der finanziellen Lage, mit den Möglichkeiten zu gesellschaftlicher Mobilität, der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung und mit dem persönlichen Gesundheitszustand; Vergleich der derzeitigen Situation in den neuen Bundesländern mit der DDR bezüglich: soziale Sicherheit, Schutz vor Kriminalität, Verhältnis der Menschen untereinander, Gleichberechtigung der Frau, Achtung der Menschenwürde, Schulbildung, Familienförderung, Kinderbetreuung, soziale Gerechtigkeit, persönliche Freiheiten, demokratische Mitwirkung, Gesundheitswesen sowie Möglichkeit der Selbstentfaltung; Einstellung zur DDR; persönliche Erfahrungen hinsichtlich: Lebensgestaltung ohne politische bzw. wirtschaftliche Zwänge, Einflussnahme auf die gesellschaftliche Entwicklung, gerechter Anteil am gesellschaftlichen Wohlstand, freie Meinungsäußerung, Meinungsinteresse der Politiker, soziale Marktwirtschaft, Sorgen durch die Krise; Berufspendler; Einschätzung der eigenen Arbeitsplatzsicherheit; Präferenz für persönliche Freiheit trotz möglicher Arbeitslosigkeit; Lebenszufriedenheit; Einstellung zu Ausländern; erwartete soziale Unruhen in Ostdeutschland; Teilnahmebereitschaft an Protestaktionen; Vergleich der heutigen persönlichen wirtschaftlichen Situation mit der vor zwei Jahren; Einstellung zu den sozialistischen Idealen zum Zeitpunkt vor der Wende sowie derzeit; Selbsteinschätzung der Schichtzugehörigkeit; Zufriedenheit mit der Gesundheitspolitik, der Bildungspolitik und der Lohnpolitik; Identifikation als Deutscher, als Europäer, als Bürger der ehemaligen DDR, als Bürger der Bundesrepublik, als Ostdeutscher, als Gewinner der deutschen Einheit bzw. als deutscher Patriot; persönliche Erfahrungen mit dem neuen Gesellschaftssystem; Leben in der DDR war lebenslanger Knast; Gefühl enger politischer Verbundenheit mit der Bundesrepublik; reformierter Sozialismus positiver als gegenwärtige politische Ordnung; das aktuelle Gesellschaftssystem löst die dringenden Menschheitsprobleme und ist ein menschenwürdiges Zukunftsmodell; Hoffnung auf Erhalt des derzeitigen Gesellschaftssystems; Hoffnung auf Aufwachsen der eigenen Kinder im derzeitigen Gesellschaftssystem; Kapitalismus als gerechtestes Wirtschaftssystem; Sozialismus als gute Idee; gesicherte Zukunft in Ostdeutschland; derzeitiges Gesellschaftssystem ist Diktatur des Geldes; Kinder als Armutsrisiko; sozialistische Gesellschaftsideale werden sich durchsetzen; Kapitalismus als bestes Wirtschaftssystem; Ostdeutsche sollten auf ihre Situation aufmerksam machen; Kapitalismus kann gerettet werden; Hoffnung auf Rettung des Kapitalismus; Achtung der Menschenrechte im derzeitigen Gesellschaftssystem; 20-jähriges Wende-Jubiläum 2009 als Grund zum Feiern; Freude über ein Leben in einem kapitalistischen Deutschland; gern in der vereinten BRD leben; Kapitalismus bedeutet Freiheit für alle Menschen; nicht alles falsch, was über Kapitalismus gelehrt wurde; gerechter Anteil am gesellschaftlichen Wohlstand für alle Bürger; Wohl der einfachen Menschen im Mittelpunkt des derzeitigen Gesellschaftssystems; Sieg des Kapitalismus über den Sozialismus; Beurteilung von Menschenwürde und Demokratie in Ostdeutschland seit der Wende; rechtzeitige Beseitigung des SED-Regimes; Westdeutsche behandeln Ostdeutsche als Deutsche zweiter Klasse; DDR war Unrechtsstaat; DDR mit der Diktatur des Naziregimes vergleichbar; Lebenszufriedenheit; Teilnahmebereitschaft an der nächsten Befragungswelle.
Fragen zum Befinden: Bewertung des persönlichen Gesundheitszustands; Einstellung zur Beeinflussbarkeit des eigenen Gesundheitszustands; Häufigkeit ausgewählter Beschwerden im letzten Jahr (Nervosität, Schlaflosigkeit, Magenschmerzen, Herzbeschwerden); Suizidgedanken; Depressionstendenzen (Niedergeschlagenheit, Sinnlosigkeit des Lebens, Ratlosigkeit, Zukunftsangst); Raucherstatus; Zeit zwischen Aufwachen und dem ersten Zigarettenkonsum; Zigarettenkonsum pro Tag; Sorgen des sozialen Umfelds über den Alkohol- oder Nikotinkonsum; Körpergröße in Zentimetern und Körpergewicht in Kilogramm; Dauer eigener Arbeitsunfähigkeit sowie stationärer Behandlung im letzten Jahr; detaillierte Erfassung ausgewählter körperlicher Beschwerden; Selbstwirksamkeit (Skala); Häufigkeit negativer Gemütsverfassung in den letzten sieben Tagen (unkontrollierte Gefühlsausbrüche, Lethargie, Sorgen, Verletzlichkeit in Gefühlsdingen, Gefühl beobachtet zu werden, Anspannung, Schweregefühl in Armen oder Beinen, Nervosität bei Alleinsein, Einsamkeitsgefühle in Gesellschaft); Einstellung zur Demokratie im Vergleich zu anderen Staatsideen; Zufriedenheit mit der Demokratie laut Verfassung sowie mit der tatsächlichen Umsetzung von Demokratie in der BRD; Überwiegen von positiven oder von negativen Veränderungen in Ostdeutschland; Freude über die deutsche Einheit; Häufigkeit des Alkoholkonsums und Alkoholmenge an einem Tag; Häufigkeit des Konsums von sechs oder mehr Gläsern Alkohol pro Gelegenheit; Idealvorstellung zur Vereinbarkeit von Familie und Beruf; Charakterisierung der Partnerschaft (Skala); Einschätzung der eigenen Partnerschaft; derzeit bestehende Schwangerschaft bzw. Schwangerschaft in den letzten zwei Jahren; geplante oder ungeplante Schwangerschaft; Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Schwangerschaft in den nächsten zwei Jahren; Stärke des Kinderwunsches; prinzipielle Entscheidung für oder gegen ein Kind; Übereinstimmung mit dem Partner hinsichtlich der gewünschten Kinderzahl; Zuständigkeit im Haushalt für die Kindererziehung bzw. für die Hausarbeit; ausreichende Zeit für die Beschäftigung mit den Kindern; Einschätzung der eigenen Leistungsfähigkeit nach einem Arbeitstag; Berufseintrittsalter; Eltern leben noch; Jahre im Elternhaus; für das Jahr 1987 wurde erfasst: Zusammenleben der Eltern, Scheidung der Eltern und Alter des Befragten zu diesem Zeitpunkt, höchster Schulabschluss der Eltern, Berufsausbildung und berufliche Stellung der Eltern; Geschwisterzahl, Stellung in der Geschwisterfolge, damalige Wohnsituation und Komfort der Wohnung; Frauenrolle; Lebenszufriedenheit (Skala).
Demographie: Geschlecht; Alter; berufliche Stellung bzw. Tätigkeit; eigene Arbeitslosigkeit, Häufigkeit und Arbeitslosigkeitsdauer; Vollzeit- oder Teilzeiterwerbstätigkeit; Nebenjob; Erhalt von Transferleistungen; Kurzarbeit; Zusammenleben mit einem Partner; Dauer der Partnerbeziehung; Familienstand; Kinder; präferierte Kinderzahl.
La cartografia è uno straordinario strumento di lettura e interpretazione del paesaggio e, non solo consente di trasmettere informazioni diverse per realizzare nuove cartografie tematiche, ma ancora oggi di cogliere, in quelle storiche e/o di base, gli elementi del substrato geologico che esse oggettivamente rappresentano, ma che solo una lettura mirata acquisisce, sulla base di competenze geologico-geomorfologiche. Le moderne rappresentazioni digitali forniscono contenuti chiari ed evidenti, ma anche le cartografie più datate dell'IGM, con il tratteggio e il segno che il topografo ha trasferito nella carta, danno un contributo indispensabile per chi voglia elaborare una cartografia, anche la più sofisticata. Le carte storiche, inoltre, sono un suggestivo mezzo per riconoscere il modellato topografico del passato, e pur nella loro sinteticità descrittiva, raccontano un paesaggio relativamente lontano, le cui informazioni però sono preziose per la comprensione dell'evoluzione di un luogo. La Carta d'Italia che, da oltre 100 anni, è la base della copertura cartografica italiana, per chi faccia il geografo e in particolare il geologo e/o il geomorfologo, è uno strumento di applicazione e ricerca insostituibile. L'approccio geomorfologico alla cartografia applica alla lettura delle carte topografiche, in particolare alle tavolette dell'IGM alla scala 1: 25.000, una chiave di interpretazione geologico-geomorfologica del segno. Il moderno geografo e/o geologo, tuttavia, si avvale di tecnologie di avanguardia per la rappresentazione di una mole di dati che sarebbe difficile gestire con le tecniche tradizionali, ma anche in questo tipo di rappresentazioni vanno colti i segnali del paesaggio topografico: evidenze dei caratteri geologici, geomorfologici, dell'attività tettonica, dell'instabilità e, quindi, rischio. Il confronto pertanto dei dati rilevati nelle diverse carte di un luogo, per tipologia e cronologia, permette di valutare processi e forme e nell'insieme l'evoluzione del paesaggio in tempi storici. Questa nota, quindi, riconoscendo l'irrinunciabile contributo delle nuove tecnologie, vuol ricordare tuttavia che, al fine di fornire un valido strumento territoriale, anche implementato in un complesso sistema GIS, occorra comunque avere la capacità di cogliere attraverso la base cartografica, storica e non, il dato di campagna e ciò che le competenze geologico/geomorfologiche permettono di acquisire da essa, per una completa, consapevole e moderna interpretazione del territorio. ; Cartography is an extraordinary tool for understanding and interpretating the landscape and not only it allows to communicate different information to create new thematic maps, it is also a way to understand the historical and/or basic elements of the geological substrate, through a targeted reading on the basis of geological and geomorphological knowledge. Modern digital representations are an important tool to access clear and evident content, but the older paper maps of IGM (the "Istituto Geografico Militare", Military Geographical Institute), with the hatch and a sign that the surveyor has transferred to the paper, are also an indispensable contribution for anyone wishing to develop a map, even the most sophisticated. The historical maps are also an attractive means of recognizing the topographic model of the past, despite their descriptive brevity, describing a landscape that seems far but whose information are invaluable to understand the evolution of a place. The Chart of Italy which, for over 100 years, has been the basis of the Italian map coverage for geographers, geologists and in particular geomorphologists is an invaluable tool for application and research. The geomorphologic approach to reading topographic maps, in particular to IGM tablets at scale 1: 25,000, relies on the geological and geomorphological interpretation of the sign. The modern geographer and geologist, however, uses cutting-edge technologies for the representation of a body of data that would be difficult to manage with traditional techniques. Nevertheless, also in such representations, signals of the landscape topography has to be captured: evidence of geological and geomorphological features, tectonic activity, instability, and thus risk. Therefore, the comparison of data recorded in different charts for the same place allows to recognize processes, forms, and the whole evolution of the landscape. This note, therefore, acknowledging the essential contribution of new technology, has the aim to recall, however, that a valuable tool to describe the land, also implemented in a complex GIS system, should nevertheless have the ability to use the historical cartography and data acquired on the field for a full, aware and modern interpretation of the territory.
As part of realizing national and European climate ambitions, it is imperative to bring about increased energy efficiency and consumption flexibility in the residential sector of the Swedish power market. In addition to governmental policy instruments to this end, market-based measures play an important role in making behavioral change in domestic electricity use happen. In light of the prevailing lack of incentives for residential consumers to save electricity and cut peak demand at times of physical and financial market constraints, the research studies that form the basis of this thesis have the aim of adding to the body of knowledge on policy instruments for the purpose of boosting behavioral change in residential electricity consumption. The research has accordingly contributed to the general statistics on residential electricity consumption, which constitute the starting point for policy instrument development, and augmented knowledge on the merits of residential demand response programs involving hourly settlements in power trading and demand-based, time-of-use tariffs in power distribution as well as graphic feedback on individual households' electricity use by means of a statistics service provided over the Internet. The overall results have shown that household behavior, together with physical factors such as heating systems, help explain the sizeable differences in electricity consumption among homeowners. Statistical analysis of variance has in this context proven to be an effective method for identifying key indicators of policy development. Power suppliers and electricity consumers as well as society as a whole have been found to gain substantially from hourly settlements in retail. To suppliers, the greatest benefits are associated with risk management, while the major advantage to customers is that they are provided with an opportunity to reduce their electricity costs. It has also been empirically demonstrated that electricity users are willing to adjust their consumption to a demand-based, time-varying distribution tariff. Households generally have a favorable attitude towards this type of distribution tariff, seeing as they indirectly have a positive impact on the environment. Providing households with feedback over the Internet on their individual electricity use and demand has been shown to contribute to an increased awareness and lead to energy efficiency in homes. Easy accessibility and simplicity have proven to be key success factors in this context. Combining conventional bar charts, color symbolism and historic feedback is expedient in this respect. ; Att åstadkomma ökad energieffektivisering och förbrukningsflexibilitet i den svenska elmarknadens bostadssektor är ett nödvändigt led i realiseringen av de nationella och europeiska klimatmålen. Utöver statliga styrmedel för detta ändamål spelar även marknadsbaserade åtgärder en viktig roll för att få till stånd beteendeförändringar i samband med hushålls elanvändning. Mot bakgrund av den rådande bristen på bevekelsegrunder för elkonsumenter att spara el och minska effektuttaget när marknadens fysiska och finansiella begränsningar ger sig till känna har det övergripande syftet med forskarstudierna som ligger till grund för den här avhandlingen varit att bidra till den samlade kunskapen om styrmedel som främjar beteendeförändringar i hushålls elanvändning. Forskningen har således bidragit till den generella statistiken om elanvändning i bostäder, som utgör utgångspunkten för utvecklingen av styrmedel, samt ökat kunskapen om vinsterna med timavräkning inom elhandeln, effektbaserade tidstariffer inom eldistributionen i bostadssektorn och grafisk återkoppling på enskilda hushålls elanvändning med hjälp av en statistiktjänst som tillhandahålls via Internet. De övergripande resultaten har visat att hushålls beteende, jämte fysiska faktorer såsom uppvärmningssystem, bidrar till att förklara de stora skillnaderna i elkonsumtionen bland villaägare. Statistisk variansanalys har i det sammanhanget visat sig vara en ändamålsenlig metod för att identifiera viktiga indikatorer för utveckling av styrmedel. Såväl enskilda elleverantörer och elkonsumenter som samhället i stort har visat sig ha mycket att vinna på timavräkning inom elhandeln. För elhandlaren är de största fördelarna förknippade med riskhantering, medan vinsten för kunderna består i ökade möjligheter att minska sina elkostnader. Det har även empiriskt påvisats att elkonsumenter är beredda att anpassa sin förbrukning till en effektbaserad tidstariff. Hushåll har generellt en välvillig inställning till den här typen av tariffer, eftersom de indirekt har en positiv effekt på miljön. Att tillhandahålla hushåll med återkoppling avseende deras individuella elanvändning och effektuttag via Internet har visat sig bidra till en ökad medvetenhet och leda till energieffektiviseringar i bostäder. Lättillgänglighet och enkelhet har i det sammanhanget visat sig vara centrala framgångsfaktorer. Att kombinera konventionella stapeldiagram, färgsymbolik och historisk återkoppling är ändamålsenligt i det avseendet.
Reforming the public pension system is one of the tough quandaries of welfare states due to progressive aging of the society and economic downturn. To make pension reform fiscally sound and sustainable, benefits must be cut while contributions must be raised. Apprehending popular opposition, governments have introduced the idea of social dialogue in carrying out this unpopular reform by installing participatory policymaking bodies in order to achieve consensus among political parties, interest groups, and citizens. This study examines what has happened to two East Asian countries, Japan and South Korea, which have initiated pension reform with similar goals in similar manners. The Pension Subcommittee of the Social Security Council in Japan hammered out an agreement in 2003 after 2 years of deliberation, which was passed in 2004 after slight revisions. On the contrary, South Korea's National Pension Development Committee failed to reach a consensus in 2003 and recommended three reform options, all of which were discarded. The result was a stopgap compromise in 2007 among the political parties right before the presidential election. The differences in the autonomous power of welfare bureaucracy, the structure of civil society representation in the participatory policymaking body, and the degree of issue politicization are argued to be the cause of the opposite outcomes of social dialogue for reforming the public pension system in Japan and Korea.Those different variables, however, are insufficient to explain the varied policy outcomes, considering the profound similarities of the two countries. Japan and South Korea are the major archetypes of the so-called developmental state, and both of them are known to have developed the strong state-weak society nexus. The welfare programs in the two countries share the general traits of the developmental welfare state in which welfare policies have been subordinated by economic policies. Since the 1990s, the civil societies in both countries have been greatly invigorated. Thus it is essential to examine how the similar welfare regimes have generated different institutional settings accounting for the opposite outcomes in the pension reform initiatives. This dissertation suggests that this puzzle should be examined from a macro-historical perspective by examining the historical transformation of "developmental welfarism" in the two countries. First, Japanese developmental welfarism established through the welfare bureaucracy's interaction with the stable ruling party and the under-empowered civil society, has turned the welfare bureaucracy into the primary regulator of welfare services. To serve the interests of the ruling party, the welfare bureaucracy has shied away from provoking politically sensitive issues such as tax increases while relinquishing welfare responsibility to society by transforming the society as the government's welfare service partners. On the other hand, Korean developmental welfarism featuring the welfare program as an instrument for political legitimation, has made the welfare bureaucracy a politicized client of the political elite. In order to accomplish welfare goals imposed by the top decision makers, the Korean bureaucracy had to rely on society's resources, which gradually undermined its bureaucratic autonomy. Unlike its Japanese counterpart, the Korean state became regarded as the direct provider and guarantor of welfare services. Under these circumstances, the Japanese welfare bureaucracy was able to carry through unpopular reform by effectively preventing the issue from being politicized. The civil society representatives were isolated from the technocratic decision making process in the deliberation council. The representatives, civil society organizations, and the political parties were not linked to exert power in the policymaking process. However, the Korean bureaucracy could not keep the original reform agenda under control because the issue was rapidly politicized by the representatives of civil society and interest groups, supported by the civil society associations and the political parties linked to them, in the deliberation council. Thus, in conclusion, the introduction of the participatory policymaking measure does not necessarily enrich social dialogue to hammer out an agreement for carrying out unpopular reform initiatives. On the contrary, the existing structure and pattern of governance is reinforced by it. In addition to the theoretical implications for developmental welfarism and participatory governance, this dissertation sheds lights on some theoretical controversies in the field of Japanese politics, Korean politics, and the comparative policy literature, all of which underscore the importance of a historically transformed state-society relationship in the two countries, a substantial difference of Japan and Korea.
In den vergangenen Jahren gab es verschiedene Initiativen, die auf die unzureichende Fördersituation der Schadstoffbezogenen Umweltwissenschaften in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland aufmerksam gemacht haben. Um eine objektive Analyse über die Fördersituation der Ökotoxikologie und Umweltchemie in Deutschland zu erhalten, wurde eine anonyme Online-Befragung ausgearbeitet. Mit Unterstützung der Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) – German Language Branch und der Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh) – Fachgruppe für Umweltchemie und Ökotoxikologie wurde eine Einladung zur Teilnahme an der Befragung an alle Mitglieder dieser beiden maßgeblichen Verbände der Ökotoxikologie und Umweltchemie im deutschsprachigen Raum versendet. Nur leitende Mitarbeiter aus den Bereichen Forschung, Behörden und Industrie sollten an der Befragung teilnehmen. Die Befragung gliedert sich in eine Sektion zur sozioökonomischen Charakterisierung der Teilnehmer, eine zur Förderung der Forschung durch die DFG und eine zur Förderung durch andere Geldgeber. Insgesamt haben 71 Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen in leitenden Positionen aus verschiedenen Sparten an der Befragung teilgenommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Teilnehmer als sehr leistungsstark eingestuft werden können. 48,5 % der Befragten hatten bereits einen Antrag bei der DFG gestellt. Ein Drittel der Befragten gaben an, eine Förderung durch die DFG erhalten zu haben. 64 % sind mit der Förderung Schadstoffbezogener Umweltwissenschaften durch die DFG nicht zufrieden, nur 7 % sind zufrieden. Es zeigte sich, dass die Anträge insgesamt sehr heterogen auf verschiedene Fachbereiche der DFG verteilt sind. Geowissenschaften, Wasserforschung und Chemie nehmen die ersten Ränge ein, vor Biologie und Ökologie. Im Gegensatz dazu gaben 91,2 % der Befragten an, dass Sie bereits Drittmittelanträge bei anderen Förderinstitutionen (außer der DFG) gestellt haben, und 83,6 % wurden bereits entsprechende Drittmittelanträge bewilligt. 62,3 % der Befragten sind der Meinung, dass sich die Fördersituation für die Schadstoffbezogenen Umweltwissenschaften in den letzten Jahren insgesamt verschlechtert oder sogar deutlich verschlechtert hat. Der überwiegende Anteil der Befragten (60,9 %) ist mit der Fördersituation durch Drittmittelgeber unzufrieden, nur 10,9 % sind damit zufrieden. Auf die Frage "Ist die Forschungsförderung im europäischen Ausland insgesamt besser als in Deutschland?" antworteten 30 % mit "ja", 9 % mit "nein" und 61 % mit "ich weiß nicht". Zusammenfassend ergab die Befragung, dass die Fördersituation der Ökotoxikologie und Umweltchemie in Deutschland insgesamt als steigerungsbedürftig, bei der DFG jedoch als problematisch zu bewerten ist. Die auffällige Unterrepräsentation der DFG im Vergleich zu anderen Drittmittelgebern verdeutlicht, dass die wichtigste Förderinstitution Deutschlands den Bedürfnissen der Schadstoffbezogenen Umweltwissenschaften nicht hinreichend Rechnung trägt. Insbesondere die Antworten auf die offenen Fragen bezüglich Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten der Forschungsförderung sollten als Grundlage für einen offenen Dialog der Schadstoffbezogenen Umweltforschung mit den Drittmittelgebern DFG, BMBF und DBU bzw. den entsprechenden Institutionen in CH und A genutzt werden. ; In recent years several initiatives addressed the inadequate financial support of pollutant-related environmental research in the Federal Republic of Germany. For an objective analysis about the research funding in ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry in Germany, an anonymous online survey was prepared. With support of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) - German Language Branch and the German Chemical Society (GDCh) - Division of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology an invitation to participate in the survey was sent to all members of these two major associations for ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry in Germany (D), Switzerland (CH) and Austria (A). Only senior staff from the areas academics, government and industry was invited. The present article introduces the results of the survey. It is segmented in a section on socio-economic characterization of the participants, a section on support of research by the DFG and a section on funding by other funding organizations. A total of 71 male and female scientists in senior positions from various areas participated in the survey. The results revealed that the participants are to be classified as having excellent records. 48.5% of the respondents had submitted at least one research proposal to the DFG in the past, but one third actually received financial support by the DFG. 64% are not satisfied with the DFG support of pollutant-related research, only 7% are satisfied. It turned out that the research proposals are generally very heterogeneous and thus distributed to various units of the DFG with geosciences, water research and chemistry ranking highest, followed by biology and ecology. 91.2% of the respondents indicated that they have submitted proposals for research funding to other funding institutions (except the DFG), and 83.6% already have received appropriate external funding. 62.3% of the scientists believe that overall support for chemicals-related research in recent years has significantly deteriorated or is deteriorating. The vast majority of respondents (60.9%) is dissatisfied with the funding situation, only 10.9% are satisfied. When asked "Is the total research funding in other European countries superior to that in Germany?" 30% answered "yes", 9% answered "no" and 61% "do not know". In summary the survey shows that the funding situation for research in ecotoxicology and environmental chemistry in Germany is improvable, and with respect to the DFG it is considered problematic. The noticeable under-representation of the DFG in comparison to other funding institutions shows that the most important funding body in Germany does not take into account the requirements of pollutant-related environmental sciences. In particular the answers to the open questions regarding improvement of research funding should be used as a basis for an open dialogue of chemicals-related environmental research institutes with the funding institutions DFG, BMBF and DBU and corresponding institutions in CH and A.
