Suchergebnisse

The quotations above encapsulate the essence of this research study. The underlying purpose of this research study is born out of the understanding that: "drafting style and practices are always capable of improvement"1.However, the traditional view is that legislators and legislative drafters are the major authors of legislative drafting conventions.This research study applies a novel approach to the study of legislative drafting considering that it examines "[s]ome (…) [legislative drafting] conventions [that] have statutory or case-law origins" such as the judgments in the cases of Bulmer v. Bollinger [1974] EWCA Civ. 14 and Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v. Hart2.This novel approach is based on "Tetley's three themes of comparative analysis in legislative drafting namely: rules of (statutory) interpretation, stare decisis and [legislative] drafting conventions and techniques"3. These themes of analysis are relevant when undertaking a study of comparative legislative drafting4 such as in this present study which is a comparative study of case studies in the United Kingdom and Nigeria. Unlike others, the legislative drafting conventions that originate from case law have the advantage of carrying the authority of law based on the common law doctrines of precedent and stare decisis.Besides case law, this research examines some modern theories, and innovations in the field of legislative drafting that common law judges may not be familiar with. It is hoped that "[t]his guide examines some legislative drafting conventions, the knowledge of which may help judges with statutory interpretation"5.This study also examines the common law rules of judicial precedent, stare decisis, and statutory interpretation that apply in Nigeria and the United Kingdom.The purpose is that such an examination will prove instructive to legislators and legislative drafters themselves when they prepare legislation. For example, by providing an analysis of the judgement in Bulmer v. Bollinger [1974] EWCA Civ. 14, this study makes a case for the inclusion of Purpose Clauses in common law legislation and the application of a purposive style of statutory interpretation.Collectively, the case law examined demonstrates that both United Kingdom and Nigerian Courts are "capable of endogenous (homegrown) development (…) to meet new technical problems or social needs". The role of the Courts in this regard is "inevitable because it would be humanly impossible for the drafter or the legislator to draft legislation that would cover every situation". ; The quotations above encapsulate the essence of this research study. The underlying purpose of this research study is born out of the understanding that: "drafting style and practices are always capable of improvement"1.However, the traditional view is that legislators and legislative drafters are the major authors of legislative drafting conventions.This research study applies a novel approach to the study of legislative drafting considering that it examines "[s]ome (…) [legislative drafting] conventions [that] have statutory or case-law origins" such as the judgments in the cases of Bulmer v. Bollinger [1974] EWCA Civ. 14 and Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v. Hart2.This novel approach is based on "Tetley's three themes of comparative analysis in legislative drafting namely: rules of (statutory) interpretation, stare decisis and [legislative] drafting conventions and techniques"3. These themes of analysis are relevant when undertaking a study of comparative legislative drafting4 such as in this present study which is a comparative study of case studies in the United Kingdom and Nigeria. Unlike others, the legislative drafting conventions that originate from case law have the advantage of carrying the authority of law based on the common law doctrines of precedent and stare decisis.Besides case law, this research examines some modern theories, and innovations in the field of legislative drafting that common law judges may not be familiar with. It is hoped that "[t]his guide examines some legislative drafting conventions, the knowledge of which may help judges with statutory interpretation"5.This study also examines the common law rules of judicial precedent, stare decisis, and statutory interpretation that apply in Nigeria and the United Kingdom.The purpose is that such an examination will prove instructive to legislators and legislative drafters themselves when they prepare legislation. For example, by providing an analysis of the judgement in Bulmer v. Bollinger [1974] EWCA Civ. 14, this study makes a case for the inclusion of Purpose Clauses in common law legislation and the application of a purposive style of statutory interpretation.Collectively, the case law examined demonstrates that both United Kingdom and Nigerian Courts are "capable of endogenous (homegrown) development (…) to meet new technical problems or social needs". The role of the Courts in this regard is "inevitable because it would be humanly impossible for the drafter or the legislator to draft legislation that would cover every situation".

RESEARCH ON ACUTE TOXICITY "CHONDROSUT" DRUGV. L. Karbovsky1, I. A. Shevchuk1, T. Ye. Makovska2, O. A. Makovskyi1LLC «Biofarma», Bila Tserkva1,Main Military Medical Hospital, Kyiv2Introduction. One of the most common locomotor system disease that is suffered, according to WHO data, by up to 80% of population aged 50-60 years, is osteoarthritis – a chronic degenerative-dystrophic arthropathy, which is characterized by a progressing articular cartilage degradation, epiphyse remodeling, osteophyte development and fixed joint deformity at the advanced stages of the disease. A characteristic feature of the cartilaginous destruction in osteoarthritis is the loss by the matrix of the superficial, intermediate and deep zones of glucosaminoglycans – chondroitin sulphate (CS), keratin sulphate, hyaluronic acid. Among the chondroprotective agents, glucosamine and CS have the highest degree of provability and reliability of results, and therefore it is timely to put into practice new chondroprotectors ofUkraine's production, containing glucosaminglycans. A successful development and introduction of the new drugs into medical practice require a thorough preclinical research. That is why the purpose of our study was to elucidate the safety of using solution for injections "Chondrosut" by LLC "Pharmaceutical plant "Biofarma" in experiments on animals.Study methods. Toxicological characteristics of drug "Chondrosut" under the condition of its single intraperitoneal administration in a dose of 1000mg/kg were studied on the white non-pedigree rats of both sexes, weighing 180-200g. Following the use of the substances, the animals were observed for 14 days. The effect of "Chondrosut" single administration was evaluated by the indicators as follows: general condition and behavior of the rats, lethality and dynamics of the body weight changes (days 0, 3, 7 and 14). Upon completion of the experiment, after the animals have been withdrawn from the experiment by euthanasia, a macroscopic inspection of the their internals was performed and their mass coefficients were calculated.Results and discussion. Following the intraperitoneal administration of drug "Chondrosut" no symptoms of intoxication in rats of both sexes were revealed: the animals were tidy, active, reacted to the photic and sound stimuli, the processes of uropoiesis and defecation were in the norm, respiratory impairments and convulsions were not observed, reflectory excitability was preserved. Water and food consumption in the experimental group did not differ from that in the control group. Throughout the whole observation period no deaths of the animals were registered. Both in the control and experimental rats the body weight increased relative to the baseline level and was within the limits of physiologic norm, i.e. the drug "Chondrosut" possesses no toxic properties capable of exerting a strong effect on the general trophic processes in the body. When inspecting the condition of indumentums, skin, mucous membranes of physiologic ostia, as well as microscopically evaluating the condition of internals during autopsy in rats receiving "Chondrosut", no signs of irritation, inflammation or other manifestation of pathologic processes were revealed. The experimental group of rats did not differ from the control one in the size, color, consistence and location of the internals. Mass coefficients of internals of the animals injected with "Chondrosut" did not have significant changes relative to those in the control animals.ConclusionsThe results of the studies point to the fact that LD50 for drug "Chondrosut" when administered intraperiotoneally to rats is beyond the limits of 1000mg/kg. According to toxicological classification of substances, drug "Chondrosut" belong to V class of toxicity – practically nontoxic substance.ReferencesVnutrishni hvoroby / Za red. I. M. Gandzhi, V. M. Kovalenka. – Kyi'v, Zdorov'ja, 2002. – 988 s.Doklinichni doslidzhennja likars'kyh zasobiv: metodychni rekomendacii' / Za red. O. V. Stefanova. – K.: Avicena, 2001. – 528 s.Kovalenko V. N. Osteoartroz: praktycheskoe rukovodstvo / V. N. Kovalenko, O. P. Bortkevych. – K.: Moryon, 2003. – 448 s.Kovalenko V. N. Osteoartroz. Praktychna nastanova / V. N. Kovalenko, O. P. Bortkevych. – 3-tje vyd., dopov., zi zminamy – K.: MORION., 2010. – 608 s.Nejko Je. M. Suchasni ujavlennja pro patogenez deformujuchogo osteoartrozu / Je. M. Nejko, I. Ju. Golovach // Ukr. revmatol. zhurnal. – 2000. – № 1. – S. 9-12.Nomenklatura, klasyfikacija, kryterii' diagnostyky ta programy likuvannja revmatychnyh hvorob /Za red. V. M. Kovalenka, N. V. Shuby. – Kyi'v, 2004. – 156 s.Rebrova O. Ju. Statystycheskyj analyz medycynskyh dannыh. Prymenenye paketa prykladnыh programm STATISTICA / O.Ju.Rebrova – 3-e yzd. – M.: MedyaSfera, 2006. – 312 s.Bruyere O. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate as therapeutic agents for knee and hip osteoarthritis / O. Bruyere, J. Y. Reginster // Drugs. Aging. – 2007. – V. 24(7). – P. 573-80.Kelly G. S. The role glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in the treatment of degenerative joint disease / G. S. Kelly // Alt. Med. Rev. – 1998. – V.3 (1). - P. 27-39.EULAR evidence based recommendations for the diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis / W. Zhang, M. Doherty, G. Peat [et al.] // Ann. Rheum. Dis. – 2009. – Vol. 68, №13. – Р. 141.Uebelhart D. Clinical review of chondroitin sulfate in osteoarthritis / D. Uebelhart // Osteoarthritis Cartilage. – 2008. – V. 16, Suppl 3. – P. S19-21.

The Borg, a collective of humanoid cyborgs linked together in a hive-mind and modeled on the earthly superorganisms of ant colonies and beehives, has been the most feared alien race in the Star Trek universe. The formidable success of the Borg in assimilating their foes corresponds to the astounding success of superorganisms in our own biosphere. Yet the Borg also serves as a metaphor for another collective of biological entities known as the corporation. In the Anthropocene epoch, corporations have become the most powerful force on the planet; their influence on the social world and the environment exceeds any government and may determine the continued sustainability of human life. Corporations have been described as people and as machines, but neither metaphor accurately describes their essence or contributes to an understanding that might resist their power. This paper reframes our understanding of the corporation by examining the metaphors that are used to describe it, and by suggesting an entirely new metaphor viewing the Borg and the corporation through the lens of sociobiology. I will argue that the corporation is a new form of superorganism that has become the dominant species on the planet and that the immense, intractable power of a globalized, corporate hive-mind has become the principal obstacle to addressing the planetary emergency of climate change. Reframing our metaphoric understanding of corporations as biological entities in the planetary biosphere may enable us to imagine ways to resist their increasing dominance and create a sustainable future. ; Los borg, un grupo de humanoides cibernéticos (ciborgs) unidos por una conciencia de enjambre y creados con base en los súper organismos terrestres propios de hormigueros y colmenas de abejas, han sido la raza alienígena más temida del universo ideado en la serie Star Trek ("Viaje a las Estrellas"). El impresionante éxito de los borg al asimilar a sus enemigos se corresponde con el asombroso éxito de los súper organismos de nuestra propia biosfera. No obstante, los borg también son una representación metafórica de otro grupo de entes biológicos: las corporaciones. En esta era del antropoceno, las corporaciones se han convertido en la fuerza más potente del planeta. Su influencia en el mundo social y en el medio ambiente supera a la de cualquier gobierno, y podría determinar la sostenibilidad continua de la vida humana. Las corporaciones han sido descritas como personas y como máquinas, pero ninguna de esas dos metáforas describe con precisión su esencia ni contribuye a un nivel de comprensión que pueda resistir su poder. Este artículo presenta una nueva perspectiva para la comprensión de las corporaciones al examinar las metáforas que se utilizan para describirlas, y al proponer una metáfora totalmente nueva en la cual los borg y las corporaciones se analizan a través de la lente de la sociobiología. Presento el argumento de que las corporaciones constituyen un nuevo tipo de súper organismo que se ha convertido en la especie dominante del planeta, y que el inmenso e inextricable poder de una conciencia corporativa globalizada estilo enjambre se ha convertido en el obstáculo principal para abordar la emergencia planetaria del cambio climático. Darle un giro a nuestra comprensión metafórica de las corporaciones para verlas como entes biológicos de la biosfera del planeta podría permitirnos imaginar formas de resistir su creciente dominio y crear un futuro sostenible.For the English abstract, please select "English" in the language settings on the right column. ; Os "Borg", um coletivo de ciborgues humanoides ligados entre si numa "mente-enxame" e inspirado em superorganismos terrenos tais como formigueiros e colmeias, tem sido a mais temida raça alienígena do universo Star Trek. O formidável sucesso do "Borg" em assimilar seus inimigos corresponde ao surpreendente sucesso dos superorganismos em nossa própria biosfera. No entanto, o "Borg" também serve como uma metáfora de um outro coletivo de entidades biológicas conhecido como corporação. No Antropoceno, empresas tornaram-se a força mais poderosa do planeta; sua influência sobre o mundo social e o meio ambiente excede a de qualquer governo, e pode determinar a contínua sustentabilidade da vida humana. Corporações têm sido descritas como pessoas e como máquinas, mas a metáfora, além de não descrever com precisão sua essência, também não contribui para uma compreensão que resista a seu poder. Este artigo reformula nosso entendimento de corporação, examinando as metáforas que são usadas para descrevê-la, e sugerindo uma metáfora inteiramente nova, que enxerga os "Borg" e a corporação através da lente da sociobiologia. Argumentaremos que a corporação é uma nova forma de superorganismo que se tornou a espécie dominante no planeta, e que o poder imenso e obstinado de uma "mente-enxame" corporativa globalizada, tornou-se o principal obstáculo para enfrentar o problema planetário emergente das mudanças climáticas. Reformular nosso entendimento metafórico das corporações (como entidades biológicas na biosfera planetária) pode nos permitir imaginar maneiras de resistir ao seu crescente domínio e criar um futuro sustentável.

Este trabajo forma parte de la investigación "Diagnóstico socio-económico sobre las políticas de empleo en España: 2012-2014". Dirigida por Fausto Miguélez ha contado con la financiación de la Fundació La Caixa y sus resultados pueden consultarse en https://ddd.uab.cat/record/142865. La investigación ha utilizado datos estadísticos, fundamental aunque no únicamente de la EPA, del SEPE y de Eurostat. Se han realizado 15 entrevistas a responsables de los servicios de empleo del estado (SEPE) y de Catalunya (SOC), de sindicatos y patronales, así como a técnicos locales. También se ha desarrollado un Delphi en el que han participado 78 expertos en políticas de empleo.Se presentan dos de los aspectos abordados por el autor en la citada investigación, actualizando en la medida de lo posible los datos disponibles al finalizarla. Por una parte se trata el nuevo modelo de políticas activas de empleo (PAE), introducido en 2013; del cual se analizan sus prioridades y objetivos, en el marco de las restricciones presupuestarias derivadas de la orientación de las políticas gubernamentales para afrontar la crisis económica y del empleo.El segundo aspecto analizado es la evolución de la formación, en tanto que elemento primordial de las PAE; especialmente la formación continua y la ocupacional, que debieran configurarse como instrumentos eficaces para mejorar las posibilidades de empleo de las personas desempleadas, o para ampliar las cualificaciones de las que están ocupadas. Además, la formación es un aspecto clave en la denominada sociedad del conocimiento, en la que se fundamentan los criterios de la Estrategia Española de Activación que, a su vez, sirven para diseñar las PAE. Sin embargo, la hipótesis de la investigación en este orden es que la formación para el empleo no está ganando relevancia y los resultados la apoyan, en especial para la formación ocupacional, al tiempo que cuestionan las bases del nuevo modelo de políticas activas. ; Aquest treball forma part de la recerca "Diagnòstic soci-econòmic sobre les polítiques d'ocupació a Espanya: 2012-2014". Dirigida per Fausto Miguélez ha comptat amb el finançament de la Fundació La Caixa i els seus resultats poden consultar-se en https://ddd.uab.cat/record/142865. La recerca ha fet servir dades estadístiques, fonamental encara que no únicament de l'EPA, del SEPE i d'Eurostat. S'han realitzat 15 entrevistes a responsables dels serveis d'ocupació de l'estat (SEPE) i de Catalunya (SOC), de sindicats i patronals, així com a tècnics locals. També s'ha desenvolupat un Delphi en el qual han participat 78 experts en polítiques d'ocupació.Es presenten dos dels aspectes abordats per l'autor en la citada recerca, actualitzant en la mesura del possible les dades disponibles en finalitzar-la. D'una banda es tracta el nou model de polítiques actives d'ocupació (PAE), introduït en 2013; del com s'analitzen les seves prioritats i objectius, en el marc de les restriccions pressupostàries derivades de l'orientació de les polítiques governamentals per afrontar la crisi econòmica i de l'ocupació.El segon aspecte analitzat és l'evolució de la formació, mentre que element primordial de les PAE; especialment la formació contínua i l'ocupacional, que haurien de configurar-se com a instruments eficaços per a la millora de les possibilitats d'ocupació de les persones aturades, o per ampliar les qualificacions de les que estan ocupades. A més, la formació és un aspecte clau en la denominada societat del coneixement, en la qual es fonamenten els criteris de l'Estratègia Espanyola d'Activació que, alhora, serveixen per dissenyar les PAE. No obstant això, la hipòtesi de la recerca en aquest sentit és que la formació per a l'ocupació no està guanyant rellevància i els resultats la recolzen, especialment per a la formació ocupacional, al mateix temps que qüestionen les bases del nou model de polítiques actives ; This paper is one of the outputs resulting from the research "Socio-economic diagnosis on employment policies in Spain: 2012-2014", directed by Fausto Miguélez and funded by the Foundation La Caixa. The whole report is available in https://ddd.uab.cat/record/142865.The present article presents two of the issues raised by the author in the above mentioned research, updated when possible. On the one hand it deals with the new model of active employment policies (PAE), which priorities and objectives are discussed in the context of budgetary constraints due to the Governments' policy orientation to cope with the economic and employment crisis. On the other hand, training is analysed as a key element of the PAE, especially continuing and vocational training, which should become effective tools for improving the employability of unemployed persons, or expanding the qualifications of those which are occupied. However, the hypothesis of the research in this order is that job training is gaining relevance and results support it, especially for vocational training, while questioning the basis of the new model of active policies.

International audience ; The Sharing Economy is much more than collaborative consumption (Botsman and Rogers, 2011) even if this appears as the most visible achievement of this sector. Production, consumption, finance, exchanges are disrupted by the sharing economy revolution. But what are the common points between Airbnb, Uber, Wikipedia, Ulule, Blablacar, Kickstarter, the FabLabs/hackespaces, the Local exchange trading systems (LETS), Linux, etc.?Most of these achievements rely upon digital platforms (Kenney and Zysman, 2015) enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. These digital platforms act as « weapon of mass collaboration » (Tapscott & Williams - 2007), flattening relationships between Internet users and inside organizations (Castells, 1996 ; 2002).Specifying what the sharing economy is isn't an easy task. For-profit, non-profit, reciprocity, competition can be observed at a stage or another in the sharing economy galaxy. A bright constellation in this galaxy is the think tank Ouishare created in France in 2012. It's s a « global community that connects people, organizations and ideas around fairness, openness and trust » (ouishare.net). For them collaborative economy deals with five phenomena: collaborative consumption, crowdfunding, open knowledge (open data, open education, open governance), the maker movement (open design and manufacturing, do it yourself), open and horizontal governance (participatory budgeting, open government initiatives, co-operatives, open value networks, do-ocracries, holacracies).Internet seems to enable peer-to-peer exchanges between consumers (Bauwens, 2005) who are also sometimes producers (Tapscot and William - 2007 speak about "prosumers" to stress how the lines have been blurring). Of course Uber and Airbnb's algorithms are working like digital auctioneers: tiny invisible hands enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. Could this be the return of Smith or Hayek? Why am I asking this question? Because Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's founder, pointed out "Hayek's work on price theory is central to my own thinking about how to manage the Wikipedia project" (Mangu-Ward, 2007). In order to figure out how to understand the complexity of the sharing economy we propose to explore three paths to characterize it. In the first one we'll distinguish, with Karl Polanyi, two kinds of economy. Then we will try to figure out where to position the sharing economy (1). In the second one we'll see if all the sharing economy organizations really share everything and how (2). The last way to characterize the sharing economy is around its global political project (3).1) The economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought. He distinguishes two ways to understand economy: formal and substantive (Polanyi, 1944). The formal meaning refers to an economy interested only in minimizing means and maximizing results (in neoclassical words: utility maximization under conditions of scarcity). The substantive meaning refers to how humans make a living interacting within their social and natural environments. In this case the economy is embedded in society. Karl Polanyi identifies four principles (or forms of integration) of economic behavior, three in a substantive meaning (reciprocity, redistribution, domestic administration) and the last in the formal sense (market exchange). These principles will be used to classify sharing economies.2) The sharing economy seems to offer a third way between state and market, the collaborative commons (Rifkin, 2014), which are aimed to produce, innovate, manage, all in common (Ostrom, 1990; Hess & Ostrom, 2007). Some projects or organizations of the sharing economy are managed as common pool resources (Wikipedia, Linux). These projects/organizations have been deeply influenced by the free culture movement (Lessig, 2004 ; Suber, 2012 ; Stallman, 1985) very present in Internet culture (Castells, 1996 ; Benkler 2002) and are close to a an economy in its substantive meaning. The principles of common pool resource management (Ostrom, 1990) are, according to us, useful tools to characterize sharing economy projects.3) Proponents of the sharing economy advocate action. This is to participate in the creation of a new world by being an agent of change. Acting is a way to test ideas and overcome the internal contradictions of the movement. 3D printers, laser cutters, digital milling machine found in all FabLabs provide access to a new form of bricolage, an interconnected DIY (Anderson, 2012 ; Lallement, 2015). More than a political project, a way of being: to not be a passive consumer and join the ranks of the makers (Anderson, 2012). The concept of bricolage (Levi-Strauss, 1962 ; Duymedian et Rüling, 2010 ; Gundry et al., 2003 ; Garud et Karnøe, 2003) could help us in identifying the real spirit of the sharing economy.On the one hand the culture of open access (Suber, 2012) where peers gather behind a socially useful project and produce in common; on the other huge corporations that take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the internet to establish a " netarchical capitalism" (Bauwens and Kostakis, 2014). The sharing economy concentrates contradictions. We hope to give, in this paper, some guidelines to identify sharing economies.

A reflection from the political philosophy would permit to propose that the vision as one conceive the currently the environment and the nature contribute to modify the behaviour of the population in order to achieve a new form of governance. Furthermore, the environmental problems and climate change create risks for the stability of the different states, making unavoidable the strengthening its power, when invoking its security as a necessity for its conservation.We could argue that, as it happened at the beginning of modern times, when the state and the nature were discovered as entities to study with their own laws and rationality. Currently, one is rethinking the way to use the nature and the environment's question derivate from climate change as a mechanism to transform the behaviours and the strengthening of the state, manifested now in the idea of national security, Making a revision about the theory of national interest (raisón d'état) the main theorist and the Latin-American contribution to the national –security doctrine, one might considerate that due to climate change the environmental problem it allows to generate new forms to govern and modify the behaviours of the population whereas strengthening the state. This crates the necessity to wonder around the necessity to revise the proposals about the phenomenon, so that it could lead to irrational ways to exert the power. Thus, one shall see the nature and the environment with a political perspective in order to understand the reach from this situation derivate from the form as one address the nature and the environment nowadays. ; Una reflexión desde la filosofía política, permitiría plantear que la visión como se concibe actualmente el medio ambiente y la naturaleza contribuyen a modificar las conductas de la población con el fin de lograr una nueva forma de gobernarla. Así mismo, los problemas ambientales y el cambio climático generan riesgos para la estabilidad de los Estados, haciendo inevitable el reforzamiento de su poder, para lo cual invoca la seguridad como necesidad fundamental para su conservación.Se podría plantear que al igual como ocurrió al inicio de la modernidad, cuando se descubrió la naturaleza y el Estado como entidades objeto de estudio con sus propias leyes y racionalidad, en la actualidad se está repensando la forma de utilizar la naturaleza y la problemática ambiental derivada del cambio climático, como mecanismo de transformación de las conductas y de fortalecimiento del Estado, manifestado ahora en la idea de seguridad nacional. Realizando una revisión sobre la teoría de la razón de Estado, los principales teóricos y los aportes latinoamericanos en la seguridad nacional, se puede llevar a considerar que a raíz del cambio climático y la problemática ambiental permite generar nuevas formas de gobernar para modificar los comportamientos de la población y de paso fortalecer el Estado. Esto genera la necesidad de reflexionar en torno a la necesidad de revisar los planteamientos sobre este fenómeno por cuanto ello puede conllevar a formas irracionales de ejercer el poder. Es decir hay que mirar la naturaleza y el medio ambiente en una perspectiva política para comprender el alcance de esta situación derivada de la forma como se aborda la naturaleza y el medio ambiente en la actualidad. ; Réfléchir à partir de la philosophie politique nous permet d'établir que la vision selon laquelle on conçoit actuellement l'environnement et la nature contribuent à modifier les conduites de la population afin de parvenir à une nouvelle façon de la gouverner. De même, les problèmes environnementaux et le changement climatique engendrent des risques pour la stabilité des États, rendant inévitable le renforcement de leur pouvoir, ce pourquoi ceux-ci invoquent la sécurité comme nécessité fondamentale pour leur conservation. On pourrait avancer que de la même manière que ce qui s'est produit au début de la modernité, lorsqu'on a découvert la nature et l'État comme entités objet d'étude avec leurs propres lois et rationalité, on repense actuellement la façon d'utiliser la nature et la problématique environnementale dérivée du changement climatique comme mécanisme de transformation des conduites et de renforcement de l'État, se manifestant maintenant dans l'idée de sécurité nationale. En procédant à une révision de la théorie de la raison d'État, de ses principaux théoriciens et des apports latino-américains à la sécurité nationale, on peut considérer qu'à partir du changement climatique et de la problématique environnementale elle permet de générer de nouvelles formes de gouverner afin de modifier les comportements de la population et par là même fortifier l'État. Ceci conduit à la nécessité de réfléchir à la nécessité de revoir les positions sur ce phénomène dans la mesure où cela peut entraîner des façons irrationnelles d'exercer le pouvoir. C'est-à-dire qu'il faut regarder la nature et l'environnement selon une perspective politique pour comprendre la portée de cette situation provenant de la manière dont on aborde actuellement la nature et l'environnement.

BMWFW (Austria) ; FWF (Austria) ; FNRS (Belgium) ; FWO (Belgium) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; MES (Bulgaria) ; CERN ; CAS (China) ; MoST (China) ; NSFC (China) ; COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) ; MSES (Croatia) ; CSF (Croatia) ; RPF (Cyprus) ; SENESCYT (Ecuador) ; MoER (Estonia) ; ERC IUT (Estonia) ; ERDF (Estonia) ; Academy of Finland (Finland) ; MEC (Finland) ; HIP (Finland) ; CEA (France) ; CNRS/IN2P3 (France) ; BMBF (Germany) ; DFG (Germany) ; HGF (Germany) ; GSRT (Greece) ; OTKA (Hungary) ; NIH (Hungary) ; DAE (India) ; DST (India) ; IPM (Iran) ; SFI (Ireland) ; INFN (Italy) ; MSIP (Republic of Korea) ; NRF (Republic of Korea) ; LAS (Lithuania) ; MOE (Malaysia) ; UM (Malaysia) ; BUAP (Mexico) ; CINVESTAV (Mexico) ; CONACYT (Mexico) ; LNS (Mexico) ; SEP (Mexico) ; UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ; MBIE (New Zealand) ; PAEC (Pakistan) ; MSHE (Poland) ; NSC (Poland) ; FCT (Portugal) ; JINR (Dubna) ; MON (Russia) ; RosAtom (Russia) ; RAS (Russia) ; RFBR (Russia) ; MESTD (Serbia) ; SEIDI (Spain) ; CPAN (Spain) ; Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ; MST (Taipei) ; ThEPCenter (Thailand) ; IPST (Thailand) ; STAR (Thailand) ; NSTDA (Thailand) ; TUBITAK (Turkey) ; TAEK (Turkey) ; NASU (Ukraine) ; SFFR (Ukraine) ; STFC (United Kingdom) ; DOE (USA) ; NSF (USA) ; Marie-Curie program ; European Research Council (European Union) ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science ; Mobility Plus program of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education ; National Science Center (Poland) ; Thalis program - EU-ESF ; Aristeia program - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Programa Clarin-COFUND del Principado de Asturias ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; European Union ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ; National Science Center (Poland): Harmonia 2014/14/M/ST2/00428 ; National Science Center (Poland): Opus 2013/11/B/ST2/04202 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/13/B/ST2/02543 ; National Science Center (Poland): 2014/15/B/ST2/03998 ; National Science Center (Poland): Sonata-bis 2012/07/E/ST2/01406 ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M002020/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J004871/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I003622/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004775/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J005479/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001531/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: CMS ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I000305/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003224/1 CMS Upgrades ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/H000925/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: PP/E000479/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001256/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/H000925/2 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: PP/E002803/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001639/1 CMS Upgrades ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001639/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I003622/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000242/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 GRID PP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N001273/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L005603/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004775/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000250/1 ; Results are presented of a search for heavy stable charged particles produced in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.5 fb(-1) collected in 2015 with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC. The search is conducted using signatures of anomalously high energy deposits in the silicon tracker and long time-of-flight measurements by the muon system. The data are consistent with the expected background, and upper limits are set on the cross sections for production of long-lived gluinos, top squarks, tau sleptons, and leptonlike long-lived fermions. These upper limits are equivalently expressed as lower limits on the masses of new states; the limits for gluinos, ranging up to 1610 GeV, are the most stringent to date. Limits on the cross sections for direct pair production of long-lived tau sleptons are also determined.

BMWFW (Austria) ; FWF (Austria) ; FNRS (Belgium) ; FWO (Belgium) ; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) ; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) ; MES (Bulgaria) ; CERN ; CAS (China) ; MOST (China) ; NSFC (China) ; COLCIENCIAS (Colombia) ; MSES (Croatia) ; CSF (Croatia) ; RPF (Cyprus) ; MoER (Estonia) ; ERC IUT (Estonia) ; ERDF (Estonia) ; Academy of Finland (Finland) ; MEC (Finland) ; HIP (Finland) ; CEA (France) ; CNRS/IN2P3 (France) ; BMBF (Germany) ; DFG (Germany) ; HGF (Germany) ; GSRT (Greece) ; OTKA (Hungary) ; NIH (Hungary) ; DAE (India) ; DST (India) ; IPM (Iran) ; SFI (Ireland) ; INFN (Italy) ; MSIP (Republic of Korea) ; NRF (Republic of Korea) ; LAS (Lithuania) ; MOE (Malaysia) ; UM (Malaysia) ; CINVESTAV (Mexico) ; CONACYT (Mexico) ; SEP (Mexico) ; UASLP-FAI (Mexico) ; MBIE (New Zealand) ; PAEC (Pakistan) ; MSHE (Poland) ; NSC (Poland) ; FCT (Portugal) ; JINR (Dubna) ; MON (Russia) ; RosAtom (Russia) ; RAS (Russia) ; RFBR (Russia) ; MESTD (Serbia) ; SEIDI (Spain) ; CPAN (Spain) ; Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland) ; MST (Taipei) ; ThEPCenter (Thailand) ; IPST (Thailand) ; STAR (Thailand) ; NSTDA (Thailand) ; TUBITAK (Turkey) ; TAEK (Turkey) ; NASU (Ukraine) ; SFFR (Ukraine) ; STFC (United Kingdom) ; DOE (USA) ; NSF (USA) ; Marie-Curie program ; European Research Council ; EPLANET (European Union) ; Leventis Foundation ; A. P. Sloan Foundation ; Alexander von Humboldt Foundation ; Belgian Federal Science Policy Office ; Fonds pour la Formation a la Recherche dans l'Industrie et dans l'Agriculture (FRIA-Belgium) ; Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie (IWT-Belgium) ; Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (MEYS) of the Czech Republic ; Council of Science and Industrial Research, India ; HOMING PLUS program of the Foundation for Polish Science ; European Union ; Regional Development Fund ; OPUS program of the National Science Center (Poland) ; Compagnia di San Paolo (Torino) ; MIUR project (Italy) ; Thalis programme - EU-ESF ; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF ; Greek NSRF ; National Priorities Research Program by Qatar National Research Fund ; Rachadapisek Sompot Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship, Chulalongkorn University (Thailand) ; Chulalongkorn Academic into Its 2nd Century Project Advancement Project (Thailand) ; Welch Foundation ; Science and Technology Facilities Council ; MIUR project (Italy): 20108T4XTM ; Welch Foundation: C-1845 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: PP/E002803/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I000305/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001256/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000250/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001639/1 CMS Upgrades ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M005356/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: PP/E000479/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001639/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I003622/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L00609X/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L00609X/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: CMS ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J005479/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N001273/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I005912/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M005356/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003224/1 CMS Upgrades ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/H000925/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I005912/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/N000242/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M002020/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 GRID PP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004775/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003844/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003844/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J004901/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J004871/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/I003622/1 GRIDPP ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/J005665/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K001531/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/L005603/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/M004775/1 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/H000925/2 ; Science and Technology Facilities Council: ST/K003542/1 ; A search for new physics is performed based on all-hadronic events with large missing transverse momentum produced in proton-proton collisions at root s = 13 TeV. The data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 2.3 fb(-1), was collected with the CMS detector at the CERN LHC in 2015. The data are examined in search regions of jet multiplicity, tagged bottom quark jet multiplicity, missing transverse momentum, and the scalar sum of jet transverse momenta. The observed numbers of events in all search regions are found to be consistent with the expectations from standard model processes. Exclusion limits are presented for simplified supersymmetric models of gluino pair production. Depending on the assumed gluino decay mechanism, and for a massless, weakly interacting, lightest neutralino, lower limits on the gluino mass from 1440 to 1600 GeV are obtained, significantly extending previous limits. (C) 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V.

การวิจัยครั้งนี้เป็นศึกษาความมั่งคั่งให้กับการประกอบธุรกิจแบบหนึ่งตำบลหนึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์ ที่กรมพัฒนาชุมชน กระทรวงมหาดไทย ดูแลรับผิดชอบโดยมีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อศึกษาวิธีการสร้างความมั่งคั่งโดยดูความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประสบการณ์เจ้าของธุรกิจแบบหนึ่งตำบลหนึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์ (OTOP) กับระดับการบูรณาการกลยุทธ์น่านน้ำ สีคราม (Blue Ocean Strategy) ที่กรมพัฒนาชุมชน กระทรวงมหาดไทยดูแลรับผิดชอบจากการศึกษาสภาพแวดล้อมทางธุรกิจและเพื่อเปรียบเทียบความแตกต่างของการบูรณาการกลยุทธ์น่านน้ำสีคราม (Blue Ocean Strategy) เพื่อสร้างความมั่งคั่งให้กับองค์กร โดยการประเมินจากกลุ่ม โครงการเครือข่ายองค์ความรู้ Knowledge Based OTOP (KBO) ซึ่งเป็นกลุ่มผู้ประกอบการโอทอป (OTOP) ที่ทางรัฐบาลได้คัดเลือกมาแล้วว่าเป็นกลุ่มที่ประสบความสำเร็จในทุกๆ ด้าน ทั้งด้านการพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์ การบรรจุภัณฑ์ ด้านการผลิตและการหาช่องทางการตลาด โดยที่ผลิตภัณฑ์เหล่านั้นเป็นผลิตภัณฑ์ที่มีมาตรฐาน สามารถขายได้ดีและเป็นที่นิยมในท้องตลาด ผู้ประกอบการที่ถูกคัดเลือกให้อยู่ในกลุ่ม โครงการเครือข่ายองค์ความรู้ Knowledge Based OTOP (KBO) นี้คือผู้ที่ได้เป็นแชมป์ประจำจังหวัดซึ่งได้จากการคัดเลือกในงาน OTOP KBO Contest ประจำปี 2553 ที่จัดขึ้นระหว่าง 21-29 สิงหาคม 2553 และกลุ่มตัวอย่างที่ทำการศึกษาเหล่านี้ได้รับการคัดเลือกให้มาออกงานโอทอปซิตี้ (OTOP CITY 2010) ระหว่างวันที่ 18 - 26 ธันวาคม 2553 ณ เมืองทองธานี ซึ่งทำให้กลุ่มผู้วิจัยสนใจผู้ประกอบการเหล่านี้เพื่อศึกษาว่าจะสามารถพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์ OTOP ให้เกิดความมั่งคั่งได้อย่างไรจากการประเมินกลุ่ม KBO จำนวน 39 ราย จากทั้งหมด 40 ราย ซึ่งกลุ่มตัวอย่างนี้ได้จากกลุ่มผู้ประกอบการที่มาออกงานทั้งหมด เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการวิจัยเป็นแบบประเมินที่มีลักษณะเป็นมาตราส่วนประเมินค่า 5 ระดับมีค่าความเชื่อมั่นเท่ากับ 0.95 สถิติที่ใช้ในการวิเคราะห์ข้อมูลคือ ค่าร้อยละ ค่าเฉลี่ย ค่าส่วนเบี่ยงเบนมาตรฐาน และการทดสอบค่าที (t-test)ผลการวิจัยสรุปได้ดังนี้ 1. ผู้ประกอบธุรกิจแบบหนึ่งตำบลหนึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์ พบว่าผู้ประกอบการกลุ่มตัวอย่างส่วนใหญ่ คาดว่ามียอดขายเฉลี่ยต่อเดือนประมาณ 100,000 - 199,999 บาท ร้อยละ 33.30 น้อยกว่า 100,000 บาท คิดเป็นร้อยละ 28.20 มากกว่า 300,000 บาท ร้อยละ 25.60 และอยู่ระหว่าง 200,000 - 299,999 บาท ร้อยละ 12.90ผู้ประกอบธุรกิจแบบหนึ่งตำบลหนึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์ พบว่าผู้ประกอบการกลุ่มตัวอย่างส่วนใหญ่จะได้กำไรสุทธิ ต่อปีประมาณ 21 - 40 เปอร์เซ็นต์ของยอดขาย ร้อยละ 46.20 มีกำไรประมาณ 41 - 60 เปอร์เซ็นต์ของยอดขาย ร้อยละ 28.20 น้อยกว่า 20 เปอร์เซ็นต์ของยอดขาย ร้อยละ 15.40 และมีกำไร 61 - 100 เปอร์เซ็นต์ของยอดขาย ร้อยละ 10.20 ผู้ประกอบธุรกิจแบบหนึ่งตำบลหนึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์ พบว่าผู้ประกอบการกลุ่มตัวอย่างส่วนใหญ่จะมีลูกค้ารายใหญ่กลับมาซื้อซ้ำเป็นประจำทุกๆ เดือน คิดเป็นร้อยละ 51.302. ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความคิดเห็นของผู้ประกอบธุรกิจแบบหนึ่งตำบลหนึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์ในด้านการวิเคราะห์สภาพแวดล้อมภายนอกระดับมหภาค พบว่าผู้ประกอบการโดยรวมมีความเห็นในการวิเคราะห์สภาพแวดล้อมอยู่ในระดับมาก อันดับ 1 ในเรื่องการพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์ใหม่ออกสู่ตลาดเพื่อสร้างความได้เปรียบทางการแข่งขันในอุตสาหกรรม อันดับที่ 2 ผลิตภัณฑ์ยังเป็นที่ดึงดูดใจของลูกค้าเมื่อเทียบกับสินค้าใกล้เคียงกับลูกค้าตอบสนองต่อการปรับเปลี่ยนผลิตภัณฑ์ อันดับที่ 3 การออกแบบผลิตภัณฑ์โดยเพิ่มเอกลักษณ์พิเศษ เช่น วัฒนธรรมของแหล่งผลิต มีผลต่อการตัดสินใจซื้อของลูกค้ากับการเพิ่มความหลากหลายของผลิตภัณฑ์มีผลมาจากความต้องการกำไรที่เพิ่มขึ้น อันดับที่ 4 ลูกค้าให้ความสนใจต่อผลิตภัณฑ์ อันดับที่ 5 ผลิตภัณฑ์ของท่านเป็นที่ต้องการของตลาด และอันดับท้ายสุดคือการแทรกแซงนโยบายของรัฐบาลมีผลทำให้ท่านต้องปรับปรุงผลิตภัณฑ์3. ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างความคิดเห็นของผู้ประกอบธุรกิจแบบหนึ่งตำบลหนึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์ พบว่า ผู้ประกอบการมีความคิดเห็นเกี่ยวกับกลยุทธ์น่านน้ำสีคราม (Blue Ocean Strategy) โดยรวมอยู่ในระดับมาก เมื่อผลการวิเคราะห์ในรายละเอียดจะเห็นว่าผู้ประกอบธุรกิจแบบหนึ่งตำบลหนึ่งผลิตภัณฑ์ให้ความเห็นในอันดับที่ 1 คือเรื่องของการที่ผลิตภัณฑ์มีความแปลกใหม่และแตกต่างจากคู่แข่ง ช่วยสร้างความพึงพอใจต่อลูกค้า กับการที่ผลิตภัณฑ์มีคุณค่าเพิ่มขึ้นส่งผลให้ลูกค้าตัดสินใจซื้อ อันดับที่ 2 คือเรื่องผลิตภัณฑ์มีคุณสมบัติใหม่ที่เหนือกว่าคู่แข่งขันในท้องตลาด อันดับที่ 3 คือเรื่องผลิตภัณฑ์มีคุณค่าเพิ่มขึ้นกว่าผลิตภัณฑ์ในท้องตลาด อันดับที่ 4 ผลิตภัณฑ์มีเฉพาะคุณสมบัติที่จำเป็นตามที่ลูกค้าต้องการ อันดับที่ 5 ผลิตภัณฑ์เกิดจากแรงบันดาลใจส่วนบุคคลและความเป็นไปได้ทางการตลาดในผลิตภัณฑ์ก่อนการพัฒนาผลิตภัณฑ์ และอันดับสุดท้าย คือเรื่อง ผลิตภัณฑ์ มีคุณสมบัติที่จำเป็นขั้นพื้นฐานในขณะที่สามารถขายได้ในราคาต่ำกว่าคู่แข่งขัน A Study of Wealth Creation by the Blue Ocean Strategy: The Case Study of OTOP Entrepreneurs in ThailandThe research aims to study the wealth of the OTOP entrepreneurs, who operate their business under the supervision of the Community Development Department, Ministry of Interior. The objectives of the research include: Firstly, it is to investigate the methods of wealth enhancement related to the experiences of OTOP operators in association with the integrated approach of the Blue Ocean Strategy under the Community Development Department's strategic framework. Secondly, it is to compare business environments and different ways of integrating the Blue Ocean Strategy in their OTOP assessed from the knowledge-based OTOP (KOB) groups which were selected by the government from provincial champions of the 'OTOP KOB Contest 2010 Fair held from 21-29 August 2010 and later participated in the OTOP CITY 2010 Fair from 18-26 December 2010 held at Muangthong Thani Center. The KBO group involves those entrepreneurs, which are successful in all types of the business operations including products and packaging development, production, and marketing channels. Therefore, the researchers study how these OTOP entrepreneurs develop the wealth of their OTOP products.From the assessment of the KBO groups of 39 out of entrepreneurs, a research tool employed a Likert-scale of a questionnaire designed to collect data and achieved a reliability of 0.95 , while statistic analyses of percentage included mean, standard deviation and t-test.The research found the following remarks: 1. Regarding to the Monthly Sale amount, the majority of the number of OTOP entrepreneurs or 33.30% of them made a monthly sale of 100,000 to 199,999 baht; 28.20% made less than 100,000 baht; 25.60% made more than 300,000 baht per month; and, 12.90% made between 200,000 to 299,999 baht. In terms of Yearly Net Profit, the majority of the number of OTOP entrepreneurs earned a yearly net profit of 21-40% from the total yearly sales amount of 46.20%. With a yearly net profit of 41-60%, the total sales amount was 28.20%; with a yearly net profit of less than 20%, the total sales amount was about 15.40%; and, with a yearly net profit of 61-100%, the total sales amount was 10.20%. It was also found out that their major customers returned to buy the OTOP products on a monthly basis accounted for 51.30%.2. Referring to the Business Environment Influences on a macro basis, it was found that the highest level of influential factor was to create a new product to gain a competitive advantage within the industry, the second factor was the attractiveness of products in comparison to those of competitors, the third factor was the design of product with a uniqueness (culture of products) influencing a customer's decision and increasing variety of product because of increasing profit needs. The forth factor was the customers' interests, and the fifth factor was the product needed in a market. The last factor was the government intervention affects the changes of a company's product. Pertaining to the Blue Ocean Strategy integration, the overall view found the high level of the strategy application. In each view, the highest percentage result found that if a company's product was uniquely new and different from a competitor, it would satisfy customers and if a product was value added, it would make customers decide to buy the products.The second was the better attribute of a company's products in comparison to competitors, while the third factor was the product that was value added in comparison to the existing ones. The forth factor was the available product's attributes when needed. The fifth factor was that the product served an individual customer's inspiration and individual's market feasibility before R&D. The final factor posed the product's fundamental attributes with a cheaper price over a competitor.

В статье впервые в контексте общественно-философских исканий северокавказской просветительской мысли 80-90-х гг. XIX в. рассматривается поэтическая реализация в программном сборнике «Осетинская лира» («Ирон фандыр») К. Л. Хетагурова идей народнической теории П. Л. Лаврова. Цель работы состоит в аргументированном доказательстве того, что постулаты русского социолога, философа и публициста относительно «неоплатного долга» интеллигенции народу были восприняты классиком осетинской литературы как личный нравственный и художественно-философский императив. В исследовании использованы сравнительно-сопоставительный и герменевтико-интерпретационный методы, позволяющие осмыслить в синтезе элементы внетекстовой реальности и характерные особенности поэтики стихотворного текста. Анализ ряда произведений сборника в аспекте последовательного отражения в них различных состояний «критической мысли», выведенных в трудах идеолога русского народничества, позволил маркировать эти тексты как определенным образом структурированное семантико-мотивационное единство. Ступенчатость перехода от одного типа сознания к другому (в «Раздумье» мысль «оправдывающаяся», в состоянии бездействия сетующая на оторванность от «почвы»; в «Надежде» -мысль активная, нацеленная на развитие духовно-творческого начала, на процесс слияния индивида с этносом; в стихотворении «Если бы…» мысль ищущая, динамичная, на уровне мечты-идеи выходящая к синтезу «своего», национального и универсального, общечеловеческого) способствует постижению важнейших фрагментов художественной картины мира поэта, позиционировавшего себя как гражданин мира. Ядром же этой композиционно-смысловой общности является идея «оплаты долга» народу, со всей определенностью сформулированная К. Л. Хетагуровым в программном стихотворении «Заповедь». Автором предложены новые интерпретационные подходы к микроциклу, специфицированному во внутренней структуре сборника «Осетинская лира», что дало возможность скорректировать интонационно-смысловые акценты в традиционном и более позднем прочтении стихотворений указанного ряда в ракурсе переноса внимания в них с социального аспекта на фактор личностного развития, различных фаз роста индивидуального и общественного сознания. ; The history of Enlightenment thought of the North Caucasus in the 80-90s of the XIX century manifested a reorientation of the ideological beliefs, caused by the collapse of expectations for the civilizing mission of the tsarist government and its «educated bureaucracy.» Illusions of the «intellectual mentorship» as a form of a dialogue with the government and rational correction methods of administration in the region were replaced by a concept of a critical thinking personality as the main driving force of progress. The present article views the poetic interpretation and implementation of the theses of P. L. Lavrov's theory of narodism in the creativity of K. L. Khetagurov within the context of socio-philosophical quest of the North Caucasian creative intelligentsia of that time. Purpose: analyzing the number of poems included in "The Ossetian lyre" collection ("Iron fandyr") by Kosta Khetagurov for presenting a reasoned evidence that the postulates of the Russian ideologist of narodism P. L. Lavrov, and namely, the idea of "indebtedness" to the people, were perceived by the classic of the Ossetian literature as a personal moral, artistic and philosophical imperative. Methods: comparative contrasting and hermeneutic-interpretative methods were used in the study to understand the synthesis of the elements of the extra-textual reality and features of the poetics of the texts of the poems. Results: the study of the poems of "The Ossetian lyre" collection viewed as consistent reflections of the various stages of "critical thinking", discussed by P. L. Lavrov, and enabled to identify these texts as a semantic and motivational unity structured in a certain way. Step transition from one type of consciousness to another ("Meditation" contains the idea of "justifying" the idle state lamenting isolation from the "soil", in the "Hope" the thought is active and aimed at the process of creative and spiritual growth, and in the poem "If to. "a searching, dynamic thought, at the level of dreams, ideas comes out to the synthesis of "one's individual", national and universal, worldly) contributes to the comprehension of the most important fragments of the poet's artistic vision of the world, who in his poetry and public discourse considered himself as a citizen of the world ("The whole world is my temple, my love is my shrine / The overall universe is the homeland of mine!"). The core of this compositional and semantic unity is the idea of "paying the debt" to the people, clearly formulated by K. L. Khetagurov in his program poem "Commandment". Discussion: The use of new interpretative approaches to the microcycle distinguished within the internal structure of the collection "The Ossetian lyre" as a kind of the author's "dialogue" with philosophical theses put forward in the "Historical Letters" (1870) by P. L. Lavrov and enabled to advance a new reading of this cycle of poems, necessitating the correcting of intonation and semantic accents in them with the view of transferring attention from the traditional social dimension to the factor of personal development, and the growth phase of individual and social consciousness.

The need to distribute massive quantities of multimedia content to multiple users has increased tremendously in the last decade. The current solution to this ever-growing demand are Content Delivery Networks, an application layer architecture that handle nowadays the majority of multimedia traffic. This distribution problem has also motivated the study of new solutions such as the Information Centric Networking paradigm, whose aim is to add content delivery capabilities to the network layer by decoupling data from its location. In both architectures, cache servers play a key role, allowing efficient use of network resources for content delivery. As a consequence, the study of cache performance evaluation techniques has found a new momentum in recent years.In this dissertation, we propose a framework for the performance modeling of a cache ruled by the Least Recently Used (LRU) discipline. Our framework is data-driven since, in addition to the usual mathematical analysis, we address two additional data-related problems: The first is to propose a model that a priori is both simple and representative of the essential features of the measured traffic; the second, is the estimation of the model parameters starting from traffic traces. The contributions of this thesis concerns each of the above tasks.In particular, for our first contribution, we propose a parsimonious traffic model featuring a document catalog evolving in time. We achieve this by allowing each document to be available for a limited (random) period of time. To make a sensible proposal, we apply the "semi-experimental" method to real data. These "semi-experiments" consist in two phases: first, we randomize the traffic trace to break specific dependence structures in the request sequence; secondly, we perform a simulation of an LRU cache with the randomized request sequence as input. For candidate model, we refute an independence hypothesis if the resulting hit probability curve differs significantly from the one obtained from original trace. With the insights obtained, we propose a traffic model based on the so-called Poisson cluster point processes.Our second contribution is a theoretical estimation of the cache hit probability for a generalization of the latter model. For this objective, we use the Palm distribution of the model to set up a probability space whereby a document can be singled out for the analysis. In this setting, we then obtain an integral formula for the average number of misses. Finally, by means of a scaling of system parameters, we obtain for the latter expression an asymptotic expansion for large cache size. This expansion quantifies the error of a widely used heuristic in literature known as the "Che approximation", thus justifying and extending it in the process.Our last contribution concerns the estimation of the model parameters. We tackle this problem for the simpler and widely used Independent Reference Model. By considering its parameter (a popularity distribution) to be a random sample, we implement a Maximum Likelihood method to estimate it. This method allows us to seamlessly handle the censor phenomena occurring in traces. By measuring the cache performance obtained with the resulting model, we show that this method provides a more representative model of data than typical ad-hoc methodologies. ; L'Internet d'aujourd'hui a une charge de trafic de plus en plus forte à cause de la prolifération des sites de vidéo, notamment YouTube. Les serveurs Cache jouent un rôle clé pour faire face à cette demande qui croît vertigineusement. Ces serveurs sont déployés à proximité de l'utilisateur, et ils gardent dynamiquement les contenus les plus populaires via des algorithmes en ligne connus comme « politiques de cache ». Avec cette infrastructure les fournisseurs de contenu peuvent satisfaire la demande de façon efficace, en réduisant l'utilisation des ressources de réseau. Les serveurs Cache sont les briques basiques des Content Delivery Networks (CDNs), que selon Cisco fourniraient plus de 70% du trafic de vidéo en 2019.Donc, d'un point de vue opérationnel, il est très important de pouvoir estimer l'efficacité d'un serveur Cache selon la politique employée et la capacité. De manière plus spécifique, dans cette thèse nous traitons la question suivante : Combien, au minimum, doit-on investir sur un serveur cache pour avoir un niveau de performance donné?Produit d'une modélisation qui ne tient pas compte de la façon dont le catalogue de contenus évolue dans le temps, l'état de l'art de la recherche fournissait des réponses inexactes à la dernière question.Dans nos travaux, nous proposons des nouveaux modèles stochastiques, basés sur les processus ponctuels, qui permettent d'incorporer la dynamique du catalogue dans l'analyse de performance. Dans ce cadre, nous avons développé une analyse asymptotique rigoureuse pour l'estimation de la performance d'un serveur Cache pour la politique « Least Recently Used » (LRU). Nous avons validé les estimations théoriques avec longues traces de trafic Internet en proposant une méthode de maximum de vraisemblance pour l'estimation des paramètres du modèle.

Abstract: Islamic political thought emerged after Islam, through Prophet Muhammad, succeeded in forming a new community to transfer the royal power to the Prophethood power and then to the people power. The Prophet Muhammad was considered successful in arranging his new community that was controlled by his teachings in all aspects of life. The problems arose after his death, which ultimately led to the idea of succession. This article tried to discuss why the succession arose after Prophet Muhammad died, how the thinking of the Islamic political figures of the pre-modern about the succession was, and what the contribution of this succession to political Islam in Indonesia was. By using a historical approach, it was found that the Prophet Muhammad never specified who would replace him: however, when he died (632 AD), the Sahabats chose a leader (imam/chaliphate). In the reign of era of Abu Bakr, Umar and Usman, many disputes were initially linked to the religion's interests but later they evolved into a political interests. When Ali bin Abi Talib was appointed as caliph, the prolonged political conflicts linked to the killing of Usman had made caliphate into Jamal war between Aishah and Ali. At this time the different interests of aqidah were politicized further into a political interest. This dynamics of political situation caused the birth of classical Islamic political schools which were divided into three major schools such as Sunni, Shiite and Khawarij, from which emerged the terms caliphate, imamate, ahlul halli wal aqdi, bay'ah, Walayah and others. Of the three political sects, then the idea of Islamic political thought which was very complex came from Islamic political leaders of pre-modern heavily influenced by Greek philosophers. In Indonesia, the succession (khilafah) of Islamic political thought at pre-modern times was once under consideration. However, that idea has not been realized because Indonesia is not an Islamic State.الملخص: نشأت الفكرة السياسية الإسلامية منذ نجاح النبي صلى الله عليه وسلّم في تغيير أمة من الرئاسة القبيلية إلى أمة جديدة. هو ناجح في سياسة الأمة على أساس التعاليم الدينية. ظهرت المشكلة بعد وفاة النبيّ صلى الله عليه وسلّم، فبها نشأت الفكرة عن الخلافة. حاولت هذه المقالة إجابة الأسئلة : لما وقعت الخلافة بعد وفاة النبي صلى الله عليه وسلّم ؟، ما أفكار مفكّري السياسة الإسلامية في العصر قبل العصر الحديث عن الخلافة ومدى آثار هذه الأفكار في السياسة الإسلامية في إندونيسيا؟. حصل الباحث – بالمدخل التاريخي – على النتائج، منها أن النبيّ صلى الله عليه وسلّم لا يعيّن من يكون خليفة بعد وفاته. وحين توفّي النبيّ صلى الله عليه وسلّم اختار الصحابة الخليفة. وفي خلافة أبى بكر الصدّيق وعمر وعثمان رضي الله عنهم وقعت خلافات عقائدية ثم تغيّرت إلى نزاعات سياسية. وفي خلافة عليّ بن أبي طالب حدثت خلافات سياسية طويلة عن مقتل عثمان فتؤدّى إلى وقوع معركة الجمل بين عائشة وعليّ بن أبي طالب. في هذا الحين ظهرت المذاهب السياسية الإسلامية القديمة (أهل السنة والجماعة، والشيعة، والخوارج) ومنها نشأت مصطلحات : الخلافة، والإمامة، وأهل الحلّ والعقد، والبيعة، والولاية وغيرها). ومن هذه المذاهب ظهرت الفكرة السياسية الإسلامية المعقّدة من رجال السياسة الإسلامية قبل العصر الحديث المتأثرة بأفكار فلاسفة اليونان. وقد نوقشت في إندونيسيا الفكرة عن الخلافة في منظور السياسة الإسلامية في العصر قبل العصر الحديث. ولكن لم تطبّق هذه الأفكار في مجال اختيار رئيس الدولة، لأن إندونيسيا ليست من الدول الإسلامية. Abstrak: Pemikiran politik Islam muncul setelah Islam melalui Nabi Muhammad SAW berhasil membentuk sebuah ummat baru, dari peralihan kekuasaan kerajaan/kesukuan kepada Nabi yang kemudian kepada umat. Nabi Muhammad dinilai berhasil dalam mengatur komunitas barunya yang dikendalikan oleh ajarannya dalam seluruh lini kehidupan. Persoalan muncul kemudian setelah beliau wafat, yang akhirnya memunculkan pemikiran tentang suksesi. Artikel ini akan membahas tentang mengapa terjadi suksesi setelah Nabi Muhammad SAW wafat, bagaimana pemikiran para tokoh politik Islam masa pra modern terkait dengan suksesi, dan apa kontribusi pemikiran suksesi ini terhadap politik Islam di Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah, ditemukan bahwa Nabi Muhammad tidak menetapkan siapa yang akan menggantikannya, dan ketika beliau wafat (632 M), para sahabat memilih seorang pemimpin (imam/khalifah). Masa pemerintahan Abu Bakar, Umar dan Usman banyak terjadi perselisihan yang awalnya terkait kepentingan agama namun berkembang menjadi kepentingan politik. Ketika Ali bin Abi Talib diangkat sebagai khalifah, konflik politik berkepanjangan berkaitan dengan pembunuhan Usman, menjadikan timbulnya perang jamal antara Aisyah dan Ali. Pada masa ini perbedaan kepentingan aqidah dipolitisir lebih jauh menjadi sebuah kepentingan politik. Dinamika politik ini kemudian melahirkan mazhab politik Islam klasik yang terbagi dalam tiga mazhab besar yaitu Sunni, Syi'ah dan Khawarij, yang darinya muncul istilah-istilah khilafah, imamah, ahlul halli wal aqdi, bay'ah, walayah dan lain-lain. Dari ketiga mazhab politik ini, kemudian muncul ide pemikiran politik Islam yang sangat kompleks dan berkepanjangan dari para tokoh politik Islam pra modern yang banyak dipengaruhi oleh filosof Yunani. Di Indonesia, pemikiran suksesi dalam politik Islam masa pra modern ini pernah diwacanakan. Namun untuk pemilihan kepala Negara belum terealisasi mengingat Indonesia bukan Negara Islam.

Latin American countries have recently reconfigured their national financial systems in ways that powerfully shape their growth strategies and economic performance in the twenty-first century. Some Latin American countries have developed large capital markets where companies issue equity or long-term bonds, while others have cultivated large long-term credit markets; and some countries have failed to develop adequate capital or credit markets. This dissertation studies this variation in financial system development with two contrasting cases: Chile, which has produced an impressive capital market, and Brazil, which has built up the capacity to deliver long-term bank credit for firms on a massive scale. Argentina, an additional case examined more briefly, scores low on both capital and credit markets. In contemporary Latin America, it is especially critical to understand the politics that drives the evolution of these financial systems, which provide the investment finance that ultimately shapes opportunities for long-run growth.In 2008, the global financial crisis dried up credit throughout the world. Yet firms in Chile and Brazil continued to grow in this period because they had financial institutions that allowed domestic companies to raise investment capital at home. In the aftermath of the crisis, Chilean and Brazilian firms successfully obtained funds with unusually long-term maturities, albeit through very different channels. What explains the varying configurations of national financial systems that underlie these new business strategies and opportunities for growth in contemporary Latin America? This study provides a distinctively political explanation of the puzzling contrasts among Latin American national financial systems. The dissertation uncovers the political origins of national financial systems by looking at how states shape domestic markets.I argue that state involvement in markets hinges on two key policies: state-owned banking institutions' provision of long-term credit to a country's firms and the governance of the private segment of the pension system. While some modes of pension system regulation will lead pension funds to channel significant flows of finance to either the equity or the corporate bond market, or to both, other regulatory patterns generate inducements for pension fund investment in other types of assets (e.g. foreign bonds, government debt, and short-term bank deposits), diverting financial flows away from the domestic capital market.Since state action is the primary driver of variation in the configuration of national financial systems, I begin with the state and the politics within it. Political técnicos—entrepreneurial officials appointed to the top tiers of the executive branch who combine strong expert knowledge with brokering skills—dominate the highly technical, low-salience policy process that shapes domestic markets. I contend that the technical decisions that emerge from power shifts between competing coalitions of executive-branch elite officials with different policy orientations drive the different modes of state involvement in credit and capital markets. In Chile, top-level officials with a neoliberal policy orientation initiated and then sustained a drastic retrenchment of government lending for the productive sector and designed and enforced formal regulation inducing private-run pension funds to channel major investments to the domestic equity and corporate bond markets. This neoliberal policy orientation underpinning Chile's mode of state involvement in markets was not predetermined: during its formative phase in the 1970s and 1980s, as well as in its reproduction stage in the 1990s and 2000s, elite executive-branch officials who challenged this economically orthodox orientation had to be defeated and their influence curtailed. In Brazil, by the late 2000s, elite officials across several agencies successfully pushed for the adoption of a neo-developmental policy agenda. The power shift within the Brazilian state, with the displacement of a coalition of orthodox technocrats that had been strong until the mid-2000s, produced a significant increase in the scale of long-term credit provided by the state-owned National Development Bank (BNDES) and the redirection of giant state-owned-enterprise pension funds as major institutional investors in the domestic stock market and key players in the nascent Brazilian venture capital and private equity industries.By examining these two contrasting cases, and setting them in the context of developments in Latin America more broadly, I develop a new characterization of Latin American political economies that diverges from attempts to apply the Varieties of Capitalism framework to the region. In that perspective, the largest and most advanced Latin American countries all fit under a single model of hierarchical market economy (HME). Yet since states have developed remarkably different growth strategies—from Chile's neoliberal continuity to Brazilian neo-developmentalism, to forms of neo-statism in Argentina—we must be careful to appreciate the diversity of political economy models in twenty-first-century Latin American capitalism.

The Borg, a collective of humanoid cyborgs linked together in a hive-mind and modeled on the earthly superorganisms of ant colonies and beehives, has been the most feared alien race in the Star Trek universe. The formidable success of the Borg in assimilating their foes corresponds to the astounding success of superorganisms in our own biosphere. Yet the Borg also serves as a metaphor for another collective of biological entities known as the corporation. In the Anthropocene epoch, corporations have become the most powerful force on the planet; their influence on the social world and the environment exceeds any government and may determine the continued sustainability of human life. Corporations have been described as people and as machines, but neither metaphor accurately describes their essence or contributes to an understanding that might resist their power. This paper reframes our understanding of the corporation by examining the metaphors that are used to describe it, and by suggesting an entirely new metaphor viewing the Borg and the corporation through the lens of sociobiology. I will argue that the corporation is a new form of superorganism that has become the dominant species on the planet and that the immense, intractable power of a globalized, corporate hive-mind has become the principal obstacle to addressing the planetary emergency of climate change. Reframing our metaphoric understanding of corporations as biological entities in the planetary biosphere may enable us to imagine ways to resist their increasing dominance and create a sustainable future. ; Los borg, un grupo de humanoides cibernéticos (ciborgs) unidos por una conciencia de enjambre y creados con base en los súper organismos terrestres propios de hormigueros y colmenas de abejas, han sido la raza alienígena más temida del universo ideado en la serie Star Trek ("Viaje a las Estrellas"). El impresionante éxito de los borg al asimilar a sus enemigos se corresponde con el asombroso éxito de los súper organismos de nuestra propia biosfera. No obstante, los borg también son una representación metafórica de otro grupo de entes biológicos: las corporaciones. En esta era del antropoceno, las corporaciones se han convertido en la fuerza más potente del planeta. Su influencia en el mundo social y en el medio ambiente supera a la de cualquier gobierno, y podría determinar la sostenibilidad continua de la vida humana. Las corporaciones han sido descritas como personas y como máquinas, pero ninguna de esas dos metáforas describe con precisión su esencia ni contribuye a un nivel de comprensión que pueda resistir su poder. Este artículo presenta una nueva perspectiva para la comprensión de las corporaciones al examinar las metáforas que se utilizan para describirlas, y al proponer una metáfora totalmente nueva en la cual los borg y las corporaciones se analizan a través de la lente de la sociobiología. Presento el argumento de que las corporaciones constituyen un nuevo tipo de súper organismo que se ha convertido en la especie dominante del planeta, y que el inmenso e inextricable poder de una conciencia corporativa globalizada estilo enjambre se ha convertido en el obstáculo principal para abordar la emergencia planetaria del cambio climático. Darle un giro a nuestra comprensión metafórica de las corporaciones para verlas como entes biológicos de la biosfera del planeta podría permitirnos imaginar formas de resistir su creciente dominio y crear un futuro sostenible.For the English abstract, please select "English" in the language settings on the right column. ; Os "Borg", um coletivo de ciborgues humanoides ligados entre si numa "mente-enxame" e inspirado em superorganismos terrenos tais como formigueiros e colmeias, tem sido a mais temida raça alienígena do universo Star Trek. O formidável sucesso do "Borg" em assimilar seus inimigos corresponde ao surpreendente sucesso dos superorganismos em nossa própria biosfera. No entanto, o "Borg" também serve como uma metáfora de um outro coletivo de entidades biológicas conhecido como corporação. No Antropoceno, empresas tornaram-se a força mais poderosa do planeta; sua influência sobre o mundo social e o meio ambiente excede a de qualquer governo, e pode determinar a contínua sustentabilidade da vida humana. Corporações têm sido descritas como pessoas e como máquinas, mas a metáfora, além de não descrever com precisão sua essência, também não contribui para uma compreensão que resista a seu poder. Este artigo reformula nosso entendimento de corporação, examinando as metáforas que são usadas para descrevê-la, e sugerindo uma metáfora inteiramente nova, que enxerga os "Borg" e a corporação através da lente da sociobiologia. Argumentaremos que a corporação é uma nova forma de superorganismo que se tornou a espécie dominante no planeta, e que o poder imenso e obstinado de uma "mente-enxame" corporativa globalizada, tornou-se o principal obstáculo para enfrentar o problema planetário emergente das mudanças climáticas. Reformular nosso entendimento metafórico das corporações (como entidades biológicas na biosfera planetária) pode nos permitir imaginar maneiras de resistir ao seu crescente domínio e criar um futuro sustentável.

Chris Marker is the author of an extensive visual artwork in which he intends to develop a politic of shape able to construct images as collective memories. The author's artistic trajectory is considerably influenced by an intense technical and esthetic experimentation related to audiovisual image. The experimentation technique allows the author to constantly break traditions providing the chance to place his artwork at an upper level, exceeding the inflexibility of tradition and discipline. This essay takes a retrospective look at a late project, its interactive installation Zapping Zone with the purpose of analyzing the assembly and the used tactics regarding t Detalle de uno de los monitores de Zapping Zone en el Kunstnernes Hus de Oslo, en 2014. Imagen cedida por el Kunstnernes Hus de Oslo © Coll. Centre Pompidou. Fotografía: Rosey Trickett. visitors who attend to the installation. This work is a good example of an outstanding devoted concern to history of writing and processes of collective memory. Marker not only pretends to imitate or reproduce social and individual mechanisms, but also attempts to create technical and esthetic conditions as new options for forgetting and recalling. ; Política de los recuerdos y los olvidos. Zapping Zone una instalación de Chris MarkerRESUMENChris Marker es autor de una extensa obra audiovisual, a través de la cual trata de hallar una política de la forma capaz de constituir las imágenes como memoria colectiva. Su trayectoria artística está marcada por una intensa experimentación técnica y estilística en torno a la imagen audiovisual. Esta experimentación le conducirá a romper constantemente los moldes, llevando su propia expresión más allá de la inflexibilidad de las tradiciones y las disciplinas. Este ensayo regresa concretamente sobre un proyecto tardío, su instalación interactiva Zapping Zone, para analizar las técnicas de ensamblaje y las tácticas empleadas respecto al visitante de la instalación. La obra es un buen ejemplo de un personalísimo trabajo centrado en la escritura de la historia y en los procesos de la memoria colectiva. En ella, Marker no trata de imitar o reproducir los mecanismos individuales y sociales, sino justamente de crear las condiciones técnicas y estéticas para la producción de nuevas formas de recuerdo y olvido.PALABRAS CLAVEArte contemporáneo, audiovisual, memoria, técnicas de montaje, olvido, Zapping ZonePOLICY OF RECALLING AND FORGETFULNESS. ZAPPING ZONE A CHRIS MARKER'S INSTALLATIONABSTRACTChris Marker is the author of an extensive visual artwork in which he intends to develop a politic of shape able to construct images as collective memories. The author's artistic trajectory is considerably influenced by an intense technical and esthetic experimentation related to audiovisual image. The experimentation technique allows the author to constantly break traditions providing the chance to place his artwork at an upper level, exceeding the inflexibility of tradition and discipline. This essay takes a retrospective look at a late project, its interactive installation Zapping Zone with the purpose of analyzing the assembly and the used tactics regarding visitors who attend to the installation. This work is a good example of an outstanding devoted concern to history of writing and processes of collective memory. Marker not only pretends to imitate or reproduce social and individual mechanisms, but also attempts to create technical and esthetic conditions as new options for forgetting and recalling.KEY WORDSContemporary art, audiovisual, recalling, mounting technique, forgetfulness, Zapping Zone.IUIARISPA KUNGARISKAmANDA zAPPING zONE CHURASKAKUNA SUTI CHIS MARKERMAILLALACHISKASug iaha runa suti Chis Marker kawachikame sug, rurai chipi munakume kawachingapa tukuipa iuiakuna kai runa kami ajai racha unai kaipi trabajaska iachami allilla chimanda mailla maillla allichispa ringapa suma kidangami churangapami kankuna sug rurai kaawngapa allillachu kudaku suti Zapping Zone allichispa tukuikuna kawangapa. Kaipi iuiarispa ñugpamnda kawachinaku Kai kilkaipi ruraka runa suti Marker, mana kungarringapa iuiaikuna kaugsakangapa.RIMANGAPA MINISTISKAKUNA Ñugamanda rurai, kawachispa, iuiai, allilla churangapa, kungarri Zapping Zone.POLITIQUE DES SOUVENIRS ET DE CE QU'ON OUBLIE. ZAPPING ZONE UNE INSTALLATION À CHRIS MARKER RÉSUMÉChris Marker c'est un auteur d'une grande œuvre audiovisuelle, à travers laquelle il essaie de trouver une politique capable de constituer les images comme mémoire collective. Son parcours artistique est marqué pour une intense expérimentation technique autour l'image audiovisuelle. Cette expérimentation lui fait rompre régulièrement les schémas, en emmenant sa propre expression au-delà des inflexions des traditions et des disciplines. Cet essai retourne directement sur un projet tardif ; proprement de son installation Zapping Zone, pour analyser les techniques d'assemblage et tactiques utilisées vis au visiteur du montage. L'œuvre est un exemple parfait du travail personnel centré dans l'écriture de l'histoire et dans les processus de la mémoire commune. Dans celle-ci, MARKER n'essaie pas d'imiter ou reproduire les mécanismes soient individuels ou sociaux, par contre de créer les conditions techniques et esthétiques pour la production de nouvelles formes de souvenir et d'oubli.MOTS CLÉSArt contemporain, audiovisuel, mémoire, techniques de montage, oubli, Zapping Zone.