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The paper analyzes the negative perception of the Balkans, with special reference to the Western Balkans, as a newly introduced political concept. The author explains the historical and political environment through which the negative image of the Balkans is built, indicating that this region was separated and precipitated as "otherness" in relation to Europe. Based on that analogy, the author explains how the Western Balkans now find themselves in a position of "otherness" in relation to the rest of the Balkan countries (which have become articles of the EU). The violent past, the "curse of small differences" and unresolved political conflicts make the Western Balkans a problematic region under the watchful eye of major powers. The point where the interests of all the countries of the Western Balkans can coincide is European integration, which indicates the "common destiny" of this region.

The article's author focuses on two topics, both related to the education of sociology students. One is connected with the course "Cultures and Society", presenting the threads of anthropological thought necessary in these students' education. In the curriculum for this course, the monograph Argonauts of the Western Pacific appears in relation to the broader topic of social structure, social differentiation and the foundations behind the sense of community, requiring one to overcome the structural differentiation of society. A question to inevitably arise here is that of the essence of the existence of society, and about what the golden fleece is in societal life. The author finds a continuation of Bronisław Malinowski's thought expressed in Argonauts in the works of Victor Turner. The second aspect of the paper concerns students' reaction to the reading of excerpts from the Argonauts of the West Pacific and the title itself of the book.

German trade unions traditionally play critical role in securing fair work conditions and wages. However, in the XXI century they are facing significant challenges, caused by effects of globalization, structural changes in the labor market and others. The most prominent problem is gradually declining membership and therefore shrinking resource capacity. Necessity to attract new members encourages them to undertake many different actions: from increasing protest activity to altering their work models. Author considers the cases of German trade unions and how they react to the acute issues and their connection to the protests. Author draws a conclusion that structural transformations of the labor market have been more impactful than changes in their public perception. Worker unions have remained a significant and influential force in political and social fields. Nevertheless, format of their work requires significant modifications to strengthen them as organizations that truly represent workers interests.

The author analyses the case of the detention of Ukrainian Security Service officer Oleg Kulinich on suspicion of espionage for the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation. On the basis of the analysis of the tasks posed to this Russian agent, he concludes that the modus operandi of Russian counterintelligence is diametrically opposed to the methods of Western services. The main difference is the shifting of the centre of gravity of operational activities from reconnaissance-information work to attempts at agentic seizure of control over enemy institutions, mainly civilian and military special services, and the realisation of intelligence infiltration by people with the same habitus as recruitment candidates. Drawing on the achievements of cognitive psychology and research in recent history, the author demonstrates that the Russian services have been using and refining these methods for more than 100 years.

The article touches upon the prescriptions of the followers of the International Society for Krishna Conscious-ness (the ISKCON) on the subject of atonement of sins on the deathbed through remembrance of God in order to avoid subsequent karmic retribution in further rebirths. The author analyzes the data on atonement of sins and the relationship between karma and reincarnation in the dogmatic literature of the ISKCON. Particular at-tention is paid to analyzing the work of the founding acharya of ISKCON, A.Ch. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prab-hupada's "One More Chance", based on the Srimad-Bhagavatam purana, as this is the work Srila Prabhupada dedicates to the remembrance of God before death and gives instructions for believers. To summarize the dogmatic tenets of the ISKCON on religious practices of soul salvation, the author draws a conclusion based on the analysis of literary sources.

This essay tells the story of a caldosa (both a stew and the gathering where it is served) hosted in 2016 by a network of Black lesbian activists in Havana, Cuba, that took place on the morning after the Pulse massacre in Orlando, Florida. The author explores the caldosa as both an example of and a metaphor for the transnational, coalitional, and space-making politics of Black lesbian activists in the island. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and a participatory mapping project, the author shows how the work of making caldosa connects the local practice of space-making to a hemispheric and anticipatory Black lesbian politic. The essay builds on previous work on Black lesbian feminism in Cuba and provides insight into the type of activism that was happening in the island in the mid-2010s, which laid the groundwork for the growth in Afro-feminist and Afro-queer activism in the following years.

The article analyses military and political factors of cooperation between Finland and the United States since 1990s up to the present. The author attempts to show the role Finnish defence forces in the US military reinforcement plans in the Northern European Theater of Operations. The author focuses on the American security interests in Finnish territories, as well as expert views on the US priority in Finland's foreign policy, including the latest public opinion polls. The aim of US military reinforcement in Finland is twofold. First, to pose a threat to Russia. Second, to help the US military improve surveillance, intelligence and analysis capabilities in real time in north-west Europe and the North Atlantic. Within the context of challenges to Russia's security, the major institutional arrangements, military trends and consequences of cooperation are discussed. Finally, scenarios for the development of Finnish-US relations within NATO are proposed.

The aim of the author of the article is to examine the role of the week and the related dimension of serfdom (corvée) in the treasury system of Rwanda in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the twentieth century. The author discusses the current state of research and various opinions on the credibility of written and oral sources relating to this issue. Subsequently he quotes and analyzes a hitherto unknown source regarding the functioning of the week and serfdom, i.e. fragments of Jan Czekanowski's manuscript diary from field research in Central Africa, including Rwanda, in the years 1907–1909. Czekanowski not only confirms the existence of the week – corvée system in the central provinces of Rwanda and draws attention to the conflicts related to its operation, but also describes the methods of legitimizing this form of duty used by the ruling group in Rwanda.

This article analyses the guarantees of chemical safety defined by the provisions of European Union law. It defines the essence of chemical safety; the author presents the importance of the principles of Good Laboratory Practice, which are a manifestation of the uniformity of standards for dealing with chemical substances. Next, it discusses EU Bezpieczeństwo chemiczne i gwarancje jego zapewnienia w Unii Europejskiej RAP 2023 (9) legal solutions to the registration and marketing authorization of chemical substances (REACH regulation). It also analyses the issue of the export and import into the EU of substances classified as dangerous. It argues that the conditions of European integration have enabled the unification of regulations and standardization of procedures for dealing with chemical substances. Therefore, the author is convinced that the legal regulations of the EU constitute an important guarantee of chemical safety.

The interaction of cultures has been developingfor many years, and the outstanding sinologist Leonid Evseevich Cherkassky made his contribution to the familiarization and acceptance of Chinese culture by Russians. He presented to the Russian reader the works of a wide range of Chinese writers, from the Middle Ages to the 20th century. Many pages of his scientific and literary work are unknown, and new information should be open to the public. The author of the article, from the standpoint of historical objectivity, turns to the study of the translation of the last book of L. Cherkassky published in China, which in itself is a confirmation of his merits. The author reaffirms the conclusion about the indisputable significance of Cherkassky's work for strengthening Russian-Chinese literary ties and his notable contribution to the rethinking of Chinese culture by Russians.

Based on the analysis of current legislation and judicial practice the article considers the problems of applica-tion of ethical norms in the legal regulation of medical workers. The author distinguishes general and medical ethics, considering the latter in detail. The article analyzes the relationship between deontology and medical deontology as a ratio of general and particular, and also draws attention to the multiplicity of normative legal sources in which the obligation of medical workers to comply with the norms of professional ethics is estab-lished. Examples from judicial practice are given. The author argues that it is advisable to create regulatory complexes as a combination of substantively related legal and ethical norms, as well as amendments to Art. 350 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation regarding the non-disclosure of medical confidentiality, which appears to be a key element of medical ethical behavior.

The particle still remains a challenge for linguists given that its meaning
is determined each time it is used in a specific text. From a propositionality
aspect, particles are a kind of communication by an author, including their
mood; from a functional point of view, particle use can be either primarily
in modal (interpersonal) or connecting (text) roles. It was particularly
this communicative-pragmatic perspective, which includes the speaker or
author in the system of dictionary explanations, accompanied by definitions
of particles as part of speech, that featured among the many other
reflections on language that occupied Prof. T. Korošec. The article therefore
describes how the presentation of particles and particle use is solved in the
new explanatory dictionary of standard literary Slovenian. The most comprehensive
and functional semantic-circumstantial evaluation of particles
can be found in lexical representation.
Keywords: particles, particle use/role, modality, text, dictionary

This paper investigates the problem of transferring cultural elements in literary translation. The issue is primarily examined on examples of the Bosnian translation of references from popular culture in the graphic novels of the Italian comic book author Zerocalcare. Two groups of cultural expressions were analysed: national cultural expressions, related to the Italian cultural environment, and generational cultural expressions, related to members of a certain age, not a territory. Given that the author, in his autobiographical narrative approach, makes extensive use of references from popular culture, which evoke in the reader a sense of collective belonging to the same community, the translation analysis aims to examine the strategies used in the translations of Zerocalcare's graphic novels in Bosnia and Herzegovina to show the importance of transferring the same ʻspirit of the age' that prevails in the author's original poetics to the target language.

The author tries in this article to identify the features of China's sports diplomacy. The author suggests that even before the concept of "soft power" appeared, China used sports to promote itself on the world stage and form a favorable image. It was China that offered Ping-pong diplomacy to the world, which made it possible to establish a dialogue between China and the United States. All other types of Chinese sports diplomacy are also aimed at helping to implement the general strategy of the People's Republic of China, which should help the country create a special attractive image. The holding of the Olympic Games, the presence of China's political elite at various sporting events, the support of a number of sports - all this forms a unique phenomenon of China's sports diplomacy at the present stage of the development of international relations.

The Cultural Studies (Studi Culturali) interdisciplinary status is one of the problematic topics in the modern Italian higher school. At the same time this problem is not developed enough in the Russian knowledge. However, it is perspective within the framework of common principles` revealing between the Italian approaches to the study of culture and Culturology. That determines the relevance of the present work. The author proposes an overview of the main landmarks in the Italian Cultural Studies. Therefore, the article notes the sources highlighting the state of Studi Culturali in the scientific school and current directions of Cultural Studies, as well as large-scale academic projects in this sphere. Moreover, the author introduces the names of major Italian cultural researchers who are significant for the development and institutionalisation of Studi Culturali in Italy, as well as those whose methodology is close to the Russian culturological tradition.