Suchergebnisse

Nel corso degli ultimi anni le imprese hanno assistito a un cambiamento dello scenario competitivo. La globalizzazione dei mercati e l'accelerazione del tasso di cambiamento tecnologico hanno imposto delle sfide alle imprese sempre più grandi. Infatti, questi due elementi sono i principali motori dell'ambiente in cui le compagnie operano. Il processo di globalizzazione dei mercati ha portato le imprese a competere non più localmente, ma su scala mondiale.(Lichtenthaler,E;2004) Inoltre essa ha influenzato anche il comportamento del consumatore. Grazie alla nascita di Internet l'utilizzatore finale ha ora libero accesso alle informazioni riguardanti i prodotti e servizi che intende acquistare. Questo lo pone nelle condizioni di poter compiere una scelta più orientata in un mercato dove le imprese sono presenti con una varietà di offerte. Per questo motivo è sorta nelle imprese l'esigenza di rispondere in maniera continua al mercato: l'obiettivo è di sviluppare prodotti e servizi nuovi, in linea con i bisogni del cliente. Il carattere di novità deve essere tale da consentire un discostamento da quello che le imprese concorrenti offrono. Il progresso scientifico è uno dei fattori che ha contribuito all'accelerazione del tasso di cambiamento tecnologico(Kolstoff,R;Schaller,R;2001), poiché ha portato alla fusione di più campi scientifici ed ha consentito lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie. Le imprese hanno assegnato alla tecnologia un ruolo chiave nella determinazione del successo sui mercati globali, attraverso l'adozione di tecnologie avanzate e di prodotti tecnologici sofisticati. In molti settori, le imprese hanno utilizzato le loro tecnologie al fine di ottenere un durevole vantaggio competitivo, andando a creare un vero e proprio collegamento tra le politiche tecnologiche e le strategie di business(Zahra,S;Covin,J;1993). Le imprese new venture giocano un ruolo importante nello sviluppo e crescita di settori con alto impiego di tecnologia, come intelligenza artificiale, biotecnologia, multimedia,personal computer. Le new venture considerano l' innovazione tecnologica come la loro linfa vitale .(Zahra,S;1996) Le unità di Ricerca e Sviluppo sono diventate il luogo cardine delle imprese, poiché in esse sono selezionati i progetti di Ricerca e Sviluppo più promettenti e si portano avanti strategie basate sull'innovazione. L'innovazione è considerata cruciale per le imprese al fine della loro sopravvivenza (Dereli,T;Altun,K;2013): le idee nuove ed innovative sono fondamentali per uno sviluppo tecnologico di successo. L'innovazione permette di creare domanda (e nuovi mercati), di spostare la domanda tra imprese, oppure relegare i prodotti, che incorporano le precedenti tecnologie, a mercati di nicchia (Buttà, 2004). Nasce così per le compagnie la necessità di sviluppare un processo di Intelligence che sia in grado di gestire in maniera efficiente sia le risorse tecnologiche, in relazione con quanto definito dalle politiche tecnologiche e dalla strategia d'impresa (Clark, Hayes, 1985), sia di gestire le relazioni con entità esterne, motori del progresso, e il mercato, con lo scopo di specializzarsi e allo stesso tempo di esplorare nuove opportunità d'innovazione. Inoltre le imprese, attraverso l'apprendimento del sapere scientifico, il suo monitoraggio e lo sfruttamento delle loro conoscenze tecnologiche, sono in grado di sviluppare tecnologie emergenti. L'obiettivo è di identificare possibili alternative per una nuova tecnologia andando a ridurre la probabilità di fallimento nel caso in cui sopraggiungano delle discontinuità tecnologiche (Yoon,B;2007). I cambiamenti costanti nell'ambiente tecnologico possono portare significative minacce se ignorate dall'impresa, ma allo stesso tempo nel caso in cui siano anticipate possono portare opportunità di valore. Questa considerazione ha portato a svilupparsi un interesse maggiore riguardo alla Technology Intelligence.(Savioz,P;Blum,M;2002). Sotto questo stimolo, intorno agli anni 2000, inizia a essere studiato in maniera più sistematica il processo di Technology Intelligence (TI). Il processo di Technology Intelligence nasce con l'obiettivo di individuare le opportunità e le minacce tecnologiche provenienti dall'ambiente esterno (processo di Scanning) e di valutare l'evoluzione dei trend per quelle tecnologie già presenti nel portafoglio aziendale (processo di Monitoring). Dopo aver analizzato la letteratura in merito, prodotta dal 2000 al 2014, si notato che gli autori avevano indirizzato maggiormente i loro sforzi di ricerca sugli strumenti di Intelligence piuttosto che di una vera e propria sistematizzazione dei suoi processi.Da questa riflessione è nato l'obiettivo della tesi: sviluppare un framework che potesse indirizzare le imprese nello sviluppare le attività di Technology Intelligence in situazioni di cambiamento tecnologico. Nel primo capitolo saranno trattati e definiti , attraverso lo studio della letteratura, l'attività di Technology Intelligence ed i suoi processi cardine. Nel secondo capitolo sarà sviluppato un framework con lo scopo di indirizzare le imprese sulla progettazione del loro processo di Technology Intelligence in presenza di un ambiente caratterizzato da cambiamento tecnologico.

Σήμερα, οι αειφορικές προμήθειες θεωρούνται ως ιδιαίτερα δημοφιλής πρακτική για τις επιχειρήσεις, δεδομένου ότι εφαρμόζονται ως τμήμα μιας ευρύτερης αειφορικής στρατηγικής ή αποκλειστικά ως τμήμα της λειτουργίας των προμηθειών. Την τελευταία πενταετία οι αειφορικές προμήθειες εφαρμόστηκαν κυρίως σε τακτική βάση, στοχεύοντας κυρίως στη μείωση του περιβαλλοντικού κόστους σε δραστηριότητες προμήθειας με προμηθευτές. Πάντως, κατά τη διάρκεια της τελευταίας πενταετίας, πέραν της περιστολής του κόστους, η εφαρμογή των αειφορικών προμηθειών από τη Διοίκηση έχει συχνά καταστεί το πρόσχημα για την αποτελεσματική λειτουργική βελτίωση και τη δημιουργία νέων αειφορικών προϊόντων, την ανάπτυξη εξειδικευμένων αγορών (niche markets) και την αύξηση του μεριδίου αγοράς. Έτσι, οι αειφορικές προμήθειες έχουν καταστεί νέο μέσο της Διοίκησης για την υλοποίηση στρατηγικών που στοχεύουν στην απόκτηση των βέλτιστων δυνατών προμηθειών, κοινωνικά ή ηθικά αποδεκτών στους καταναλωτές, ενώ προστατεύουν το περιβάλλον από την ρύπανση και την εξάντληση, συνεπώς δε στη διατήρηση του συγκριτικού τους πλεονεκτήματος. Σκοπός αυτής της διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση των διαστάσεων του φαινομένου αυτού, ιδιαίτερα στο πλαίσιο της Δυτικής Ευρώπης, και η κατανόηση της ύπαρξης κάθε στρατηγικού προσανατολισμού στη λήψη συναφών αποφάσεων. Προκειμένου να προσεγγίσουμε το αντικείμενο με τον καλύτερο δυνατό τρόπο, καταγράψαμε την έκταση αυτής της εφαρμογής στις δραστηριότητες των επιχειρήσεων και μελετήσαμε τα χαρακτηριστικά των αποφάσεων και την συμπεριφορά αυτών των επιχειρήσεων ως προς τις πράσινες προμήθειες. Αυτό επετεύχθη, από τη μία πλευρά με τη διεξαγωγή έρευνας με τη χρήση ερωτηματολογίων που απεστάλησαν ηλεκτρονικά σε επιχειρήσεις ποτών και τροφίμων που λειτουργούν στη Δυτική Ευρώπη, και από την άλλη με τη διεξαγωγή follow-up συνεντεύξεων προς επιβεβαίωση και περαιτέρω σε βάθος αναζήτηση πληροφορίας που δεν λαμβάνεται ευχερώς μέσω ερωτηματολογίων. Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας μας επιτρέπουν να διερευνήσουμε θεμελιώδεις παραδοχές θεωριών που εφαρμόζονται στις αειφορικές προμήθειες επιχειρήσεων. Αυτό μας οδήγησε σε αριθμό συμπερασμάτων που αφορούν τη συμπεριφορά των επιχειρήσεων σε επιτυχώς εφαρμοσμένες αειφορικές προμήθειες, τα προβλήματα και τη στρατηγική διάσταση αυτών των αποφάσεων και την εφαρμογή αντίστοιχων θεωριών σε δυτικοευρωπαϊκές επιχειρήσεις τροφίμων και ποτών. Τα κύρια συμπεράσματα της μελέτης αναφέρονται στη συνεχώς αυξανόμενη χρήση των αειφορικών προμηθειών των επιχειρήσεων που λειτουργούν στη Δυτική Ευρώπη, στην αξιοσημείωτη υιοθέτηση των αειφορικών προμηθειών και την αναγκαιότητα εφαρμογής μιας σύμμειξης θεωριών για την εξήγηση της συμπεριφοράς των επιχειρήσεων ως προς το ζήτημα των αειφορικών προμηθειών. Τελικά, με βάση τα συμπεράσματά μας και τις βέλτιστες πρακτικές της διεθνούς συναφούς βιβλιογραφίας, δημιουργήσαμε επιρροές που συμβάλλουν στη μείωση πιθανών απωλειών και αύξηση κερδών των επιχειρήσεων από τη χρήση των αειφορικών προμηθειών. ; In our days, sustainable procurement is considered as a particularly popular practice for companies, being implemented as a part of a larger sustainability strategy or solely as part of the procurement function. For the last ten years, sustainable procurement was applied primarily at a tactical level, aiming mainly in reducing environmental costs on procurement activities with suppliers. However, during the last five year period, besides cost cutting, the sustainable procurement implementation by management has often become the pretext to improve operations efficiency and generate new sustainable products, develop niche markets and grow market share. Thus, sustainable procurement has become a new means for management to implement strategies aiming at the acquisition of best possible supplies which are socially and ethically acceptable to consumers while preserving the environment from pollution and depletion, hence in the maintenance of their competitive advantage. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the dimensions of this phenomenon, specifically in the Western European context, and realize the existence of any strategic orientation to the relative decisions taken. In order to approach this subject in the best possible way, we recorded the extent of its application to the activities of companies and studied the characteristics of the decisions and the behavior of these companies with regards to sustainable procurement. This was achieved on the one hand through a research conducted using questionnaires that were emailed to food and beverage companies operating in Western Europe and on the other hand by conducting follow-up interviews to validate and seek further in-depth information not readily obtained through the questionnaires. The results of the study allowed us to investigate basic assumptions of theories applied to sustainable procurement of companies. This led us to a number of conclusions regarding the attitude of companies to successfully implement sustainable procurement, the problems and the strategic dimension of these decisions and the implementation of the respective theories in Western European food and beverage companies. The main conclusions of our study referred to the ever-increasing usage of sustainable procurement of companies operating in Western Europe, the considerable adoption of sustainable procurement, and the necessity for the application of a mix of theories to explain the behavior of companies regarding the issue of sustainable procurement. Finally, based on our conclusions and best practices found in the literature, we made implications that will help companies minimize their possible losses and optimize their profits from the use of sustainable procurement.

In the final work of the master analyzed a temporary work through temporary work agency. Temporary agency work is an important and growing sector. In 2004 Lithuania ratified International Labor Organization Convention No. 181, which aims to develop employment policies and to establish a legal framework to regulate temporary agency work. In 2008, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive 2008/104/EC, which aims to raise the work through temporary employment companies' quality, and to ensure protection for workers. To this end, in 2011, in transposition of the directive into Lithuanian law was adopted, the Republic of Lithuania employment through temporary employment agencies Act. It sets out the characteristics of temporary work and temporary employment agency, temporary employee and the temporary employee's user firm rights and obligations. In the three-way relationships between temporary employment agencies, the employee and the user of temporary work, the weakest and most vulnerable party is an employee. To carry out research that temporary staff are far more vulnerable than permanent staff. Temporary agency workers' vulnerability are characterized by the fact that their salaries for the same work may be less than permanent staff in the field; there is no guarantee for the further work, frequent change in the workplace, etc. In addition, both the Directive 2008/104/EC and national legislation provide for the possibility to derogate from certain provisions (for example, the principle of equal treatment). Therefore, in this work analyses the legal protection of temporary agency workers. In view of the fact that the most common violations of the rights of workers, which is discrimination based on the principle of equal treatment and is not guaranteed safe and fair working conditions. At work raised the hypothesis – the Lithuanian legislation does not guarantee temporary agency workers, the protection of rights. The objective of work is to analyze the temporary employment through temporary employment agencies legal regulation of foreign countries and the Republic of Lithuania. Assessment of Directive 2008/104/EC transposed into the national legal systems, the impact on the protection of temporary agency workers. To achieve that objective are to formulate these tasks: 1. analyze the characteristics of the temporary work, and international regulation of the temporary work; 2. to examine in detail the regulation of temporary work in selected countries, and the protection afforded to workers; 3. discuss the protection provided to the temporary agency workers, after Directive 2008/104/EC transposition into national legal systems and to examine the current practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union; 4. to analyze the Republic of Lithuania national legislation which regulate temporary work. The first part of work analyzes the specifics of temporary work, the benefits and disadvantages. Is presented temporary work model and describes its performance. As well analyzes the emergence of international regulation and the International Labor Organization changing approaches on this form of work. In view of the fact that such work's form of a relatively new phenomenon in Lithuania, while Germany, France and the United States such work's form already exists in more than one decade is analyzed the practice of those States, regulating temporary work. In the second part of the analysis of the work analyze the European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/104/EC concerning temporary agency work. Analyze the protections and guarantees of workers offered by the directive and issues that arise from certain its provisions. There are also analyzed the Council of Europe report, which assesses the implementation of the provisions of the directive, how the Member States have succeeded in improving the situation of temporary workers. While discussing the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the work describes the first and so far the only case law in the case, which clarifies the application of the provisions of the directive. The third part analyzes the Republic of Lithuania the temporary employment regulation. Emphasizes that, before fully adjusting to this form of work was approved the labor hire conception. The concept was reflected basic principles of Law of the temporary agencies workers and was set up by the analysis of the practice of European countries on this matter. Further in this part of the work is analyzed The Republic of Lithuania employment through temporary employment agencies Act, it is compared with the Directive 2008/104/EC, the provisions of the regulation of foreign temporary work and with the new the Republic of Lithuania Labour Code project. In the final work, raised the hypothesis that the Lithuanian legislation does not guarantee temporary agency workers, protection of the rights is confirmed only partially. The Republic of Lithuania employment through temporary employment agencies Act, drawn up in accordance with Directive 2008/104/EC enshrines the essential principles of the Directive and ensures protection of fundamental rights. However, the temporary employment agencies poor control and licensing absence creates preconditions to violate workers' rights.

This article focuses on the precarious generation protesting in Spain and Italy in times of crisis and austerity (2010-2012). Their many similarities notwithstanding, the two countries have experienced different types of mobilization against austerity measures. In Spain, a relatively autonomous mobilization –characterized by new collective actors and new forms of action– has made possible the building of a political actor, Podemos, able to seriously challenge the established political parties. In Italy, instead, the mobilization was dominated by established political actors, especially trade unions, did not produce innovative forms of action and has not been able to overcome (so far) the fragmentation of the social movement sector. In both countries, however, the anti-austerity protests have been characterized by a strong presence of what we call hear the "precarious generation", particularly exposed to the economic crisis and the austerity measures. By relying on data from several surveys conducted in demonstrations on social, economic and labor issues in the two countries from 2010 to 2011, in this article we single out differences and the similarities in terms of presence, social composition, grievances and emotion, collective identity and network embeddedness of the precarious generation. Our findings show that the precarious generation was almost equally present in the selected demonstrations in the two countries, share similar socio-graphic features and similar types of grievance and emotions. Nonetheless, in Spain it seems to have built a more cohesive and radical collective identity based upon a more informal and internet based network integration while in Italy it seems embedded in a more traditional and formal network, which prevented the formation of a strong collective identity. Moreover, while in Spain the differences between the older and the precarious generation reveal that, both have a strong identity based on different networks; more formal the older and more related to informal and online instruments the latter; in Italy, the older generation has a much stronger collective identity based on a organizational network, while the precarious one is less but still integrated in organizational network. We conclude that the more autonomous civil society tradition in Spain, together with the particular political opportunities, under the pressure of a harsher economic crisis, may account for the differences we found. ; Este artículo se centra en la protesta de la generación precaria en España e Italia en tiempos de crisis y austeridad (2010-2012). A pesar de sus muchas similitudes, los dos países han experimentado diferentes tipos de movilización contra las medidas de austeridad. En España, una movilización relativamente autónoma –caracterizada por nuevos actores colectivos y nuevas formas de acción– ha hecho posible la construcción de un actor político, Podemos, capaz de desafiar seriamente a los partidos políticos establecidos. En Italia, en cambio, la movilización fue dominada por los actores políticos establecidos, especialmente los sindicatos, no produjo formas innovadoras de acción y no ha sido capaz de superar (hasta ahora) la fragmentación de los movimientos sociales. En ambos países, sin embargo, las protestas contra la austeridad se han caracterizado por una fuerte presencia de lo que se ha denominado "generación precaria", particularmente expuesta a la crisis económica y las medidas de austeridad. Basándonos en datos de varias encuestas realizadas en protestas sobre cuestiones sociales, económicas y laborales en los dos países de 2010 a 2011, en este artículo destacamos las diferencias y las similitudes de la generación precaria en términos de presencia, composición social, sentimientos de agravio y emoción, identidad colectiva e integración en las redes. Nuestros resultados muestran que la generación precaria tenía casi la misma presencia en las protestas seleccionadas en los dos países, compartían características sociodemográficas similares y el mismo tipo de agravios y emociones. Sin embargo, en España, parece haberse construido una identidad colectiva más coherente y radical, integrada a partir de unas redes informales y basadas en Internet; mientras que en Italia aparece arraigada a partir de redes más tradicionales y formales, lo que impide la formación de una identidad colectiva fuerte. Por otra parte, mientras que en España las diferencias entre la generación más mayor y la generación precaria revelan que ambas tienen una fuerte identidad en base a las diferentes redes que las sustentan (más formal en la mayor y más relacionada con instrumentos informales y online en la última); en Italia, la generación más mayor tiene una identidad colectiva mucho más fuerte sobre la base de una red organizativa, mientras que en la generación precaria ésta es menor, pero todavía integrada en una red organizativa. Llegamos a la conclusión de que una tradición más autónoma de la sociedad civil en España, junto con las oportunidades políticas particulares, bajo la presión de una crisis económica más severa, pueden dar cuenta de las diferencias encontradas.

ÖZETDevingen Ortamlarda Sıradüzensel Pekiştirmeli ÖğrenmePekiştirmeli Öğrenme (PÖ), bir etmenin belirli bir ortam ile bulunduğu etkileşimler sonucunda aldığı ödül veya cezaya göre öğrenmenin gerçekleştiği davranışsal öğrenme tekniğidir. Etmenin yaptığı etkileşim sonucunda ortamdan, ödül (veya ceza) ve etmenin bulunduğu yeni durumu olmak üzere iki gözlem yapılır. Etmenin amacı, gerçekleştirdiği eylemler ile alınan ödüllerin toplamını olabildiğince düzeye çıkaran davranış modelini yani politikayı bulmaktır. Klasik PÖ yaklaşımı ortamın durağan olduğunu varsayımından yola çıkar. Oysa genel olarak devingen ortamları içeren gerçek uygulamalarda bu varsayım geçerli değildir. Bu yaklaşımla geliştirilmiş PÖ algoritmaları arasında, ortamın devingenliğine uyum sağlayanlar, bunu ancak önceden kazanılan deneyimi yitirerek (unutarak) yapabilirler. Fakat bu yaklaşım ortamın önceki durumunun yinelenmesi durumunda öğrenilmiş ama unutulmuş deneyimin yeniden öğrenilmesini zorunlu kılar. Pekiştirmeli Öğrenme-İçerik Algılama (PÖ-İA) tekniği; etmenin, ortamda oluşan değişimin algılayabilmesi ve buna uygun olarak ortamın her bir durumu için farklı parçalı modeller oluşturmasını sağlar. Böylece kazanılan deneyimler saklanıp uygun koşullar sağlandığında yine kullanılabilir. Her bir parçalı model için, ortamın o andaki durumunu ne kadar iyi yansıttığını belirleyen bir nitelik ölçütü hesaplanır ve bu değere göre bu modellerden hangisinin etkin olacağı kararlaştırılır veya bütün değerlerin bir eşik değerinin altında kalması durumunda,diğer bir deyişle hiç bir modelin ortamı yeterince doğru ifade edememesi durumunda yeni bir parçalı model oluşturulur. Bunun yanında, devingen bir ortamda PÖ-İA tarafından oluşturulan her bir parçalı model, birbirinden ayrı problemler olarak ele alınır; bu nedenle ortam büyüdükçe problemin çözülmesi daha da zorlaşır. Bu zorluğu aşabilmek için PÖ-İA yaklaşımının başarımı sıradüzensel PÖ (SPÖ) öğrenme kullanılarak iyileştirilebilir. Sıradüzensel yapı sayesinde problem daha basit alt problemlere bölünebilir. Bulunan alt problemler kendi çözümlerine sahip, zamanda uzatılmış eylemlere veya becerilere dönüştürülür. Böylece ana problem bu yeteneklerin kullanılması ile çok daha hızlı çözülebilmektedir.Bu çalışmada, devingen ortamda SPÖden yararlanan, tümüyle kendi kendine bir öğrenme tekniği sunulmuş ve en iyi çözümün bulunmasını hızlandırmak için PÖ-İA tekniğine sıradüzensel yapının nasıl tümleneceği gösterilmiştir. Sıradüzensel PÖ-İA tekniğinin klasik PÖ-İA yaklaşımına üstünlüğünü göstermek amacıyla eğitim amaçlı bir uygulama örneği üzerinde, farklı ortam boyutlarıyla deneyler yapılmış ve sonuçları sunulmuştur.ABSTRACTHierarchical Reinforcement Learning on Non-Stationary EnvironmentsReinforcement Learning(RL) is a learning paradigm from the interaction of an agent with an environment where the agent makes two observations: an immediate reward that characterizes a crisp or smooth degree of how favorably the agent finds the action and sometimes a full, but most probably a partial representation of the environment's state. The agent, by repetitively executing this action-response loop, seeks to attain a goal state in an attempt to accrue the maximum total reward; a remark that specifies both the concept of a "better" policy (i.e., a policy that results in a higher amount of total reward) and the way the goal state should be defined (i.e., a state that once attained by the agent should produce a uniquely and notably higher amount of immediate reward). In the above setting, the environment is assumed stationary. While for rare real world environments this assumption holds, it is usually considered to be an optimistic assumption in the context of real world problems. Classical RL approaches are able to adapt to a new state of the environment with a penalty of forgetting previous condition of the environment which must be learned all over again in case of the same condition emerges. Reinforcement Learning-Context Detection (RL-CD) is a technique helps determining changes of the environment's nature which provides constructing different partial models for every condition of the environment. For each partial model a prediction quality evaluated continuously to decide which partial model to be activated or to create a new partial model when there is no better choice.On the other hand, on a dynamic environment partial models created by RL-CD are handled as distinct problems. On a large dynamic environment finding the optimum policy becomes challenging. In order to overcome this problem, RL-CD can be enhanced by implementing Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) which accelerates the convergence to the optimum policy. Hierarchical structure allows temporally-extended actions called option which follows their individual policy. Once the problem divided into smaller tasks, they can be transformed into options and the optimum policy can be discovered by using these solutions.In this study we propose an autonomous agent that learns a dynamic environment by taking advantage of HRL and show how the hierarchical structure can be integrated into RL-CD to speed up the convergence of the optimum policy. Effectiveness of hierarchical RL-CD is compared with classical RL-CD on a grid world problem with various environment sizes.

In the final work of the master analyzed a temporary work through temporary work agency. Temporary agency work is an important and growing sector. In 2004 Lithuania ratified International Labor Organization Convention No. 181, which aims to develop employment policies and to establish a legal framework to regulate temporary agency work. In 2008, the European Parliament and the Council adopted Directive 2008/104/EC, which aims to raise the work through temporary employment companies' quality, and to ensure protection for workers. To this end, in 2011, in transposition of the directive into Lithuanian law was adopted, the Republic of Lithuania employment through temporary employment agencies Act. It sets out the characteristics of temporary work and temporary employment agency, temporary employee and the temporary employee's user firm rights and obligations. In the three-way relationships between temporary employment agencies, the employee and the user of temporary work, the weakest and most vulnerable party is an employee. To carry out research that temporary staff are far more vulnerable than permanent staff. Temporary agency workers' vulnerability are characterized by the fact that their salaries for the same work may be less than permanent staff in the field; there is no guarantee for the further work, frequent change in the workplace, etc. In addition, both the Directive 2008/104/EC and national legislation provide for the possibility to derogate from certain provisions (for example, the principle of equal treatment). Therefore, in this work analyses the legal protection of temporary agency workers. In view of the fact that the most common violations of the rights of workers, which is discrimination based on the principle of equal treatment and is not guaranteed safe and fair working conditions. At work raised the hypothesis – the Lithuanian legislation does not guarantee temporary agency workers, the protection of rights. The objective of work is to analyze the temporary employment through temporary employment agencies legal regulation of foreign countries and the Republic of Lithuania. Assessment of Directive 2008/104/EC transposed into the national legal systems, the impact on the protection of temporary agency workers. To achieve that objective are to formulate these tasks: 1. analyze the characteristics of the temporary work, and international regulation of the temporary work; 2. to examine in detail the regulation of temporary work in selected countries, and the protection afforded to workers; 3. discuss the protection provided to the temporary agency workers, after Directive 2008/104/EC transposition into national legal systems and to examine the current practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union; 4. to analyze the Republic of Lithuania national legislation which regulate temporary work. The first part of work analyzes the specifics of temporary work, the benefits and disadvantages. Is presented temporary work model and describes its performance. As well analyzes the emergence of international regulation and the International Labor Organization changing approaches on this form of work. In view of the fact that such work's form of a relatively new phenomenon in Lithuania, while Germany, France and the United States such work's form already exists in more than one decade is analyzed the practice of those States, regulating temporary work. In the second part of the analysis of the work analyze the European Parliament and Council Directive 2008/104/EC concerning temporary agency work. Analyze the protections and guarantees of workers offered by the directive and issues that arise from certain its provisions. There are also analyzed the Council of Europe report, which assesses the implementation of the provisions of the directive, how the Member States have succeeded in improving the situation of temporary workers. While discussing the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the work describes the first and so far the only case law in the case, which clarifies the application of the provisions of the directive. The third part analyzes the Republic of Lithuania the temporary employment regulation. Emphasizes that, before fully adjusting to this form of work was approved the labor hire conception. The concept was reflected basic principles of Law of the temporary agencies workers and was set up by the analysis of the practice of European countries on this matter. Further in this part of the work is analyzed The Republic of Lithuania employment through temporary employment agencies Act, it is compared with the Directive 2008/104/EC, the provisions of the regulation of foreign temporary work and with the new the Republic of Lithuania Labour Code project. In the final work, raised the hypothesis that the Lithuanian legislation does not guarantee temporary agency workers, protection of the rights is confirmed only partially. The Republic of Lithuania employment through temporary employment agencies Act, drawn up in accordance with Directive 2008/104/EC enshrines the essential principles of the Directive and ensures protection of fundamental rights. However, the temporary employment agencies poor control and licensing absence creates preconditions to violate workers' rights.

Judicial independence and accountability are central legal and political values. Chapter III of the Australian Constitution entrenches the minimum standard for judicial independence. The High Court is the guardian against that standard being encroached. A mechanism for judicial accountability in the federal jurisdiction must be consistent with Chapter III. In recognition that the High Court will strictly enforce the primacy of Chapter III, the Parliamentary Judicial Misbehaviour or Incapacity Commission Bill is "a conservative constitutional approach to ensure validity".2 Section 72 of the Constitution provides a notional standard for the removal of federal judges; "proved misbehaviour or incapacity". However, the section does not clarify the appropriate procedure which the Parliament can adopt as they contemplate removal. T11e PJMIC would facilitate the credibility and transparency of parliamentary deliberations under s72 by providing an investigative service. Since the PJMIC does not adjudicate, or even directly receive, complaints, its scope of operation will be unlikely to infringe the exclusive vesting in s72. The PJMIC Bill is paralleled by a proposed amendment to the Senate and House of Representative Standing Orders. This amendment would impose important safeguards against the use of parliamentary privilege on hi vial or reckless grounds. 3 The misuse of parliamentary privilege in this regard would have serious consequences for public confidence in a Justice. Significant difficultly is presented by the situation of judicial misbehaviour or incapacity which, although constitutive of undesirable conduct, would not satisfy the threshold for removal. Where judicial misbehaviour or incapacity has directly impacted the outcome of a case, the appeals process may provide an immediate remedy. However, it should not remain the obligation of a party to detect and enforce proper judicial conduct. Where less serious judicial misconduct or incapacity has occurred, it is apt to question what the practical protection ensured by the concept of judicial independence is. If judges do not have margin to make some errors of judgement without a looming accountability mechanism, substantive make some errors of judgement without a looming accountability mechanism, substantive judicial independence is defeated. Under the current federal arrangement the treatment of complaints is effectively selfregulated by the judiciary. That is, complaints are resolved by an informal and collegial approach. This arrangement has recently been criticised as unacceptably secretive and lacking in transparency. 4 Given the growing public imperative for the transparent treatment of complaints, it is undesirable that judicial accountability in the federal jurisdiction remain an informal, differentiated and ad hoc procedure. In Australia, the use of judicial commissions has been controversial and inconsistent. The Judicial Commission of New South Wales, made constitutionally viable by the Kable doctrine, is increasingly presented as an ideal judicial commission. Although Victoria and Western Australia are currently contemplating the replication of the JCNSW, it is unlikely that a reform would be consistent with Chapter III in the federal context. The PJMIC is not structured to address less serious complaints, and neither it feasible to independence is defeated. Under the current federal arrangement the treatment of complaints is effectively selfregulated by the judiciary. That is, complaints are resolved by an informal and collegial approach. This arrangement has recently been criticised as unacceptably secretive and lacking in transparency.4 Given the growing public imperative for the transparent treatment of complaints, it is undesirable that judicial accountability in the federal jurisdiction remain an informal, differentiated and ad hoc procedure. In Australia, the use of judicial commissions has been controversial and inconsistent. The Judicial Commission of New South Wales, made constitutionally viable by the Kable doctrine, is increasingly presented as an ideal judicial commission. Although Victoria and Western Australia are currently contemplating the replication of the JCNSW, it is unlikely that a reform would be consistent with Chapter III in the federal context. The PJMIC is not structured to address less serious complaints, and neither it feasible to replicate the JCNSW. Accordingly, this paper recommends a replication of s21 B(IA)(b) of the Family Law Act 1975 in each federal court statute. It also adopts the recommendation of the Access to Justice Advisory Committee (1994) ('AJAC') proposal for the introduction of court charters. If each federal court would codify their expectations for performance standards in a charter, this would allow for judges, court staff, parliamentarians considering a s72 motion, and the general public to have the same expectations and information. A charter could also outline a comprehensive process for the treatment of complaints within each court; it could express precisely the responsibilities of the chief justices in complaint handling; and could implement the Constitutional Committee (2009) recommendation that the federal courts should publish quarterly complaint handling summaries.

On behalf of Sentinel Land Company and a Municipal Utility District (MUD), SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted an intensive cultural resources survey for the proposed Lively Sewer Line Extension Project in Williamson County, Texas. The project area is located between the communities of Leander and Georgetown, Texas, approximately 3 miles southeast of the State Highway (SH) 29 and Ronald Reagan Boulevard intersection. In anticipation of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) permitting regulations, the proposed project is subject to review in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) (16 USC 470) and its implementing regulations (36 CFR 800). In addition, the project area includes property owned or managed by a MUD, a political subdivision of the state; therefore, the work will require compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas (ACT). SWCA conducted investigations under Antiquities Permit Number 7027. The proposed project involves the construction of a 2.5-mile-long sewer line extension. During construction, the proposed sewer line extension will use a 50-foot-wide (15-meter[m]-wide) temporary easement and will extend for approximately 13,200 feet (2.5 miles), encompassing 15.2 acres. The utility corridor will shrink to have a 30-foot-wide (9-m-wide) permanent easement after installation. In addition to the proposed sewer line, there are approximately 3.85 miles of proposed access roads. Approximately 5,545 linear feet (1.05 miles) or about 2.5 acres are proposed new access roads. The remaining 2.8 miles of additional access roads will use existing dirt roads and gravel roads and were not proposed for survey due to previous impacts. Additionally, there are six 500-foot-diameter (culminating in 27.0 acres) spoil lay down areas for the soil generated during the construction trenching. The depth of impacts would be roughly 7 to 10 feet below surface along the alignment. The exceptions consist of six bore pits that would flank the river at the three crossings and would extend approximately 20 feet below ground surface. Therefore, the area of potential effects (APE) encompasses roughly 44.7 acres. The investigations included a background review and an intensive pedestrian survey with shovel testing of the project area boundaries. The background review determined that portions of the project area have been previously surveyed and three previously recorded sites, 41WM459, 41WM113, and 41WM114, are located within or directly adjacent to the project area. Site 41WM459 is along one of the proposed access roads, while sites 41WM113 and 41WM114 are along the proposed pipeline. The historic map review determined there are no historic-age properties within the APE. The review identified an historic cemetery (Whitley Cemetery) within 985 feet (300 m) of the proposed sewer line. The field investigations consisted of 43 shovel tests, one backhoe trench, and extensive examination of exposed profiles. During these investigations, SWCA newly recorded one archaeological site (41WM1278) and revisited one previously recorded site (41WM459). Due to the ubiquity of the site type in the region, the low density of diffusely scattered artifacts, the absence of any temporally diagnostic artifacts or cultural features, and the lack of overall integrity across the site, the parts of 41WM459 within the project area have limited potential to yield new or important information concerning regional prehistory. SWCA recommends therefore that the parts of 41WM459 within the current project area are not eligible for inclusion in the NRHP nor do they warrant designation as an SAL; the remainder of the site outside of the project area is of undetermined eligibility. Based on these data, no further work or avoidance is recommended for the parts of site 41WM459 within the current project area. However, should the proposed project design change and require impacts to other parts of 41WM459, those areas would require additional survey. Given the possibility that site 41WM1278 is associated with the Whitley Cemetery that is approximately 100 feet to the southwest, and without the ability to determine the age, and context of the stonewall feature, SWCA recommends that eligibility for inclusion in the NRHP and SAL designation is undetermined for 41WM1278. However, the use of the roadway for the project will not detrimentally affect the site. Accordingly, no further field investigations are recommended for the site. Should construction activities be altered and affect the rock wall, archival research is recommended to determine the age and significance of the wall as it may relate to Whitley Cemetery. In accordance with 33 CFR 800.4, SWCA has made a reasonable and good faith effort to identify cultural resources properties within the APE. As no properties were identified that may meet the criteria for listing in the NRHP according to 36 CFR 60.4 or for designation as an SAL, according to 13 TAC 26.10, SWCA recommends no further cultural resources work within the project area.

[spa] Antes de empezar el estudio de la dramaturgia poético-musical de Antonio de Zamora (1665-1727) propiamente dicho, es necesario detenerse en la recepción de su obra durante los siglos XVIII, XIX y principios del XX. Esta, desvirtuada y errónea, motivó la postergación del dramaturgo y, con él, la fundamental etapa de entresiglos, convirtiéndose esta recepción en un indicador privilegiado del cambio de etapa cultura y literaria de España a lo largo del siglo XVIII. Tiene especial interés Leandro Fernández de Moratín, debido a que fue el primero que lo situó en la historiografía literaria a la vez que su despotismo neoclásico hizo que fuera el que peor entendió la obra del madrileño. El sentido dramático para el madrileño atiende a una percepción pragmática y dinámica del teatro, tanto palaciego como popular, y atiende a los menesteres que van surgiendo en la praxis dramática. Además, el estudio del prólogo a Comedias nuevas de 1722 y su contextualización literaria aporta una irrefutable prueba de la magnitud que ya en aquel tiempo empezaba a tener el elemento clasicista, tal y como lo pone de manifiesto Responde a don Panuncio don Armengol. Para la profundización en las fiestas reales barrocas del dramaturgo era indispensable realizar una revisión propiamente del género. Esta se centraba en una teorización que atendiera desde su concepción a un reconocimiento de los rasgos principales que posibilitan la existencia de fiestas reales barrocas. De esta manera se ha logrado un profundo estudio de las fiestas reales barrocas como ceremonias espectaculares dinámicas y aglutinadoras de poesía, música y escenografía, motivadas por una determinada "ocasionalidad" espacio-temporal e histórico-política y expresadas mediante el elemento fabuloso y no realista. Este nuevo marco teórico aplicado al autor ha permitido que por primera vez se haya podido estudiar desde la formación de un dramaturgo palaciego a la ideología y posicionamiento político y social del madrileño en los complejos e importantes tiempos de Carlos II y Felipe V. En esa evolución producida con la nueva dinastía, Antonio de Zamora será un protagonista en el proceso de adaptación y cambio del género poético-musical de principios del siglo XVIII. Además, se ha podido datar mediante la interpretación de la "ocasionalidad" las fiestas reales Viento es la dicha de amor (1708) y Desprecios vengan desprecios (1708), comedias de figurón tan importantes como El hechizado por fuerza (1698) o Don Domingo de don Blas (1707), así como confeccionar un catálogo de sus obras completas. ; [eng] Before starting the study of poetic-musical drama of Antonio de Zamora (1665-1727), it is necessary to dwell on the reception of his work during the eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This reception, which was distorted and misleading, led to the postponement of the playwright, and with him, the fundamental period between centuries, and turning its reception into a privileged indicator of the cultural and literary changing period in Spain during the eighteenth century. For the Madrilian, the dramatic sense serves to a pragmatic and dynamic perception of the theater and it serves the needs that arise in drama practice. The study of the prologue to Comedias nuevas, in 1722, and his literary contextualization provides the irrefutable evidence of the magnitude that began to have the classical element at the time as it is shown in Responde a don Panuncio don Armengol. In order to go into detail about the baroque royal festivities of the playwright, it was essential to carry out a review of the genre itself. This was focused on the theorizing that attends from its conception to the recognition of the key features that enable the existence of baroque royal festivities. Therefore, a thorough study of the baroque royal festivities as dynamic spectacular ceremonies has been done, these festivities include poetry, music and scenery, and are motivated by a certain space-time and historical-political "occasionality" and expressed by the fabulous and unrealistic element. This new theoretical framework applied to the author has allowed, for the first time, the study from the formation of a palace playwright to the ideology and political and social positioning of the Madrilian in the complex and important times of Carlos II and Felipe V. In this evolution produced during the new dynasty, Antonio de Zamora will be one of the protagonists in the process of adaptation and change of the poetic-musical genre of the early eighteenth century. In addition, figurehead comedies as important as El hechizado por fuerza (1698) and Don Domingo Don Blas (1707) have been dated by interpreting the "occasionality" of the real parties Viento es la dicha de amor (1708) and Desprecios vengan desprecios (1708), and it has also allowed to draw up a catalog of his complete works.

Im Rahmen der EU-weiten REACH-Verordnung haben Alternativmethoden zum Tierversuch in der Toxikologie an Bedeutung gewonnen. Die Alternativmethoden gliedern sich auf in In-vitro- und In-silico-Methoden. In dieser Dissertation wurden verschiedene Konzepte der In-silico-Toxikologie behandelt. Die bearbeiteten Themen reichen von quantitativen Strukturaktivitätsbeziehungen (QSAR) über eine neue Herangehensweise an das gängige Konzept zur Festlegung von Grenzwerten bis hin zu computerbasierten Modellierungen zum Alkohol- und Bisphenol-A-Stoffwechsel. Das Kapitel über QSAR befasst sich im Wesentlichen mit der Erstellung und Analyse einer Datenbank mit 878 Substanzen, die sich aus Tierversuchsstudien aus dem Archiv des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung zusammensetzt. Das Design wurde dabei an eine bereits bestehende Datenbank angepasst, um so einen möglichst großen Datenpool zu generieren. In der Analyse konnte u.a. gezeigt werden, dass Stoffe mit niedrigerem Molekulargewicht ein erhöhtes Potential für toxikologische Schäden aufwiesen als größere Moleküle. Mit Hilfe des sogenannten TTC-Konzepts können Grenzwerte für Stoffe geringer Exposition festgelegt werden, zu denen keine toxikologischen Daten zur Verfügung stehen. In dieser Arbeit wurden für die Stoffe dreier Datenbanken entsprechende Grenzwerte festgelegt. Es erfolgte zunächst eine gängige strukturbasierte Aufteilung der Substanzen in die Kategorien "nicht toxisch", "möglicherweise toxisch" und "eindeutig toxisch". Substanzen, die aufgrund ihrer Struktur in eine der drei Klassen eingeordnet werden, erhalten den entsprechenden Grenzwert. Da in die dritte Klasse auch Stoffe eingeordnet werden, deren Toxizität nicht bestimmbar ist, ist sie sehr groß. Daher wurden in dieser Arbeit die ersten beiden Klassen zusammengelgt, um einen größeren Datenpool zu ermöglichen. Eine weitere Neuerung umfasst die Erstellung eines internen Grenzwerts. Diese Vorgehensweise hat den Vorteil, dass der Expositionsweg herausgerechnet wird und somit beispielsweise Studien mit oraler Verabreichung mit Studien dermaler Verabreichung verglichen werden können. Mittels physiologisch basiertem kinetischem Modelling ist es möglich, Vorgänge im menschlichen Körper mit Hilfe spezieller Software nachzuvollziehen. Durch diese Vorgehensweise können Expositionen von Chemikalien simuliert werden. In einem Teil der Arbeit wurden Alkoholexpositionen von gestillten Neugeborenen simuliert, deren Mütter unmittelbar zuvor alkoholische Getränke konsumiert hatten. Mit dem Modell konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Expositionen des Kindes durchweg gering waren. Nach einem Glas Wein wurden Spitzenkonzentrationen im Blut von Neugeborenen von 0,0034 Promille ermittelt. Zum Vergleich wurde die Exposition durch ein für Säuglinge zugelassenes alkoholhaltiges pflanzliches Arzneimittel simuliert. Hier wurden Spitzenkonzentrationen von 0,0141 Promille erreicht. Daher scheinen Empfehlungen wie gelegentlicher Konsum ohne schädigende Wirkung auf das Kind wissenschaftlich fundiert zu sein. Ein weiteres Kinetik-Modell befasste sich mit dem Stoffwechsel von Bisphenol A. Teils widersprüchliche Daten zur Belastung mit BPA in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur führen wiederholt zu Anregungen, den Grenzwert der Chemikalie anzupassen. Die Funktionalität der am Metabolismus beteiligten Enzyme kann je nach Individuum unterschiedlich ausgeprägt sein. Mittels Modellings konnte hier gezeigt werden, dass dies maßgeblich dazu führt, dass sich berechnete Plasmaspiegel von Individuen bis zu 4,7-fach unterscheiden. Die Arbeit konnte somit einen Beitrag zur Nutzung und Weiterentwicklung von In-silico-Modellen für diverse toxikologische Fragestellungen leisten. ; In the last few years alternative methods to animal testing have gained in importance, particularly in the context of EU wide REACH legislation. The alternative methods are divided into in vitro and in silico methods. In this work, different concepts of in silico toxicology are discussed. The topics in this dissertation range from quantitative structure-activity relation- ships (QSAR) via a new approach to the common TTC concept to modeling of alcohol and bisphenol A metabolism. The chapter on QSAR is essentially concerned with the creation and analysis of a database of the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR). The design of the database has been adapted to the design of an existing database to gain a relative large pool of data. It was found for example that substances with lower molecular weight have increased potential for toxicologically relevant damage compared to larger molecules. The TTC concept allows the user to set thresholds for substances of low level exposure when no experimental toxicological data is available. In this work, thresholds were determined for the substances of three different databases. At first substances were identified by their structure and assigned to the categories "nontoxic", "possibly toxic" and "significantly toxic". Depending on the category in which an unknown substance is classified, the corresponding threshold applies for it. Since the allocation to com- mon Cramer classes is done very conservatively, substances are rarely assigned to the second class. For this reason, the chemicals of the second and the third class were merged here. A further new approach was the determination of an internal threshold. This allows to subtract out the route of exposure and to apply established thresholds of oral exposure to substances that are absorbed through the skin for example. Physiologically based kinetic modeling is used to simulate physiological processes in the human body and therefore allows to understand kinetic processes. As a result, exposures to chemicals after intake into the body can be simulated. In the first part it was tried to simulate alcohol exposure of breast-fed babies, if the nursing mother had previously consumed various alcoholic beverages. In the model, it was shown that exposure of the child was consistently low. Peak concentrations were 0.0034 per mill in a newborn after consuming of a glass of wine. For comparison the exposure by an approved alcoholic herbal medicine for the treatment of flatulence in infants was simulated. Here, the peak concentrations reached 0.0141 per mill. Therefore, the findings appear to prove recommendations like "occasional consumption without damaging effect on the child" to be scientifically justified. Another kinetics model focused on polymorphisms of bisphenol A metabolizing enzymes. Conflicting evidence in the scientific literature on measured BPA concentrations in the blood led to consideration whether the TDI of 0.05 mg/kg bw/day imposed by the EFSA has to be corrected. There are known polymorphisms of the primary metabolizing enzyme. Via modeling it could be shown that these polymorphisms lead to individual plasma levels which vary by the factors of 4.7. Thus, this work contributes to the development and use of in silico models for various toxicological problems.

Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Ministry of Education and Research ; Estonian Research Council ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules/CNRS ; Commissariat Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives/CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bilding und Forschung ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation and National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology ; World Class University program of NRF, Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education and University of Malaya, Malaysia ; Mexican Funding Agency CINVESTAV ; Mexican Funding Agency CONACYT ; Mexican Funding Agency SEP ; Mexican Funding Agency UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education and the National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion and Programa Consolider-Ingenio, Spain ; Swiss Funding Agency ETH Board ; Swiss Funding Agency ETH Zurich ; Swiss Funding Agency PSI ; Swiss Funding Agency SNF ; Swiss Funding Agency UniZH ; Swiss Funding Agency Canton Zurich ; Swiss Funding Agency SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie Program ; European Research Council ; EPLANET(European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS program of Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union, Regional Development Fund ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste) ; MIUR Project (Italy) ; Thalis and Aristeia programs ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Estonian Research Council: IUT23-4 ; Estonian Research Council: IUT23-6 ; MIUR Project (Italy): 20108T4XTM ; A search for new physics in proton-proton collisions having final states with an electron or muon and missing transverse energy is presented. The analysis uses data collected in 2012 with the CMS detector, at an LHC center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV, and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb(-1). No significant deviation of the transverse mass distribution of the charged lepton-neutrino system from the standard model prediction is found. Mass exclusion limits of up to 3.28 TeVat 95% confidence level for a W0-boson with the same couplings as that of the standard model W-boson are determined. Results are also derived in the framework of split universal extra dimensions, and exclusion limits on Kaluza-Klein Wd(KK)((2)) states are found. The final state with large missing transverse energy also enables a search for dark matter production with a recoiling W-boson, with limits set on the mass and the production cross section of potential candidates. Finally, limits are established for a model including interference between a left-handed W'-boson and the standard model W-boson and for a compositeness model.

Austrian Federal Ministry of Science, Research and Economy ; Austrian Science Fund ; Belgian Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique ; Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science ; CERN ; Chinese Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Science and Technology ; National Natural Science Foundation of China ; Colombian Funding Agency (COLCIENCIAS) ; Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sport ; Croatian Science Foundation ; Research Promotion Foundation, Cyprus ; Ministry of Education and Research, Estonia ; Estonian Research Council, Estonia ; European Regional Development Fund, Estonia ; Academy of Finland ; Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture ; Helsinki Institute of Physics ; Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules / CNRS, France ; Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives / CEA, France ; Bundesministerium fur Bildung und Forschung, Germany ; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Germany ; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren, Germany ; General Secretariat for Research and Technology, Greece ; National Scientific Research Foundation, Hungary ; National Innovation Office, Hungary ; Department of Atomic Energy, India ; Department of Science and Technology, India ; Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics and Mathematics, Iran ; Science Foundation, Ireland ; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Italy ; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Republic of Korea ; National Research Foundation (NRF), Republic of Korea ; Lithuanian Academy of Sciences ; Ministry of Education (Malaysia) ; University of Malaya (Malaysia) ; CINVESTAV ; CONACYT ; SEP ; UASLP-FAI ; Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, New Zealand ; Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission ; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland ; National Science Centre, Poland ; Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia, Portugal ; JINR, Dubna ; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation ; Federal Agency of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Russian Foundation for Basic Research ; Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia ; Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion and Programa Consolider-Ingenio, Spain ; ETH Board ; ETH Zurich ; PSI ; SNF ; UniZH ; Canton Zurich ; SER ; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taipei ; Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics ; Institute for the Promotion of Teaching Science and Technology of Thailand ; Special Task Force for Activating Research ; National Science and Technology Development Agency of Thailand ; Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey ; Turkish Atomic Energy Authority ; National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine ; State Fund for Fundamental Researches, Ukraine ; Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK ; US Department of Energy ; US National Science Foundation ; Marie-Curie programme (European Union) ; European Research Council (European Union) ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS programme of Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; Consorzio per la Fisica (Trieste) ; MIUR (Italy) ; Thalis programme ; Aristeia programme ; EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Estonian Research Council, Estonia: IUT23-4 ; Estonian Research Council, Estonia: IUT23-6 ; MIUR: 20108T4XTM ; Dimuon and dielectron mass spectra, obtained from data resulting from protonproton collisions at 8TeV and recorded by the CMS experiment, are used to search for both narrow resonances and broad deviations from standard model predictions. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 20.6 (19.7) fb(-1) for the dimuon (dielectron) channel. No evidence for non-standard-model physics is observed and 95% confidence level limits are set on parameters from a number of new physics models. The narrow resonance analyses exclude a Sequential Standard Model Z(SSM)' resonance lighter than 2.90TeV, a superstring-inspired Z(psi)' lighter than 2.57TeV, and Randall-Sundrum Kaluza-Klein gravitons with masses below 2.73, 2.35, and 1.27TeV for couplings of 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01, respectively. A notable feature is that the limits have been calculated in a model-independent way to enable straightforward reinterpretation in any model predicting a resonance structure. The observed events are also interpreted within the framework of two non-resonant analyses: one based on a large extra dimensions model and one based on a quark and lepton compositeness model with a left-left isoscalar contact interaction. Lower limits are established on M-S, the scale characterizing the onset of quantum gravity, which range from 4.9 to 3.3TeV, where the number of additional spatial dimensions varies from 3 to 7. Similarly, lower limits on Lambda, the energy scale parameter for the contact interaction, are found to be 12.0 (15.2) TeV for destructive (constructive) interference in the dimuon channel and 13.5 (18.3) TeV in the dielectron channel.

Costa Rica's life expectation is the higest from Latin America. The average age for the whole continent is 74 years. The age for Costa Rica is 80 and for Chili is 79 (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2014). This situation is the result of an addition of variables, but it is obvious that this little country has a population that is worried about factors as life style and nutrition. Food manufactory and food producers should offer new products, with a superior concentration of nutrients, instead of fats and processed carbohydrates (as sugars and starches). The government institutions, as public universities and ministries had to become a motor and support to achieve this objective. A research group of the public university INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE COSTA RICA, stablished a study project called "Desarrollo de alimentos nutracéuticos a partir de cultivos biofortificados para combatir el efecto del cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria de Costa Rica". The project is managed by a researcher of the Agrobusiness Department. Other Departments are collaborating too, as Chemistry, Business Management and Agricultural Engineering. The new products development is focused in different age populations. The age groups selected are children from six to twenty-four months old, teenagers and finally elderly people. For the first group, it had been developed "home- made baby foods" and for the second one baked snacks. Researchers used carotenoid bio fortified crops, as manioc and sweet potatoes. Both crops are produced at the North side of Costa Rica. To be sure that by using bio fortified crops is possible to obtain products with a higher concentration of nutrients, researchers made a comparison. They produced baby foods and nutraceutical snacks with biofortified crops and non-fortified crops. The total amount of carotenoid from the different samples was analyzed at the CITA (Centro Nacional de Investigación en Tecnología de Alimentos). As a result, it was found that the total amount of carotenoids is ten times higher in products prepared with bio fortified crops than in products prepared with non bio fortified crops. It is important to take into account that the samples were prepared using the same procedures, equipment and ingredients. For the food products elaborated with non bio-fortified crops, the total carotenoids content is in average 300 μg/100 wet material. The same valor, using bio-fortified crops is 4000 μg/100 wet material. ; La expectativa de vida en los países latinoamericanos es de 74 años y Costa Rica supera este valor. El Banco Mundial reconoció que Costa Rica y Chile son los países con mayor esperanza de vida en el continente. Costa Rica tiene un promedio de 80 años y Chile de 79 (Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2014). Esta nueva población se interesa más por la salud, la longevidad y el bienestar, tendencias que obligan a los productores de alimentos a buscar nuevas alternativas, para adicionar beneficios nutricionales a sus productos. Las universidades y las instituciones públicas, como los ministerios de Salud y de Agricultura, deben constituirse en un motor en el logro de este objetivo. El proyecto de investigación "Desarrollo de alimentos nutracéuticos a partir de cultivos biofortificados para combatir el efecto del cambio climático en la seguridad alimentaria de Costa Rica", ejecutado en el Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica (TEC), liderado por la Escuela de Ingeniería en Agronegocios y con la participación de las escuelas de Química, Agronomía y Administración de Empresas, se ha iniciado con una visión etaria, es decir, se desarrollan los productos considerando las necesidades y características de tres poblaciones: niños menores de dos años, adolescentes y adultos mayores. Para el desarrollo de estos productos se ha utilizado variedades de camote y de yuca biofortificadas con carotenos. Es necesario conocer la diferencia nutricional entre un producto elaborado con las variedades biofortificadas y uno elaborado con las variedades más comúnmente utilizadas por la población costarricense. En este artículo se compara el contenido total de carotenoides en productos terminados elaborados a partir de dos variedades de camote y dos de yuca, una biofortificada y la otra no. Para implementar la comparación, se trabajó en el desarrollo de un colado infantil y un snack para adolescentes. En la elaboración del colado infantil se utiliza camote, entre otros ingredientes, y para los snacks, tanto camote como yuca. Se realizaron tres corridas de cada uno de los productos, utilizando la misma materia prima, los mismos aditivos, la misma maquinaria y las mismas condiciones de proceso. En promedio se determinó que, usando variedades biofortificadas, la cantidad de carotenoides totales es diez veces mayor que cuando se utilizan variedades comunes. En los productos elaborados con variedades no fortificadas el promedio es de 300 μg-βcaroteno/100 g. Este valor, en productos elaborados con cultivos biofortificados y utilizando exactamente las mismas técnicas de procesamiento, es de 4000 μg-βcaroteno/100 g.

Исследуются находки ручного ударного оружия, хранящиеся в оружейных коллекциях государственного музея «Манас-Ордо» в Таласской долине и частного музея «Раритет» в Бишкеке (Кыргызстан). Даны их детальные описания, проведена типология. Привлекаются сведения об использовании булав кочевыми и оседлыми народами Евразии как в боевых целях, так и в качестве символов властных полномочий. По мнению некоторых ученых, булавы стали активно применяться в ходе боевых столкновений на территории Евразии в развитом и позднем Средневековье, что было связано с утяжелением широко использовавшихся тогда защитных доспехов. Исследованы содержащиеся в героическом эпосе «Манас» поэтические описания применения булав кыргызскими воинами. В соответствии с имеющимися сведениями реконструированы приемы их использования в ходе боевых столкновений. Дано заключение о возможности использования двух находок боевых наверший, хранящихся в музеях «Манас-Ордо» и «Раритет», именно кыргызскими воинами. ; Purpose. The article studies the findings hand strike weapon Kyrgyz warriors kept in the Armoury collection of the state Museum «Manas-Ordo» in the Talas valley and private Museum «Rarity» in Bishkek in the Kyrgyz Republic. Studied information about the use of the clubs in the stone and bronze tops of ancient peoples of the Middle East. Reviews some of the data from the military history of ancient and medieval nomadic and sedentary peoples of the Steppe belt of Eurasia and Central Asian historical-cultural region, demonstrating the use of hand-shock weapons for combat purposes, and as a symbol of power and authority. Results. The article deals available in the medieval sources of information, archaeological finds and images of warriors, indicating the use of the clubs in the ancient Turks, and warriors of other Turkic peoples in the early Middle Ages. Provides news that the use of batons to defeat the enemy in close combat widespread in Mongol and Turkic nomadic people and the population of Central Asia in the late Medieval Ages. In medieval written historical sources contain information about the use of the clubs in the Mongolian warriors during the period of aggressive wars of Genghis Khan and the creation of the Mongol Empire. According to some scientists, clubs have been actively used in the course of the battle warriors of different countries and peoples of Eurasia in periods of Middle and late Middle Ages, which was associated with a worsening of protective armor. Reportedly maces were armed with Kazakh and Kyrgyz soldiers during the periods of the late middle Ages and New time. The article analyzes the findings of iron crowns, maces, studied in the Armoury collections of museums of Kyrgyzstan. Investigated and poetic description of the application of the clubs in the Kyrgyz warriors that are contained in the Kyrgyz heroic epic «Manas». According to available information sources the reconstructed techniques clubs Kyrgyz warriors in the course of the battle. The author analyzes the historical information about the use of the parade, ornate clubs and shestopers as the insignia of power in the countries of Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Conclusion. Complex weapons Kyrgyz warriors in the Tien Shan in the late Middle Ages and New Times included a variety of means of distance and melee, and individual metal protection. On the development of this complex during the study period had a significant impact and the close proximity of the ethno-cultural contacts with settled urban Kyrgyz trade-craft and rural agricultural population of cities and oases of Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan. Probably some of the offensive and defensive weapons used by Kyrgyz warriors in the XV-XIX centuries. Was carried out in urban and craft centers in the region. No exception and maces, which were armed with Kyrgyz soldiers Talas and Chuya Valley of Kyrgyzstan. Nomadic tribes Kyrgyz and Kazakhs had for a long time to confront the rulers of the Central Asian states and Dzungar Khanate, which have significant military forces and bases its own arms production. In order to maintain an independent position Kyrgyz tribes are part of two military political associations, the right and left wing, required to have effective armed formation, equipped with various types of knives and military equipment. Among the offensive weapons of melee a role in the arsenal of the Kyrgyz warriors, along with spears, swords and battleaxes, perform manual strike weapons mace. Reflection of historical military events, which were attended by military units Kyrgyz tribes and warriors used different types of weapons, including maces, are descriptions of battles and fights soldiers in heroic epic of the Kyrgyz people. In folklore sources, detailing the different types of offensive weapons and protective armor Kyrgyz s warriors and describes various techniques for using different types of weapons, including the use of clubs for applying damaging attacks against the enemy. Despite the fact that their opponents from Dzungar Khanate and the Manchu empire possessed considerable superiority in numbers of troops and their equipment firearms and artillery, Kyrgyz tribes managed to maintain an independent position until incorporation into the Russian Empire.

Цель. Данная статья посвящена анализу теории модернизации государства в результате революций. Методы. В статье рассмотрены теоретические представления о модернизации в ходе революций. Из общенаучных методов главными стали дедуктивный и индуктивный метод, логический, анализ и синтез, использовался также сравнительный анализ и структурно-функциональный метод. Результаты. Революция становится, безусловно, структурной причиной дальнейшей модернизации государства, в которой процессы модернизации (урбанизация, индустриализация и демократизация) структурно связаны друг с другом и находятся в зависимости, но размещены на длительном временном промежутке, и в конечном итоге имеют отношение к «породившей» их революции примерно так же, как индустриальная революция XVIIIXIX вв. к религиозным войнам в Европе XVI-XVII вв. Революции не должны вести к демократии и демократическим изменениям в полном и современном понимании. Однако бесспорное последствие всех революций уничтожение привилегированного сословия, установление новой социальной структуры общества (по примеру стран Западной Европы и Америки, «по стандартам Нового времени»), что неминуемо в процессе развития общества ведет к «демократизации». И это изменение социальной структуры общества как следствие революции, которое в исторической перспективе ведет к урбанизации и демократизации, пожалуй, является единственным признаком, в чем тезис модернизации в ходе революции не может быть оспорен. Научная новизна. Статья разбирает одну из ключевых и самых распространенных точек зрения исследователей на революции как путь модернизации государств и дает принципиально иное отношение к теории модернизации в результате революций. Автор дискутирует с устоявшимся представлением в историографии, что причины и последствия революции обусловлены задачами модернизации в государстве (которое неспособно решить эти проблемы путем реформ). Эти утверждения в полной мере «перекочевали» и на Русскую революцию. Автор приходит к выводам, что в приписывании революциям модернизационных причин и последствий следует быть очень осторожным, а первой революцией, о которой серьезно можно говорить, что в ее задачи целенаправленно входила модернизация государства это революция 1917 г. в России. С точки зрения автора, революция становится, безусловно, структурной причиной дальнейшей модернизации государства, в которой процессы модернизации (урбанизация, индустриализация и демократизация) структурно связаны друг с другом и находятся в зависимости, но размещены на длительном временном промежутке. Единственным, по мнению автора, признаком, в чем тезис модернизации в ходе революции не может быть оспорен, это изменение социальной структуры общества. ; Purpose. The article analyzes the theory of state modernization as a result of revolutions. Methods. Theoretical concepts of modernization in the course of revolutions are considered in the article. Deductive and inductive method, logic, analysis and synthesis have been applied as the main out of the general scientific methods; comparative analysis and structural-functional method have also been used. Results. Revolution becomes, of course, the structural reason of the further modernization of the country in which the processes of modernization (urbanization, industrialization and democratization) are structurally interconnected and interdependent, but placed in the long run, and are ultimately related to the "generating" them revolution, nearly the same as the industrial revolution of the XVIII-XIX centuries to the religious wars in Europe in the XVI-XVII centuries. Revolutions should not lead to democracy and democratic changes in the full and modern sense. However, the indisputable consequence of all revolutions is destruction of the privileged rank, establishment of new social structure of society (by the example of the Western European and American countries, "to the standards of New times"), which inevitably leads to "democratization" in the process of society development. And this change in the social structure as a consequence of revolution, which in the historical perspective leads to urbanization and democratization, might be the only sign where the thesis of modernization in the course of revolution can not be argued. Scientific novelty. The article focuses on one of the key and the most common researchers' points of view on revolutions as a way of the countries' modernization and provides a fundamentally different attitude to the theory of modernization as a result of revolutions. The author discusses a common belief in historiography that the reasons and consequences of the revolution are based on the modernization problems in the country (which is unable to solve these problems through reforms). These perceptions "have been transferred" in the full range onto the Russian revolution. The author concludes that causes and consequences of modernization should be rather carefully attributed to revolutions, and the first revolution to be seriously claimed as aiming in part at modernization of the state is the 1917 revolution in Russia. From the author's the point of view, revolution is sure to become the structural cause of the further modernization of the country in which modernization processes (urbanization, industrialization and democratization) are structurally interconnected and interdependent, but placed in the long run. The author assumes that the only sign where the thesis of modernization in the course of revolution can not be argued is the change in social structure.