Suchergebnisse

La educación para el desarrollo sostenible de la igualdad de género ha sido conceptualizada como un vehículo para la adquisición de competencias y el mantenimiento sostenible de la igualdad y equidad en el mundo. Sin embargo, a pesar del compromiso de los gobiernos e instituciones de educación superior a facilitar la formación necesaria, los egresados universitarios salen del sistema sin las competencias necesarias para un ejercicio y desarrollo profesional sensible al género. El propósito del presente estudio fue explorar el nivel de competencia en cuestiones de género examinando la eficacia percibida para una práctica sostenible de la igualdad de maestros en preservicio al término de sus estudios de grado. Con este fin, en primer lugar, se adaptó y validó la versión griega de la escala TEGEP (Teacher Efficacy for a Gender Equality Practice) y, en segundo lugar, se describieron y compararon los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes asociadas a la educación en igualdad de género adquiridos al término de su formación por titulación y sexo. Los participantes fueron 1194 estudiantes de nueve universidades públicas griegas y cuatro titulaciones (maestros de educación primaria, de educación física, de filología griega y de ciencias) seleccionados deliberadamente, quienes respondieron a una encuesta en línea. Su edad oscilaba entre 20 y 53 años y en su mayoría eran mujeres (79%) de origen griego (98.20%). Los análisis factoriales exploratorios y confirmatorios, simples y multigrupo, apoyaron una estructura factorial de 21 ítems que explica el 63.61% de la varianza, así como unos indicadores de ajuste al modelo comparables a los de la versión española de la TEGEP demostrando que la versión griega del instrumento tiene propiedades psicométricas adecuadas (buena consistencia interna, validez de constructo e invarianza factorial aceptables) para medir y evaluar las competencias en género adquiridas por los estudiantes al término de su formación. Los resultados se discuten en términos de necesidades de reforma curricular en el contexto de una educación para el desarrollo sostenible de la igualdad de género (ODS 4.7 y ODS 5). ; Education for the sustainable development of gender equality has been conceptualized as a vehicle for the acquisition of skills and the maintenance of gender equity in the world. However, despite governments and higher education institutions' commitment to provide the necessary training to future professionals, graduates leave the system without the required competencies for developing a gender-sensitive professional practice. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to explore pre-service teachers' level of gender competence by examining their perceived efficacy for practicing gender pedagogy. To this end, firstly, the Greek version of the TEGEP (Teacher Efficacy for Gender Equality Practice) scale was adapted and validated and, secondly, the pre-service teachers' specific knowledge, skills, and commitment/attitudes acquired during their studies were described and compared by degree and sex. The participants were 1,194 undergraduate students purposely selected from nine Greek public universities and four degrees (Primary Education, Physical Education, Greek Philology, and Science), who responded to an online survey. Their age ranged between 20 and 53 years and they were mostly women (79%) and Greek (98.20%). Simple and multigroup exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses supported a 21-item factorial structure that explained 63.61% of the variance, being model fit indicators comparable to those of the TEGEP-Spanish version and showing that the TEGEP-G has adequate psychometric properties (good internal consistency, construct validity, and acceptable factorial invariance), to assess gender competence. The results are discussed in terms of curricular reform needs in the context of initial teacher education for sustainable and inclusive development of gender equality (SDG 4.7 and SDG 5). ; Este trabajo financiado por el Instituto Universitarios de Investigación de Estudios de Género (IUIEG) de la Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, España (Ref. 20/01/2021).

José Chalá Cruz is a well-known Afro-Ecuadorian leader who is also recognized in the Afrodescendant social movement in Latin America. He is an anthropologist. In this interview he talks about his contributions to the creation of ethno-racial legal instruments in favor of Afro-Ecuadorians, such as the Law of Collective Rights of the Afro-Ecuadorian People (2006), the articles of recognition of the rights of the Afro-Ecuadorian people in the Constitution of 2008, the Executive Decree No. 60 on affirmative actions, among other bills. Chalá analyzes the context in which these ethno-racial legal instruments have been designed and adopted from three personal perspectives: as a social activist, as a government official, and as a legislator in the National Assembly. For Chalá, there is a difference between what the texts of the laws say and reality. That is to say: here we are before, as Achille Mbembe (2016) would say, the necropolitics of necro-neoliberalism, where the peoples who are subjects of collective rights, affirmative actions, and reparations are not really seen despite the legislation that we achieved. "This the big difference". Key Words: Afro-descendants, Collective Rights, Anti-discrimination laws, Neoliberalism, Necropolitica. ; José Chalá Cruz, es un líder afroecuatoriano reconocido en el movimiento social afrodescendiente de América Latina. Es antropólogo y escritor. En esta entrevista habla de sus contribuciones a la creación de instrumentos étnico raciales a favor de los afroecuatorianos, tales como la Ley de Derechos Colectivos del Pueblo Afroecuatoriano (2006), los artículos de reconocimiento de derechos al pueblo afroecuatoriano en la Constitución del 2008, el decreto ejecutivo Nro 60 sobre acciones afirmativas, entre otros proyectos de leyes. Analiza el contexto en que se han desarrollado estos instrumentos legales étnico raciales desde tres experiencias personales: como activista social, como funcionario del gobierno y como legislador de la Asamblea Nacional. Su perspectiva se resume en que "hay una diferencia entre lo que dice el papel (la ley) y la realidad". Para José Chalá, actualmente "existe el peligro de derechizar al estado-nación, en donde la legislación a favor de los pueblos y las nacionalidades que hemos avanzado realmente tiene muy poca cabida. Es decir: aquí estamos ante, como diría Achille Mbembe (2016), en una parte de la necropolítica y también del necro- neoliberalismo, donde los pueblos pensados así, sujetos de derechos colectivos, acciones afirmativas, reparaciones, realmente no estamos vistos pese a la legislación que nosotros logramos. Ahí está la gran, gran diferencia". Palabras clave: Afrodescendencia, Derechos Colectivos, Leyes antidiscriminación, Neoliberalismo, Necropolitica. ; José Chalá Cruz, é um reconhecido líder afro-equatoriano no movimento social afro-descendente na América Latina. Ele é antropólogo e escritor. Nesta entrevista, ele fala sobre suas contribuições para a construção de instrumentos étnico-raciais em favor dos afro-equatorianos, como a Lei dos Direitos Coletivos do Povo Afro-Equatoriano (2006), os artigos de reconhecimento dos direitos dos O povo afro-equatoriano na Constituição de 2008, o Decreto Executivo nº 60 sobre ações afirmativas, entre outros projetos de lei. José analisa o contexto em que estes instrumentos jurídicos étnico-raciais se desenvolveram a partir de três experiências pessoais: como ativista social, como governante e como legislador na Assembleia Nacional. Para Chalá "há uma diferença entre o que diz o jornal (a lei) e a realidade". Para José Chalá, atualmente "existe o perigo de direita do Estado-nação, onde a legislação a favor dos povos e nacionalidades que avançamos realmente tem muito pouco lugar. Ou seja: aqui estamos antes, como diria Achille Mbembe (2016), numa parte da necropolítica e também do necro- neoliberalismo, onde os povos pensavam assim, sujeitos de direitos coletivos, ações afirmativas, reparações, não somos realmente visto apesar da legislação que alcançamos. "Aí está a grande diferença ". Palavras-chave: Palavras-chave: Afrodescendentes, Direitos Coletivos, Leis anti-discriminação, Neoliberalismo, Necropolitica.

Production units were a common feature in most schools during the United Independence Party (UNIP) Government. They were an important component of preparing learners for independent living as well as a way of making schools a second home for learners where learners could learn and eat. This study assessed the performance of Production Units in selected secondary schools in Lusaka District. The objectives of the study were; to establish how the Production Units were managed in selected schools in Lusaka District and to explore the challenges that were affecting the performance of Production Units in schools. A qualitative research approach and a descriptive design were adopted. Eighteen (18) participants in charge production units in the three selected schools were purposively selected and involved in the study. The composition of sample was Three (03) Head- teachers; Three (03) Heads of Departments; and Six (06) Science Teachers; and Six (06) General Workers, all members that were purposively selected by virtue of their involvement in production unit. The findings established that that schools had established structures that guided the management of production units. It was further established that decisions were made democratically on how production units should run in each school sampled in the study. In terms of the performance, it was revealed that the units were adding value to schools through the activities undertaken under production units. Some challenges were identified in terms of how the production units were operating in schools. These included: shortage of land, poor planning in terms of timing of activities to do with production units, lack of proper training, lack of transport and market, and inadequate financial resources for expanding production units' activities. Arising from the findings of the study, the following recommendations were made: workers under production units should be trained; schools to develop marketing strategies through working with supermarkets, hotels and lodges. Also, land to be secured through the help of Ministry of General Education and Ministry of Lands for schools to expand their ventures. ; As unidades de produção eram uma característica comum na maioria das escolas durante o governo do Partido da Independência das Nações Unidas (UNIP). Elas eram um componente importante na preparação dos alunos para uma vida independente, bem como uma forma de fazer das escolas uma segunda casa para os alunos, onde estes pudessem aprender e comer. Este estudo avaliou o desempenho das Unidades de Produção em escolas secundárias selecionadas no Distrito de Lusaka. Os objetivos do estudo eram: estabelecer como as Unidades de Produção eram administradas em escolas selecionadas no Distrito de Lusaka e explorar os desafios que estavam afetando o desempenho das Unidades de Produção nas escolas. Uma abordagem de pesquisa qualitativa e um projeto descritivo foram adotados. Dezoito (18) participantes das unidades de produção responsáveis nas três escolas selecionadas foram propositalmente selecionados e envolvidos no estudo. A composição da amostra foi de Três (03) Chefes de departamento; Três (03) Chefes de departamento; e Seis (06) Professores de ciências; e Seis (06) Trabalhadores gerais, todos os membros que foram propositalmente selecionados em virtude de seu envolvimento na unidade de produção. As constatações estabeleceram que as escolas tinham estabelecido estruturas que orientavam a gestão das unidades de produção. Foi ainda estabelecido que as decisões eram tomadas democraticamente sobre como as unidades de produção deveriam funcionar em cada escola amostrada no estudo. Em termos de desempenho, foi revelado que as unidades estavam agregando valor às escolas através das atividades empreendidas sob unidades de produção. Alguns desafios foram identificados em termos de como as unidades de produção estavam operando nas escolas. Estes incluem: falta de terra, planejamento deficiente em termos de tempo de atividades relacionadas às unidades de produção, falta de treinamento adequado, falta de transporte e mercado, e recursos financeiros inadequados para expandir as atividades das unidades de produção. A partir dos resultados do estudo, foram feitas as seguintes recomendações: os trabalhadores sob unidades de produção deveriam ser treinados; as escolas deveriam desenvolver estratégias de marketing através do trabalho com supermercados, hotéis e pousadas. Além disso, os terrenos devem ser assegurados através da ajuda do Ministério da Educação Geral e do Ministério das Terras para que as escolas expandam seus empreendimentos.

In this work I persue to reflect on some cases belonging to the riverside cultural and environmental heritage of the city of Corrientes, rescuing historiographic fragments that focus on the subjects and forms of production that become invisible behind the materialities and reviewing the current urban conflicts unfolded by the implementation of new criteria of spatial transformation. These have been constituted for many in times of danger, where new mechanisms of privatization, restructuring, accumulation of economic benefits and differential distribution of socio-environmental costs are promoted from the urban agenda (from coalitions between governments and businessmen). The threat is sustained against the possibility of relapsing into a history of great injustices and of losing the places where the memory or the possibilities of inhabiting (in a broad sense) of the most disadvantaged are located. As in a marginal thread where the events of the present open questions about the past, I argue that the current moment calls for recognizing the forms of enunciation of disagreement in order to cast doubt on the future of these differentially valued spaces. In this exploratory research, based on archival work (documentary and journalistic sources) and field work that followed the events of struggle of different groups that resist transformations or promote other forms of valuation of the riverside spaces, three cases were selected that they allow me to investigate the historiographic traces and the current disputes. ; En este trabajo busco reflexionar sobre algunos casos pertenecientes al patrimonio cultural y ambiental ribereño de la ciudad de Corrientes, rescatando fragmentos historiográficos, que se centran en los sujetos y formas de producción invisibilizados detrás de las materialidades, y revisando los conflictos urbanos actuales, desplegados por la puesta en marcha de nuevos criterios de transformación espacial. Estos se han constituido para muchos en momentos de peligro, en donde se promueven desde la agenda urbana (a partir de coaliciones entre gobiernos y empresarios) nuevos mecanismos de privatización, de reestructuración, acumulación de beneficios económicos y reparto diferencial de costos socioambientales. La amenaza se sostiene frente a la posibilidad de reincidir en una historia de grandes injusticias y de perder los lugares donde se sitúa la memoria o las posibilidades de habitar (en un sentido amplio) de los más desfavorecidos. Como en un hilo marginal donde los hechos del presente inauguran preguntas sobre el pasado, sostengo que el momento actual llama a reconocer las formas de enunciación del desacuerdo para poner en duda el devenir de estos espacios diferencialmente valorados. En esta investigación exploratoria, a partir del trabajo de archivo (fuentes documentales y periodísticas) y el trabajo de campo que siguió los eventos de lucha de distintos colectivos que resisten transformaciones o promueven otras formas de valoración de los espacios ribereños, se seleccionaron tres casos que me permiten indagar en los rastros historiográficos y las disputas presentes. ; Neste trabalho procuro refletir sobre alguns casos pertencentes ao patrimônio cultural e ambiental ribeirinho da cidade de Corrientes, resgatando alguns fragmentos historiográficos que se centram nos sujeitos e formas de produção invisíveis por trás das materialidades e revisando os conflitos socioambientais atuais desdobrados pela colocação em marcha de novos critérios de transformação espacial. Estes últimos, constituíram-se para muitos em momentos de perigo, onde se promovem desde a agenda urbana (a partir de coligações entre governos e empresários) novos mecanismos de privatização, de reestruturação, acumulação de benefícios económicos e implantação de custos socioambientais. A ameaça se sustenta frente à possibilidade de reincidir numa história de grandes injustiças e de perder os lugares onde se situa a memória ou as possibilidades de habitar (em sentido amplo) dos mais desfavorecidos. Como num fio marginal onde os fatos do presente inauguram perguntas sobre o passado, sustento que o momento atual chama a reconhecer as formas de enunciação do desacordo, para pôr em dúvida o devir destes espaços diferencialmente valorizados. Este escrito se sustenta em trabalhos historiográficos, entrevistas a interlocutores, fontes jornalísticas e a participação direta em oficinas, assembléias, marchas (entre 2018 e 2019).

The Covid-19 pandemic shook the UK's food system, highlighting differences in long and short supply chains and their ability to respond and cope with disruption. Where long supply chains revealed weakness and suffered from the disruption, especially in the first few weeks of the pandemic, short supply chains stepped up to fill in these gaps and helped the vulnerable. Various reports were published during this time to highlight the relative strengths and weaknesses in supply chains and changes in consumer habits, including from the perspective of local food systems' actors. The pandemic also coincided with the government's release of the Agricultural Transition Plan 2021-2024, as well as the National Food Strategy. In this report, we review a selection of key documents (evidence papers, reports, manifestos and strategies) published during the pandemic (Spring 2020 - end of 2021) which examine local food chains and the UK food system, including analysis from non-governmental, government, science and industry organisations. We use these materials to assess how the UK's local food sector was framed and understood during the first two years of the pandemic (impacts, responsiveness, adaptability, contribution to system resilience, etc.), and to understand what visions and recommendations were being proposed for the sector going forward. Due to differences in perspective and their approach to the food system and supply chains, we group the organisations who have published the reports into two main sets of actors: a 'local food movement group' and a 'mainstream food system group', the latter including policy, science and industry. Our analysis reveals that: • There is an evident split between those who call for an urgent strategy to create resilience where they posit the food system has failed, and others who claim an existing level of resilience that needs to be strengthened. • There are significant differences between the local food movement group and mainstream food system group in the way local food is framed, understood and imagined as a pathway for systemic food system resilience and security. • Central to this difference is how the two groups position local food in the wider UK food system. For the local food movement group, re-localising food supply chains should be a central part of an improved UK food system, a means to provide multi-benefit solutions (sustainable, fair, etc.), and build capacity for resilience. In contrast, the mainstream food system group focuses on how to support the current system, which it sees as largely resilient. The reports from this group emphasised tweaks (such as making better use of new technologies) to buffer the just-in-time system of supply chain organisation. • In terms of UK food system resilience for the future, and the place of local food within that food future, recommendations from local food movement bodies focused on supporting local food initiatives and short supply chains through funding, infrastructure and skills support. The pandemic was viewed as providing a test of local food resilience, and the initiatives in the main were viewed to have proved their resilient and adaptive capacity. This outcome, these reports concluded, should support further investment in distributed systems, and so is an opportunity to better fund and support the sector. • The mainstream food system group has a more circumspect approach to future resilience regarding local food, in which the focus is on public procurement and associated technology developments. These are posited as a key way to shorten food chains, in part framed as a market opportunity for smaller producers to access new markets via local authority anchor institutes. • The interests of the mainstream and local food groups align around public procurement, which featured prominently in local food movement reports as well as in the mainstream corpus, e.g. in Recommendation 13 of the National Food Strategy (The Plan). • There is no discussion of 'local food' in Defra's Agricultural Transition Plan 2021-2024, and caution around the concept of 'local' in the National Food Strategy (Part 1), stemming from historical issues over limits to self-sufficiency.

Latar belakang: Pandemi Covid-19 adalah wabah yang terjadi di seluruh dunia akibat virus Sars-Cov-2. Penyebaran yang cepat melalui droplet air liur sehingga membutuhkan pencegahan yang cepat, salah satunya adalah lockdown dan di Indonesia menggunakan metode Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB). Metode tersebut berdampak ke berbagai sektor termasuk sektor transportasi online. Pekerjaan pengemudi ojek online di luar ruangan meningkatkan risiko terkena virus corona. Perilaku berisiko pengemudi seperti kurang patuh dengan protokol kesehatan membawa dampak buruk dan meningkatkan penyebaran virus corona di antara mereka. Perilaku pencegahan sangat diperlukan untuk menjaga kesehatan dan kebersihan di masa pandemi.Metode: Penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan subyek penelitian adalah pengemudi ojek online berlokasi di Tembalang. Pemilihan subek penelitian menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data melalui metode wawancara mendalam bersama 11 orang. Proses analisis data dimulai dari pengumpulan data dengan wawancara mendalam dari subjek penelitian , mereduksi data kemudian data disajikan dan diambil kesimpulan.Hasil: Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan perilaku pencegahan yang dilakukan untuk mencegah penyebaran virus corona sesuai anjuran pemerintah adalah 5M, namun perilaku yang masih diterapkan adalah penggunaan masker dan cuci tangan. Subjek penelitian tidak terlalu merasa rentan terserang virus corona dan lebih rentan terhadap dampak yang diakibatkan oleh pandemi COVID-19. Hal ini menjadi serius bagi subjek penelitian karena selain terdampak pada ekonomi, terdampak pada kesehatan fisik dan mental. Penerapan perilaku pencegahan membawa manfaat yang baik bagi subjek penelitian, namun mereka memiliki hambatan sehingga penerapannya tidak berjalan dengan baik. Walaupun begitu, subjek penelitian memiliki rasa kepercayaan diri dalam menerapkan protokol kesehatan. Adanya dukungan keluarga, dukungan sosial dari pertemanan serta peraturan perusahaan menjadi bentuk isyarat bertindak bagi subjek penelitian.Simpulan: Adapun faktor yang paling berkaitan adalah persepsi keseriusan mengenai virus corona. Selain itu, perilaku pencegahan juga ditentukan oleh persepsi manfaat dan persepsi hambatan tindakannya terhadap penularan virus corona.Kata kunci: Perilaku pencegahan; perilaku berisiko; pandemi Covid-19; pengemudi ojek onlineABSTRACT Title: Overview of Preventive Behavior on Risky Behavior of Online Ojek Drivers during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Tembalang Village, Semarang City in 2020Background: The Covid-19 pandemic is a worldwide outbreak caused by the Sars-Cov-2 virus. The rapid spread through saliva droplets requires rapid prevention, one of which is a lockdown. Indonesia uses the Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) method. This method has an impact on various sectors including the online transportation sector. The work of an online motorcycle driver outside increases the spread of coronavirus. Drivers risky behaviour such as not implementing health protocols properly has a bad impact. It increases the spread of the coronavirus among them. Preventive behaviour is necessary to maintain health and hygiene during a pandemic. Method: Descriptive research with a qualitative approach with research subjects is online motorcycle taxi drivers located in Tembalang. To choose research subjects using the purposive sampling method, to collect data through in-depth interviews with 11 people. The data analysis process starts from collecting data with an in-depth interview with the research subjects, reducing the data, then presenting the data and drawing conclusions.Result: The results of this study indicate that the implementation of preventive behaviour to prevent the spread of the coronavirus according to government recommendations is 5M, meanwhile behaviours are still being applied are the use of masks and washing hands. Research subjects feel less vulnerable to the coronavirus and more vulnerable to the impacts caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It becomes serious for the research subjects because apart from being affected by the economy, but also affected physical and mental health. The implementation of preventive behaviour bring good benefit to research subjects, but they have obstacles so that their practice does not go well. Even so, research subjects have a sense of confidence in implementing health protocols. The existence of family support, social support from friends and company regulations are a form of action cues for research subjects.Conclusion: The most relevant factor is the perception of the seriousness of the coronavirus. In addition, preventive behaviour is also determined by the perception of benefits and barriers to its action against coronavirus transmission.Keywords: preventive behaviour; risky behaviour; covid-19 pandemic; online motorcycle driver

While tariff barriers are decreasing over time and across countries, non-tariff barriers such as food safety, quality and sustainability standards are increasing. Since these affect import and exports decisions, the analysis of trade effects of such standards has become an important topic. However, most empirical studies have focused on the direct trade effect of public or private food safety standards. In our first essay, we analyse the trade effect of a private voluntary sustainability standard. This is especially relevant in the cocoa sector because large chocolate manufacturers have committed themselves to only using certified cocoa beans and some governments want to increase the share of certified cocoa products consumed in their countries. Thus, sustainability standards become quasi-mandatory for cocoa producers to ensure market access. It is important to understand whether these standards are trade-facilitating or trade-impeding. Therefore, we use a unique dataset that contains the UTZ Certified cocoa production quantity of cocoa-producing countries from 2010 to 2016. We estimate a gravity model to analyse the effect of the share of UTZ Certified cocoa production quantity in a country on the trade volume of raw cocoa beans, cocoa powder, cocoa paste and cocoa butter. Our results show that UTZ certification only enhances bilateral exports of cocoa beans and paste, while it reduces exports of cocoa butter and has mixed effects on cocoa powder exports. In our second essay, we place the focus on another private voluntary sustainability standard - Rainforest Alliance Certified - and include data on coffee and cocoa. This allows us to analyse the direct trade effect of Rainforest Alliance Certified on the two most important crops of this certification scheme and the indirect trade effect through the interplay with public standards, namely Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs). MRLs are regulated at the international level by Codex Alimentarius, although national regulations can deviate from it. Most countries that set their own national standards are located in the Global North and they set stricter MRLs as suggested by Codex Alimentarius or add regulations on further pesticides. Since many cocoa- or coffee-producing countries do not have the institutional capacity to tighten their MRLs, certification to a private standard such as Rainforest Alliance Certified could be a means to bridge the occurring regulatory distance. This private standard is a good example because it refers to different regional and national legislations on MRLs. An extended gravity model of trade is used to empirically analyse the interplay of a voluntary sustainability standard and the relative stringency of public MRLs set by trading partners. Our results show that while increasing regulatory heterogeneity hinders bilateral trade, certification according to a private voluntary sustainability standard can partially moderate the trade-inhibiting effect of public standards. This effect is only significant at the intensive margin of certification (share of certified crop area) but not at the extensive margin of certification (turning from no certification to having at least one farmer certified). In our third essay, we analyse the determinants of the extensive and intensive margin of certification in more detail. Here, we focus on another popular private agri-food standard: Global G.A.P. Compliance with this food safety standard has become a key requirement for farmers to access high-value global markets. Nonetheless, the global spread of certification is highly uneven among countries. We assess the drivers and dynamics behind these unequal patterns, applying panel data regressions. The findings show that global agricultural trade networks and urbanisation remain relevant, but are no longer sufficient in explaining certification. Fostering a favourable business environment – via providing secure land tenure and a functioning judicial system – as well as investing in transportation and information infrastructure may facilitate farmers' participation in certification schemes. Stringency of existing public regulations in non-EU countries is helpful for overcoming entry barriers. ; 2022-03-03

Many of the modern-day tourist destinations found on the Manabi coast started life as important fishing communities, as testified by the archaeology and history of the region. This article examines the evolution of the hotel sector in Pedernales and its transformation into a popular tourist destination. The study uses a quantitative approach with a projective scope, based on data collected using the Microsoft Forms online survey creator. The total study population comprises 81 hotel establishments, of which 20 agreed to answer the questionnaire. The results show numerous shortcomings in the process of tourism and hotel development in Pedernales, and that the sector has been hit hard by the pandemic, with little support from the Ministry for Tourism or regional government (GAD). However, positive results are also reported, such as the implementation of new GAD biosafety protocols across the city's hotels. The study concludes by recommending cooperation between private companies and the public sector to make a combined effort to encourage tourists to return to Pedernales. ; Históricamente las cronistas de la conquista mediante relatos y dibujos muestran como muchos de los destinos turísticos de la costa manabita, han sido importantes comunidades de pescadores artesanales, además los vestigios arqueológicos de culturas como la Jama-Coaque y Manteña lo corroboran. En ese sentido, la presente investigación hace un breve análisis del proceso de evolución hotelera que ha vivido Pedernales para convertirse en un destino turístico. En lo metodológico, el trabajo posee un enfoque cuantitativo con alcance proyectivo. Para la recolección de información se hizo uso de la técnica de la encuesta por medio de un cuestionario online desarrollado en Forms. La población de estudio la integran 81 establecimientos hoteleros, de los cuales 20 accedieron a responder el cuestionario voluntariamente. Los resultados dejan al expuesto que el proceso de transformación que ha vivido Pedernales en cuánto al desarrollo turístico y hotelero no ha sido el mejor, así mismo, las afectaciones que ha tenido que afrontar el sector por causa de la pandemia han sido muy graves, sumado al muy poco apoyo por parte del MINTUR y el GAD. No obstante, se observan también resultados positivos, es el caso de la obtención de la certificación del GAD municipal que los califica como establecimientos autorizados y que cumplen con las normas de bioseguridad. Se concluye expresando que para el cumplimiento de las estrategias es necesario un trabajo conjunto entre empresas privadas y el sector público, de tal forma que se ahonden esfuerzos y así recuperar la confianza del turista por visitar Pedernales. ; Históricamente as cronistas das conquistas mediante relatos e debuxos mostran como moitos dos destinos turísticos da costa manabita, foron importantes comunidades de pescadores artesanais, ademáis os vestixios arqueolóxicos de culturas como a Jama-Coaque e Manteña corrobórano. En este sentido, a presente investigación fai unha breve análise do proceso da evolución hotelera que viviu Pedernales para convertirse nun destino turístico. No metodolóxico, o traballo posúe un enfoque cuantitativo con alcance proxectivo. Para a recolección de información fíxose uso da técnica da enquisa por medio dun cuestionario online desenvolto en Forms. A poboación de estudo intégrana 81 establecementos hoteleros, dos que 20 accederon a responder o cuestionario voluntariamente. Os resultados expoñen que o proceso de transformación que viviu Pedernales en canto a desenvolvemento turístico e hotelero non foi o mellor, así mesmo, as afeccións que tivo que afrontar o sector por mor da pandemio foron moi graves, sumado ó mou pouco apoio por parte do MINTUR e do GAD. Non obstante, tamén se observan resultados positivos, é o caso da obtención da certificación do GAD municipal que califica como establecementos autorizados e que cumpren cas normas de bioseguridade. Conclúese exprensando que para o cumprimento das estratexias é necesario un traballo conxunto entre as empresas privadas e o sector público, de tal forma que se combinen esforzos e así recuperar a confianza do turista por visitar Pedernales.

Background: Greater understanding of international cancer survival differences is needed. We aimed to identify predictors and consequences of cancer diagnosis through emergency presentation in different international jurisdictions in six high-income countries. Methods: Using a federated analysis model, in this cross-sectional population-based study, we analysed cancer registration and linked hospital admissions data from 14 jurisdictions in six countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK), including patients with primary diagnosis of invasive oesophageal, stomach, colon, rectal, liver, pancreatic, lung, or ovarian cancer during study periods from Jan 1, 2012, to Dec 31, 2017. Data were collected on cancer site, age group, sex, year of diagnosis, and stage at diagnosis. Emergency presentation was defined as diagnosis of cancer within 30 days after an emergency hospital admission. Using logistic regression, we examined variables associated with emergency presentation and associations between emergency presentation and short-term mortality. We meta-analysed estimates across jurisdictions and explored jurisdiction-level associations between cancer survival and the percentage of patients diagnosed as emergencies. Findings: In 857 068 patients across 14 jurisdictions, considering all of the eight cancer sites together, the percentage of diagnoses through emergency presentation ranged from 24·0% (9165 of 38 212 patients) to 42·5% (12 238 of 28 794 patients). There was consistently large variation in the percentage of emergency presentations by cancer site across jurisdictions. Pancreatic cancer diagnoses had the highest percentage of emergency presentations on average overall (46·1% [30 972 of 67 173 patients]), with the jurisdictional range being 34·1% (1083 of 3172 patients) to 60·4% (1317 of 2182 patients). Rectal cancer had the lowest percentage of emergency presentations on average overall (12·1% [10 051 of 83 325 patients]), with a jurisdictional range of 9·1% (403 of 4438 patients) to 19·8% (643 of 3247 patients). Across the jurisdictions, older age (ie, 75–84 years and 85 years or older, compared with younger patients) and advanced stage at diagnosis compared with non-advanced stage were consistently associated with increased emergency presentation risk, with the percentage of emergency presentations being highest in the oldest age group (85 years or older) for 110 (98%) of 112 jurisdiction-cancer site strata, and in the most advanced (distant spread) stage category for 98 (97%) of 101 jurisdiction-cancer site strata with available information. Across the jurisdictions, and despite heterogeneity in association size (I2=93%), emergency presenters consistently had substantially greater risk of 12-month mortality than non-emergency presenters (odds ratio >1·9 for 112 [100%] of 112 jurisdiction-cancer site strata, with the minimum lower bound of the related 95% CIs being 1·26). There were negative associations between jurisdiction-level percentage of emergency presentations and jurisdiction-level 1-year survival for colon, stomach, lung, liver, pancreatic, and ovarian cancer, with a 10% increase in percentage of emergency presentations in a jurisdiction being associated with a decrease in 1-year net survival of between 2·5% (95% CI 0·28–4·7) and 7·0% (1·2–13·0). Interpretation: Internationally, notable proportions of patients with cancer are diagnosed through emergency presentation. Specific types of cancer, older age, and advanced stage at diagnosis are consistently associated with an increased risk of emergency presentation, which strongly predicts worse prognosis and probably contributes to international differences in cancer survival. Monitoring emergency presentations, and identifying and acting on contributing behavioural and health-care factors, is a global priority for cancer control. Funding: Canadian Partnership Against Cancer; Cancer Council Victoria; Cancer Institute New South Wales; Cancer Research UK; Danish Cancer Society; National Cancer Registry Ireland; The Cancer Society of New Zealand; National Health Service England; Norwegian Cancer Society; Public Health Agency Northern Ireland, on behalf of the Northern Ireland Cancer Registry; the Scottish Government; Western Australia Department of Health; and Wales Cancer Network.

U radu se donosi presjek izvora (epigrafičkih, diplomatičkih, narativnih, kartografskih) i kritički pogled u historiografiju za srednjovjekovni i ranonovovjekovni Beram, koji u kontekstu hrvatskoga glagoljaštva zauzima iznimno važno mjesto. Iako je riječ o ruralnome području s pojedinim urbanim elementima – jedan je od kaštela Pazinske knežije sa statusom gradića (Stätl) te župa Porečke biskupije – to mjesto baštini povijesnoumjetničke i glagoljične spomenike iznimne važnosti. U prvome su to redu hrvatskoglagoljični rukopisi Prvi i Drugi beramski misal te Prvi i Drugi beramski brevijar (danas svi u Narodnoj in univerzitetnoj knjižnici u Ljubljani, Slovenija) te župna crkva sv. Martina, izvorno srednjovjekovno zdanje, o čemu svjedoči glagoljični natpis iz 1431., i gotička crkva sv. Marije na Škrilinah sa zidnim slikama (freskama) koje je 1474. slikao majstor Vincent iz Kastva (lat. Vincentius de Castua). Te su freske jedan od najvrjednijih radova domaće istarske srednjovjekovne umjetnosti. Poseban će se naglasak staviti na izvore (osobito na neobjavljene zapisnike vizitacija porečkih biskupa tijekom 17. i 18. stoljeća) i historiografiju u pogledu proučavanja Berma i njegove spomeničke te rukopisne baštine s pokušajem davanja odgovora na jedno od ključnih pitanja: kakve su bile političke i crkvene, društveno-gospodarske, a napose kulturne prilike u Bermu u promatranome razdoblju kao preduvjet za razumijevanje mjesta čuvanja i mogućega nastanka pojedinih glagoljičnih rukopisa koji se povezuju s tamošnjom župom. ; Beram is a settlement in central Istria (Croatia) that has existed since the early Middle Ages. Its predominantly Slavic-Croatian character has been verified very early in archival records and documents, as well as in its Glagolitic cultural features. Beram (Vermo in Italian, Verm in German) holds an important place in the study of Mediaeval Istria and Croatian Glagolitism. Though it is a rural area with some urban elements (it was one of the castles of Pazin County, and had e.g. 148 hearths in 1578, with the status of a minor city [Ger. Stätl]), this settlement boasts historical and artistic monuments and a Glagolitic heritage of exceptional importance. Primarily, these consist of Croatian Glagolitic manuscripts (the 15th-century First and Second Missal of Beram and the First and Second Beram Breviary, held at the National and University Library in Ljubljana, Slovenia); the present day parish church of St. Martin, originally from 1431; and the Gothic church of St. Mary on Škrilinah with frescoes painted in 1474 by master Vincent of Kastav (Lat. Vincentius de Castua). These frescoes are among the most valuable works of local Istrian Mediaeval art. In the early modern period (16th to 18th century), Beram was host to both dramatic wartime conflicts (1615-1618) and an attempt at spiritual regeneration by means of Catholic restoration. It is a place that was divided in terms of government during the period under study. While administratively belonging to the Habsburg Monarchy, spiritual authority was exercised by a Venetian subject holding the office of bishop of Poreč. This fact will represent an important obstacle in the spiritual development of both this and other micro-locations in Istria. The paper analyses the cultural, social, and religious circumstances of Beram throughout a period stretching from the Middle Ages to the early modern period. The paper is also based on the existing historiographic literature and an unpublished 17th-century record of pastoral visitations. Special emphasis is placed on the historical perspective of the study of Beram and its sacral and manuscript heritage from the Middle Ages to the early modern period; an interdisciplinary approach to future research and appreciation of this historical region is suggested. A review of published works related to the history of the Catholic Church in Istria is also provided, noting that an overview of the Istrian Church's history in the 16th and 17th centuries has yet to be produced. Details are also provided concerning archival materials from the period found in depositories such as the Diocesan Archives in Poreč, the Diocesan Archives of Trieste, and the Vatican Apostolic Archive, as well as in local parish archives and registers, which were mainly written in Glagolitic. The authors will seek to guide scholars to this rich vein of sources as a basis for future research.

Context. High-resolution observations of the solar photosphere reveal the presence of fine structures, in particular the so-called Magnetic Bright Points (MBPs), which are small-scale features associated with strong magnetic field regions of the order of kilogauss (kG). It is especially relevant to study these magnetic elements, which are extensively detected in all moments during the solar cycle, in order to establish their contribution to the behavior of the solar atmosphere, and ultimately a plausible role within the coronal heating problem. Aims. Characterisation of size and velocity distributions of MBPs in the solar photosphere in two different datasets of quiet Sun images acquired with high-resolution solar instruments i.e. Solar Optical Telescope SOT/Hinode and the High-resolution Fast Imager HiFI/GREGOR, in the G-band (4308 Å). Methods. In order to detect the MBPs, an automatic segmentation and identification algorithm is used. Next, the identified features were tracked to measure their proper motions. Finally, a statistical analysis of hundreds of MBPs is carried out, generating histograms for areas, diameters and horizontal velocities. Results. This work establishes that areas and diameters of MBPs display log-normal distributions that are well-fitted by two different components, whereas the velocity vector components follow Gaussians and the vector magnitude a Rayleigh distribution revealing again for all vector elements a two component composition. Conclusions. The results can be interpreted as due to the presence of two different populations of MBPs in the solar photosphere one likely related to stronger network magnetic flux elements and the other one to weaker intranetwork flux elemens. In particular this work concludes on the effect of the different spatial resolution of GREGOR and Hinode telescopes, affecting detections and average values. © ESO 2022. ; Part of this work was supported by Austrian FWF – Der Wissenschaftsfonds project number P27800 as well as the German Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG project number Ts 17/2–1. SVD acknowledges support by the Beyond Research Program between University of Graz and Universidad Nacional de Colombia. SJGM acknowledges the support of grants PGC2018-095832-B-I00 (MCIU) and ERC-2017-CoG771310-PI2FA (European Research Council). PG acknowledges the support of the project VEGA 2/0048/20. P.Z. acknowledges support from the Stefan Schwarz fund for postdoctoral researchers awarded by the Slovak Academy of Sciences. This research data leading to the results obtained has been supported by SOLARNET project that has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 824135. The 1.5-meter GREGOR solar telescope was built by a German consortium under the leadership of the Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics in Freiburg with the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam, the Institute for Astrophysics Göttingen, and the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Göttingen as partners, and with contributions by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias and the Astronomical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. The authors are grateful for the possibility to use Hinode data. Hinode is a Japanese mission developed and launched by ISAS/JAXA, collaborating with NAOJ as a domestic partner, NASA and UKSA as international partners. Scientific operation of the Hinode mission is conducted by the Hinode science team organized at ISAS/JAXA. This team mainly consists of scientists from institutes in the partner countries. Support for the post-launch operation is provided by JAXA and NAOJ (Japan), UKSA (UK), NASA, ESA, and NSC (Norway). We would like to express our gratitude to the anonymous referee for all the valuable comments that helped us you improve the presentation of the results and ideas highlighted in this work. ; With funding from the Spanish government through the Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence accreditation SEV-2017-0709. ; Peer reviewed

The 2021 presidential elections constituted a turning point in the Peruvian's recent history. In a contextof sociosanitary crisis and impugnments to the political system, the Bicentenary Elections evidenced theprofound social fragmentation and polarization between the representatives of the neoliberal project andthose who promote a reformist alternative. In particular, the presidential campaign for the second round between the right-wing candidate Keiko Fujimori and the left-wing candidate Pedro Castillo configured a propitious scenario for the instrumentalization of the "teruqueo". This strategy, used by the dominant elites in the post-conflict period to discredit any person, act or group that constitutes a threat to the established order, was reconfigured at this juncture to avoid a potential victory for the Serrano candidate, constructing him as a terrorist threat that would put democracy at risk. Through critical discourse analysis, we analyse which were the discursive resources used by the dominant elites to delegitimize the left-wing adversary, using for this the messages issued in the presidential debates, the graphic campaign pro Fujimori and her government plan and the public speeches from right-wing representatives. As main conclusions, it is observed that the three most used strategies were: 1. the negativization of the leftist candidate through his construction as a terrorist enemy; 2. the presentation of the right-wing candidate as the protector of democracy and freedom against the communist threat; 3. and the appeal to the social memory of the internal armed conflict that fueled the fear of the return of terrorism. We maintain that these strategies managed to frame the media treatment of the presidential campaign as a confrontation between "us" the defenders of democracy and "them" the promoters of the communist dictatorship due to the persistence of socio-historical elements that systematically emerge in Peru in contexts of sociopolitical crisis. ; Las elecciones presidenciales de 2021 constituyeron un punto de inflexión en la historia reciente de Perú. En un contexto de crisis sociosanitaria e impugnaciones al sistema político, las Elecciones del Bicentenario evidenciaron la profunda fragmentación social y la polarización entre los representantes del proyecto neoliberal y aquellos que promueven una alternativa reformista. En particular, la campaña presidencial para la segunda vuelta entre la candidata de derecha Keiko Fujimori y el candidato de izquierda Pedro Castillo configuró un escenario propicio para la instrumentalización del "teruqueo". Esta estrategia, empleada por las élites dominantes en el período posconflicto para desprestigiar a cualquier persona, acto o colectivo que constituya una amenaza al orden establecido, se reconfiguró en esta coyuntura para evitar un potencial triunfo del candidato serrano, construyéndolo como una amenaza terrorista que pondría en riesgo la democracia. A través del Análisis Crítico del Discurso, se analiza cuáles fueron los recursos discursivos utilizados por las élites dominantes para deslegitimar al adversario de izquierda, utilizando para ello los mensajes emitidos en los debates presidenciales, el plan de gobierno de Keiko Fujimori y la "campaña anticomunista" que sostuvieron los principales sectores de derecha en los principales medios de comunicación nacionales e internacionales. Como principales conclusiones, se observa que las tres estrategias más utilizadas fueron: 1. la negativización del candidato de izquierda mediante su construcción como un enemigo terrorista; 2. la presentación de la candidata de derecha como la protectora de la democracia y la libertad frente a la amenaza comunista; 3. y la apelación a la memoria social sobre el conflicto armado interno que avivó el miedo al retorno del terrorismo. Sostenemos que estas estrategias lograron encuadrar el tratamiento mediático de la campaña presidencial como un enfrentamiento entre "nosotros" los defensores de la democracia y "ellos" los impulsores de la dictadura comunista debido a la persistencia de elementos sociohistóricos que emergen sistemáticamente en Perú en contextos de crisis sociopolítica.

Since the first case in Indonesia, the government has directly handled it by implementing Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB) from March 2020 to May 2020. In it, it is regulated to limit activities and stop mass activities. One of them is the city of Banjarmasin due to the highest number of cases in Banjarmasin 70 percent of the Covid-19 cases are in the city of Banjarmasin, making the city of Banjarmasin a red zone which has a very significant impact on all sectors. As the city center, the city of Banjarmasin makes the industrial, trade, service and tourism sectors the mainstay of the economy. Of course, this sector requires a large number of people, so this sector is greatly affected by the social distancing regulations. Since the onset of COVID-19, economic growth in Gudang Hirang Village has experienced a very significant decline. If more and more households lose their jobs, the more households will lose their income, which will have an impact on household consumption. When household income decreases, household consumption also decreases. One of the problems we encountered was mainly in terms of the economy. Very minimal income by relying on agricultural products causes the local economy to be less stable, so that the use of agricultural products, namely rice, to improve skills and the economic value of rice is increasing. By making preparations of rice soap and green tea leaf extract, the community becomes innovative by utilizing natural ingredients in the village to improve the economy of the people of Gudang Hirang Village RT 05. Together with representatives of residents who have previously received education on the efficacy of the ingredients used to make liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract which can treat itching. Making liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract to improve the economy and overcome skin itching was seen to be useful for cadres because they could understand and be able to participate in making liquid soap, which can be seen from the results of the questionnaire before and after the training on making liquid soap from rice and green tea leaf extract. The increase in the success percentage of the program was from 20.8% to 91.30% Sejak kasus pertama di Indonesia, pemerintah langsung melakukan penanganan dengan menerapkan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) dari Maret 2020 hingga Mei 2020. Didalamnya diatur agar pembatasan aktivitas dan dihentikan kegiatan yang bersifat massal. Salah satunya kota Banjarmasin akibat jumlah kasus terbanyak di Banjarmasin 70 persen dari kasus covid-19 berada di kota Banjarmasin, membuat kota Banjarmasin menjadi zona merah yang berdampak sangat signifikan kepada semua sektor. Sebagai pusat kota, kota Banjarmasin menjadikan sektor industri, perdagangan, jasa dan pariwisata sebagai andalan perekonomian. Tentunya, sektor ini yang terdampak akibat adanya peraturan social distancing. Semenjak adanya covid-19, pertumbuhan ekonomi di Desa Gudang Hirang mengalami penurunan yang sangat signifikan. Semakin banyak rumah tangga kehilangan pekerjaan, maka maka semakin banyak kehilangan pendapatan sehingga berdampak kepada konsumsi rumah tangga. Konsumsi rumah tangga juga ikut menurun. Salah satu permasalahan yang kami dapati terutama dalam hal perekonomian. Pendapatan yang sangat minim dengan mengandalkan hasil pertanian menyebabkan perekonomian masyarakat daerah kurang stabil, sehingga pemanfaatan bahan hasil pertanian yaitu beras untuk meningkatkan keterampilan dan nilai ekonomi menjadi semakin naik. Dengan membuat sediaan sabun beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau masyarakat menjadi inovatif dengan memanfaatkan bahan alam yang ada di desa untuk meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat Desa Gudang Hirang RT 05. Bersama perwakilan warga yang sebelumnya sudah mendapatkan edukasi khasiat dari bahan yang digunakan untuk pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau yang dapat mengatasi gatal-gatal. Pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau untuk meningkatkan perekonomian dan mengatasi penyakit gatal-gatal pada kulit terlihat kebermanfaatannya oleh kader karena dapat memahami dan mampu ikut serta dalam pembuatan sabun cair tersebut, yang dapat dilihat dari hasil kuesioner sebelum dan sesudah diadakannya pelatihan pembuatan sabun cair dari beras dan ekstrak daun teh hijau. Kenaikan persentase keberhasilan dari program tersebut adalah dari 20,8% menjadi 91,30%.

This article explores the political communication of José Mujica during his presidency (2010-2015) in Uruguay and seeks to answer why, contrary to what happened with the others governments of the "Left-turn" in South America, he managed to participate in the mainstream national media in ways that he found beneficial. The work, which arises from an extensive investigation that includes interviews with 32 key actors of the relationship between media and politics in Uruguay, indicates that two main issues converged for this. First of all, the configuration of the Uruguayan media system. Both because of the strong relative weight of the State regarding media companies and because of the "journalism of declaration", which considers that its main task is to obtain the statements of the actors of institutional and party politics. This allows the president to define several conditions of his media appearances. Secondly, Mujica's artisanal handling of political communication, characterized by his direct and atypical style and his audience success, but also by a prior relationship of trust with four political journalists who worked in conservative media. It was a relationship of mutual convenience that allowed the president to reach an audience that he considered strategic and that allowed journalists to get scoops and distinguish themselves within their field. ; Este artículo explora la comunicación política de José Mujica durante su presidencia (2010-2015) en Uruguay y busca responder por qué, a contramano de lo que sucedió con los gobiernos del llamado "giro a la izquierda" sudamericanos, logró participar en los grandes medios comerciales de maneras que le resultaron beneficiosas. El trabajo, que surge de una investigación extensa que incluye entrevistas con 32 actores clave de los vínculos entre medios y política en Uruguay, señala que para ello confluyeron dos cuestiones principales. La primera, la configuración del sistema mediático nacional uruguayo. Tanto por el peso relativo fuerte del Estado ante las empresas mediáticas como por el periodismo de declaración, que considera que su tarea principal es obtener las declaraciones de la política institucional y partidaria. Eso permite que el presidente defina varias de las condiciones de sus apariciones mediáticas. La segunda cuestión fue el manejo artesanal de la comunicación política que hizo Mujica, caracterizada por su estilo directo y atípico y su éxito de audiencias, pero también por una relación previa de confianza con algunos periodistas políticos que trabajaban en medios de línea editorial conservadora: una relación de mutua conveniencia que permitió al presidente llegar a un público que consideraba estratégico y que a los periodistas les permitió conseguir primicias y distinguirse. ; Este artigo explora a comunicação política de JoséMujica no período em que esteve na presidência doUruguai (2010-2015) e busca responder porque, ao contrário do que passou com os governos da chamada "virada à esquerda" sul-americana, conseguiu aparecer na grande mídia comercial de forma benéfica para seu governo. Este trabalho, que se origina de uma extensa pesquisa que inclui entrevistas com 32 atores-chave nos vínculos entre mídia e política no Uruguai, destaca que para isso confluíram questões principais. Em primeiro lugar, a configuração do sistema midiático uruguaio. Tanto pelo peso relativamente forte do Estado frente às empresas midiáticas e pelo jornalismo declaratório, que considera que sua tarefa principal é obter as declarações da política institucional e partidária. Isso permite que o presidente defina várias das condições de suas aparições midiáticas. Em segundo lugar, o manejo artesanal que Mujica fez da comunicação política, caracterizada por seu estilo direto e atípico e seu êxito de audiências, mas também por uma relação prévia de confiança com quatro jornalistas políticos que trabalham em mídias de linha editorial conservadora: uma relação de mútua conveniência que permitiu ao presidente chegar a um público que considerava estratégico e aos jornalistas permitiu obter furos e distinção.

Group-III nitride materials, gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN) and indium nitride (InN) have direct band gaps with band gap energies ranging from the infrared (InN) to the ultraviolet (GaN) and to the deep ultraviolet (AlN) wavelengths and covering the entire spectral range from 0.7 eV to 6.2 eV upon alloying. The invention of the GaN-based blue LEDs, for which the Nobel prize in Physics was awarded in 2014, has opened up avenues for exploration of IIINitride material and device technologies and has inspired generations of researchers in the semiconductor field. Group-III nitrides have also been demonstrated to be among the most promising semiconductors for next generation of efficient high-power, high-temperature and high-frequency electronic devices. The need to build a sustainable and efficient energy system motivates the development of vertical GaN transistors and diodes for applications with power ratings of 50-150 kW, e.g., in electric vehicles and industrial inverters. The key is to grow GaN layers with low concentration of defects (impurities and dislocations), which enables an expansion in both voltage and current ratings and reduction of cost. Despite intense investigations and impressive advances in the field, defects are still a major problem hindering exploiting the full potential of GaN in power electronics. This Licentiate thesis focuses on the development of two different epitaxial approaches in MOCVD for reducing dislocation densities in GaN with controlled doping for power device applications: i) growth of planar GaN layers trough NWs reformation, which can be further exploited as templates for a subsequent growth of thick drift layers and ii) homoepitaxial GaN growth. Special attention is put on understanding homoepitaxial growth under different nucleation schemes and thermal stability of GaN. We have established conditions in homoepitaxy to deliver state-of-the-art GaN material with low impurity levels combined with a reasonable growth rate suitable for growth of thick drift layers. The results are summarized in two papers: In Paper I we investigate GaN layers with different thicknesses on reformed GaN NW templates and highlight this approach as an alternative to the expensive GaN HVPE substrates. The sapphire used as a substrate limits to some extent the reduction of threading dislocations, however, the resulting GaN material presents smooth surfaces and thermal conductivity close to the bulk value, which suggests the potential of this approach to be integrated in GaN development as an active material for power devices on various substrates. In Paper II extensive study of homoepitaxial GaN growth by hot-wall MOCVD is presented together with results on the thermal stability of GaN under typical conditions used in our growth reactor. Understanding the evolution of GaN surface under different gas compositions and temperatures allows us to predict optimum homoepitaxial conditions. Analysis in the framework of Ga supersaturation of epilayers simultaneously grown on GaN templates and on GaN HVPE substrates reveals that residual strain and screw dislocation densities affect GaN nucleation and growth and lead to distinctively different morphologies on GaN templates and native substrates, respectively. The established comprehensive picture provides guidance for designing strategies for growth conditions optimization in homoepitaxy. We demonstrate homoepitaxial GaN-on-GaN grown under optimum growth conditions with state-of-the-art smooth surface with an rms value of 0.021 nm and an average TDD of 1.4·106 cm-2 which provide good basis for augmenting power device structures.Future work will be focused on GaN NWs reformation on different substrates, p- and n-type doping of homoepitaxial GaN with impurity control and the fabrication of pn power diode device structures for further processing and assessment by C3NiT partners. ; Funding agencies: The Swedish Research Council (VR) under Grant No. 2016-00889, The Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) under the Competence Center Program, Grant No. 2016-05190, The Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linköping University, Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU No.2009-00971, The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), under Grant No. EM16-0024