Suchergebnisse

The objective of this article is to show evidence of the strategies that were implemented through the SENA Emprende Rural program - SER of the SENA Industrial Center and Business Development of Soacha, Cundinamarca for the incubation and strengthening of undertakings of productive units. A descriptive, non-experimental, transectional and field quantitative study was defined. A questionnaire was designed following the Delphi methodology, and applied to a sample of rural entrepreneurial leaders. SENA Program Emprende Rural Industrial Center and Business Development of Soacha. This questionnaire presents eight items, four for the entrepreneurial variable and four for the innovation variable. It was found that the acceleration strategies implemented by SENA and local governments have had a positive impact on the perception of innovation and growth of the leaders of the productive units studied. It is concluded that the implementation of this type of public strategies in the long term will have a positive impact on the sustainability of companies conceived in rural areas that ultimately mark the creation of new jobs and economic growth in rural areas. ; El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar evidencia de las estrategias que se implementaron a través del programa SENA Emprende Rural – SER del SENA Centro Industrial y Desarrollo Empresarial de Soacha, Cundinamarca para la incubación y fortalecimiento de emprendimientos de unidades productivas. Se definió un estudio cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo, no experimental, transeccional y de campo. Se diseñó un cuestionario siguiendo la metodología Delphi, y se aplicó a una muestra de líderes emprendedores rurales Programa SENA Emprende Rural Centro Industrial y Desarrollo Empresarial de Soacha. Dicho cuestionario presenta ocho ítems, cuatro para la variable emprendimiento y cuatro para la variable innovación. Se encontró que las estrategias de aceleración implementadas por el SENA y los gobiernos locales han incidido positivamente en la percepción de innovación y crecimiento de los líderes de las unidades productivas estudiadas. Se concluye que la implementación de este tipo de estrategias públicas en el largo plazo impactarán positivamente en la sostenibilidad de empresas concebidas en zonas rurales que finalmente jalonan la creación de nuevos empleos y crecimiento económico en zonas rurales. ; O objetivo deste artigo é mostrar evidências das estratégias implementadas através do programa SENA Compromete Rural - SER industrial SENA Negócios Centro de Desenvolvimento e Soacha, Cundinamarca para a incubação e empreendedorismo fortalecimento das unidades produtivas. um estudo quantitativo, não experimental, transacional e campo descritivo definido. Um questionário foi elaborado seguindo a metodologia Delphi, e aplicado a uma amostra de líderes empreendedores rurais SENA Compromete Rural centro industrial e Programa de Desenvolvimento Soacha negócio. Este questionário tem oito itens, quatro para a variável da empresa e quatro para a variável inovação. Verificou-se que as estratégias de aceleração implementadas pelo SENA e os governos locais têm um impacto positivo sobre a percepção de inovação e crescimento dos líderes de unidades produtivas estudadas. Concluise que a implementação deste tipo de estratégias públicas no impacto de longo prazo de forma positiva sobre a sustentabilidade das empresas concebidas em áreas rurais, finalmente, marcar a criação de novos empregos e crescimento econômico em áreas rurais.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between adiposity measures (body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio) with decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and with all cause mortality. DESIGN Individual participant data meta-analysis. SETTING Cohorts from 40 countries with data collected between 1970 and 2017. PARTICIPANTS Adults in 39 general population cohorts (n=5 459 014), of which 21 (n=594 496) had data on waist circumference; six cohorts with high cardiovascular risk (n=84 417); and 18 cohorts with chronic kidney disease (n=91 607). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES GFR decline (estimated GFR decline ≥40%, initiation of kidney replacement therapy or estimated GFR <10 mL/ min/1.73 m2) and all cause mortality. RESULTS Over a mean follow-up of eight years, 246 607 (5.6%) individuals in the general population cohorts had GFR decline (18 118 (0.4%) end stage kidney disease events) and 782 329 (14.7%) died. Adjusting for age, sex, race, and current smoking, the hazard ratios for GFR decline comparing body mass indices 30, 35, and 40 with body mass index 25 were 1.18 (95% confidence interval 1.09 to 1.27), 1.69 (1.51 to 1.89), and 2.02 (1.80 to 2.27), respectively. Results were similar in all subgroups of estimated GFR. Associations weakened after adjustment for additional comorbidities, with respective hazard ratios of 1.03 (0.95 to 1.11), 1.28 (1.14 to 1.44), and 1.46 (1.28 to 1.67). The association between body mass index and death was J shaped, with the lowest risk at body mass index of 25. In the cohorts with high cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease (mean follow-up of six and four years, respectively), risk associations between higher body mass index and GFR decline were weaker than in the general population, and the association between body mass index and death was also J shaped, with the lowest risk between body mass index 25 and 30. In all cohort types, associations between higher waist circumference and higher waist-to-height ratio with GFR decline were similar to that of body mass index; however, increased risk of death was not associated with lower waist circumference or waist-to-height ratio, as was seen with body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Elevated body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio are independent risk factors for GFR decline and death in individuals who have normal or reduced levels of estimated GFR. ; The CKD-PC data coordinating centre is funded partly by a programme grant from the US National Kidney Foundation and the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK; R01DK100446-01). Various sources have supported enrolment and data collection including laboratory measurements, and follow-up in the collaborating cohorts of the CKD-PC; these funding sources include government agencies such as national institutes of health and medical research councils as well as foundations and industry sponsors listed in eAppendix 3. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. ARC was supported by NIDDK (1K23DK106515-01).

This article is contribution number 94 of Tara Oceans.-- 37 pages, 20 figures, 1 table, supplementary information https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.014.-- All raw reads are available through ENA at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena using the identifiers listed in https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3473199. Processed data are accessible at https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-BSST297, and additional information is provided in https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3473199 and at the companion website: https://www.ocean-microbiome.org. Scripts used in this manuscript are available through a Github repository at https://github.com/SushiLab/omrgc_v2_scripts ; Ocean microbial communities strongly influence the biogeochemistry, food webs, and climate of our planet. Despite recent advances in understanding their taxonomic and genomic compositions, little is known about how their transcriptomes vary globally. Here, we present a dataset of 187 metatranscriptomes and 370 metagenomes from 126 globally distributed sampling stations and establish a resource of 47 million genes to study community-level transcriptomes across depth layers from pole-to-pole. We examine gene expression changes and community turnover as the underlying mechanisms shaping community transcriptomes along these axes of environmental variation and show how their individual contributions differ for multiple biogeochemically relevant processes. Furthermore, we find the relative contribution of gene expression changes to be significantly lower in polar than in non-polar waters and hypothesize that in polar regions, alterations in community activity in response to ocean warming will be driven more strongly by changes in organismal composition than by gene regulatory mechanisms ; Tara Oceans (that includes both the Tara Oceans and Tara Oceans Polar Circle expeditions) would not exist without the leadership of the Tara Expeditions Foundation and the continuous support of 23 institutes (https://oceans.taraexpeditions.org). We further thank the commitment of the following sponsors: CNRS (in particular Groupement de Recherche GDR3280 and the Research Federation for the study of Global Ocean Systems Ecology and Evolution, FR2022/Tara Oceans-GOSEE); European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL); Genoscope/CEA; the French Ministry of Research; the French Government "Investissements d'Avenir" programmes OCEANOMICS (ANR-11-BTBR-0008), FRANCE GENOMIQUE (ANR-10-INBS-09-08), MEMO LIFE (ANR-10-LABX-54), and PSL∗ Research University (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02); Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (award 3790); the US National Science Foundation (OCE#1536989 and OCE#1829831 to M.B.S.); the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement 686070); and the Ohio Supercomputer and the EMBL and ETH Zürich HPC facilities for computational support. Funding for the collection and processing of the TARA data set was provided by NASA Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry program under grants NNX11AQ14G, NNX09AU43G, NNX13AE58G, and NNX15AC08G to the University of Maine and Canada Excellence Research Chair on Remote sensing of Canada's new Arctic frontier Canada Foundation for Innovation. C.B. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement 835067). S.G.A. thanks the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (CTM2017-87736-R). S. Sunagawa. is supported by the ETH and the Helmut Horten Foundation and by funding from the Swiss National Foundation (205321_184955) ; Peer Reviewed

International audience ; With increasing concerns on the sustainability of agricultural systems, many tools have been developed to assess farm sustainability. The main objective of this study was to assess and compare the sustainability of different forms of family farm organization. A second objective was to test the relevance of the IDEA method (Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles or Farm Sustainability Indicators) to compare tree-crop-based family farms in tropical areas. Percentages of sustainability were calculated based on individual interviews conducted with 25 rubber farmers representing three different types of farm (typology based on the labor used for farming activities), using three scales and 10 components. The socio-territorial scale was the weak point of the rubber farms. In contrast, the economic scale was relatively the best asset on all farms. The factor that most differentiated the three types of farm was the agro-ecological scale followed by the socio-territorial scale. The economic scale did not discriminate. Moreover, only the diversity of production and efficiency components showed a notable difference between the different types of farm. Overall, the three types of farm with contrasting forms of farm organization were not much different in terms of sustainability performance. Family business farms with managerial family labor appeared to be the least sustainable. Thus, as family business farms are becoming more and more important in Thai agriculture, if these results are confirmed on a broader scale, this represents an issue for the sustainability of the Thai rubber sector that would require government intervention. ; Les préoccupations croissantes concernant la durabilité des systèmes agricoles ont conduit au développement de nombreux outils pour l'évaluer. L'objectif principal de cette étude était d'évaluer et comparer la durabilité de différentes formes d'organisation de l'agriculture familiale. Un deuxième objectif était de tester la pertinence de la méthode IDEA (Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles) pour comparer des exploitations familiales à base de plantes pérennes en zone tropicale. À partir d'entretiens individuels conduits avec 25 planteurs d'hévéa représentant trois types d'exploitations agricoles (typologie basée sur le travail mobilisé pour les activités agricoles), des pourcentages de durabilité ont été calculés sur trois échelles et 10 composantes. L'échelle socio-territoriale était le point faible des exploitations hévéicoles. À l'inverse, l'échelle économique était le point fort pour toutes les exploitations. L'échelle agro-écologique est celle qui discriminait le mieux les trois types d'exploitations, suivie par l'échelle socio-territoriale. L'échelle économique n'était pas discriminante. De plus, les seules composantes présentant des différences entre les trois types d'exploitation étaient la diversité des productions et l'efficience des exploitations. Les trois types d'exploitation représentant des formes contrastées d'organisation de la production agricole ne sont finalement pas apparus très différents en termes de durabilité. Les exploitations familiales patronales avec la famille seulement impliquée dans la gestion seraient les moins durables. Pourtant, les exploitations patronales occupent une place croissante dans l'agriculture en Thaïlande. Si ces résultats sont confirmés à plus grande échelle, cela représente un problème pour la durabilité de l'hévéaculture en Thaïlande qui demanderait une intervention du gouvernement.

The Mangrove ecosystem offers a range of benefits and opportunities for local and national economic development such as fisheries, shoreline stability, and resource sustainability hence they should be protected and conserved. In Kenya Mangroves were declared government reserve forests by the Proclamation No. 44 of 30th April 1932, and later by Legal Notice No. 174 of 20th May 1964. Under this "Gazette Notification for Mangrove Forests in Kenya" all land between high water and low water marks (ordinary spring tides) are described as mangrove areas. These forests cover about 61,279ha representing approximately 3% of the natural forest cover or less than 1% of the national land area. Mangrove forests are found in tidal estuaries, creeks, and protected bays along the 536 km long Kenyan coastline that extends from the Kenya-Tanzania border in the south to the Kenya-Somalia border in the north; between latitudes 1°40΄S and 4°25΄S and longitudes 41°34΄E and 39°17΄E. Mikoko (Mangrove in Swahili) is the first project specifically developed for mangrove areas in Kenya. Driven by the Kenya Forest Service, the project takes into account the recommendations of the National Mangrove Ecosystem Management Plan 2017-2027. For effective management of mangroves in the country, the Plan is organised around six programmes including; forest conservation and utilization; fisheries development and management; community; tourism development; research and education; and human resource and operations. These programmes prescribe measures for rehabilitation, conservation, and sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems in Kenya. Implementations of this Plan will be led by Kenya Forest Service (KFS); but will also include other key actors such as Kenya Wildlife Service, State Department of Fisheries, Research Institutions, Academia and Community Forest Associations through a specially constituted National Mangrove Advisory Committee. The project is for a 2-year period during which it shall develop an effective system for management of mangrove resources in Kenya. This will be done through the development of management prescriptions, skills improvement and provision of adequate infrastructure as recommended by the mangrove plan. Biodiversity information on mangroves, covering species descriptions and distribution, is essential for understanding the ecology and distribution of this endangered ecosystem and its management. Nowadays, very few is done in that domain. If the mangroves location are well know, it's not the case regarding the species distribution. Citizen science is a way to address this important issue. MIKOKO, a French FSPI funded project, is focused on Kenya to develop species information systems on mangrove species. Mikoko aims to assimilate knowledge through its participatory portal to strengthen a science and technology network of stakeholders such as scientists and parataxonomists in the African region. The portal platform will contain a Citizen Science module, a graphic driven species identification module, a species pages module conforming to Species Profile Model and a spatial module. Subscribing to open data paradigm, all the data on the portal will be covered by Creative Commons license framework. Mobile applications for identifying 60 plant species and contributing to citizen science module will be deployed. The oral presentation will expose the portal features and related apps seeking participation from the environmentalists from the African region.

The increasing number of Indonesian migrant workers, who are largely Muslims in Taiwan, makes the work environment more diverse. Consequently, the need for diversity management programs such as accommodating religious practices in the workplace has become significantly more relevant. But the extant studies and reports point out those migrant workers, who are largely Muslims, have not been properly accommodated to implement their religious practices in the workplace. The study seeks to understand as how Indonesian migrant workers, who are largely Muslims, experience a kind of deprivation of their religious practices in the workplace. To that end, it uses a qualitative case study method to investigate a group of Indonesian Muslim workers of the X Company who were deprived to observe daily prayers in the workplace. The results of the study evidently found that the employer views that accommodation of such religious practices in the workplace as unreasonable for the company. The results further showed that the accommodation of religious practices of Indonesian Muslim workers was considered as unreasonable because of some important issues such as disruption of job duty, inflexible work schedule, other workers' concern/objection, facility cost and management response/ approach. Accordingly, the study suggests some recommendations. First, the Taiwanese employer needs to sit together with relevant government institutions and religious leaders to formulate a specific policy on the accommodation of religious practices in the workplace. Second, as a single case study, the results of this study might lack of external validity (generalizability). It therefore strongly suggests prospective researchers to do a cross-cases study of this phenomenon or issue. ; Meningkatnya jumlah pekerja migran Indonesia, yang sebagian besar Muslim di Taiwan, membuat lingkungan kerja lebih beragam. Konsekuensinya, kebutuhan akan program manajemen keragaman (diversity management) seperti mengakomodasi praktik keagamaan di tempat kerja menjadi lebih relevan secara signifikan. Tetapi penelitian dan laporan yang ada menunjukkan bahwa pekerja migran tersebut, yang sebagian besar adalah Muslim, belum dapat diakomodasikan dengan baik untuk menerapkan praktik keagamaan mereka di tempat kerja. Penelitian ini berusaha memahami bagaimana pekerja migran Indonesia, yang sebagian besar Muslim, mengalami semacam kehilangan hak melakukan praktik keagamaan mereka di tempat kerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kasus kualitatif untuk menyelidiki sekelompok pekerja Muslim Indonesia dari Perusahaan X yang dilarang untuk melaksanakan shalat setiap hari di tempat kerja. Hasil penelitian ini menemukan bahwa manajemen perusahaan memandang bahwa akomodasi untuk praktik keagamaan di tempat kerja merupakan hal yang tidak logis bagi perusahaan. Hasil penelitian lebih lanjut menunjukkan bahwa akomodasi praktik keagamaan pekerja Muslim Indonesia dianggap tidak logis karena beberapa masalah penting seperti pekerjaan terganggu, jadwal kerja yang tidak fleksibel, keprihatinan/keberatan pekerja lain, biaya fasilitas dan respons/pendekatan manajemen. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menyarankan beberapa rekomendasi. Pertama, pengusaha Taiwan perlu duduk bersama dengan lembaga pemerintah dan pemimpin agama terkait untuk merumuskan kebijakan khusus tentang akomodasi praktik keagamaan di tempat kerja. Kedua, sebagai studi kasus tunggal, hasil penelitian ini mungkin kurang validitas eksternal (generalisasi). Oleh karena itu sangat menyarankan calon peneliti untuk melakukan studi lintas kasus (cross-case study) dari fenomena atau masalah ini.

The Mangrove ecosystem offers a range of benefits and opportunities for local and national economic development such as fisheries, shoreline stability, and resource sustainability hence they should be protected and conserved. In Kenya Mangroves were declared government reserve forests by the Proclamation No. 44 of 30th April 1932, and later by Legal Notice No. 174 of 20th May 1964. Under this "Gazette Notification for Mangrove Forests in Kenya" all land between high water and low water marks (ordinary spring tides) are described as mangrove areas. These forests cover about 61,279ha representing approximately 3% of the natural forest cover or less than 1% of the national land area. Mangrove forests are found in tidal estuaries, creeks, and protected bays along the 536 km long Kenyan coastline that extends from the Kenya-Tanzania border in the south to the Kenya-Somalia border in the north; between latitudes 1°40΄S and 4°25΄S and longitudes 41°34΄E and 39°17΄E. Mikoko (Mangrove in Swahili) is the first project specifically developed for mangrove areas in Kenya. Driven by the Kenya Forest Service, the project takes into account the recommendations of the National Mangrove Ecosystem Management Plan 2017-2027. For effective management of mangroves in the country, the Plan is organised around six programmes including; forest conservation and utilization; fisheries development and management; community; tourism development; research and education; and human resource and operations. These programmes prescribe measures for rehabilitation, conservation, and sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems in Kenya. Implementations of this Plan will be led by Kenya Forest Service (KFS); but will also include other key actors such as Kenya Wildlife Service, State Department of Fisheries, Research Institutions, Academia and Community Forest Associations through a specially constituted National Mangrove Advisory Committee. The project is for a 2-year period during which it shall develop an effective system for management of mangrove resources in Kenya. This will be done through the development of management prescriptions, skills improvement and provision of adequate infrastructure as recommended by the mangrove plan. Biodiversity information on mangroves, covering species descriptions and distribution, is essential for understanding the ecology and distribution of this endangered ecosystem and its management. Nowadays, very few is done in that domain. If the mangroves location are well know, it's not the case regarding the species distribution. Citizen science is a way to address this important issue. MIKOKO, a French FSPI funded project, is focused on Kenya to develop species information systems on mangrove species. Mikoko aims to assimilate knowledge through its participatory portal to strengthen a science and technology network of stakeholders such as scientists and parataxonomists in the African region. The portal platform will contain a Citizen Science module, a graphic driven species identification module, a species pages module conforming to Species Profile Model and a spatial module. Subscribing to open data paradigm, all the data on the portal will be covered by Creative Commons license framework. Mobile applications for identifying 60 plant species and contributing to citizen science module will be deployed. The oral presentation will expose the portal features and related apps seeking participation from the environmentalists from the African region.

Рассматривается начальный этап музеефикации одного из наиболее значительных памятников Санкт-Петербурга – Исаакиевского собора, построенного в 1818–1858 гг. по проекту архитектора О. Монферрана. После Октябрьской революции собор оставался действующим, богослужения проводились в нем вплоть до 1928 г., однако уже с середины 1920-х гг. государственные органы начали предпринимать попытки музеефикации собора. На основании документов из ряда архивов Санкт-Петербурга восстанавливается история превращения действующего собора в музей. Установлено, что община верующих должна была следить за состоянием собора и проводить за свой счет реставрационные работы, чего она делать не могла, к середине 1920-х гг. состояние собора стало плачевным. Именно это послужило началом процесса музеефикации собора. Констатируется, что первый экспозиционный план для собора был разработан уже в 1928 г., он предполагал проведение в помещении собора выставки, посвященной истории его строительства и особенностям внутреннего убранства. Академический характер выставки вызвал ряд нареканий со стороны государственных деятелей, однако экспонаты, привезенные из других учреждений, стали основой для создания в соборе исторической экспозиции. ; The article is devoted to the early period of musumification one of the most significant monuments of St. Petersburg – St. Isaac's Cathedral, built in 1818–1858 by architect A. Montferrand. After the October Revolution this cathedral was used for religious services. The services were held there until 1928, however, since the mid-1920s public authorities are beginning to attempt museumification of cathedral. On the basis of documents from few archives of St. Petersburg, the author recovers the history of this transformation of the cathedral into a museum. The community of believers was to monitor the status of the cathedral and to conduct its own expense restoration work. It could not do it, and by the mid-1920s cathedral was in poor condition. This was the reason to begin the process museumification. The first exhibition plan for the cathedral was designed already in 1928. He assumed the holding in the cathedral exhibition dedicated to the history of its construction and interior decoration. The academic nature of the exhibition has caused a number of complaints on the part of government officials. But the exhibits brought to the cathedral from other institutions, became the basis for the creation of historical exposition here later. = Разглядаецца пачатковы этап музеефікацыі аднаго з найбольш значных помнікаў Санкт-Пецярбурга – Ісакіеўскага сабора, пабудаванага ў 1818–1858 гг. па праекце архітэктара А. Манферана. Пасля Кастрычніцкай рэвалюцыі сабор заставаўся дзеючым, набажэнствы праводзіліся ў ім аж да 1928 г., аднак ужо з сярэдзіны 1920-х гг. дзяржаўныя органы пачалі прадпрымаць спробы музеефікацыі сабора. На падставе дакументаў з шэрагу архіваў Санкт-Пецярбурга аднаўляецца гісторыя пераўтварэння дзеючага сабора ў музей. Высветлена, што абшчына вернікаў павінна была сачыць за станам сабора і праводзіць за свой кошт рэстаўрацыйныя работы, чаго яна зрабіць не магла, к сярэдзіне 1920-х гг. стан сабора стаў дрэнным. Канстатуецца, што першы экспазіцыйны план для сабора быў распрацаваны ўжо ў 1928 г., ён прадугледжваў правядзенне ў памяшканні сабора выставы, прысвечанай гісторыі яго будаўніцтва і асаблівасцям унутранага ўбранства. Акадэмічны характар выставы выклікаў шэраг нараканняў з боку дзяржаўных дзеячаў, аднак экспанаты, прывезеныя з іншых устаноў, сталі асновай для стварэння ў саборы гістарычнай экспазіцыі.

Background Tuberculosis causes more deaths than any other infectious disease globally. Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) is the only available vaccine, but protection is incomplete and variable. The modified Vaccinia Ankara virus expressing antigen 85A (MVA85A) is a viral vector vaccine produced to prevent tuberculosis. Objectives To assess and summarize the effects of the MVA85A vaccine boosting BCG in humans. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register; Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); MEDLINE (PubMed); Embase (Ovid); and four other databases. We searched the WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov. All searches were run up to 10 May 2018. Selection criteria We evaluated randomized controlled trials of MVA85A vaccine given with BCG in people regardless of age or HIV status. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently assessed the eligibility and risk of bias of trials, and extracted and analyzed data. The primary outcome was active tuberculosis disease. We summarized dichotomous outcomes using risk ratios (RR) and risk differences (RD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where appropriate, we combined data in meta‐analyses. Where meta‐analysis was inappropriate, we summarized results narratively. Main results The search identified six studies relating to four Phase 2 randomized controlled trials enrolling 3838 participants. Funding was by government bodies, charities, and philanthropic donors. Five studies included infants, one of them infants born to HIV‐positive mothers. One study included adults living with HIV. All trials included authors from Oxford University who led the laboratory development of the vaccine. Participants received intradermal MVA85A after BCG in some studies, and before selective deferred BCG in HIV‐exposed infants. The largest trial in 2797 African children was well conducted with low risk of bias for most parameters. Risk of bias was uncertain for selective reporting because there were no precise case definition endpoints for active tuberculosis published prior to the trial analysis. MVA85A added to BCG compared to BCG alone probably has no effect on the risk of developing microbiologically confirmed tuberculosis (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.62; 3439 participants, 2 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence), or the risk of starting on tuberculosis treatment (RR 1.10, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.33; 3687 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). MVA85A probably has no effect on the risk of developing latent tuberculosis (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.21; 3831 participants, 4 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence). Vaccinating people with MVA85A in addition to BCG did not cause life‐threatening serious adverse effects (RD 0.00, 95% CI –0.00 to 0.00; 3692 participants, 3 trials; high‐certainty evidence). Vaccination with MVA85A is probably associated with an increased risk of local skin adverse effects (3187 participants, 3 trials; moderate‐certainty evidence), but not systemic adverse effect related to vaccination (144 participants, 1 trial; low‐certainty evidence). This safety profile is consistent with Phase 1 studies which outlined a transient, superficial reaction local to the injection site and mild short‐lived symptoms such as malaise and fever. Authors' conclusions MVA85A delivered by intradermal injection in addition to BCG is safe but not effective in reducing the risk of developing tuberculosis.

This paper presents how APEC has evolved as an institution, the changes it undergoes and the challenges it has faced for the past decades. More importantly, this paper tries to enumerate the roles of APEC in positioning the Philippines in the global economy. Established in 1989 in Canberra, Australia, with twelve founding members, APEC desired to promote economic growth, foster and strengthen trade, and improve the living standards in the Region. Started as a simple program for sectoral and trade initiatives, APEC has come to achieve to become the largest are of free trade and investment by 2020. Forged and adopted in Bogor, Indonesia, in 1994, this challenge was known as the Bogor Goals, which aims to achieve long-term free and open trade not later than 2020; in particular, by 2010 for developed economies and by 2020 for developing economies. To ensure the achievement of Bogor Goals, three pillars were created as the main strategies of APEC. The first pillar is the Trade and Investment Liberalization. Through unilateral liberalization, APEC members voluntarily agree to liberalize a particular trade and investment area, including tariffs, non-tariff measures, services, investment, standards and conformance, customs procedures, and intellectual property rights, among others. This is done using the Individual Action Plans (IAPs), prepared by individual economy. The second pillar is Trade Facilitation, which eases and lessens the cost of doing business in the region by facilitating more efficient standards, customs, and other procedures relating to e-commerce, business travel, telecommunications, and government procurement, among others. The last pillar, the Economic and Technical Cooperation (ECOTECH), pertains to the collective actions of APEC to achieve its overall goals of attaining sustainable growth and improving economic and social well-being in the Region. The Trade and Investment Liberalization and Economic and Technical Cooperation were adopted in 1995 in Osaka, Japan, and are collectively known as the Osaka Action Agenda. In 1996, during the Manila Meeting, the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Framework for Strengthening Economic Cooperation and Development was adopted to lay down the principles and priorities of ECOTECH. This is known as the Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA), which identified six priorities for ECOTECH, including the developing human capital; developing stable, safe and efficient capital markets; strengthening economic infrastructure; harnessing technologies for the future; safeguarding the quality of life through environmentally sound growth; and developing and encouraging the dynamism of small and medium enterprises. The initiatives put forward in APEC help the Philippines stimulate and improve the competitiveness of domestic producers and sectors. It is to the economy's advantage to utilize these initiatives, backed with the upgrading of domestic facilities to meet global standards and the aligning of domestic regulations. These address behind-the-border barriers that limit the flow of goods and services and expand the coverage of businesses to overseas markets. Trade agreements in APEC also help firms gain access to cheaper inputs and more advanced technologies, which foster competition and increased productivity and growth.

AbstrakLomba desa adalah sebuah sarana untuk menilai dan memonitor kemajuan desa secara berkala di suatu Kecamatan. Lomba Desa tingkat Kabupaten membutuhkan tim penilai dari perwakilan Kecamatan dan staf bidang pemerintaan di Kabupaten. Masalah yang dihadapi oleh tim penilai adalah sulitnya membuat keputusan objektif. Hal ini disebabkan lomba desa mempunyai kriteria cukup banyak yaitu, pendidikan, kesehatan masyarakat, ekonomi masyarakat, keamanan dan ketertiban, pemerintahan, partisipasi masyarakat, lembaga kemasyarakatan, dan pemberdayaan & kesejahteraan keluarga (PKK). Berdasarkan fakta bahwa lomba desa adalah sistem multi kriteria dan multi alternatif, maka penelitian ini mengusulkan sebuah Sistem Pendukung Keputusan (SPK) dengan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP dianggap sesuai karena metode ini menghasilkan keputusan objektif dari kondisi multi kriteria dan multi alternatif seperti pada lomba desa. Lokasi penelitian ini adalah Kecamatan Pangkalan Baru di Kabupaten Bangka Tengah Provinsi Bangka Belitung. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara, dan kuesioner. Pengolahan data dikalkulasi dengan metode AHP, untuk memastikan validitas data dan penggabungan hasil perhitungan gabungan beberapa anggota tim penilai dapat menggunakan aplikasi Expert Choice. SPK ini adalah pengembangan sistem yang bertujuan mengubah pengambilan keputusan dalam lomba desa sehingga desa terpilih dapat menjadi acuan bagi desa lainnya, dan desa yang belum terpilih juga dapat evaluasi kelemahan desanya. Hasil penelitian memberikan keputusan yang mampu menekan kemungkinan protes atau ketidakpuasan dari peserta lainnya. Dimasa depan penelitian ini dapat dikembangkan menjadi sistem pendukung keputusan berbasis web.Kata kunci: Lomba Desa, SPK, AHP, Kabupaten Bangka Tengah Abstract[Decision Support System Engineering in District-level Village Contest using Analytical Hierarchy Process Method]. Village competition is a means to assess and monitor village progress in a Sub-district periodically. The Village Competition at the Regency level requires an assessment team from representatives of the sub-district and staff in the field of government in the Regency. The problem faced by the assessment team is the difficulty of making objective decisions. It is because the village competition has quite a lot of criteria namely, education, public health, community economy, security and order, governance, community participation, social institutions, and family empowerment & welfare. The village competition system which has many assessment criteria makes this system suitable using a decision support system with the AHP method. The location of this research is Pangkalan Baru Subdistrict in Central Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Province. The process of collecting data is done through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. Data processing is calculated by the AHP method, to ensure the validity of the data and the combination of the results of the combined calculations of several members of the assessment team can use the Expert Choice application. This SPK is the development of a system that aims to change decision making in village competitions so that selected villages can become a reference for other villages, and villages that have not been selected can also evaluate the weaknesses of their villages. The results of the study provide decisions that are able to suppress the possibility of protest or dissatisfaction from other participants. In the future, this research can be developed into a web-based decision support system.Keywords: Village Contest, DSS, AHP, Central Bangka Regency

With increasing concerns on the sustainability of agricultural systems, many tools have been developed to assess farm sustainability. The main objective of this study was to assess and compare the sustainability of different forms of family farm organization. A second objective was to test the relevance of the IDEA method (Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles or Farm Sustainability Indicators) to compare tree-crop-based family farms in tropical areas. Percentages of sustainability were calculated based on individual interviews conducted with 25 rubber farmers representing three different types of farm (typology based on the labor used for farming activities), using three scales and 10 components. The socio-territorial scale was the weak point of the rubber farms. In contrast, the economic scale was relatively the best asset on all farms. The factor that most differentiated the three types of farm was the agro-ecological scale followed by the socio-territorial scale. The economic scale did not discriminate. Moreover, only the diversity of production and efficiency components showed a notable difference between the different types of farm. Overall, the three types of farm with contrasting forms of farm organization were not much different in terms of sustainability performance. Family business farms with managerial family labor appeared to be the least sustainable. Thus, as family business farms are becoming more and more important in Thai agriculture, if these results are confirmed on a broader scale, this represents an issue for the sustainability of the Thai rubber sector that would require government intervention. ; Les préoccupations croissantes concernant la durabilité des systèmes agricoles ont conduit au développement de nombreux outils pour l'évaluer. L'objectif principal de cette étude était d'évaluer et comparer la durabilité de différentes formes d'organisation de l'agriculture familiale. Un deuxième objectif était de tester la pertinence de la méthode IDEA (Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles) pour comparer des exploitations familiales à base de plantes pérennes en zone tropicale. À partir d'entretiens individuels conduits avec 25 planteurs d'hévéa représentant trois types d'exploitations agricoles (typologie basée sur le travail mobilisé pour les activités agricoles), des pourcentages de durabilité ont été calculés sur trois échelles et 10 composantes. L'échelle socio-territoriale était le point faible des exploitations hévéicoles. À l'inverse, l'échelle économique était le point fort pour toutes les exploitations. L'échelle agro-écologique est celle qui discriminait le mieux les trois types d'exploitations, suivie par l'échelle socio-territoriale. L'échelle économique n'était pas discriminante. De plus, les seules composantes présentant des différences entre les trois types d'exploitation étaient la diversité des productions et l'efficience des exploitations. Les trois types d'exploitation représentant des formes contrastées d'organisation de la production agricole ne sont finalement pas apparus très différents en termes de durabilité. Les exploitations familiales patronales avec la famille seulement impliquée dans la gestion seraient les moins durables. Pourtant, les exploitations patronales occupent une place croissante dans l'agriculture en Thaïlande. Si ces résultats sont confirmés à plus grande échelle, cela représente un problème pour la durabilité de l'hévéaculture en Thaïlande qui demanderait une intervention du gouvernement.

We propose to describe and interpret the actions of UNASUR regarding the conflict developed in 2008 between the Prefects of the Eastern Media Luna and the National Executive Power of Bolivia. We will point out that UNASUR's actions tended to affirm the peace and institutional stability of Bolivia, reclining and confirming the correlations of forces announced with the rise of Evo Morales to the national government. We will maintain that that intervention by UNASUR was a constitutive mark of its emergence, although previously announced in its agenda and organizational structure. In this way, we will show that UNASUR operated as a support for state power in order to discipline the insurgent bourgeoisie.To show it, first, we will describe the events in Bolivia during 2008. We will indicate that they were built on the cycle of struggles against neoliberal capitalist forms, which persisted under the modality of the dispute for the sanction of the new Constitution, which sought to crystallize the new balances between the social forces consecrated in the rise of Evo Morales to the Executive Power. Finally, we will describe the actions of UNASUR that allowed the resolution of the conflict, and we will point out the ways in which it assisted in the recomposition of state power after the cycle of struggles against neoliberal capitalism. In this sense, we will indicate that it operated as a support for state power aimed at disciplining the insurgent bourgeoisie. For this we will observe that UNASUR annulled the insurgents as valid interlocutors and tended to show their guilt. ; Proponemos describir e interpretar las acciones de la UNASUR en torno al conflicto desarrollado en 2008 entre los Prefectos de la Media Luna de oriente y el Poder Ejecutivo Nacional de Bolivia.Señalaremos que las acciones de UNASUR tendieron a afirmar la paz y la estabilidad institucional de Bolivia, recostándose y confirmando las correlaciones de fuerzas anunciadas con el ascenso de Evo Morales al gobierno nacional.Sostendremos que aquella intervención de la UNASUR fue una marca constitutiva de su emergencia, aunque previamente anunciada en su agenda y estructura organizativa. De esta manera, mostraremos que la UNASUR operó como una apoyatura del poder estatal con el objeto de disciplinara la burguesía insurrecta. Para mostrarlo, primero, describiremos los sucesos de Bolivia durante 2008. Indicaremos que se montaron sobre el ciclo de luchas contra las formas capitalistas neoliberales, que persistió bajo la modalidad de la disputa por la sanción de la nueva Constitución en la que se buscaba cristalizar los nuevos equilibrios entre las fuerzas sociales consagrados en el ascenso de Evo Morales al Poder Ejecutivo.Por último, describiremos las acciones de la UNASUR que permitieron la resolución del conflicto, y señalaremos las maneras en las que asistió a la recomposición del poder de estado luego del ciclo de luchas contra el capitalismo neoliberal. En este sentido, indicaremos que operó como una apoyatura del poder estatal tendiente al disciplinamiento de la burguesía insurrecta. Para esto observaremos que la UNASUR anuló a los insurrectos como interlocutores válidos y tendió a mostrar su culpabilidad.

[Background]: Antimicrobial resistance is a major global health challenge. Metagenomics allows analyzing the presence and dynamics of "resistomes" (the ensemble of genes encoding antimicrobial resistance in a given microbiome) in disparate microbial ecosystems. However, the low sensitivity and specificity of available metagenomic methods preclude the detection of minority populations (often present below their detection threshold) and/or the identification of allelic variants that differ in the resulting phenotype. Here, we describe a novel strategy that combines targeted metagenomics using last generation in-solution capture platforms, with novel bioinformatics tools to establish a standardized framework that allows both quantitative and qualitative analyses of resistomes. [Methods]: We developed ResCap, a targeted sequence capture platform based on SeqCapEZ (NimbleGene) technology, which includes probes for 8667 canonical resistance genes (7963 antibiotic resistance genes and 704 genes conferring resistance to metals or biocides), and 2517 relaxase genes (plasmid markers) and 78,600 genes homologous to the previous identified targets (47,806 for antibiotics and 30,794 for biocides or metals). Its performance was compared with metagenomic shotgun sequencing (MSS) for 17 fecal samples (9 humans, 8 swine). ResCap significantly improves MSS to detect "gene abundance" (from 2.0 to 83.2%) and "gene diversity" (26 versus 14.9 genes unequivocally detected per sample per million of reads; the number of reads unequivocally mapped increasing up to 300-fold by using ResCap), which were calculated using novel bioinformatic tools. ResCap also facilitated the analysis of novel genes potentially involved in the resistance to antibiotics, metals, biocides, or any combination thereof. [Conclusions]: ResCap, the first targeted sequence capture, specifically developed to analyze resistomes, greatly enhances the sensitivity and specificity of available metagenomic methods and offers the possibility to analyze genes related to the selection and transfer of antimicrobial resistance (biocides, heavy metals, plasmids). The model opens the possibility to study other complex microbial systems in which minority populations play a relevant role. ; This study was supported by the European Commission, Seven Framework Program (EVOTARFP7-HEALTH-282004 for VFL, FB, JLM, AA, DE, ER, RJLW, WvS, FdlC, and TMC), the Joint Programming Initiative in Antimicrobial Resistance (JPIAMR Third call, STARCS, JPIAMR2016-AC16/00039 to TMC, RJLW, WvS), the Joint Programming Initiative in Water (JPI Water StARE JPIW2013-089-C02-01 to JLM) and the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain (BIO2014-54507-R to JLM, and PLASWIRES-612146/FP7-ICT-2013-10 and BFU2014-55534-C2-1-P for FdlC). The authors also acknowledge the European Development Regional Fund "A way to achieve Europe" (ERDF) for co-founding the Spanish R&D National Plan 2012-2019 (BIO2014-54507-R to JLM, PI15-0512 to TMC, PI15-00818 to FB, and BFU2014-55534-C2-1-P to FdlC), CIBER (CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health, CIBERESP; CB06/02/0053 to FB), the Spanish Network for Research on Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD12/0015 to JLM) and the Regional Government of Madrid (InGeMICS- B2017/BMD-3691). Val F. Lanza was further funded by a Research Award Grant 2016 of the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID). Additional funding was from the Metagenopolis grant ANR-11-DPBS-0001 to DE. ; Peer reviewed

Despite the relevance of judicial services for the operation of government and society as a whole, the provision of this service in Brazil has almost no received interest from public administration scholars. In this essay we discuss the judicial services based on the co-production concept, the management models and the mechanisms of user's participation. The purpose of this article is to encourage the co-production of judicial services in Brazil. The work shows how some judicial services are co-produced and how this process could be improved based on the role of judges and managers. Therefore, we offer a set of theoretical propositions to be tested empirically in future studies. We provide conceptual tools to assist researchers in the description, evaluation and prediction of different modes of coproduction of judicial services. In addition, we reinforce with managers and members of the Judiciary the importance of strategically considering the experience and participation of users in the production and delivery of services. ; A pesar de la relevancia de los servicios judiciales para el funcionamiento del gobierno y la sociedad como un todo, una prestación de este tipo de servicio no Brasil prácticamente no recibió interés por parte de los estudiosos de la administración pública. Discutimos no presente ensaio los servicios judiciales con base no concepto de coproducción, nos modelos de gestión y nos mecanismos de participación de usuarios y prestadores de servicios. El objetivo del artículo es incentivar la coproducción de servicios judiciales en Brasil. O trabalho muestra como algunos servicios judiciales son coproduzidos, y como esta coproducción está relacionada con el papel de juicios y gestores. Para tanto, se ha propuesto un conjunto de propuestas teóricas y se ha probado empíricamente en estudios futuros. El trabajo ofrece herramientas para los investigadores auxiliares en la descripción, la evaluación y la preimpresión de los diferentes modos de coproducción de los servicios judiciales. Además, los gestores y los miembros del sistema judicial están alertados de la importancia de considerar estratégicamente la experiencia y participación de los usuarios en la producción y entrega de los servicios. ; Apesar da relevância dos serviços judiciários para o funcionamento do governo e da sociedade como um todo, a prestação desse tipo de serviço no Brasil praticamente não tem recebido interesse por parte de estudiosos da administração pública. Neste ensaio, discutimos os serviços judiciários com base no conceito de coprodução, nos modelos de gestão e nos mecanismos de participação de usuários e prestadores dos serviços. O objetivo do artigo é incentivar a coprodução dos serviços judiciários no Brasil. A pesquisa mostra como alguns serviços judiciários são coproduzidos e como esse processo poderia ser aprimorado com base no papel de juízes e gestores. Para tanto, oferecemos um conjunto de proposições teóricas a ser testado empiricamente em estudos futuros. Fornecemos ferramentas conceituais para auxiliar pesquisadores na descrição, avaliação e predição dos diferentes modos de coprodução de serviços judiciários. Além disso, reforçamos junto a gestores e membros do Judiciário a importância de considerar estrategicamente a experiência e a participação dos usuários na produção e na entrega dos serviços.