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This article is devoted to modelling the criminal liability for the organization, distribution and use of substances and (or) methods prohibited in sports. The authors have chosen their own models of criminal responsibility, developed in the theory of criminal law in the sphere of the use of substances and methods prohibited in sports as the objects for the study. Authors substantiated and highlighted the expediency of establishing criminal liability for the use of substances and (or) methods, prohibited in sports for different types of subjects: for a professional athlete; for a non-professional athlete; for officials; for medical personnel organizing the use of substances and (or) methods prohibited in sports; for trainers and other individuals. The article also discusses the process of distribution of drugs banned in sports, in which other individuals related to professional sports might also be involved. As these individuals might also act as: former professional athletes who retained connections and contacts in the world of professional sports; directors and managers of sports teams; other individuals directly related to professional sports and contacts that allow the distribution of prohibited drugs and methods. As a result of the study, the authors proposed to supplement Chapter 22 of the Criminal Code with two new articles: Art. 184.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Organization of the use of substances and (or) methods prohibited in sports" and art. 184.2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation "Distribution of substances banned in sports". ; peer-reviewed

This Note focuses on admitting-privileges laws, a type of TRAP law that requires physicians who provide abortions to obtain staff privileges at a hospital within a certain distance from their clinics. Without these required privileges, physicians performing abortions risk civil and criminal penalties. These laws are especially concerning because they give area hospitals an effective veto over a clinic's operations, effectively outsourcing the power to deny licenses to private entities. Admitting-privileges decisions are often discretionary for hospital administrators; a hospital's denial of admitting privileges also lacks state oversight or external appeals. Admitting-privileges laws are being ratified throughout many states, but have proven resistant to traditional substantive due process challenges. In addition to traditional "undue burden" analysis, a multipronged approach to reproductive rights litigation and advocacy is necessary. Part I of this Note sets forth a brief history of the right to choose an abortion and the current federal legal framework. Then, it details recent state legislative and ballot initiatives aimed at regulating abortion providers. Part II explains the complications of using the "undue burden" doctrine in constitutional challenges to state action, as illuminated by recent cases litigating admitting-privileges laws. It further introduces private-delegation challenges as an alternative method to examine the constitutionality of these laws. Part III looks at the history of private-delegation challenges with respect to admitting-privileges laws and touches on other possible avenues to challenge admitting-privileges regulations.

Misuse of users' personally identifiable information is persistent and pervasive. This Article addresses two questions: why is information misuse so common and so severe and how could domestic law change to make it less so? I use a simple model to illustrate that companies externalize information misuse costs onto users, which has two related but distinct effects: chronic underinvestment in information security and excessive retention of user data. I then seize on this observation to propose a specific legal vehicle at the heart of this Article—a private enforcement remedy. This private enforcement remedy has four essential features. First, the remedy must be created under state law. State law provides a viable alternative when federal courts have used the constitutional standing doctrine to express overt hostility to privacy harms. Second, the law should impose a fiduciary duty on entities that collect or retain users' information. Structuring the remedy this way insulates it from attack by a weaponized First Amendment. Third, breach of an information fiduciary's duty should be a strict liability tort. The arguments for strict liability in products liability cases apply with even greater force to informational harms. Fourth, the statute that creates this private enforcement remedy should prescribe a schedule that begins with nominal damages and attorney's fees for strict liability, and it should increase monetary penalties with a defendant's culpability. The remedy's central purpose is to reshape incentives, so the damages schedule should not be unduly punitive or effect a windfall for plaintiffs' attorneys.

1. Introduction / D. Neil MacCormick, Edinburgh and Robert S. Summers, Ithaca -- 2. Precedent in the Federal Republic of Germany / Robert Alexy, Kiel and Ralf Dreier, Gottingen -- 3. Precedent in Finland / Aulis Aarnio, Tampere -- 4. Precedent in France / Michel Troper, Paris and Christophe Grzegorczyk, Paris -- 5. Precedent in Italy / Michele Taruffo, Pavia and Massimo La Torre, Florence -- 6. Precedent in Norway / Svein Eng, Oslo -- 7. Precedent in Poland / Lech Morawski, Torun and Marek Zirk-Sadowski, Lodz -- 8. Precedent in Spain / Alfonso Ruiz Miguel, Madrid and Francisco J. Laporta, Madrid -- 9. Precedent in Sweden / Gunnar Bergholtz, Lund and Aleksander Peczenik, Lund -- 10. Precedent in the United Kingdom / Zenon Bankowski, Edinburgh, D. Neil MacCormick, Edinburgh and Geoffrey Marshall, Oxford -- 11. Precedent in the United States (New York state) / Robert S. Summers, Ithaca -- 12. Precedent in European community law / John J. Barcelo, Ithaca -- 13. Institutional factors influencing precedents / Michele Taruffo, Pavia -- 14. The binding force of precedent / Aleksander Peczenik, Lund -- 15. Rationales for precedent / Zenon Bankowski, Edinburgh. [et al.] -- 16. What is binding in a precedent / Geoffrey Marshall, Oxford -- 17. Departures from precedent / Robert S. Summers, Ithaca and Svein Eng, Oslo -- 18. Further general reflections and conclusions / D. Neil MacCormack, Edinburgh and Robert S. Summers, Ithaca.

One of the problems faced by the international community is to find a basis for regulating economic relations between the states. While the third world states still emphasize their economic sovereignty to encounter and maintain their positions against the North States, the analysis of the international legal realities shows that merely relying on the "economic independence" and "permanent sovereignty over natural resources" cannot be a practical way to achieve the ideals of states known as the "South." Like the Sword of Damocles, sovereignty can pave the way for maintaining the "status quo" or the domination of the premier economic powers in the international equation. Merely relying on international law as a branch based on the states' sovereignty will be actually misleading to change the status quo. By a realistic analysis of the less positive role of sovereignty in the procedure of regulating the relations between the North and the South, this study seeks to focus on the fact that going out of the impasse of unjust economic relations between the North and the South will be possible only by creating a gap in the traditional concept of economic sovereignty in a sense that has been formed by the third world states in the 60s and 70s of the past century.

One element of the existence of an employment relationship is the existence of a wage agreement between the worker/laborer and the entrepreneur. The minimum wage policy set by the government is a safety net to protect the basic rights of workers/labourers. However, in the business world, there are still many wage violations committed by employers, even though criminal sanctions and/or fines have been strictly regulated. Some findings in the city of Surabaya entrepreneur PT. Tangan Kita Berkarya pays workers/laborers wages lower than the Surabaya City Minimum Wage in 2021. This condition continues and is agreed upon by the workers/laborers concerned, even though based on the provisions of labor law the payment of such wages is a violation of the law. Based on this description, the purpose of this research is Based on this description, the purpose of this research (1) is to find out whether PT. Our Hands Work is included in the UMK category according to Law no. 11 of 2021 concerning job creation, and (2) to find out the legal protection for workers/labourers according to Indonesian law so that they can determine legal remedies in responding to the problem of entrepreneurs who are unable to pay wages according to the minimum wage for the city of Surabaya. In addition, this research results that every entrepreneur who is unable to pay the wages of workers/labourers according to the minimum wage provisions of the city of Surabaya cannot apply for a suspension of wage payments because the regulations for deferring the payment of the minimum wage have been abolished. Entrepreneurs who violate these provisions will be subject to criminal sanctions and/or fines. That the work agreement related to an agreement to pay wages lower than the minimum wage for the city of Surabaya will be null and void, if PT. Our Hands Berkarya is proven to have committed a violation and does not meet the criteria for capital or annual proceeds from sales of micro and small businesses, which is regulated in Article 90B of Law No. 11 of 2020 ...

Задача Исследуются некоторые вопросы о сущности оперативно-розыскной деятельности как одного из видов правоохранительной деятельности. Модель Методологическая основа работы всеобщий диалектико-материалистический метод познания объективной действительности. Использовались общенаучные методы анализ и синтез, индукция и дедукция. Выводы Законодательное закрепление оперативно-розыскной деятельности как вида правоохранительной деятельности способствовало бы разработке процедуры его осуществления, что в свою очередь привела бы к более эффективному использованию его результатов в процессе доказывания по уголовным делам. Рамки исследования/возможность последующего использования результатов научной работы Содержание работы дополняет научно-правовые основы института оперативно-розыскной деятельности; может быть использовано в дальнейших изысканиях, связанных с разработкой анализируемой проблемы. Практическое значение Отдельные выводы работы могут учитываться в практической деятельности правоохранительных органов в использовании результатов оперативно-розыскной деятельности в уголовном процессе. Оригинальность/ценность Проводится анализ соответствия признаков оперативно-розыскной деятельности правоохранительной деятельности. Предназначена для ученых, преподавателей, обучающихся по всем направлениям юридического профиля, а также практических работников правоохранительных органов. ; Task Explores some questions about the essence of operational-investigative activity as one of the types of law enforcement activities. Model Methodological basis of the work universal dialectic-materialistic method of cognition of objective reality. IP-used General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction Conclusions Legislative strengthening the operational-search activity as a type of law enforcement activity would contribute to the development of implementation procedures, which in turn would lead to more efficient use of its results in the process of proof in criminal cases. Scope of the study/the possibility of subsequent use of the results of scientific work the work complements the scientific and legal basis of the Institute of operational-investigative activity; can be used for further studies associated with the development of analyzed problems. The practical value of some of the conclusions of the work can be considered in the practical activities of law enforcement agencies in the use of the results of operational-investigative activity in the criminal process. Originality/value the analysis of conformity of signs investigative activities of law enforcement. Intended for scientists, teachers, students in all areas of legal profile, as well as practical workers of law enforcement bodies.

On April 29, 2015, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention (WGAD) adopted the United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right of Anyone Deprived of Their Liberty to Bring Proceedings Before a Court (BPGs). This comprehensive and practical document is based on an extensive range of international law sources, standards, and good practice. It provides states with specific and specialized guidance on how to fulfill their international obligations to protect against the arbitrary deprivation of liberty.

Annotation. Detention is the most severe measure of restraint, and a significant condition for the law to create the content of his election is the question of the impossibility of restricting the right to liberty and personal inaccessibility in criminal proceedings other than on the grounds and by decision of the CPC. Such a procedure provided by national legislation serves as an initial guarantee of ensuring the individual's right to liberty and security of person and liability under paragraph 3 of Art. 5 European Convention on Human Rights. Significant restriction of a legal entity's liberty and personal inviolability in criminal proceedings is ensured precisely during the application of the applicable seizure in the case of detention. Responding as one of the strictest types of precautionary measures, detention is established in the center of respect from the standpoint of assessing procedural safeguards in the mechanism of application of criminal measures in the field of criminal justice, and protection against illegal and unjustified use of custody joins broad theoretical and practical levels. . In this regard, it establishes the need for the participation of defense counsel in the application of the applicable measure in the custody of the suspect (accused) and the granting of his rights in criminal proceedings. No criminal proceedings are possible without precautionary measures in the modern world, because they ensure the proper, legally prescribed course of pre-trial investigation and trial, and ultimately - the protection of the individual, society, state from criminal offenses and other criminal proceedings. In the system of precautionary measures, criminal procedural guarantees have an important place. At the same time, their greatest concentration is observed around those actions that are aimed at restricting personal freedom. It is for this reason that detention as one of the strictest types of preventive measures is the focus of the assessment of procedural guarantees in the mechanism of ...