Suchergebnisse

Book reviewed in this articleGREAT BRITAINHenry Cleere and David Crossley (Eds.). The Iron Industry of the Weald. (Leicester: Leicester University Press. 1985. Pp. xvi + 395. 74 figs. £47‐50.)C. G. A. Clay. Economic Expansion and Social Change: England 1500‐1700. (Cambridge, 1984. Vol. I, Pp. xiv + 268. 6 tables, 4 figs. 6 maps; Vol II, Pp. xii + 324. 15 tables, 4 figs. 5 maps. £20 each vol.; paperbacks £6‐95 each vol.)Bernard Rudden. The New River: A Legal History. (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1985. Pp. xiv + 335. 2 plates. 18 figs. 9 appendices. £20‐00.)Norma Landau. The Justices of the Peace, 1679‐1760. (Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, and London: University of California Press. 1984. Pp. xv + 422. £35‐40.)Robin D. Gwynn. Huguenot Heritage: The History and Contribution of the Huguenots in Britain. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. 1985. Pp. xii + 220. 8 Plates. 4 Tables. 10 Maps. £15‐95.)David Ormrod. English Grain Exports and the Structure of Agrarian Capitalism, 1700‐1760. (Hull: Hull University Press. 1985. Pp. xii + 145. £8.95.)N. F. R. Crafts. British Economic Growth during the Industrial Revolution. (Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1985. Pp. 193. £19.50.)Maxine Berg. The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation, and Work in Britain,M. E. Rose (Ed.)‐ The Poor and the City: The English Poor Law in its Urban Context, 1834‐1914. (Leicester: Leicester University Press. 1985. Pp. xi + 175. 1 fig. 5 tables £22‐00.)Neville Kirk. The Growth of Working Class Reformism in Mid‐Victorian England. (Beckenham: Croom Helm. 1985. Pp. xiii + 369. £22.50.)Derek J. Oddy and Derek S. Miller (Eds.). Diet and Health in Modem Britain. (London: Croom Helm. 1985. Pp. vi + 326. £22.00.)Roger Middleton. Towards the Managed Economy: Keynes, the Treasury and the Fiscal Policy Debate of the 1930s. (London: Methuen 1985. Pp. xii + 244. £25‐00.)GENERALPeter Clark (Ed.). The European Crisis of the 1590s. (London: George Allen & Unwin. 1985. Pp. xiv + 324. £25‐00.)L. A. Clarkson. Proto‐Industrialization: The First Phase of Industrialization? (London: MacMillan. Studies in Economic and Social History. 1985. Pp. 71. £395.)Tommy Bengtsson, Gunnar Fridlizius and Rolf Ohlsson (Eds.). Pre‐Industrial Population Change: The Mortality Decline and Short‐Term Population Movements. (Stockholm: Almquist and Wiksell. 1984. Pp. 419. S.Kr.280.)Richard Smith (Ed.)‐ Land, Kinship, and Life‐cycle. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984. Pp. xiii + 547. £40‐00.)David Levine (Ed.). Proletarianization and Family History. (London: Academic Press. 1984. Pp. xii + 315. £38‐50.)Robert R. Locke. The End of Practical Man: Entrepreneurship and Higher Education in Germany, France, and Great Britain, 1880‐1940. (Greenwich, Connecticut and London: JAI Press. 1984. Pp. xii + 363. 31 tables. £46.50.)Harold James. The Reichsbank and Public Finance in Germany, 1924‐1933: A Study of the Politics of Economics during the Great Depression. (Frankfurt am Main: Fritz Knapp Verlag. 1985. Pp. 426. n.p.)Joseph Harrison. The Spanish Economy in the Twentieth Century. (London: Croom Helm. 1985. Pp. 207. 27 tables. £1995.)Ivan T. Berend and Gyorgy Ranki. The Hungarian Economy in the Twentieth Century. (London: Croom‐Helm. 1985. Pp. 316. £25.)HUGH BROGAN. Longman History of the United States of America. (London: Longman. 1985. Pp. viii + 470. £19‐95.)C. Cochran. Challenge of American Values: Society, Business, and Religion. (New York: Oxford University Press. 1985. Pp. 147. $13.95.)Hasia R. Diner. Erin's Daughters in America: Irish Immigrant Women in the Nineteenth Century. (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1983. Pp. xvi + 192. $2000; paperback $9‐95.)Humbert S. Nelli. From Immigrants to Ethnics: The Italian Americans. (Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1983. Pp. viii + 225. £19‐50.)Martin V. Melosi. Coping with Abundance: Energy and Environment in Industrial America. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1985. Pp. xii + 355. $1095.)Carole Haber. Beyond Sixty‐Five: The Dilemma of Old Age in America's Past. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985. Pp. ix + 181. Paperback, £6‐95.)Ruth Schwartz Cowan. More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave. (New York and London: Harper & Row. 1983. Pp. xiv + 257. 46 plates. £19‐75; paperback £8‐75.)Christopher L. Tomlins. The State and the Unions: Labor Relations, Law, and the Organized Labor Movement in America, 1880‐1960. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985. Pp. xvi 4‐ 348. £30; paperback £1095.)Gary A. Puckrein. Little England: Plantation Society and Anglo‐Barbadian Politics, 1627‐1700. (New York and London: New York University Press. 1984. xxiv + 235. $51.50.)Kenneth F. Kiple. The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984. Pp. xiii + 274. £27.50.)Linda Alexander Rodriguez. The Search for Public Policy: Regional Politics and Government Finances in Ecuador, 1830‐1940. (Berkeley & London: Univ. of California Press. 1985. Pp. xv + 281. $32.50.)K. N. Chaudhuri. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean: An Economic History from the Rise of Islam to 1750. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1985. Pp. xiv 4‐ 269. 18 maps. 23 plates. £25; paperback £895.)Christopher John Baker. An Indian Rural Economy, 1880‐1955: The Tamilnad Countryside. (Oxford: The Clarendon Press. 1984. Pp. xvii + 616. 9 maps. 30 tables. 16 graphs. £28‐00.)David K. Wyatt. Thailand: A Short History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1984. Pp. xviii + 351. £27‐50.)Joseph Needham (Ed.)‐ Science and Civilisation in China, Volume VI, Biology and Biological Technology: Part II: Agriculture by Francesca Bray. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1984. Pp. xxvii + 724. £50.)William D. Wray. Mitsubishi and the N.Y.K., 1870‐1914: Business Strategy in the Japanese Shipping Industry. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press (Harvard East Asian Monographs No. 108). 1984. Pp. xx + 672. £21‐95.)Raymond W. Goldsmith. The Financial Development of Japan, 1868‐1977. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1983, Pp. xv + 231. £27.00.)Raymond W. Goldsmith. The Financial Development of India, Japan, and the United States: A Trilateral Institutional, Statistical, and Analytic Comparison. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 1983. Pp. xiv + 120. £1095.)Tsunehiko Yui and Keiichiro Nakagawa (Eds.). Business History of Shipping: The International Conference on Business History 11: Proceedings of the Fuji Conference. (Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press. 1985. Pp. xxix + 330.£ 6000.)David Mackay. In the Wake of Cook: Exploration, Science & Empire, 1880‐1801. (London: Croom Helm. 1985. Pp. vi + 216. £18.95.)D. C. M. Platt and Guido Di Tella (Eds.). Argentina, Australia, and Canada: Studies in Comparative Development, 1870‐1965. (London: Macmillan. 1985. Pp. xi + 237. 25‐00.)Charles Lipson. Standing Guard: Protecting Foreign Capital in the Ninteteenth and Twentieth Centuries. (Berkeley, Los Angeles & London: University of California Press. 1985. Pp. xvii + 332. 13 tables, 3 figs. £3325; paperback £11‐25.)Bill Albert and Adrian Graves (Eds.). Crisis and Change in the International Sugar Economy, 1860‐1914. (Norwich and Edinburgh: ISC Press. 1984. Pp. xii + 381. £12‐00.)Michael D. Bordo and Anna J. Schwartz (Eds.). A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard, 1821‐1931. (London: University of Chicago Press. 1984. Pp. xi + 681. £59‐80.)E. J. Hobsbawm. Worlds of Labour: Further Studies in the History of Labour. (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1984. Pp. x + 369. £15.95; paperback £7‐95.)

Dr Hinko Urbach napisao je dirljiv tekst o nadrabinu aškenaske opštine u Sarajevu dr Samuelu Weszel-u koji je iznenada preminuo 1928. godine. Dr Weszel je poticao od pobožnih i učenih roditelja - Mojsija Weszela i Sare Hirschfeld. Rodio se u Vacz-u (Mađarska) 25. maja 1871. U sedmoj godini ostao je siroče zbog čega je njegov životni put bio veoma težak. Uprkos tome posvetio se nauci. Sa 10 godina čitao je "maftir" (počasno čitanje poslednjeg odlomka Tore u javnom bogosluženju), sa 13 je davao "seder" i išao u veliku "ješivu" u Bonybad, sa 16 je podučavao mladiće mnogo starije od njega. Sa 18 godina već je držao predavanja u hramu. U Bernu i Minhenu je studirao filozofiju i semitsku filologiju kod poznatih profesora i promovisan je za doktora filozofije. U praktičnoj pedagogiji usavršavao se u Hamburgu, Beču i Bazelu, odakle su ga pozvali za rabina u Roterdam, a potom u Sarajevo. Službu rabina aškenaske opštine u Sarajevu započeo je 1. novembra 1898. godine a 1900. godine se oženio Paulom, kćerkom naučnika Isaka Robinšona iz Šarlotenburga. Svoj poziv dr Weszel je veoma voleo i postigao je značajne uspehe. Na početku svoga delovanja pokazao je veliko razumevanje za instituciju "Hevra Kadiše" koja ga je izabrala za počasnog člana. Osnovao je prvo "Židovsko Omladinsko Društvo" u kome je uspeo da okupi sefardsku i aškenasku omladinu u zajedničkom radu. Iz ovog društva se kasnije, 1912. godine razvilo "Židovsko Nacijonalno Društvo", čiji je on bio prvi član osnivač. Zajedno sa svojom suprugom osnovao je 1901. godine "Židovsko aškenasko gospojinsko društvo". Svojim neumornim radom doprineo je da opština sagradi impresivan hram, koji je posvetio 1902. godine. Velike zasluge imao je oko osnivanja i delovanja "Ahdusa", društva Jevreja sa Istoka, i omladinskog društva "Makabi". Ogroman doprinos dao je na polju veronauke: izradio je "Nastavni plan za jevrejski vjeronauk", koji je tadašnja Zemaljska vlada uvela u škole Bosne i Hercegovine. Bio je član uprave Saveza rabina i Glavnog odbora Saveza jevrejskih veroispovednih opština. Dr Weszel je bio odličan govornik, govorio je blago, toplo i ubedljivo, sa posebnom personalnom notom. Bio je impresioniran Prvim cionističkim kongresom u Bazelu 1897. godine na kome je imao lične kontakte sa svim velikanima nacionalnog pokreta. Nikad nije izgubio zanos i oduševljenje i neumorno je radio na obnovi Jevrejstva u dijaspori i Erec Izraelu. Njegovo delo "Das Targum zuni Buche Ruth" u kojem je obradio aramejsku parafrazu ove biblijske knjige izašlo je u Berlinu 1898. godine na nemačkom jeziku i ima naučnu vrednost. Za "Jewish Encyclopedia" napisao je istoriju jevrejskih opština u Bosni i Hercegovini: u Sarajevu, Travniku i Mostaru. Napisao je brojne naučne članake i predavanja, koji su, nažalost zbog njegove skromnosti, ostali u rukopisima. Povodom 25-e godišnjice njegovog službovanja 1923. godine kralj Aleksandar ga je odlikovao ordenom Svetog Save IV stepena. Na kraju teksta o životu i radu dr Weszela objavljen je govor koji je Vrhovni rabin dr Isak Alkalay iz Beograda održao na njegovoj sahrani. ; Dr. Hinko Urbach wrote a touching text about the senior rabbi of the Ashkenazi community in Sarajevo, Dr. Samuel Weszel, who died suddenly in 1928. Dr. Weszel came from religious and scholarly parents - Moses Weszel and Sarah Hirschfeld. He was born in Vacz (Hungary) on May 25, 1871. When he was seven, he has left an orphan, which made his life very difficult. Despite this, he devoted himself to science. He dedicated all his strength to science. At the age of 10, he read the "maftir" (honorary reading of the last passage of the Torah in public worship), at the age of 13 he gave "seder" and went to the big "yeshiva" in Bonybad, at the age of 16 he taught young men much older than him. At the age of 18, he was already lecturing in the temple. In Bern and Munich, he studied philosophy and Semitic philology with famous professors and was promoted to doctor of philosophy. He studied practical pedagogy in Hamburg, Vienna and Basel, from where he was invited to become a rabbi in Rotterdam, and then in Sarajevo. He began his service as a rabbi of the Ashkenazi community in Sarajevo on November 1, 1898, and in 1900 he married Paula, the daughter of the scientist Isaac Robinson from Charlottenburg. Dr. Weszel loved his invitation very much and achieved significant success. At the beginning of his career, he showed great understanding for the institution "Hevra Kadisha", which elected him an honorary member. He founded the first "Jewish Youth Society" in which he managed to gather Sephardic and Ashkenazi youth in joint work. Later, in 1912, the "Jewish National Society" developed from this society, of which he was the first founding member. Together with his wife, he founded the "Jewish Ashkenazi Lady's Society" in 1901. With his tireless work, he contributed to the community building an impressive temple, which he dedicated in 1902. He had great merits for the founding and operation of "Ahdus", the Society of Jews from the East, and the youth society "Maccabi". He made a huge contribution in the field of religious education: he developed the "Curriculum for Jewish Religious Education", which the then Provincial Government introduced in schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina. He was a member of the board of the Federation of Rabbis and the Main Board of the Federation of Jewish Religious Communities. Dr. Weszel was an excellent speaker, he spoke softly, warmly, and convincingly, with a special personal note. He was impressed by the First Zionist Congress in Basel in 1897, where he had personal contacts with all the giants of the national movement. He never lost his enthusiasm and worked tirelessly to restore Judaism in the Diaspora and Eretz Israel. His work "Das Targum zuni Buche Ruth", in which he processed the Aramaic paraphrase of this biblical book, was published in Berlin in 1898 in German and has scientific value. For the "Jewish Encyclopedia", he wrote the history of Jewish communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina: in Sarajevo, Travnik, and Mostar. He wrote many scientific articles and lectures, which, unfortunately, due to his modesty, remained in manuscripts. On the occasion of the 25th on the anniversary of his service in 1923, King Alexander honored him with the Order of Saint Sava IV degree. At the end of the text about the life and work of Dr. Weszel, a speech was given by the chief rabbi Dr. Isak Alkalay from Belgrade at his funeral. ; Str. 19: Fotografija dr Samuela Weszel-a. ; Na kraju teksta o životu i radu dr Weszela objavljen je govor koji je Vrhovni rabin dr Isak Alkalay iz Beograda održao na njegovoj sahrani (At the end of the text about the life and work of Dr. Weszel, a speech was given by the Chieff Rabbi Dr. Isak Alkalay from Belgrade at his funeral).

The majority of rural Indian households remain dependent on traditional, inefficient and harmful household energy technologies. Rural households make their energy decisions with respect to the Water-Energy-Food security (WEF) Nexus jointly, however, previous research initiatives have analyzed household energy access problem in isolation. Taking this WEF nexus into account, this thesis investigates factors influencing household energy transition and identifies an optimal village energy system (VES) for the rural communities in Uttar Pradesh, India. The thesis also analyzes the distributional impacts of VES on different categories of rural households. Using detailed household survey data, Logit and Zoib (zero one inflated beta) regression techniques were applied to analyze household's activities and to identify factors influencing household energy transition. The results showed that regular non-agricultural income of household's male member increases the probability of household's modern cooking energy and modern lighting transition by 8.6% and 13.6%, respectively. It was found that household's higher agricultural dependence and resource endowments (more labor and cattle) lead to higher share of traditional bioenergy consumption in the total cooking energy mix. Proximity to markets and high household income were observed to positively influence household modern cooking and lighting transition. Local institutions such as local bio-energy markets and barter trade for labor- bioenergy were observed to have significant influence on household energy choice. Results also showed that government's policy instrument such as household connection to government LPG scheme is associated with 20.5% increased probability of household using modern cooking energy as its primary cooking fuel. Results also indicated that social factors such as higher female education and young age of household head are associated with household's increased modern cooking energy consumption in its total cooking energy mix. The thesis utilized linear optimization technique to formulate a village energy model in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling Software). The model identified an optimal Village Energy System (VES) considering all possible energy sources and technologies (energy systems) as well as their linkages with food security. Results confirmed energy systems interdependencies for the rural communities. For instance, results showed that the levelized cost of electricity generation from biomass gasifier power system is 2.54 INR/ MJ as compared to 2.89 INR/ MJ from grid electricity-battery based power system. However, model selected the latter for fulfilling village's night time power needs while it assigned higher shadow price of 0.143 INR / MJ to the former. This happened because possible utilization of gasifier power system was expected to create scarcities of local bio-energy resources, resulting in costlier cooking energy system for the village. It was found that DES (Decentralized Energy System) provides demand side energy management opportunities with different energy prices at different timings of the day. Results also showed that high cost of finance deters possible adoption of renewable power technologies, such as solar power. Lastly, the thesis constructed an agricultural household model linked with VES to analyze VES's welfare consequences on rich and poor households. Here, household had the opportunity to purchase VES's energy services and sell its bio-energy feedstocks to VES. For the poor household, this interaction with VES led to its increased agricultural production with around 22% increase in its farm area cultivation in summers, as well as led to reduction in its off-farm labor by around 11% which is then utilized in its own agriculture. Overall, this interaction resulted in around 4% increase in poor household's annual income. On the down side, this interaction led to poor household shifting towards dirtier cooking energy technologies, resulting in increased external costs and CO2 emissions by around 27% and 45%, respectively. On the other hand, VES did not impact rich household's food production and only marginally increased its economic gain. However, it led to rich household shifting towards cleaner cooking energy thereby resulting in reduction of its external costs almost by half. ; Dezentrale Energie in Indien und ihre Synergien mit der Wasser-Energie-Nahrungsmittelsicherheits (WEF) Nexus Die Mehrheit der ländlichen indischen Haushalte ist auf traditionelle, ineffiziente und schädliche Haushalts-Energietechnologien angewiesen. Die Entscheidungsprozesse ländlicher Haushalte, wie Energie genutzt wird, wird in Bezug auf der Nexus Wasser-Energie-Nahrungsmittelsicherheit (WEF) getroffen. Jedoch haben die früheren wissenschaftlichen Analysen die Probleme des Energiezugangs von Haushalten selektiv und isoliert betrachtet. Unter Berücksichtigung des WEF-Nexus untersucht diese Arbeit Faktoren, die die häusliche Energiewende beeinflussen und entwickelt ein optimiertes Dorfenergiesystem (VES) für ländliche Gemeinden in Uttar Pradesh, Indien. Weiterhin analysiert die Arbeit die unterschiedlichen Auswirkungen des VES auf arme und reiche ländliche Haushalte. Mit Hilfe detaillierter Haushaltsumfragedaten wurden die Regressionsverfahren Logit und Zoib (zero one inflated beta) angewandt, um die häuslichen Aktivitäten zu analysieren und Faktoren zu identifizieren, welche die häusliche Energiewende beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das regelmäßige nicht-landwirtschaftliche Einkommen des männlichen Haushaltsmitgliedes die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass der Haushalt moderne Kochenergie und moderne Beleuchtung nutzt, um 8,6% bzw. 13,6% erhöht. Eine höhere landwirtschaftliche Abhängigkeit und die Ressourcenausstattung des Haushalts (mehr Vieh und Arbeiter) führen zu einem höheren Anteil des traditionellen Bioenergieverbrauchs am Kochenergiemix. Die Nähe zu den Märkten und das hohe Haushaltseinkommen haben sich positiv auf den Übergang zu modernen Haushalts-Energietechnologien ausgewirkt. Lokale Einrichtungen wie Bioenergiemärkte und der Tauschhandel (Arbeit für Bioenergie) haben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Energiewahl im Haushalt. Die Ergebnisse zeigten auch, dass das politische Instrument der Einbindung an das staatliche LPG-System zu einer um 20,5% höheren Wahrscheinlichkeit führt, dass der Haushalt moderne Kochenergie als primären Kochbrennstoff verwendet. Die Ergebnisse deuteten auch darauf hin, dass soziale Faktoren wie eine höhere Bildung von Frauen und ein junges Alter des Haushaltsvorstehers zu einem höheren Anteil moderner Energien am Kochenergiemix führen. Die Dissertation verwendet eine lineare Optimierungstechnik, um ein Dorf-Energiemodell in GAMS (General Algebraic Modeling Software) zu formulieren. Das Modell wählt ein optimales Village Energy System (VES) unter Berücksichtigung aller möglichen Energiequellen und Technologien sowie der Kopplung des Energiesystems mit der Ernährungssicherheit. Die Ergebnisse bestätigten die gegenseitigen Abhängigkeiten der Energiesysteme für die ländlichen Gemeinden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten zum Beispiel, dass die Stromgestehungskosten aus dem Biomassevergaser-Stromversorgungssystem 2,54 INR / MJ betragen, verglichen mit 2,89 INR / MJ aus dem Netzstrom-batteriebasierten Stromsystem. Das Modell entschied sich jedoch für Letzteres, um den nächtlichen Strombedarf des Dorfes zu decken, während es dem anderen System einen höheren Schattenpreis von 0,143 INR / MJ zuwies. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, dass eine mögliche Nutzung des Vergaserstroms dazu führen kann, dass Knappheiten lokaler Bioenergieressourcen entstehen, was zu einem teureren Kochenergiesystem. Es wurde festgestellt, dass DES (Decentralized Energy System) nachfrageorientierte Möglichkeiten des Energiemanagements bietet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass hohe Finanzierungskosten eine mögliche Einführung erneuerbarer Energietechnologien verhindern. Abschließend entwickelte die Arbeit ein landwirtschaftliches Haushaltsmodell in Verbindung mit VES, um die Auswirkungen von VES auf reiche und arme Haushalte zu analysieren. Hier hatte der Haushalt die Möglichkeit, VES-Energiedienstleistungen zu kaufen und seine Bioenergie-Rohstoffe an VES zu verkaufen. Bei einem armen Haushalt führte diese Interaktion zu einer Steigerung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion (ca. 22%) und einer Reduzierung der landwirtschaftlichen Arbeit in fremden Betrieben um ca. 11%. Alles zusammen führte zu einem Anstieg des Jahreseinkommens des armen Haushalts um ca. 4%. Andererseits führte dies dazu, dass die Kochenergietechnik armer Haushalte schmutziger wurde was zu erhöhten externen Kosten führte (ca. 27%). Demgegenüber wurde die Nahrungsmittelproduktion reicher Haushalte von VES nicht beeinflusst und erhöhte nur geringfügig den wirtschaftlichen Gewinn. Jedoch verlagerten sich reiche Haushalte in Richtung sauberer Kochenergien, wodurch die externen Kosten um fast die Hälfte reduziert wurden.

Ringkasan Eksekutif Kebergantungan masyarakat agraris terhadap kelestarian lingkungan khususnya kesuburan tanah permukaan sangat tinggi, terlebih-lebih kalau dikaitkan dengan pembangunan perekonomian masyarakat pedesaan secara berkelanjutan. Kepedulian terhadap pemeliharaan kesuburan tanah permukaan sangat dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat di empat desa yaitu Desa Bulian, Bukti, Depeha dan Tunjung, Kecamatan Kubutambahan, Kabupaten Buleleng karena wilayah empat desa ini tergolong berlahan kering sementara masyarakat bergantung dari pertanian. Banyak usaha telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah, namun kepedulian masyarakat terhadap lingkungan masih sangat perlu ditingkatkan melalui suatu program yang strategis dan dapat bergulir ke segenap lapisan masyarakat. Inspirasi dari kegiatan ini adalah (1) perlunya peningkatan kepedulian terhadap lingkungan terutama pemeliharaan tanah permukaan dari para siswa dan guru sekolah dasar di wilayah Desa Bukti, Bulian, Depehe dan Tunjung, Kecamatan Kubutambahan sebagai langkah batu loncatan yang strategis; (2) perlunya peningkatan pemahaman dan keterampilan guru dan siswa tentang program ekosistem pohon dan pembelajaran berbasis proyek sebagai usaha sistematis dalam mengembangkan budaya memelihara lingkungan khususnya tanah permukaan. Metode yang diterapkan dalam kegiatan ini adalah pelatihan dan pendampingan. Pelatihan diberikan kepada guru-guru sekolah dasar di keempat desa tersebut. Pendampingan diberikan kepada para guru dan para siswa yang terlibat mengimplementasikan pembelajaran berbasis proyek dengan tugas proyek berupa program ekosistem pohon – satu anak satu pohon. Karya utama kegiatan ini adalah (1) sebuah perangkat pembelajaran di sekolah dasar dengan model pembelajaran berbasis proyek untuk setiap guru yang terlibat, dan (2) program ekosistem pohon untuk meningkatkan kepedulian terhadap lingkungan khususnya pemeliharaan tanah permukaan. Perangkat pembelajaran yang dimaksud adalah seperangkat program pembelajaran yang memuat rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran, lembar kerja siswa dan lembar penilaian otentik serta perangkat evaluasi kompetensi siswa dengan penerapan model pembelajaran berbasis proyek. Setiap guru di setiap sekolah telah berhasil dilatih untuk membuat seperangkat pembelajaran berbasis proyek dan selanjutnya didampingi dalam penerapannya di kelas dan dalam mengetoktularkannya kepada guru-guru lain. Program ekosistem pohon – satu anak satu pohon adalah program yang dijadikan muatan dalam pembelajaran berbasis proyek untuk meningkatkan kesadaran siswa dan masyarakat lingkungannya tentang pentingnya menanam dan memelihara pohon, dimana siswa merupakan bagian dari ekosistem pohon yang saling kebergantungan. Simpulan yang diperoleh dari kegiatan ini adalah (1) model pembelajaran berbasis proyek dapat diadopsi oleh guru dan siswa dalam pembelajaran di sekolah dasar di wilayah ini, dan (2) masyarakat sekolah yang ada di desa-desa tersebut adalah sasaran yang strategis untuk meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat desa dalam memelihara lingkungan khususnya memelihara kesuburan tanah permukaan melalui program ekosistem pohon. Kegiatan ini berdampak terhadap (1) meningkatnya kepedulian para siswa dan guru sekolah dasar di wilayah ini terhadap pemeliharaan tanah permukaan; (2) terjadinya alih budaya baru dalam pembelajaran di sekolah-sekolah dasar yaitu diterapkannya pembelajaran yang berwawasan lingkungan terutama pembelajaran berbasis proyek dan program ekosistem pohon yang berkelanjutan. Kata-kata kunci: Kepedulian masyarakat, lingkungan, ekosistem pohon, tanah permukaan Executive Summary The dependence on environmental sustainability, particularly top soil vertility, of agricultural society is very high. It is more relevant in correlation to sustainable economic development of the rural society. The awareness in caring of top soil vertility is highly needed by societies in the four villages namely Bulian, Bukti, Depeha dan Tunjung, Kubutambahan District, Buleleng Regency because most all of areas at the four villages are dry, although people live there very dependent on agriculture. Several efforts have been conducted by government, but society's care in environments is still needed to enhance and could be spread like snowball into all social levels through a strategic program. The activity inspiration came from several considerations, namely (1) teachers and students among elementary schools need to be enhanced their environment's care behaviour, particularly in sustaining top soil vertility; (2) both teachers and students need to be improved their understanding and skills on the tree ecosystem program and the project based learning as systemic effort in developing environment's care culture especially top soil caring culture. The me-thods applied in the activity were training and assistance. The training was given to the elementary school teachers among those four villages. On the other hand, the as-sistance was given to those elementary school teachers as well as students in the vil-lages who actively involved in implementing project based learning with a project of the tree ecosystem program – one child one tree. The main achievements of the ac-tivity were (1) one elementary school learning package of project based learning model for each teacher involved, and (2) the tree ecosystem program for improving people care on environment especially on caring top soil fertility. The learning pack-age is a learning program package at least consisting of lesson plan, authentic as-sessment sheet, and evaluation package on student's competency regarding to the implementation of the project based learning model. Each teacher of each school was already trained to make a project based learning package and than they were success-fully assisted to implement the learning package in their classroom and to spread out their knowledge to other teachers. The tree ecosystem program – one child on tree is a program as content of the project based learning for enhancing not only student's awareness but also their surrounding people's awareness toward trees planting and caring, where the students are as part of the tree ecosystem which interdependent to each other. Conclusion could be were (1) the project based learning model could successfully adopted by the elementary school teachers and students in this area, and (2) the school society members in those villages became strategic objects for enhanc-ing the village society's awareness toward taking care top soil fertility through tree ecosystem program. The outcomes are namely (1) enhancement of the awareness of the elementary school teachers and students toward taking care top soil in this area, through the tree ecosystem program; and (2) there is a transformation of new learn-ing culture in those elementary schools i.e. the implementation of environmental oriented learning and the tree ecosystem program. Keywords: society's awareness, environment, tree ecosystem, top soil

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chik Sulikeri microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 540 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 93 per cent is covered by soils, 5 per cent by rock outcrops and 2 per cent is by water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 18 soil series and 35 soil phases (management units) and 8 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 4 per cent area in the microwatershed has sandy soils, 36 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils and 54 per cent clayey soils at the surface.  About 23 per cent area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 13 per cent area of the microwatershed has nearly level (0-1% slope) lands, 73 per cent area of the microwatershed has very gently sloping(1-3% slope) lands and 7 per cent area of microwatershed has gently sloping (3-5% slope) lands.  An area of about 52 per cent area is moderately (e2) eroded and about 41 per cent area is slightly (e1) eroded.  An area of about 0.75%) in 15 per cent area.  An area of about 93 per cent is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  An area of about 33 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) and 16 per cent is deficient (1.0 ppm) in available manganese content.  Entire cultivated area is sufficient (>0.2 ppm) in available copper content.  An area of about 25 per cent is deficient (0.6 ppm) in available zinc content.  The land suitability for 31 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 24(4) 188(35) Sapota 15(3) 65(12) Maize 15(3) 198(37) Pomegranate 15(3) 97(18) Bajra 37(7) 235(44) Guava 15(3) 65(12) Groundnut 37(7) 227(42) Jackfruit 15(3) 65(12) Sunflower 24(4) 60(11) Jamun - 111(20) Cotton 9(2) 204(38) Musambi 24(4) 88(16) Red gram 15(3) 69(13) Lime 24(4) 88(16) Bengalgram 13(2) 218(40) Cashew 13(2) 52(9) Chilli 15(3) 151(28) Custard apple 59(11) 294(54) Tomato 15(3) 151(28) Amla 59(11) 294(54) Brinjal 36(7) 216(40) Tamarind - 61(11) Onion 36(7) 164(30) Marigold 15(3) 198(37) Bhendi 36(7) 216(40) Chrysanthemum 15(3) 198(37) Drumstick 28(5) 136(25) Jasmine 15(3) 166(31) Mulberry 28(5) 155(29) Crossandra 15(3) 141(26) Mango - 29(5)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 8 identified LMU s by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserves soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE STUDY  Results indicated that 37 farmers were sampled in Chik Sulikeri micro watershed among them 5(13.51%) were landless, 4 (10.51%) were marginal farmers, 15 (40.54%) were small farmers, 7 (18.92%) were semi medium farmers, 5 (13.51%) were medium farmers and 1 (2.70%) were large farmers.  The data indicated that there were 101(59.06%) men and 70 (40.94%) women among the sampled households. The average family size of landless farmers' was 3, marginal, small, medium and large farmers' was 5b and semi medium farmers' was 6.  The data indicated that, 29 (16.97%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 80 (46.78%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (29.82%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11(6.43 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Chik Sulikeri had 37.43 per cent illiterates, 44.44 per cent of them had primary school education, 1.17 per cent of them had middle school education, 6.43 per cent of them had high school education, 5.26 per cent of them had PUC education, 1.17 per cent of them did diploma, 2.34 per cent of them had degree education and 1.75 persons were doing others.  The results indicate that, 91.89 per cent of households practicing agriculture and 8.11 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 25.73 per cent of the household members, 51.46 per cent were agricultural laborers, 20.47 per cent were students and 1.17 housewives and children. In case of landless farmers, 21.43 per cent were doing agriculture, 64.29 per cent were agricultural laborers, and 14.29 per cent were housewives. In case of marginal farmers 26.32 per cent were agriculturists, 31.58 per cent were agricultural laborers and 36.84 per cent were students. In case of small farmers, 28.99 per cent were agriculturists, 53.62 per cent were agricultural laborers and 17.39 per cent were students. In case of semi medium farmers, 25.64 per cent were agriculturists, 48.72 per cent were agricultural laborer and 23.08 per cent were students. In case of medium farmers, 20 per cent were agriculturists, another 60 per cent were agricultural laborers and 20 per cent were students. In large farmers 20 per cent were agriculturists, another 40 per cent were agricultural laborers and 40 per cent were students.  The results show that 100 per cent of the populations in the micro watershed have not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 13.51 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 75.68 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 10.81 per cent of them possess Pucca house.  The results shows that 89.19 per cent of the households possess TV, 67.57 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 32.43 per cent of the households possess 2 bicycle, 37.84 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, and 97.30 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results showed that the average value of television was Rs.4151, mixer grinder was Rs.1396, motor cycle was Rs.1500 and mobile phone was Rs.31285 and mobile was Rs.1472.  The data showed that, about 10.81 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 18.92 per cent of them possess plough and sprayer, 94.59 per cent of them possess weeder and 2.70 per cent of them possess harvester and chaff cutter respectively.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.18250, plough was Rs.1250, the average value of weeder was Rs. 23, the average value of sprayer was Rs.4571, the average value of harvester was Rs.45000 and the average value of chaff cutter Rs.3000.  The results indicate that, 16.22 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 24.32 per cent of the households possess local cow and 2.70 per cent of the households possess buffalo and sheep respectively. In case of marginal households, 25per cent possess local cow. Among small farmers, 33.33 per cent of the households possess bullock and 26.67 per cent possess local cow. In case of semi medium farmers, 14.29 per cent of households possess bullock, 28.57 per cent of households possess local cow and 14.29 per cent of households possess buffalo. In medium farmers 20 per cent local cow and in large farmers 100 per cent of the household possess local cow.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 9.19, average own labour (women) available was 5.66, average hired labour (men) available was 8.05 and average hired labour (women) available was 9.13.  In case of marginal farmers, average own labour men available was 31, average own labour (women) was 16, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 7.25. In case of small farmers, average own labour men available was 1.81, average own labour (women) was 1.69, average hired labour (men) was 9.27 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.63. In case of semi medium farmers, average own labour men available was 25, average own labour (women) was 15.71, average hired labour (men) was 11.29 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.57. In case of medium farmers, average own labour men available was 2.20, average own labour (women) was 2.60, average hired labour (men) was 9 and average hired labour (women) available was 10. In case of large farmers, average own labour men available was 1, average own labour (women) was 1, average hired labour (men) was 7 and average hired labour (women) available was 8. 3  The results indicate that, 8.11 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 94.59 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Chik Sulikeri micro watershed possess 22.83 ha (35.54%) of dry land and 41.42 ha (64.46%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 2.06 ha (80.95%) of dry land and 0.49 ha (19.05%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 13.89 ha (77.44%) of dry land and 4.05 ha (22.56%) of irrigated land. Semi medium possess 6.88 ha (52.80%) of dry land and 6.15 ha (47.20%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 12.52 ha (100%) of irrigated land, large farmers possess 3.64 18.21 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 262,672.81 and average value of irrigated was Rs. 183,427.89. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 435,882.36 for dry land and was Rs. 1,029,166.63 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 251,893.94 for dry land and Rs. 592,800. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 232,470.59 for dry land and Rs. 325,000 for irrigated land. In case of medium and large famers, the average irrigated land value was Rs. 215,546.22 and Rs. 220,000 respectively.  The results indicate that, there were 17 functioning and 16 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 45.95 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 77.04 meters.  The results indicate that, marginal farmers were having 0.40 ha irrigated land, small farmers were having 3.24 ha of irrigated land, semi medium were having 9.39 ha of irrigated land and medium farmers had irrigated area of 12.52 ha and large farmers were having 1.62 ha of irrigated land respectively. On an average there was 27.17 ha of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown groundnut (17.05 ha), maize (12.55 ha), bajra (4.05 ha), paddy (3.68 ha), navane (3.24 ha), mango (1.62 ha), sorghum (1.30 ha), horsegram (1.21 ha), groundnut (1.21 ha), cotton (0.81 ha) and tomato (0.40 ha) in kharif season and also grown groundnut (1.21 ha) in Rabi season. Marginal farmers have grown maize, navane and tomato. Small farmers have grown groundnut, bajra, paddy, navane, horsegram and cotton. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, bajra, navane and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize and paddy. Large farmers have grown mango.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Chik Sulikeri micro watershed was found to be 88.79 per cent. In case of marginal farmers it was 98.36 per cent, for small farmers it was 99.54 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 4 89.11 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 72.90 per cent and in large farmers it was 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 86.49 per cent of the households have bank account and 86.49 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 86.49 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31771.63. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 34174.67. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 2403.04, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.08.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 35771.59. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 48158.68. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 12387.09. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.35.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 27138.83. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 33379.73. The net income from sorghum cultivation was Rs. 6240.91. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.23.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 14751.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 32604. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 17852.18. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.21.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 43450.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 73850.81. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 30400.12. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.7.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 48854.75. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 74100. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 25245.25. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.52.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 45006.53. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 98800. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 53793.47. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.2.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 19144.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 25177.99. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 6033.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.32.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 30875.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 203775. The net income from 5 mango cultivation was Rs. 172899.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.6.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 141928.82. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 137399.96. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -4528.86. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.97.  The results indicate that, 21.62 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 13.51 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate. Around 2.70 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that, in landless farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 103,000, in marginal farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 27,500 and agriculture was Rs.42837.50. In small farmers, the average annual gross income from service/salary was Rs. 2000, wage was Rs.22333.33, agriculture was Rs.71713.33 and dairy farm was Rs.5060.67.In semi medium farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 32,142.86, agriculture was Rs. 71,542.86 and dairy farm was Rs. 1,285.71. In medium farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 19400 and agriculture was Rs. 298400 and dairy farm was Rs. 600. In large farmers, the average annual gross income from wage was Rs. 10000 and agriculture was Rs. 30000.  The results indicate that, in land less farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs. 42000. In marginal farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.8333.33 and agriculture was Rs. 23,750. In small farmers the average annual expenditure from service/salary was Rs.20000, wage was Rs.9000, agriculture was Rs.32266.67 and dairy farm was Rs.6600. In semi medium farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.9500, agriculture was Rs.31428.57 and dairy farm was Rs.2000. In medium farmers, the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.9,250, agriculture was Rs. 59,000 and dairy farm was Rs.1000. In large farmers the average annual expenditure from wage was Rs.5000 and agriculture was Rs.10000.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 2 areca nut, 11 coconut and 607 mango trees in their field and also planted 2 coconut trees in their back yard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 3 teak trees and 43 neem trees in their field and 1 neem trees in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7243.24 for land development, Rs. 2513.51 in irrigation facility and 162.16 for improved crop production. Marginal households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 7000 for land development. Small farmers have an average 6 investment capacity of Rs. 7866.67 for land development, Rs. 3066.67 in irrigation facility and Rs.400 for improved crop production. Semi medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8571.43 for land development and Rs. 3285.71 in irrigation facility. Medium farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10,400 for land development and Rs. 3,200 in irrigation facility. large farmers have an average investment capacity of Rs. 10,000 for land development and Rs. 8,000 in irrigation facility.  The results indicate that, for land development, 31.58 per cent of the farmers were dependent on government subsidy and 42.11 per cent of the farmers were dependent on loan from bank. For irrigation facility 15.79 per cent of the farmers were dependent on government subsidy and loan from bank respectively. For improved crop production 2.63 per cent of the farmers were dependent on loan from bank.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, maize, mango, navane, paddy, sorghum and tomato crops were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 95.50 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 8.11 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in agent/traders. 91.89 per cent farmers also sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 2.70 per cent of the households have used cart as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, and 97.30 per cent have also used tractor.  The results indicated that, 62.61 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of marginal farmers, 80 per cent of small farmers, 57.14 per cent of semi medium farmers, 80 per cent of the medium farmers and 100 per cent of large farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 75.68 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 89.19 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 10.81 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the households used fire wood as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 51.35 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 100 per cent of the landless, marginal, medium and large farmers, 13.13 per cent of small farmers and 28.57 per cent of the semi medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 97.30 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.70 per cent did not possess PDS card. 7  The results indicated that, 64.86 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 97.30 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 54.05 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 35.14 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 48.65 per cent, fruits were adequate for 78.38 per cent, milk was adequate for 54.05 per cent, eggs were adequate for 54.05 per cent and meat was adequate for 5.41 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 2.70 per cent of the households, pulses were inadequate for 45.95 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 56.76 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 45.95 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 24.32 per cent, milk was inadequate for 13.51 per cent and eggs were inadequate for 16.22 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 75.68 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (64.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (29.73%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.22%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (43.24%), high rate of interest on credit (8.11%), low price for the agricultural commodities (16.22%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (13.51%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (24.32%), less rainfall (40.54%) inadequate extension services (24.32%) and source of agri technology information (13.51). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

The PGC was funded by National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Grant Nos. MH085520 (to PFS) and MH080403. Statistical analyses were carried out on the Genetic Cluster Computer (http://www. geneticcluster.org) hosted by SURFsara and financially supported by the Netherlands Scientific Organization Grant No. NWO 480-05-003 (to D. Posthuma) and the department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam along with a supplement from the Dutch Brain Foundation. The Bonn/Mannheim GWAS was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) through the Integrated Genome Research Network Systematic Investigation of the Molecular Causes of Major Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia Grant Nos. 01GS08144 and 01GS08147, under the auspices of the National Genome Research Network plus, and through the Integrated Network Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders, under the auspices of the e:Med Programme Grant Nos. 01ZX1314A and 01ZX1314G. The Bonn/Mannheim GWAS was also supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) Grant Nos. FOR2107, RI908/11-1, and NO246/10-1. The GenRED GWAS project was supported by NIMH R01 Grant Nos. MH061686 (to DFL), MH059542 (to W.H. Coryell), MH075131 (W.B. Lawson), MH059552 (JBP), MH059541 (W.A. Scheftner), and MH060912 (MMW). Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry MARS study was supported by the BMBF Program Molecular Diagnostics: Validation of Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Outcome in Major Depression by Grant No. 01ES0811. Genotyping was supported by the Bavarian Ministry of Commerce, and the BMBF in the framework of the National Genome Research Network by Grant Nos. NGFN2 and NGFN-Plus, FKZ 01GS0481 and 01GS08145. The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety and the Netherlands Twin Register contributed to Genetic Association Information Network (GAIN)-MDD and to MDD2000. Funding for NTR/NESDA was from the following: the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (MagW/ZonMW Grant Nos. 904-61-090, 985-10-002, 904-61-193, 480-04004, 400-05-717, 912-100-20; Spinozapremie Grant No. 56-464-14192; Geestkracht program Grant No. 10-000-1002); the Center for Medical Systems Biology (NWO Genomics), Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure, Vrije Universiteit's Institutes for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, BIC/BioAssist/RK (Grant No. 2008.024); the European Science Foundation (Grant No. EU/QLRT-200101254); the European Community's Seventh Framework Program (Grant No. FP7/2007-2013); ENGAGE (Grant No. HEALTH-F4-2007-201413); and the European Science Council (Grant No. ERC 230374). Genotyping was funded in part by the GAIN of the Foundation for the US National Institutes of Health, and analysis was supported by grants from GAIN and the NIMH (Grant No. MH081802). Funding for the QIMR samples was provided by the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (Grant Nos. 241944, 339462, 389927, 389875, 389891, 389892, 389938, 442915, 442981, 496675, 496739, 552485, 552498, 613602, 613608, 613674, 619667), the Australian Research Council (Grant Nos. FT0991360, FT0991022), the FP-5 GenomEUtwin Project (Grant No. QLG2-CT-2002-01254), and the US National Institutes of Health (Grant Nos. AA07535, AA10248, AA13320, AA13321, AA13326, AA14041, MH66206, DA12854, DA019951), and the Center for Inherited Disease Research (Baltimore, MD). RADIANT was funded by the following: a joint grant from the UK Medical Research Council and GlaxoSmithKline (Grant No. r G0701420); the National Institute for Health Research Specialist Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust and the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; the UK Medical Research Council (Grant No. G0000647), and the Marie Curie Industry-Academia Partnership and Pathways (Grant No. 286213). The GENDEP study was funded by a European Commission Framework 6 grant (EC Contract Ref.: LSHB-CT2003- 503428). Genotyping of STAR* D was supported by NIMH Grant No. MH072802 (to SPH). STAR* D was funded by NIMH Grant No. N01MH90003 to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas (to A.J. Rush). The CoLaus/PsyCoLaus study was supported by research grants from GlaxoSmithKline, the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, and the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 3200B0-105993, 3200B0-118308, 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401) and two grants from GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Genetics. SHIP is part of the Community Medicine Research net of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant Nos. 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. Genome-wide data have been supported by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Grant No. 03ZIK012) and a joint grant from Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany, and the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania. SHIP-LEGEND is funded by the DFG (Grant No. GR 1912/5-1). The TwinGene study was supported by the Swedish Ministry for Higher Education, the Swedish Research Council (Grant No. M-2005-1112), GenomEUtwin (Grant Nos. EU/QLRT2001-01254,QLG2-CT-2002-01254), the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research and the US National Institutes of Health (Grant No. U01 DK066134). The collection of PRISME control subjects and genotyping of the 883 Danish control subjects was supported by grants from The Danish Strategic Research Council, The Stanley Research Foundation, and H. Lundbeck A/S. The Muenster Depression cohorts were supported by the European Union (Grant No. N Health-F2-2008-222963) and by grants from the DFG (Grant Nos. FOR 2107 and DA1151/5-1 [ to UD]), Innovative Medizinische Forschung of the Medical Faculty of Munster (Grant Nos. DA120903, DA111107, and DA211012 [ all to UD]). Generation Scotland is supported by a Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "Stratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" (Reference No.: 104036/Z/14/Z) and core support from the Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates (Grant No. CZD/16/6) and the Scottish Funding Council (Grant No. HR03006).r The NIMH Cell Repository at Rutgers University and the NIMH Center for Collaborative Genetic Studies on Mental Disorders made essential contributions to this project. Genotyping was carried out by the Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis with support from Grant No. U54 RR020278 (which partially subsidized the genotyping of the GenRED cases). Collection and quality control analyses of the control dataset were supported by grants from NIMH and the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression.r We acknowledge the contributions of Dr. George S Zubenko and Dr. Wendy N Zubenko, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, to the GenRED I project. We are grateful to Knowledge Networks (Menlo Park, CA) for assistance in collecting the control dataset. We express our profound appreciation to the families who participated in this project, and to the many clinicians who facilitated the referral of participants to the study. We thank the twins and their families registered at the Australian Twin Registry for their participation in the many studies that have contributed to this research. We thank V. Mooser, G. Weaber, and P. Vollenweider who initiated the CoLaus project. We express our gratitude to the Lausanne inhabitants who volunteered to participate in the PsyCoLaus study. We would like to acknowledge the PRISME-study group, Denmark, for collection of the PRISME samples. We thank David M. Hougaard, Section of Neonatal Screening and Hormones, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Preben Bo Mortensen, National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Denmark; Merete Nordentoft, Mental Health Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark; and The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, Denmark. Funding from the BBSRC and MRC is gratefully acknowledged.r Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Genetic and Environmental Risk for Alzheimer's disease (GERAD1) Consortium. As such, the investigators within the GERAD1 consortia contributed to the design and implementation of GERAD1 and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report.r SS, HS, KS, and TET are employees of deCODE Genetics/Amgen. VA received funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, from the European Union (FP 7), and from the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Munster, and he has served on the advisory boards of, or has given presentations on behalf of the following companies: Astra-Zeneca, Janssen-Organon, Lilly, Lundbeck, Servier, Pfizer, Otsuka, and Trommsdorff. BTB has received funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council Australia and honoraria from Lundbeck, BristolMeyers Squibb, Sanofi, Servier, Astra-Zeneca, Pfizer. IJD is supported by the MRC-BBSRC, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative (Grant No. MR/K026992/1). HJG has received funding from German Research Foundation and Federal Ministry of Education and Research Germany and speakers honoraria from Eli Lilly and Servier. CH acknowledges support from the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC). DJM is supported by an , funded by the Chief Scientist Office. AMM is supported by a Scottish Funding Council Senior Clinical Fellowship and by the Dame Theresa and Mortimer Sackler Foundation and has received research support from Pfizer, Janssen, and Lilly. CMM was supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Grant No. NOW VENI 916-76-125). BM- M has consulted for Affectis Pharmaceuticals. MP has served on the advisory boards of Lundbeck and Eli Lilly ; BACKGROUND: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling mood disorder, and despite a known heritable component, a large meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies revealed no replicable genetic risk variants. Given prior evidence of heterogeneity by age at onset in MDD, we tested whether genome-wide significant risk variants for MDD could be identified in cases subdivided by age at onset. METHODS: Discovery case-control genome-wide association studies were performed where cases were stratified using increasing/decreasing age-at-onset cutoffs; significant single nucleotide polymorphisms were tested in nine independent replication samples, giving a total sample of 22,158 cases and 133,749 control subjects for subsetting. Polygenic score analysis was used to examine whether differences in shared genetic risk exists between earlier and adult-onset MDD with commonly comorbid disorders of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and coronary artery disease. RESULTS: We identified one replicated genome-wide significant locus associated with adult-onset (.27 years) MDD (rs7647854, odds ratio: 1.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.11–1.21, p 5 5.2 3 10-11). Using polygenic score analyses, we show that earlier-onset MDD is genetically more similar to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder than adult-onset MDD. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that using additional phenotype data previously collected by genetic studies to tackle phenotypic heterogeneity in MDD can successfully lead to the discovery of genetic risk factor despite reduced sample size. Furthermore, our results suggest that the genetic susceptibility to MDD differs between adult- and earlier-onset MDD, with earlier-onset cases having a greater genetic overlap with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) MH085520 MH080403 ; SURFsara ; Netherlands Scientific Organization NWO 480-05-003 ; Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam ; Dutch Brain Foundation ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) 01GS08144 01GS08147 ; National Genome Research Network plus, and through the Integrated Network Integrated Understanding of Causes and Mechanisms in Mental Disorders ; e:Med Programme 01ZX1314A 01ZX1314G ; German Research Foundation (DFG) FOR2107 RI908/11-1 NO246/10-1 ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) MH061686 MH059542 MH075131 MH059552 MH059541 MH060912 ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) 01ES0811 ; Bavarian Ministry of Commerce ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) NGFN2 NGFN-Plus FKZ 01GS0481 01GS08145 ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (MagW/ZonMW) 904-61-090 985-10-002 904-61-193 480-04004 400-05-717 912-100-20 ; Spinozapremie 56-464-14192 ; Geestkracht program 10-000-1002 ; Center for Medical Systems Biology (NWO Genomics) ; Biobanking and Biomolecular Resources Research Infrastructure ; Vrije Universiteit's Institutes for Health and Care Research and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam ; BIC/BioAssist/RK 2008.024 ; European Science Foundation (ESF) EU/QLRT-200101254 ; European Union (EU) FP7/2007-2013 ; ENGAGE HEALTH-F4-2007-201413 ; European Science Council ERC 230374 ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA ; GAIN ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) MH081802 MH072802 N01MH90003 ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 241944 339462 389927 389875 389891 389892 389938 442915 442981 496675 496739 552485 552498 613602 613608 613674 619667 ; Australian Research Council FT0991360 FT0991022 ; FP-5 GenomEUtwin Project QLG2-CT-2002-01254 ; United States Department of Health & Human Services National Institutes of Health (NIH) - USA AA07535 AA10248 AA13320 AA13321 AA13326 AA14041 MH66206 DA12854 DA019951 U01 DK066134 ; Center for Inherited Disease Research (Baltimore, MD) ; UK Medical Research Council and GlaxoSmithKline G0701420 ; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) ; Maudsley National Health Service Foundation Trust ; Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) G0000647 ; European Union (EU) 286213 ; European Commission Framework 6 grant (EC) LSHB-CT2003- 503428 ; GlaxoSmithKline ; Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne ; Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) 3200B0-105993 3200B0-118308 33CSCO-122661 33CS30-139468 33CS30-148401 ; GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Genetics ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) 01ZZ9603 01ZZ0103 01ZZ0403 03ZIK012 ; Ministry of Cultural Affairs ; Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania ; Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany ; German Research Foundation (DFG) GR 1912/5-1 FOR 2107 DA1151/5-1 ; Swedish Ministry for Higher Education ; Swedish Research Council M-2005-1112 ; GenomEUtwin QLG2-CT-2002-01254 EU/QLRT2001-01254 ; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research ; Danske Strategiske Forskningsrad (DSF) ; Stanley Research Foundation ; European Union (EU) N Health-F2-2008-222963 ; Innovative Medizinische Forschung of the Medical Faculty of Munster DA120903 DA111107 DA211012 ; Wellcome Trust Strategic Award "Stratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally" 104036/Z/14/Z ; Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health Directorates CZD/16/6 ; Scottish Funding Council HR03006 ; Broad Institute Center for Genotyping and Analysis U54 RR020278 ; NARSAD ; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) ; Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF) ; Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research Munster ; National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia ; MRC-BBSRC, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, part of the cross council Lifelong Health and Wellbeing Initiative MR/K026992/1 ; German Research Foundation (DFG) ; Federal Ministry of Education ; Research Germany and speakers honoraria from Eli Lilly and Servier ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) ; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) ; NRS Career Fellowship - Chief Scientist Office ; Scottish Funding Council Senior Clinical Fellowship ; Dame Theresa and Mortimer Sackler Foundation ; Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) NOW VENI 916-76-125 ; Lundbeckfonden R155-2014-1724 ; Medical Research Council UK (MRC) MR/K026992/1 MC_PC_U127561128 1292844 ; Chief Scientist Office CZD/16/6/4

En el artículo se estiman multiplicadores de los impuestos y del gasto público para Colombia con técnicas de vectores autorregresivos estructurales y proyecciones locales estándar y suavizadas. Se utilizan series trimestrales del gobierno nacional central para el período 2000 a 2018. Los multiplicadores fiscales estimados son menores que la unidad, excepto cuando la economía experimenta una fase de contracción, cuando el del gasto resulta mayor. Los resultados en general se mantienen para diferentes esquemas de identificación y metodologías de estimación. ; This paper estimates multipliers of taxes and public spending for Colombia with techniques of structural autoregressive vectors and both standard and smooth local projections. Quarterly series of the central national government are used from 2000 to 2018. We estimate fiscal multipliers that are less than unity, except when the economy experiences a contraction phase, when that of spending is greater than unity. The results are generally maintained for different identification schemes and estimation methodologies. ; Enfoque Generalmente, las autoridades de economías avanzadas y de países emergentes aumentan el gasto público o reducen los impuestos cuando enfrentan períodos de desaceleración económica o recesiones. Teóricamente, no hay un acuerdo acerca del impacto sobre la actividad económica de tales cambios, pero la visión keynesiana predice que un incremento del gasto público aumenta la demanda agregada (consumo e inversión), el empleo y los salarios. Los mayores ingresos estimulan una demanda agregada aún mayor en una espiral virtuosa que se multiplica. El impacto final del aumento inicial del gasto o reducción de los impuestos sobre la economía, denominado en la literatura como multiplicadores fiscales, es la sumatoria de los efectos. El objetivo de este artículo es estimar los multiplicadores de los impuestos y del gasto público para Colombia. Se utilizan series fiscales trimestrales del Gobierno Nacional Central de Colombia para el período 2000 a 2018 y las metodologías econométricas de vectores autorregresivos estructurales y de proyecciones locales estándar y suavizadas. Contribución Este documento realiza tres contribuciones. Primero, identifica alternativamente los choques de los impuestos y gastos mediante dos metodologías y contrasta sus resultados. La propuesta por Blanchard y Perotti (2002), que utiliza información fiscal trimestral y un modelo autorregresivo estructural. La introducida por Ramey & Zubairy (2018), quienes emplean un enfoque narrativo. Segundo, estima los multiplicadores a partir de la misma base de datos, en cuanto a cobertura del sector público y período de estudio. Tercero, aplica tres técnicas econométricas alternativas: vectores autorregresivos estructurales, proyecciones locales estándar y proyecciones locales suavizadas. Esto permite visualizar la robustez de las técnicas y los resultados. FRASE DESTACADA: Los multiplicadores de los impuestos y del gasto en Colombia son menores que la unidad, excepto cuando la economía experimenta una fase de bajo crecimiento o contracción, cuando el del gasto resulta mayor que la unidad. Resultados Los multiplicadores de los impuestos y del gasto en Colombia son menores que la unidad, excepto cuando la economía experimenta una fase de bajo crecimiento o contracción, cuando el del gasto resulta mayor que la unidad. Los resultados en general se mantienen para diferentes esquemas de identificación y metodologías de estimación. Puntualmente, el multiplicador de los impuestos según Blanchard-Perotti es -0,09 y los acumulados son -0,10 y -0,16 a uno y dos años, respectivamente. Con proyecciones locales estándar, el multiplicador al impacto es de -0,26 con el choque identificado a la Blanchard-Perotti. Con el choque identificado de manera narrativa, el multiplicador acumulado de los impuestos a uno y dos años alcanza -0,29 y -0,36, respectivamente, aunque no son estadísticamente significativos. Con proyecciones locales suavizadas es no significativo para todo el horizonte. El multiplicador del gasto a la Blanchard-Perotti es 0,33, mientras que los acumulados a uno y dos años, con las distintas metodologías, se ubican entre 0,51 y 0,89. Con proyecciones locales estándar, condicionadas por el estado de la actividad económica, el multiplicador acumulado del gasto a uno y dos años, y con las dos medidas alternativas de choques, se estima entre 0,18 y 1,21, cuando la economía está en expansión, y entre 0,84 y 2,20, cuando está se contrae. Ahora, cuando se utilizan las proyecciones locales suavizadas, el multiplicador al impacto, con el choque a la Blanchard-Perotti, se estima en 0,46 y el acumulado en 0,67 y 0,44 al primero y segundo años, respectivamente. El multiplicador del gasto estimado con el enfoque narrativo es 0,24 al impacto, 0,82 al finalizar el primer año y 1,19 al finalizar el segundo.

In the face of COVID-19 pandemic, governments and businesses have struggled to operate and find ways to respond to the effects of the disease. The present study conducts a research to find the right strategies for local businesses to cope and mitigate the damages upon National Health Service and business system as the virus spreads across the country. Methodologically, by large this research is supported by qualitative perspectives, and to a less extend by quantitative which is used mostly for statistical purposes. The literature review is the foundation upon which the discussion of secondary data is built, and in order to obtain solid findings the study adopts observation as the main technique to gather primary data. The results show that Angola can emerge successfully from the pandemic provided it manages to protect both the National Health Service and the business system. Most importantly, this study suggests heuristic technique to be the most appropriate tool to save the systems in question. In conclusion, despite not knowing what lies ahead, it sustains that global cooperation is the key to protect the entire world from the crisis but domestically countries must pay attention to both National Health Services and local businesses. In terms of structure, the research includes an introduction, literature review, a reflection on the Angolan context combined with the suggested technique or strategic model, and the conclusion. ; Ante la pandemia de COVID-19, los gobiernos y las empresas revelan dificultades para operar y encontrar formas de responder a los efectos de la enfermedad. El presente estudio busca encontrar las estrategias correctas que permitan a las compañías locales apoyar y mitigar las consecuencias en los Servicios Nacionales de Salud y los sistemas comerciales a medida que el virus se propaga por todo el país. Metodológicamente, este estudio a gran escala está respaldado por la perspectiva cualitativa y, en menor medida, por la perspectiva cuantitativa, esta última por razones estadísticas. La revisión de la literatura sirve como base sobre la cual se construye la discusión de los datos secundarios. Para obtener resultados sólidos, el estudio adopta la observación como la técnica principal de recolección de datos primarios. Los resultados revelan que Angola puede escapar con éxito de esta pandemia, siempre que pueda proteger tanto los Servicios Nacionales de Salud como los sistemas empresariales. Lo más importante, el estudio sugiere una técnica como la herramienta más adecuada para proteger a las empresas en cuestión. En conclusión, aunque no se sabe lo que se espera, el estudio sostiene que la cooperación global es la condición clave para proteger al mundo de la crisis, pero a nivel nacional los países deben prestar atención tanto a los servicios nacionales de salud como a las empresas. En términos de estructura, la investigación incluye una introducción, revisión de literatura, reflexión sobre el contexto de Angola con una sugerencia de un modelo estratégico y conclusión. ; Em presença da pandemia da COVID-19, os governos e empresas revelam dificuldades em operar e encontrar formas de responder aos efeitos da doença. O presente estudo procura encontrar estratégias certas que permitam as empresas locais suportar e mitigar as consequências sobre os Serviços Nacionais de Saúde e sistemas de negócios na medida em que o vírus se propaga por todo país. Metodologicamente, este estudo em larga escala é suportado pela perspectiva qualitativa e numa menor dimensão pela perspectiva quantitativa, esta última por razões estatísticas. A revisão de literatura serve de base sobre a qual a discussão de dados secundários se constrói. Com vista a obtenção de resultados sólidos, o estudo adopta a observação como principal técnica de recolha de dados primários. Os resultados revelam que, Angola pode sair desta pandemia com sucesso, desde que consiga proteger ambos Serviços Nacionais de Saúde e Sistemas de negócios. O mais importante ainda é que o estudo sugere uma técnica como instrumento mais apropriado para proteger os negócios em questão. Em conclusão, embora não sabendo do que se aguarda, o estudo sustenta que, a cooperação global é a condição chave para proteger o mundo da crise, mas domesticamente os países devem prestar atenção a ambos serviços nacionais de saúde e empresas de negócios. Em termos de estrutura, a pesquisa inclui uma introdução, revisão de literatura, reflexão sobre o contexto de Angola com uma sugestão de modelo estratégico e conclusão.

El presente artículo analiza la contribución de la estrategia clúster al proceso de metamorfosis de la ciudad de Medellín en el periodo 1995-2013. Esta iniciativa emerge en el año 1995 en el marco del estudio la ventaja competitiva de Medellín, conocido como el informe Monitor. En años siguientes se inicia un proceso de arti- culación público privada, del cual surge la propuesta Medellín, mi empresa en el año 2005, y años después, esta iniciativa evoluciona en una política pública local definida en el Acuerdo 087 de 2009 del Concejo Municipal, conocida como Medellín, ciudad clúster.Las acciones adelantadas por los gobiernos locales en el periodo de estudio, han entrelazado la organización del tejido empresarial, la producción de una plataforma urbanística para la competiti- vidad y un componente discursivo y de mercadeo, que, en su conjunto, le apuestan a posicionar a la ciudad como atractivo com- petitivo. Este funcionamiento articulado genera un ciclo, que se pueden interpretar en espiral, en función de la apuesta clúster, ya que el avance de un eslabón impulsa a los demás, lo que posibilita que el ciclo continúe avanzando, aportando a la consolidación de la estrategia y a su vez, impactando la transformación de Medellín. ; This research article analyses the cluster strategy contribution towards the urban transformation process in Medellin (1995- 2013). The cluster strategy emerges in 1995 within the Monitorprogram. The following years witness a public-private articulation process that fosters the creation of Medellín, mi empresa (2005). Years later, this initiative evolves into a local public policy, defined under the Acuerdo 087 de 2009 of the Concejo Municipal, namedMedellín, ciudad clúster.The actions followed by local governments aim at positioning the city as competitive, through the creation of an urbanistic platforms, a business network and a discourse based on market development. This intertwined functioning generates a cycle, that could be in- terpreted as an spiral with relation to the cluster. The advance of an individual shackle pushes the rest forwards, consolidating the cycle. This process, in turn, strengthens the strategy and impacts Medellín's transformation. ; Le présent article analyse la contribution de la stratégie cluster au processus de métamorphose de la ville de Medellin durant la période 1995-2013. L'initiative cluster émerge durant l'année 1995 dans le cadre de l'étude intitulée l'avantage compétitif de Medellin, connu comme le rapport Moniteur. Durant des années suivantes est entamé un processus d'articulation public-privé, d'où est née la proposition Medellin, mon entreprise durant l'année 2005, et des années plus tard, cette initiative évolue dans une politique publique locale définie par l'Accord 087 de 2009 du Conseil Mu- nicipal, connue comme Medellín, ville cluster.Les actions avancées par les gouvernements locaux durant la période d'étude, ont entrelacé l'organisation du tissu patronal, la production d'une plate-forme urbaine pour la compétitivité et un composant discursif et de marketing, qui, dans leur ensemble, misent sur le positionnement de la ville en tant qu'attrait compéti- tif. Ce fonctionnement articulé produit un cycle, qui peuvent être interprété en spirale, en fonction du pari cluster, puisque l'avance d'un maillon de la chaîne entraîne les autres, ce qui permet que le cycle continue à avancer, en apportant à la consolidation de la stratégie et en ayant, à son tour, un impact sur transformation de Medellin. ; Este artigo analisa a contribuição da estratégia cluster ao processo de metamorfose da cidade de Medellín no período 1995-2013, em termos de mudanças de políticas, nova infraestrutura e estratégias de promoção de cidade. A aposta cluster, como fonte de vantagem competitiva, é uma iniciativa que emerge nos anos 90 no marco do estudo a vantagem competitiva de Medellín, conhecido como o informe Monitor. Logo, inicia-se um processo de articulação públi- co-privado, do qual surge a proposta Medellín minha empresa no ano 2005, e anos depois, esta iniciativa evolui na política pública local definida no Acordo 087 de 2009 do Conselho Municipal, conhecida como Medellín, cidade cluster.As ações adiantadas pelos governos locais no período de estudo, entrelaçaram a organização do tecido empresarial, a produção de uma plataforma urbanística para a competitividade e um componente discursivo e de marketing, que, em seu conjunto, aportam a posicionar à cidade como atrativo competitivo. Este funcionamento articulado gera um ciclo, que pode se interpretar em espiral, em função dos cluster, já que o avanço de um elo im- pulsa os demais, o que possibilita que o ciclo continue avançando, aportando à consolidação da estratégia e a sua vez, impactando a transformação da cidade de Medellín.

Professional development programs in the form of learning communities offer teachers the possibility to improve their practice and support them in accomplishing the demands that the government and society have assigned them when these are well designed and developed. The study reported here focused on understanding how an English teacher changed her teaching practice with the support of a facilitator in a teacher learning community. Data was gathered through interviews, class observations, recorded meetings and teachers' planning units and pedagogical materials. Results indicate that the teacher experienced changes in her teaching practice related to patterns of teaching behavior and teaching methodology. However, there were some aspects of these two components that she changed only to a certain extent. Moreover, she underwent some difficulties with students and with some contextual factors that affected her learning process. This study reveals several contributions that a learning community can offer to in-service teachers to improve their teaching practice. ; Los programas de desarrollo profesional en forma de comunidades de aprendizaje ofrecen a los profesores la posibilidad de mejorar su práctica y los apoyan en el logro de las demandas que el gobierno y la sociedad les han asignado cuando estos son bien diseñados y desarrollados. Estos programas dan a los profesores el apoyo necesario y las oportunidades de aprendizaje para enfrentar las demandas académicas que les han sido impuestas, y ser capaces de integrarlas a las dimensiones sociales y morales de la escuela. Sin embargo, en Colombia la idea de que los profesores hagan parte de comunidades de aprendizaje como un medio para su desarrollo profesional es escasa. Como resultado de esto, pocas investigaciones se han llevado a cabo en el país para saber su impacto en el aprendizaje de los profesores, específicamente, las prácticas pedagógicas de los docentes. Solo unos cuantos estudios se han llevado a cabo para entender este asunto. El estudio de caso que se reporta aquí se enfocó en entender cómo una profesora de inglés cambió sus prácticas de enseñanza con el apoyo de una facilitadora en una comunidad de aprendizaje de profesores. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de entrevistas, observaciones de clase, grabaciones de reuniones, planeaciones de unidades de los profesores y materiales pedagógicos. Los resultados indican que la profesora experimentó cambios relacionados con patrones de comportamiento en su enseñanza y su metodología. Sin embargo, hubo ciertos aspectos de estos dos componentes que la profesora cambió solo hasta cierto punto. Como resultado de esto, algunas dificultades con los estudiantes y con algunos factores contextuales afectaron su proceso de aprendizaje. Este estudio muestra las contribuciones que una comunidad de aprendizaje puede ofrecer a los profesores en servicio para mejorar su enseñanza y la complejidad del aprendizaje del profesor bajo ciertas circunstancias. ; Les programmes de développement professionnel sous forme de communautés d'apprentissage offrent aux enseignants la possibilité d'améliorer leurs pratiques. Ils leur donnent également du soutien pour pouvoir répondre aux demandes du gouvernement et de la société quand ils sont bien conçus et bien développés. Ces programmes donnent l'appui nécessaire et les opportunités d'apprentissage aux enseignants pour faire face aux demandes académiques et être en mesure de les intégrer aux dimensions sociales et morales de l'école. Néanmoins, en Colombie, l'idée que les enseignants fassent partie de communautés d'apprentissage comme modèle de développement professionnel est rare. En conséquence, peu de recherches ont été faites dans le pays afin de connaître leur impact sur l'apprentissage des enseignants et notamment sur leurs pratiques pédagogiques. Très peu d'études ont été menées dans le but de comprendre ce domaine. Dans cette étude de cas, on cherchait à comprendre comment une enseignante d'anglais a changé ses pratiques d'enseignement avec l'appui d'une enseignante facilitatrice dans une communauté d'apprentissage des enseignants. Les données ont été récoltées par l'entremise d'entretiens, d'observations de cours, d'enregistrements de réunions, de séances de planification d'unités des enseignants et de matériels pédagogiques. Les résultats nous montrent que l'enseignante a expérimenté des changements par rapport aux modèles de comportement dans son enseignement et sa méthodologie d'enseignement. Cependant, l'enseignante n'a changé que jusqu'à un certain point quelques aspects de ces deux composantes. En plus, quelques difficultés avec les étudiants et avec des facteurs contextuels ont affecté son processus d'apprentissage. Cette étude montre les contributions qu'une communauté d'apprentissage peut offrir aux enseignants dans le but d'améliorer leur enseignement et la complexité de l'apprentissage de l'apprenant dans certaines circonstances.

About CEPF: Established in 2000, the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) is a global leader in enabling civil society to participate in and influence the conservation of some of the world's most critical ecosystems. CEPF is a joint initiative of l'Agence Française de Développement (AFD), Conservation International, the GlobalEnvironment Facility (GEF), the Government of Japan, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the World Bank. CEPF is unique among funding mechanisms in that it focuses on high-priority biological areas rather than political boundaries and examines conservation threats on a landscape scale. From this perspective, CEPF seeks to identify and support a regional, rather thana national, approach to achieving conservation outcomes and engages a wide range of public and private institutions to address conservation needs throughcoordinated regional efforts.نبذة عن صندوÙ' شراكة اÙ"أنظمة اÙ"بيئية اÙ"هامةتأسس صندوÙ' شراكة اÙ"أنظمة اÙ"بيئية اÙ"هامة عام 2000 ØŒ ويعتبر من اÙ"رواد اÙ"دوÙ"يين ÙÙŠ تمكين اÙ"مجتمعاÙ"مدني من اÙ"مشاركة واÙ"تأثير ÙÙŠ اÙ"Ø­Ùاظ عÙ"Ù‰ بعض اÙ"أنظمة اÙ"بيئية اÙ"أكثر أهمية ÙÙŠ اÙ"عاÙ"Ù…. يمثÙ"اÙ"صندوÙ' مبادرة مشتركة بين اÙ"وكاÙ"Ø© اÙ"Ùرنسية Ù"Ù"إنماء Ùˆ منظمة اÙ"حماية اÙ"دوÙ"ية Ùˆ مرÙÙ' اÙ"بيئةاÙ"عاÙ"مي وحكومة اÙ"يابان Ùˆâ€Ù…ؤسسة جون د. وكاثرين ت. مكآرثر†واÙ"بنك اÙ"دوÙ"ÙŠ.يتميز صندوÙ' شراكة اÙ"أنظمة اÙ"بيئية اÙ"هامة عن غيره من Ø¢Ù"يات اÙ"تمويÙ" بتركيزه عÙ"Ù‰ مناطÙ'اÙ"تنوع اÙ"حيوي ذات اÙ"أوÙ"وية اكثر من تركيزه عÙ"Ù‰ اÙ"حدود اÙ"سياسية باÙ"إضاÙØ© اÙ"Ù‰ اخذه بعين اÙ"إعتباراÙ"تهديدات اÙ"بيئية عÙ"Ù‰ نطاÙ' جغراÙÙŠ واسع. ومن هذا اÙ"منظور، يسعى اÙ"صندوÙ' Ø¥Ù"Ù‰ تطوير ودعمنهج جديد عÙ"Ù‰ اÙ"مستوى اÙ"Ø¥Ù'Ù"يمي ÙˆÙ"يس عÙ"Ù‰ اÙ"مستوى اÙ"محÙ"ÙŠ Ù"تحÙ'ÙŠÙ' أثار إيجابية Ù"حماية اÙ"تنوعاÙ"حيوي وبمشاركة واسعة من Ù'بÙ" اÙ"مؤسسات اÙ"عامة واÙ"خاصة Ù"تÙ"بية احتياجات اÙ"حماية من Ø®Ù"اÙ" جهدإÙ'Ù"يمي منسÙ'.

Childbirth was traditionally developed within the family environment which means where the parturient (the pregnant woman) lived her experience, personal and transferable together with her close relatives: mother, girl friends, being attended by a 'professional' - another woman or midwife well considered and recognized as such socially as professionally. In our country, up to the latest period of XX century, midwifes were professionals in charge of attention to women in their reproductive cycle at their own homes, focussing primarily in the pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum periods. Midwifes were very much considered and well regarded women in affective and technical-scientific fields, capable of solving vital, difficult and in some cases dramatic situations with no other means than their own experience, their own skilfulness and knowledge. With new economic developments, in the sixties, in XX century and new health concepts, a fundamental change in childbearing takes place, no more faced or approached domestically, in family environments but in specialized health institutions with all the implied impacts. Important changes equally affecting the mother and her attending personnel occur, now medical doctors and specially trained midwifes would attend her. As a result the traditional ancient midwifes see their roles, functions and autonomy limited. At present, we are facing new ways of 'thinking andregarding' childbearing with new attitudes in professionals who attend them, as well as governments who design new health policies. ; Oparto tem-se desenvolvido tradicionalmente no âmbito familiar, um meio no qual a parturiente tem vivido sua experiência pessoal e intransferível, em companhia de seus familiares mais próximos, mãe e amigas, sendo assistida por uma profissional, outra mulher, a parteira ou matrona, conhecida e reconhecida, tanto social quanto profissionalmente. O nosso país, até praticamente o último terço do passado século XX, as parteiras/matronas têm sido as profissionais encarregadas de atender à mulher durante seu ciclo reprodutiva em seu domicílio, centrando-se fundamentalmente na gravidez, parto e puerpério. Eram elas, matronas, mulheres apreciadas e valorizadas no campo afetivo e no técnico-científico, pois capazes de resolver situações vitais e comprometidas, em algum caso, dramáticas, contando apenas com sua própria experiência, perícia e conhecimento. Com a chegada do desenvolvimento econô- mico, anos sessenta do século XX, e as novas concepções em matéria de saúde, produz-se uma mudança fundamental em relação ao fato do nascimento, realizando-se este já não no domicílio, em um ambiente familiar, senão em um centro hospitalar especializado, com todo o que este comporta. Produzem-se profundas mudanças que afetam tanto a mãe quanto o pessoal que a assistirá, matronas e médicos, tendo como conseqüência que a tradicional parteira / matrona percebe-se limitada em seu papel, suas funções e autonomia. Nestes últimos anos, estamos assistindo a novas formas de "pensar e ver" o parto, com novas atitudes por parte dos profissionais que o atendem e dos governantes que determinam as políticas sanitárias. ; El parto se ha desarrollado tradicionalmente en el ámbito familiar, un medio en el que la parturienta ha vivido su experiencia, personal e intransferible, en compañía de sus familiares más cercanos, madre y amigas, siendo asistida por una profesional, otra mujer, la partera o matrona, conocida y reconocida, tanto social como profesionalmente. En nuestro país, hasta prácticamente el último tercio del pasado siglo XX, las parteras/matronas han sido las profesionales encargadas de atender a la mujer durante su ciclo reproductivo en su domicilio, centrándose fundamentalmente en el embarazo, parto y puerperio. Eran, las matronas, mujeres apreciadas y valoradas en el campo afectivo y, en lo técnico-científico, capaces de resolver situaciones vitales comprometidas, en algún caso dramáticas, sin más ayuda que su experiencia, pericia y conocimiento. Con la llegada del desarrollo económico, años sesenta del siglo XX, y las nuevas concepciones en materia de salud, se produce un cambio fundamental en relación al hecho del nacimiento, realizándose éste ya no en el domicilio, en un ambiente familiar, sino en un centro hospitalario especializado, con todo lo que ello conlleva. Se producen profundos cambios que afectan tanto a la madre como al personal que le va a asistir, matronas y médicos, teniendo como consecuencia que la tradicional partera/matrona ve recortado su papel, sus funciones y su autonomía. En los últimos años estamos asistiendo a nuevas formas de "pensar y ver" el parto, con nuevas actitudes por parte de los profesionales que lo atienden y de los gobernantes que diseñan las polí- ticas sanitarias.

Background: This study aims to determine whether periodontal conditions or dental health behaviors are risk factors for preterm birth (PTB), and whether periodontal pathogens are risk indicators for PTB among Korean mothers. Methods: This study was designed as a hospital-based case-control study. Examiner masking was ensured for the validity of the examinations. The mothers included those who gave birth between November 2007 and July 2009 at the obstetrics clinic of a general hospital in Seoul, Korea. Information on demographic and health conditions, periodontal conditions, and microbacterial data was collected. Results: A total of 172 women met the inclusion criteria, 59 mothers who delivered a preterm neonate were assigned to the case group while the other 113 were assigned to the control group. There were no significant differences in demographic information, oral health conditions, and obstetric characteristics. Among health-related behaviors, only scaling within 12 months before pregnancy showed a significant difference (P = 0.031). Even in the adjusted logistic model, only the difference in the experience of scaling before pregnancy was significant between the PTB cases and the controls (P = 0.039). Periodontal disease did not exhibit a significant relationship with PTB even after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Among the microbacterial factors, only Porphyromonas gingivalis showed a slight difference (P = 0.060). Conclusion: There was a significant difference in scaling experience within 12 months before pregnancy and P. gingivalis showed a marginal difference between the PTB and the control groups but clinical periodontal conditions showed no association with PTB. J Periodontol 2010;81:855-863. ; This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD, Basic Research Promotion Fund, Seoul, Korea; E00230). ; Offenbacher S, 2009, OBSTET GYNECOL, V114, P551 ; Heimonen A, 2009, J PERIODONTOL, V80, P884, DOI 10.1902/jop.2009.080560 ; Katz J, 2009, J DENT RES, V88, P575, DOI 10.1177/0022034509338032 ; Novak MJ, 2008, J PERIODONTOL, V79, P1870, DOI 10.1902/jop.2008.070554 ; Lin DM, 2007, J PERIODONTOL, V78, P833, DOI 10.1902/jop.2007.060201 ; Bassani DG, 2007, J CLIN PERIODONTOL, V34, P31, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.01012.x ; *MIN HLTH WELF FAM, 2007, NAT OR HLTH SURV, P252 ; Offenbacher S, 2006, J PERIODONTOL, V77, P2011, DOI 10.1092/jop.2006.060047 ; Xiong X, 2006, BJOG-INT J OBSTET GY, V113, P135, DOI 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00827.x ; Contreras A, 2006, J PERIODONTOL, V77, P182, DOI 10.1902/jop.2006.050020 ; MARMOT M, 2006, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, P54 ; KOO YH, 2006, KOREAN J OBSTET GYNE, V49, P1855 ; *KOR I HLTH SOC AF, 2006, SURV NAT FERT FAM HL, P173 ; Lopez NJ, 2005, J PERIODONTOL, V76, P2144 ; Petersen PE, 2005, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V83, P661 ; Lunardelli AN, 2005, J CLIN PERIODONTOL, V32, P938, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00759.x ; Moliterno LFM, 2005, J CLIN PERIODONTOL, V32, P886, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00781.x ; Moreu G, 2005, J CLIN PERIODONTOL, V32, P622, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00722.x ; Rajapakse PS, 2005, J DENT RES, V84, P274 ; Khader YS, 2005, J PERIODONTOL, V76, P161 ; Buduneli N, 2005, J CLIN PERIODONTOL, V32, P174, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00670.x ; Nonnenmacher C, 2004, J MICROBIOL METH, V59, P117, DOI 10.1016/j.mimet.2004.06.006 ; MOKEEM SA, 2004, J CONT DENT PRACT, V5, P40 ; *UN CHILDR FUND, 2004, LOW BIRTH WEIGHT COU, P7 ; Hasegawa K, 2003, J PERIODONTOL, V74, P1764 ; Lopez NJ, 2002, J PERIODONTOL, V73, P911 ; Davenport ES, 2002, J DENT RES, V81, P313 ; Lopez NJ, 2002, J DENT RES, V81, P58 ; BOWLING A, 2002, RES METHODS HLTH INV, P153 ; Dasanayake AP, 2001, J PERIODONTOL, V72, P1491 ; Jeffcoat MK, 2001, J AM DENT ASSOC, V132, P875 ; Mitchell-Lewis D, 2001, EUR J ORAL SCI, V109, P34 ; Jarvis MJ, 2000, BRIT MED J, V321, P343 ; CHOI EC, 2000, J KOREAN ACAD PERIOD, V30, P111 ; ROTTA NT, 2000, J PEDIAT, V76, P179 ; BERKMAN L, 2000, SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY, P13 ; Offenbacher S, 1996, J PERIODONTOL, V67, P1103 ; PEACOCK JL, 1995, BRIT MED J, V311, P531 ; COLLINS JG, 1994, INFECT IMMUN, V62, P4652 ; HEYBORNE KD, 1992, AM J OBSTET GYNECOL, V167, P920 ; DUPONT WD, 1990, CONTROL CLIN TRIALS, V11, P116 ; MCGREGOR JA, 1988, AM J REPROD IMMUNOL, V16, P123 ; KRAMER MS, 1987, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V65, P663 ; MCCORMICK MC, 1985, NEW ENGL J MED, V312, P82 ; *WHO, 1984, WEEKLY EPIDEMIOL REC, V59, P205 ; 3

El parto se ha desarrollado tradicionalmente en el ámbito familiar, un medio en el que la parturienta ha vivido su experiencia, personal e intransferible, en compañía de sus familiares más cercanos, madre y amigas, siendo asistida por una profesional, otra mujer, la partera o matrona, conocida y reconocida, tanto social como profesionalmente. En nuestro país, hasta prácticamente el último tercio del pasado siglo XX, las parteras/matronas han sido las profesionales encargadas de atender a la mujer durante su ciclo reproductivo en su domicilio, centrándose fundamentalmente en el embarazo, parto y puerperio. Eran, las matronas, mujeres apreciadas y valoradas en el campo afectivo y, en lo técnico-científico, capaces de resolver situaciones vitales comprometidas, en algún caso dramáticas, sin más ayuda que su experiencia, pericia y conocimiento. Con la llegada del desarrollo económico, años sesenta del siglo XX, y las nuevas concepciones en materia de salud, se produce un cambio fundamental en relación al hecho del nacimiento, realizándose éste ya no en el domicilio, en un ambiente familiar, sino en un centro hospitalario especializado, con todo lo que ello conlleva. Se producen profundos cambios que afectan tanto a la madre como al personal que le va a asistir, matronas y médicos, teniendo como consecuencia que la tradicional partera/matrona ve recortado su papel, sus funciones y su autonomía. En los últimos años estamos asistiendo a nuevas formas de "pensar y ver" el parto, con nuevas actitudes por parte de los profesionales que lo atienden y de los gobernantes que diseñan las políticas sanitarias. ; Childbirth was traditionally developed within the family environment which means where the parturient (the pregnant woman) lived her experience, personal and transferable together with her close relatives: mother, girl friends, being attended by a 'professional' - another woman or midwife well considered and recognized as such socially as professionally. In our country, up to the latest period of XX century, midwifes were professionals in charge of attention to women in their reproductive cycle at their own homes, focussing primarily in the pregnancy, childbirth and post-partum periods. Midwifes were very much considered and well regarded women in affective and technical-scientific fields, capable of solving vital, difficult and in some cases dramatic situations with no other means than their own experience, their own skilfulness and knowledge. With new economic developments, in the sixties, in XX century and new health concepts, a fundamental change in childbearing takes place, no more faced or approached domestically, in family environments but in specialized health institutions with all the implied impacts. Important changes equally affecting the mother and her attending personnel occur, now medical doctors and specially trained midwifes would attend her. As a result the traditional ancient midwifes see their roles, functions and autonomy limited. At present, we are facing new ways of 'thinking andregarding' childbearing with new attitudes in professionals who attend them, as well as governments who design new health policies. ; O parto tem-se desenvolvido tradicionalmente no âmbito familiar, um meio no qual a parturiente tem vivido sua experiência pessoal e intransferível, em companhia de seus familiares mais próximos, mãe e amigas, sendo assistida por uma profissional, outra mulher, a parteira ou matrona, conhecida e reconhecida, tanto social quanto profissionalmente. O nosso país, até praticamente o último terço do passado século XX, as parteiras/matronas têm sido as profissionais encarregadas de atender à mulher durante seu ciclo reprodutiva em seu domicílio, centrando-se fundamentalmente na gravidez, parto e puerpério. Eram elas, matronas, mulheres apreciadas e valorizadas no campo afetivo e no técnico-científico, pois capazes de resolver situações vitais e comprometidas, em algum caso, dramáticas, contando apenas com sua própria experiência, perícia e conhecimento. Com a chegada do desenvolvimento econômico, anos sessenta do século XX, e as novas concepções em matéria de saúde, produz-se uma mudança fundamental em relação ao fato do nascimento, realizando-se este já não no domicílio, em um ambiente familiar, senão em um centro hospitalar especializado, com todo o que este comporta. Produzem-se profundas mudanças que afetam tanto a mãe quanto o pessoal que a assistirá, matronas e médicos, tendo como conseqüência que a tradicional parteira / matrona percebe-se limitada em seu papel, suas funções e autonomia. Nestes últimos anos, estamos assistindo a novas formas de "pensar e ver" o parto, com novas atitudes por parte dos profissionais que o atendem e dos governantes que determinam as políticas sanitárias.

Acknowledgments Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the University of Melbourne, Public Health England, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845), and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). Aruna M Kamath is funded by the National Institutes of Health (T32GM086270). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation or the National Institutes of Health. Lucas Guimarães Abreu acknowledges Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (404710/2018-2 and 310797/2019-5), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG), and Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa (PRPq) of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Olatunji O Adetokunboh was supported by the National Research Foundation, and Department of Science and Innovation, South Africa. Syed Mohamed Aljunid would like to acknowledge the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Marcel Ausloos, Adrian Pana, and Claudiu Herteliu are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Claudiu Herteliu and Adrian Pana are partially supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P2-2.1-SOL-2020-2-0351. Derrick A Bennett receives support from the Oxford National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. Felix Carvalho and Eduarda Fernandes acknowledge UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Joao Conde acknowledges the European Research Council, ERC starting grant agreement No 848325. Vera Marisa Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Sagnik Dey acknowledges the support of the Centre of Excellence for Research on Clean Air (CERCA) and IIT Delhi for the institute chair position. Santosh Gaihre acknowledges the GCRF SAFEWATER Project, Ulster University, Northern Ireland. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges support from fellowships and funding from NHMRC and National Heart Foundation of Australia. Oommen John is recipient of an UIPA scholarship through University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia. Md Nuruzzaman Khan acknowledges the support of Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Yun Jin Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia, Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges support provided by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India. Kewal Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Manasi Kumar would like to acknowledge NIH/FIC k43 tw010716-04. Ben Lacey acknowledges support from UK Biobank, the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, and the BHF Oxford Centre of Research Excellence. Iván Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by the Panama's Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). John J McGrath has been supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and is employed by The Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research which receives core funding from the Queensland Health. Stefania Mondello acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Health (grant number GR-2013-02354960). Jonathan F Mosser acknowledges funding from BMGF (OPP1182474). Bruno Ramos Nascimento was supported in part by CNPq (Bolsa de produtividade em pesquisa, 312382/2019-7), by the Edwards Lifesciences Foundation (Every Heartbeat Matters programme 2020), and by FAPEMIG (grant APQ-000627-20). Shuhei Nomura acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT). Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya was supported by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under award number K43TW010704. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Alberto Ortiz was supported by FIS/Fondos FEDER (PI18/01366, PI19/00588, PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ERA-PerMed-JTC2018 (KIDNEY ATTACK AC18/00064 and PERSTIGAN AC18/00071, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009), Sociedad Española de Nefrología, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid en Biomedicina B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. Jagadish Rao Padubidri acknowledges the Manipal Academy of Higher Education Mangalore, Mangalore, India for their constant support. George C Patton is supported by an NHMRC senior principal research fellowship. Alberto Raggi is supported by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Linea 4 Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Bhageerathy Reshmi acknowledges support from Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal, India. Daniela Ribeiro acknowledges the financial support from the European Union [FEDER funds through COMPETE, POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). Abdallah M Samy acknowledges the support from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program, and being a member of the Egyptian Young Academy of Sciences and Technology. Davide Sattin and Silvia Schiavolin acknowledge support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Francesca Giulia Magnani acknowledges support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health GR2016-02365049. Feng Sha and Bingyu Li acknowledge support by the Shenzhen Social Science Fund (Grant No SZ2020C015) and the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Grant KQTD20190929172835662). Aziz Sheikh acknowledges the support of the Health Data Research UK BREATHE Hub. João Pedro Silva acknowledges support from grant number UIDB/04378/2020 from the Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit (UCIBIO), supported through Portuguese national funds via FCT/MCTES. David A Sleet acknowledges support from the James F and Sarah T Fries Foundation, The Bizzell Group. Mohammad Reza Sobhiyeh acknowledges support from the Clinical Research Development center of Imam Reza Hospital Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Joan B Soriano acknowledges support from the Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Gizachew Assefa Tessema is a recipient of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) investigator grant (APP1195716). Riaz Uddin is supported by an Alfred Deakin Postdoctoral Research Fellowship. Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan acknowledges Katurba Medical College, Mangalore, India. Charles Shey Wiysonge is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. Sojib Bin Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) in support of his academic career. Yunquan Zhang acknowledges the Science and Technology Research Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (grant number Q20201104) and Middle Aged Technology Innovation Team Project of Hubei Provincial Department of Education (grant number T2020003). ; Peer reviewed ; Publisher PDF