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Includes bibliographical references. ; This research investigates the role of horizontal cooperation in the adaptive management of regional socio-ecological systems (SESs). Horizontal cooperation refers to the collaborative, non-hierarchical interactions of actors across sectors, modes of governance and spatial scales. It can allow diverse actors to deal with the complexity and uncertainties that characterize SESs and to co-produce public benefits. The research question is, When does horizontal cooperation contribute to adaptive management in complex governance arrangements? The Berg River catchment in South Africa serves as a case study to analyze such complex systems. The empirical focus is on the operational level which is responsible for maintaining key functions of the water resources in the SES. A formal social network analysis is employed to describe and analyze the management of the Berg River catchment. The analysis focuses on (i) cohesion and (ii) heterogeneity, which are two network characteristics that affect learning and collective action in actor networks. Horizontal cooperation is further investigated by examining selected collective action initiatives with the help of Ostrom's eight design principles (1990). Constraints affecting collective action and the capacity to self-organize are identified, and the robustness of the governance arrangements arising from horizontal cooperation is evaluated. The study finds that the behavior of actors towards each other and the SES is influenced by incentives provided by informal network structures, market mechanisms and bureaucratic hierarchies. Hence, modes of governance intersect at the operational level and consequently influence the nature of horizontal cooperation. While the quality of the management of the SES is largely determined by the patterns of interactions among the actors that manage the SES, these interactions are influenced by other institutional and organizational structures in which they are embedded. Unexpectedly, market mode incentives stimulate collective action in the Berg catchment and accentuate the need for addressing degrading water quality. Informal relations and emerging inter-organizational platforms matter for learning and for providing opportunities for collective action. Yet, the incentives (or lack thereof) created through hierarchical steering of the South African water governance system by the national government department are often counterproductive. That is, so far the self-organizing efforts at sub-catchment level could not be transformed into functioning governance arrangements because of constraints imposed by the hierarchical mode. The study confirms that self-organization and collective action that arise from horizontal cooperation are important for the adaptive management of regional SESs.

This paper presents a survey experiment in South Africa that focuses on the role of mobilization for demand for redistribution. Previous literature has found that providing information on inequality raises concerns about inequality but need not lead to a change in tax preferences. We argue that mobilization might provide the missing link between information and political behavior regarding demand for redistribution. We operationalize mobilization from an individual perspective as the belief that a decrease in inequality is feasible. If this belief is absent, information about inequality might simply increase the pessimism of respondents and remain inconsequential for policy preferences. We test this idea with a survey experiment in two townships of Cape Town, which includes one pure information and two mobilization treatments. The first mobilization treatment informs respondents about the (much lower inequality) in neighboring countries. The second provides elite support for redistribution via video messages of South African leaders. Consistent with previous literature, we find that pure information on inequality increases concern for inequality but has no effects on tax preferences. Mobilization treatments, in contrast, shake the belief that a decrease in inequality is feasible and consequently lead to a change in tax preferences. While the mechanism regarding information on lower inequality in neighboring countries is as expected, the one for the videos is puzzling: videos make people believe that inequality is more, instead of less, inevitable, and this leads to lower tax preferences. We conjecture that this is due to a lack of credibility of the leaders considered which makes viewers more pessimistic and has a demobilizing effect. An important innovation of the survey experiment is action outcomes where respondents are offered to send an SMS or sign a petition to disseminate their tax preferences. ; Miquel Pellicer: GIGA Hamburg and SALDRU, University of Cape Town Patrizio Piraino: School of Economics and SALDRU, University of Cape Town Eva Wegner: GIGA Hamburg and SALDRU, University of Cape Town. Corresponding Author: eva.wegner@ giga-hamburg.de. We would like to acknowledge the funding of the EU's Seventh Framework Programme through the "NOPOOR - Enhancing knowledge for renewed policies against poverty" project. We would also like to thank the participants at the 2014 Toronto Political BehaviourWorkshop, of the panel on redistribution at the EPSA Annual Meeting (2014), and at the UNU-WIDER conference on \Inequality measurement, trends, impacts, and policies" for helpful comments. We would also like to thank Jan Schenk for his feedback on our questionnaire and treatment design throughout this project.

Las tecnologías digitales ofrecen nuevas oportunidades para el aprendizaje en una sociedad cada vez más conectada, en la cual aprender a trabajar con otros y colaborar se convierte en una competencia trascendental. El texto presenta resultados de una investigación sobre concepciones y prácticas del profesorado en ejercicio acerca de las metodologías de aprendizaje colaborativo mediadas por las tecnologías de la comunicación (TIC), en centros de enseñanza de Educación Primaria y Secundaria. En el artículo se analizan los datos referidos a las aportaciones de las TIC para llevar a cabo procesos de trabajo colaborativo en el aula, desde el punto de vista de los docentes de los centros acreditados con alto nivel TIC por la Junta de Castilla y León. También se expondrán las limitaciones que imponen estas herramientas, así como las concepciones docentes sobre las estrategias de aprendizaje colaborativo. La metodología se basa en el análisis de contenido de entrevistas realizadas a equipos docentes de una muestra representativa de centros educativos. Los resultados apuntan que en estos centros los docentes atribuyen a las TIC una alta potencialidad para enriquecer las actividades de trabajo colaborativo entre los estudiantes y conseguir el desarrollo de competencias transversales de gran relevancia, aunque son conscientes de las dificultades a las que tanto alumnos como profesores se enfrentan en la práctica educativa. ; Digital technologies offer new opportunities for learning in an increasingly connected society, in which learning to work with others and collaborate has become an extremely important skill. This article presents the results of a research study into the conceptions and practices of working teachers regarding collaborative learning methodologies mediated by information and communication technologies (ICT) in Elementary and Secondary Education schools. We analyze data concerning ICT contributions to collaborative work processes in the classroom, from the point of view of teachers at schools accredited with a high level of ICT by the Regional Government of Castile and Leon. We furthermore take into account the limitations of these tools, as well as teachers' conceptions of collaborative learning strategies. The methodology is based on the content analysis of interviews of teachers from a representative sample of schools. The results indicate that teachers think that ICT have great potential for enhancing collaborative activities among students and for developing highly relevant generic skills, although they are also aware of the difficulties that both students and teachers face in educational practice.

This work presents preliminary research on a low-cost meteorological station for measuring in situ Essential Climate Variables (ECV): solar irradiance, surface water vapour, surface air temperature, land surface wind speed/direction, and precipitation. Important benefits can be obtained from these data: 1) optimization of irrigation systems and water input into the crops, leading to a breakthrough in agriculture in countries lacking meteorological infrastructure; 2) improvement of climate change monitoring. Availability of time series of satellite, airborne and in situ observation data, covering at least several decades, is necessary to validate climate models, which provide essential information for supporting decision-making processes relating to climate change. The proposed station could bridge some of the existing gaps in acquisition of ECV data, and would allow for calibration and validation of satellite data and derived products. While in situ measurements are essential, Earth Observation satellites are the only realistic means to obtain the necessary global coverage. With well-calibrated space-based measurements thanks to data provided by the proposed station, space-based sensors would become a key tool for climate monitoring. 3) Availability of land surface wind speed/direction data measured during extended periods of time is essential for installation/optimization of wind turbines and for construction of an aerodrome runway in a given location. Thus, the proposed station could facilitate the diffusion of wind energy. The users of the proposed station would be governments, public administrations and institutions, public and private companies, NGOs, farmers, and transnational or intergovernmental organizations. Summarizing, widespread implementation of the proposed station in areas lacking meteorological infrastructure would bring more well-being to large groups of people, and foster a more sustainable development. The objective of this work is to present a pre-feasibility analysis of the proposed station, and to report a preliminary research on the best shelter design using computational fluid dynamics software. The criterion is the accuracy with which the surface air temperature is reproduced inside the shelter in extreme temperature and solar radiation conditions, with almost no wind and with moderately strong wind. A design based on recommendations by the World Meteorological Organization and a smaller design with identical geometry were analysed. Since the performance of the latter was better, two alternative designs of similar size were studied, all in three different materials (PVC, rubber and wood), with and without white paint coating. Shelters made of PVC or rubber instead of wood, and/or in alternative designs, are probably more interesting if other criteria are taken into account. ; Peer Reviewed ; Postprint (published version)

Il sistema comune europeo dell'imposta sul valore aggiunto privilegia caratteri e finalità economiche nel definire chi siano gli operatori economici soggetti all'IVA. Una disciplina particolare è, tuttavia, prevista per i soggetti di diritto pubblico che, oltre alla principale attività istituzionale, esercitano un'attività di carattere economico. Ai sensi dell'articolo 13 della Direttiva del 28 novembre 2006, 2006/112/CE, gli Stati, le Regioni, le Province, i Comuni e gli altri enti di diritto pubblico, in relazione alle attività ed operazioni che essi effettuano in quanto pubbliche autorità, non sono considerati soggetti passivi IVA anche se in relazione ad esse percepiscono diritti, canoni, contributi o retribuzioni. La vigente disciplina europea delle attività economiche esercitate dagli enti pubblici, oltre che inadeguata al contesto economico attuale, rischia di diventare un fattore che influenza negativamente l'efficacia del modello impositivo dell'IVA e l'agire degli enti pubblici. La tesi propone un modello alternativo che prevede l'inversione dell'impostazione attuale della Direttiva IVA al fine di considerare, di regola, soggetti passivi IVA gli organismi pubblici che svolgono - ancorché nella veste di pubblica autorità - attività oggettivamente economiche. ; As you all Know, the European VAT current system emphasizes the economic aspects to define who the traders subject to VAT are. In other words, the carrying out of an economic activity (sale of goods or supply of services) represents the main aspect to identify a taxable person. Certainly this is important to ensure the neutrality of taxation. A particular discipline, however, is provided for public entities. Public entities shall not be regarded as taxable persons in respect of the activities or transactions in which they are engaged as public authorities. The scope of the VAT system is still substantially limited due to the exclusion of the activities carried out by states, regional and local government authorities and other bodies governed by public law. In today economic context the public body is acting more often in connection with the market. There is thus, an evolution in the sense of the role played by public entities. The wide range of activities currently carried out by public bodies and the different modes of pursuit doesn't make valid Directive criteria. Should proceed to the reversal of the current approach of the VAT Directive and, therefore, to consider, as a rule, taxable persons who perform public bodies - albeit in the guise of a public authority - economic activity objectively .

Este libro, elaborado a partir de ponencias y comunicaciones seleccionadas del I Congreso Internacional de la Sociedad Digital: oportunidades y riesgos para menores y jóvenes, se divide en dos partes diferenciadas pero evidentemente muy interrelacionadas. La primera corresponde a trabajos referidos a las oportunidades y riesgos de Internet, en muchos casos con una visión más amplia englobada en la Sociedad de la Información y la Comunicación y sus tecnologías (la SIC y las TICs) en todo lo que afecta, positivo y negativo, a nuestros menores y jóvenes. En la segunda parte los trabajos se centran ya sobre un área más concreta, e igualmente apasionante e interesantísima desde el punto de vista jurídico, social, educativo, filosófico, sociológico, antropológico, económico-empresarial, etc., como es la relativa a los menores y jóvenes en el amplio mundo de las redes sociales del mundo digital. Sendas partes se subdividen a su vez en dos apartados, uno dedicado a "estudios" más profundos, y otro que tiene como fin apuntar cuestiones e investigaciones más concretas e incipientes, que hemos denominado "crónicas de investigación", que no dejan por ello de ser aportaciones igualmente enjundiosas, innovadoras y valiosas. Este libro sin duda, crea importantes redes, sinergias y conocimiento en red, y sobre la red, a través de un proyecto y una evento académicos (el proyecto de investigación y el congreso mencionados, que se están desarrollando aprovechando gran parte de las enormes posibilidades que en el ámbito científico universitario y no universitario nos ofrecen el entorno de la SIC, las TIC y sus redes. Se quiere poner el acento en los aspectos positivos de las TIC , aunque sin olvidar su cara más oscura, los riesgos que comporta para muchos derechos (clásicos y mucho más reciente), y las vulneraciones de los mismos que se producen en el entorno digital. Una de las perspectivas más innovadoras que aporta al obra es la que se sumerge de lleno en los aspectos sociales y educativos de la sociedad digital y en la maximización de sus potencialidades y aspectos positivos: su uso en el ámbito educativo, su contribución a la profundización en la democracia, el Estado del bienestar y la participación ciudadana a todos los niveles, al crecimiento y desarrollo integral de la persona, al tercer sector y la cooperación al desarrollo, al empleo y al emprendimiento. ; P11-SEJ-8163 Proyecto de Excelencia de la Junta de Andalucía

Biography is booming. William Shakespeare, Samuel Pepys, Steve Jobs and Billy Conolly, for example, have all been the subject of recent biographies that have sold and earned millions. General biographies, such as The Hare with Amber Eyes have sold over 400,000 copies, as have Celebrity biographies and autobiographies. While political biographies may not reach these dizzy heights, they remain popular, as is evidenced by John Campbell on Margaret Thatcher, Robert Caro on Lyndon Johnson, Katherine Frank's Indira: The life of Indira Nehru Gandhi, Roy Jenkins on Churchill, Ben Pimlot on Harold Wilson and the Queen, and by the diaries of Harold Macmillan, Richard Crossman, Tony Benn and Chris Mullin (amongst others). Artists of diverse sorts, philosophers, historians and even economists have all attracted a steady stream of admirable biographies, from Bagehot and Beveridge to Warhol and Wittgenstein. At first blush, the contrast with legal biography (other than in the United States) could not be more striking. Under this optic, a few pearls glitter in the mud, such as Nichola Lacey on HLA Hart and R. Gwynedd Parry on David Hughes Parry (UK); Charles Herbert Curry on Sir Francis Forbes, the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New South Wales and Leonie Star on Julius Stone (Australia); and Philip Girard on Bora Laskin and David Ricardo Williams on Chief Justice Sir Lyman Poore Duff (Canada). However, many have been written by unabashed admirers, based on inadequate or undisclosed sources, and published by small obscure presses where they rapidly, and perhaps deservedly, fell out of print. According to this view, the history of legal biography is largely one of failure. It is principally a manifestation of the conservative tradition of legal history and legal scholarship. In this paper, I problematize the notion that the history of legal biography is largely a story of failure and conservatism. Some of the key methodological and theoretical perspectives underlying legal and other forms of biography are described and analysed. I point to long-standing and recent work that embodies visions of biography that suggest ways of expanding the repertoire of legal biography and socio-legal scholarship, and which provide important insights into "what does legal biography add?" My comments derive, in part, from the oral history of English legal education and scholarship that I commenced in 1986, and whose interviewees include LCB (Jim) Gower, HLA Hart, Tony Honore, Peter Stein and William Twining.

Following formal independence in 1964, and substituting the earlier disputes of the 'language Question' between the 'pro-Italian' and 'pro-English political camps – that were also divided on constitutional matters and on the ties which were to be taken with Britain – came the position of the Maltese government on economic development, external trade and foreign relations which formed the major issue of contention. With the 'Small Islands' or 'Micro-States' paradigm in mind, strategies of socio-economic development have been assessed by authors employing conventional economic models in terms of internal factors specific to this 'particular' kind of geography. Research has focused on the relationship with, and the impact of, the changes in the local demographic, social and political environment. Economists have sought to conceptualize and measure local economic resilience – for example – solely in terms of 'appropriate policy interventions:' referring to 'inherent vulnerability' of small states while discussing 'resilience' and 'resilience building' as a 'result of some deliberate policy.' There is a dearth of research that provides adequate attention –in both descriptive and normative senses – to the bearing of the 'structure' on the 'internal economic sovereignty,' defined in International Political Economy [IPE] terms as the 'room or space to manoeuvre in interactions with large international actors,' or the interaction between the 'unit' or 'nation-state' level-of-analysis, and the systemic or 'international' level-of-analysis – a cornerstone in International Relations [IR] and various IPE theories. Thus, what appears as 'under-development' is actually the 'agent-structure' problem, viewed from a holistic approach, understood as part of a complex system (rather than the sum of its parts), in a standard IPE approach – which constitutes the central problematic in this paper. This paper does not claim to capture all the important readings available in IPE on economic autonomy, economic independence or state capacity to pursue goals that are 'not simply reflective of the demands or interests of the overlying external factors.' IPE draws on several distinct schools of thought that include history, political science, economics, sociology and cultural studies, with acceptable epistemologies but flexible boundaries that are debatable.8 It shall limit itself to shedding in some meaningful way more light on the rationale in IPE for the configuration of some of the key economic and foreign policies of the Maltese governments, by means of two interpretative case studies. It relies on information from relevant literature, available primary documents, diplomatic communiqués, and semi-structured interviews with the elite conducted by the author in Valletta. ; peer-reviewed

Mestrado em Finanças ; O objetivo deste estudo é a extracção e análise da estrutura temporal da curva de Yield Spread no contexto das Obrigações de Tesouro emitidas por Portugal entre Janeiro 2004 e Junho de 2014, período no qual Portugal enfrentava uma crise de liquidez e de dívida. Para a extracção da curva de Yield Spread utilizamos o disjoint method. Este método requer uma curva teoricamente sem risco e uma curva com risco: como curva sem risco utilizamos a curva estimada pelo ECB e a curva com risco é estimada pelo modelo de Nelson-Siegel (1987). Dada a importância do papel da previsão no conhecimento da evolução da estrutura temporal, o objetivo secundário deste projeto é a previsão da curva das yields através da previsão dos parâmetros do modelo de Nelson-Siegel (1987) utilizando como o modelo de referência o processo passeio aleatório com deriva e como modelos competidores os AR(1) e VAR(1). Os resultados incluem a análise empírica da curva de yield spread das Obrigações de Tesouro de Portugal e, relativamente à previsão da curva das yields, concluímos que o AR(1) e VAR(1) produzem resultados ligeiramente melhores que o modelo de referência e que esses resultados melhoram à medida que o horizonte temporal da previsão aumenta. ; This study aims to fit and analyze the behaviour of the Yield Spread curve in the context of Portugal Government Bonds, covering a period of January 2004 through June 2014, when Portugal faced a liquidity and debt crisis. In order to extract the Yield Spread curve, we use a disjoint method. This method requires as an input both a defaultable and non-defaultable term structure: we use the default-free curve estimated by the ECB and the defaultable term structure is estimated by the Nelson-Siegel model (1987). Due to the important role that forecasting plays in understanding how term structure evolves, the secondary objective of this work is to forecast the yield curve by predicting the parameters of Nelson-Siegel model (1987) using the Random Walk with drift as the benchmark model and the AR(1) and the VAR(1) model as competitors models. The results include the empirical analysis of Portuguese Government yield spread curve and, concerning the yield curve forecasting, we conclude that AR(1) and VAR(1) slightly outperformed the benchmark model and these models performance improves as the forecasting time horizon increases.

The aim of the paper is to present a comparative analysis of the diffusion of ?flexible contractual arrangements' (FCA) across the European Union (EU). The homonymous FCA Composite Indicator (CI) is calculated for all 200 NUTS II-level regions of France, Germany, the UK, Denmark, Sweden, Belgium, Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Bulgaria and Romania. The CI is calculated for 2005, 2008 and 2011 to present a clear picture of causal effects leading up to, and arising from, the 2008 financial crisis and ensuing recession. A total of eight (8) sub-indicators, grouped into three (3) distinct pillars, are synthesized into the common FCA CI. The novelty of the study lies on that is the first research attempt that accounts for a regional FCA CI by critically re-appraising existent methodology. The findings, and the cluster and outlier analysis performed on them, depict that the crisis had more intense consequences in certain regions than in others, and thus its effects upon regional labour markets were spatially uneven. As discussed in the paper, such an unevenness runs along, and cuts across, a variety of scales, namely the global, the EU and the intra-EU ones. All regions that are at the top of the FCA CI ranking, namely all Greek and more than half of the Spanish, Portuguese, Bulgarian and Romanian regions, are socio-spatial entities that lack advanced economic and social or welfare structures while at the same time facing important pressures from international and EU competitors. The paper stresses that the search for less rigidity and enhanced employability in labour markets, observed in the official policies of EU and national authorities since mid-1990s or so, reflects an agenda for re-regulating employment protection and security norms according to new accumulation priorities. Indeed, different flexibilizing mechanisms, related to increasing global competition and de-stabilized modes of social reproduction across the EU, and within its regions, are seen to have reinforced each other many years before the current crisis occurred. These trends seem to exacerbate in the post-2008 period leading poor forms of atypical work and high flexibilization to prevail, especially in the less privileged Southern and Eastern EU regions. Based on the FCA CI findings, the paper ends by arguing that CIs analysis may prove to be useful when not considered as a goal per se; rather, it should be seen as a first step towards in-depth and focused research, and the triggering of discussion on issues of social action and political intervention.

Disparities across regions and provinces are on the agenda of both developed and developing countries. Differences in terms of development and income between regions are becoming more important policy challenge particularly in developing countries. As a developing country, inter-regional disparities are seen intensively at east-west direction in Turkey. In recent years with the process of harmonization with the European Union policies, inter-regional disparities problem and regional development policy issues came to the fore in Turkey. In this paper, Diyarbakir-Sanliurfa region, located in Southeast Anatolia, the largest region with respect to population identified as regional growth poles by Ministry of Development, is discussed in the framework of regional economic development and competitiveness. Diyarbakir-Sanliurfa Region is the seventh largest region in Turkey according to population, but socio-economic development rank of the region is 23 between 26 NUTS 2 regions in Turkey. According to economic base model, local economy shapes regions' size and welfare level. "Information about an area's future population is incomplete without a parallel understanding of the local economy that largely shapes its future.' (Klosterman, 1990) In this context, the aim of this paper is two-fold. First is to analyze the regional economy of Diyarbakir-Sanliurfa using the economic base approach to identify main sources of regional economic growth and the driving forces of the local economy. Second is to identify competitiveness of the region by comparing the regional economy with the national economic growth. As method of the study; in order to determine the basic and leading sectors of regional economy, location quotient technique was used. Then shift-share analysis was used to examine competitiveness of the region and to see economic projection of region. Finally findings and results of the two analyses were compared. The findings showed that the region has a rapidly growing economy depend on "agriculture", "construction", "mining", "transportation and storage" and "human health" sectors and also for manufacturing industry "food products", "textiles", "non-metallic products" and "wood products" are basic sub-manufacturing sectors. But results of shift-share analysis showed that regional economy offers competitive advantages especially in "agriculture", "transportation and storage", "trade and wholesale" and sub-service sectors related to "urbanization economies" and "tourism" sector. Although the region has some basic/exporter manufacturing sectors increasing their concentration, the regional economy have low competitiveness for attracting investment in manufacturing. Therefore, in this period many of the manufacturing industry investments have shifted to other more competitive regions.

The aim of this work is to discuss the results of a comparative study of demobilization and social reintegration of Brazilian and American veterans of World War II. . In spite of the obvious difference in scale of the two military experiences, I argue that the study of the two experiences can offer new insights into lights on various common issues to both countries: the relationship between the societies and their armed forces, between the governments and their citizens, social and racial inequalities and, finally, the experiences of building welfare state structures during the war and postwar periods. Based on international studies of demobilization and social integration war veterans, the variables that were decisive for the success or failure of adaptation were: a) past experiences in the reintegration of war veterans; b) the nature and consequences of recruitment of future veterans; c) planning by the State and the Armed Forces of procedures for post-bellum demobilization and reintegration; d) the implementation of demobilization and the effects within the military institution and in civil society. ; O objetivo deste artigo é discutir os resultados de um estudo comparativo dos veteranos brasileiros e americanos da Segunda Guerra Mundial, com respeito à sua desmobilização e reintegração social. Apesar das óbvias diferenças entre as experiências da participação na guerra entre Estados Unidos e Brasil, defendo que o estudo dessas duas maneiras de lidar com os problemas de desmobilização e reinserção dos combatentes pode oferecer novas luzes sobre vários problemas comuns a ambos os países: a relação entre as sociedades e as forças armadas, as relações entre o governo federal e os seus cidadãos, a desigualdade social e racial e, por último mas não menos importante, as experiências de construção de estruturas de Estado de Bem Estar na guerra e pós-guerra. Baseada em estudos internacionais sobre processos lidando com a desmobilização e integração social dos ex-combatentes da guerra, essa pesquisa atual selecionou as variáveis que foram decisivas para o sucesso ou o fracasso de tal uma adaptação em tempo de paz: a) experiências anteriores de reinserção dos veteranos de guerra; b) a natureza e as consequências do recrutamento para os futuros ex-combatentes; c) o planejamento do Estado e das forças armadas dos processos de desmobilização e reintegração no pós-guerra; d) a implementação de desmobilização e os impactos no seio da instituição militar e da sociedade civil causados pela reintegração de ex-combatentes à vida social e profissional.

International audience ; Sortir sans diplôme du système éducatif, c'est aujourd'hui être grandement exposé au chômageet au sous-emploi en début de vie active. En période de crise, ce phénomène est encore accentué.Qui plus est, l'analyse des cheminements professionnels sur longue période montre que le désavantagesur le marché du travail des jeunes non diplômés perdure bien au-delà de la période d'insertion.Même si une partie d'entre eux acquiert de façon différée une qualification, au final, leur destinéeprofessionnelle est largement marquée par l'insécurité de l'emploi ou/et des emplois de mauvaisequalité.Dès lors, quitter le système scolaire (collège, lycée général, lycée professionnel ou centre de formationpour apprentis) sans avoir acquis au moins un diplôme de niveau V apparaît bel et bien comme unrisque socio-économique. La réduction de ce que les pouvoirs publics ont désigné par le terme de« décrochage scolaire » est devenue aujourd'hui une des priorités affichées dans la politique éducative.Est-il besoin de rappeler que chaque année ce risque se concrétise encore pour un jeune sur six ?En privilégiant une entrée par le territoire, cet ouvrage apporte un éclairage original sur ce risque,que l'on sait très inégal selon le milieu d'origine et les conditions de vie. Alors que de nombreusesanalyses nationales sur le décrochage accordent une place très modeste à la dimension territoriale,cet atlas nous rappelle à sa façon que le territoire joue un rôle important dans la reproductionsociale. La ségrégation spatiale dans les agglomérations urbaines, de même qu'entre territoiresruraux et territoires urbains, sont en elles-mêmes génératrices d'inégalités sociales et de ce fait,d'inégalités scolaires. La correspondance entre la géographie du décrochage scolaire et celle d'unensemble de facteurs socioéconomiques est donc au centre de cet atlas.Dans le sillage d'une étude nationale menée pour le fonds d'expérimentation pour la jeunesse etpubliée par le Céreq en 2012, c'est à l'échelle de chaque académie que nous descendons ici. Et lesauteurs nous invitent à une lecture en termes de « risques sociaux territorialisés » à ce niveaulà.Car le territoire n'est pas seulement le vecteur potentiel d'inégalités. Il est aussi le support del'action publique. Autour de chaque établissement scolaire, les acteurs publics sont ainsi face à unpublic socialement différencié. Cet ouvrage constitue une invitation à réfléchir sur les actions àentreprendre localement.Que les auteurs, tenants de la géographie sociale, soient remerciés pour ce précieux outil de travail.Catherine MOISANDirectrice de la DEPPAlberto LOPEZ,Directeur du Céreq

В данной статье рассматриваются основные этапы складывания идеологии иранского общества эпохи Ахеменидской державы: 1) генезис идеологических представлений иранских племен; 2) эволюция идеологии иранского общества в период становления государственных традиций Ахеменидов; 3) изменение идеологии иранского общества при поздних Ахеменидах. Между данными периодами существует тесная диалектическая связь, преемственность идей в развитии. Одновременно они выступают и в роли условных этапов развития идеологических представлений, так как их внутреннее содержание формировалось под воздействием конкретно-исторической обстановки.The study of the history of any civilization is impossible without understanding of the ideological concepts of the society, which are reflected in the form of political, religious, ethical, aesthetic and philosophical views, as well as the formation of unconscious "hereditary information", rooted in the prehistoric era. Modern international relations around the Caspian should all the more consider history of the formation and evolution of the ideology of Iran, which is the largest political center of the region. It stresses the relevance and scientific importance of that topic. The subject of study is the genesis and evolution of the ideology of the Iranian society (the population of Iranian-speaking regions of the Achaemenid empire). Methodological basis of the study consists of the following methods: retrospective, historical, cultural, philosophical, comparative historical, social and psychological. Ideology of Iranian society was evolving for a long time. In this article, I show preconditions of the genesis of Iranian society ideology dates back to the time of the Indo-Aryans migration in Iran, as well as the time of formation and consolidation of individual states such as Mann or Median kingdom. The lack of a common ideology of the Iranian society can be understood as a main peculiarity of that period. In the Achaemenid period (VI-IV centuries BC) changes in the social structure of society and the process of formation of cultural and state traditions can be observed. A combination of traditions and novations allowed Achaemenids to create the first and the largest multi-ethnic empire of the ancient world. Becoming a world power, the Achaemenid state has played an important role in the Middle East. Tolerant and friendly attitude to the cultural traditions of dozens of nations and tribes created favorable conditions for the flourishing of international trade and the development of cultural contacts between peoples of different countries. By virtue of its fair and humanistic principles Achaemenid Empire for two hundred years managed to maintain their power over a vast area.

El arte de los medios goza de una larga y fértil historia que ha generado innumerables prácticas artísticas de gran calidad así como no pocos estudios teóricos e históricos sobre las diferentes tendencias, creadores, o sobre las diferentes zonas geográficas que han intervenido e intervienen en la construcción de su pasado y su presente (Wilson,2001; Paul, 2003; Daniels, 2004, 2005; Popper, 2007; Grau, 2007; Alsina, 2007; Shanken 2009). No obstante las própias características y el componente experimental inherente a este conjunto de prácticas también ha aportado importantes preguntas relativas a la transformación de la naturaleza de los procesos que el arte de los medios introduce en las formas tradicionales de habérselas con el arte y el mundo del arte. El propósito de este artículo es incidir específicamente en aquellos procesos vinculados a la construcción de archivos y documentación, así como tambien a la propia conservación del arte de los medios, a través de un análisis de la problemática de la materialidad y la agencia en las prácticas artísticas . La perspectiva que adoptaremos no se limitará a la discusión técnica de las diferentes soluciones a las problemáticas planteadas por las mismas prácticas sino más bien a la problematización del problema mismo desde la perspectiva de la arqueología de los medios (Kittler, 1997; Ernst 2005; Zielinski, 2006; Huhtamo, Parikka, 2011); y el conjunto de reflexiones vinculadas al denominado nuevo materialismo (Delanda, 2000; Barad, 2003; Law, 2007; Coole, 2010). ; Media Art practices have a long and fertile history of artworks, projects and theoretical reflection that raised fresh perspectives in the connection between art and other disciplines, as well as the relation between art with life, society or political commitment. At the same time, media art projects made use of different methodologies that challenge the "how to do" of the whole contemporary art world. In this broad fluctuating context for arts, the present article focuses on documentation, preservation and archival processes. In order to analyse and problematise the issue of (media) art duration and transmission, we use as a vehicle the notions of agency and materiality. These multifaceted concepts (i.e. agency and materiality) will be approached using the Media Archaeology perspective (Kittler, 1997; Ernst 2005; Zielinski, 2006; Huhtamo, Parikka, 2011) combined with references encountered in the so-called New Materialism turn (Delanda, 2000; Barad, 2003; Law, 2007; Coole, 2010).