Suchergebnisse

For its restoration and functioning in the western regions of Ukraine, Stalin's regime used various means of ideological-propaganda «processing» of the population. In contemporary conditions of Ukraine, which suffers a military-political aggression and powerful information war from the Russian Federation, it is important to analyze the mechanisms of distribution of antinational and antistate propaganda in the historical plane within the borders of concrete regions in order to develop effective ways of its counteraction.The period of the restoration of the Soviet system in this territory embraces 1944 – 1945. The local authorities considered to restore the party's activity and state structures as their priority, in order to organize a large-scale political work and to intensify ideological pressure in all spheres of life. The information and propaganda storm should, first of all, prove the impossibility of any successful resistance to the regime, discredit liberation movement, and «to tear off the majority of the population from the influence of the Ukrainian and German nationalists».The cadres from other regions of Ukraine and the USSR were to become the system's support in «the region infected with nationalism» and to carry «the communistic ideology into the masses». Important ideological-propaganda tasks had to be carried out by the party, Komsomol, and trade-union organization which were created at all the enterprises and establishments of Drohobych region. Communists and Komsomol members, as the most conscious citizens, should carry the basic burden of social-political and public-organizational works. For preparation and retraining of cadres for ideological-propaganda work at the republican and regional levels, a system of party educational institutions started to be formed. The press and radio provided the system's information support. The theatre, cinema, and radio also had to become important ideological tools.Carrying out the educational policy of the party, state education structures created conditions of obligatory attendance of all children and teenagers, boys and girls, and could from early age absorb communist ideas. It was realized in various ways, like adopting the law on education for all, accurately outlined and sustained in the spirit of communist moral curriculums, constant expansion of the network of teaching and educational establishments, attraction of children and studying youth to the pioneer and Komsomol organizations, various actions of out-of-class influence on pupils.It is proved that for restoration of a totalitarian regime in the western regions of Ukraine, suppressing of the national-liberation movement, destruction of the Ukrainian national idea and traditions, the Soviet system applied all possible means. A great attention was drawn to propaganda-ideological methods. A whole branched system of ideological-propaganda influence in all strata and groups of the population, including universities, was created. Mass media, evident propaganda, education, culture, attributes of the Soviet way of life were the tools of the Soviet propaganda. However, considering small efficiency of ideological influences on the population of Drohobych region, forceful methods became dominating in overcoming of the resistance to the Soviet regime. ; Сталінський режим для свого відновлення та функціонування в західних областях України використовував різноманітні засоби ідеологічно-пропагандистської «обробки» населення. В умовах, коли наша держава зазнала військово-політичної агресії з боку Російськлої Федерації, потужної інформаційної війни, важливо проаналізувати механізми поширення антинаціональної і антидержавницької пропаганди в історичному розрізі у межах конкретних регіонів, щоб виробити ефективні шляхи її протидії.Метою статті є висвітлення змісту та заходів ідеологічно-пропагандистської політики радянської системи в західних областях України у процесі відновлення радянського режиму в краї на основі матеріалів Дрогобицької області.1944 – 1945 роки це період відновлення радянської системи в краї. Першочерговими завданнями влади на місцях було відновити діяльність партійних й державних органів, які мали проводити широкомасштабну політичну роботу, розгорнути ідеологічний наступ на всі сфери життя. Інформаційно-пропагандистський штурм мав насамперед довести неможливість успішного спротиву режимові, дискредитувати визвольний рух, «відірвати основну масу населення з-під впливу українських-німецьких націоналістів».Політична недовіра до місцевих була однією з причин того, що керівні органи формувалися винятково з присланих кадрів, які вводилися до номенклатури області. Приїжджі з інших регіонів України та СРСР мали стати опорою системи в «зараженому націоналізмом регіоні», нести в «маси» комуністичну ідеологію. Виконувати важливі ідеологічно-пропагандистські завданння мали партійні, комсомольські, профспілкові організації, які створювалися на всіх підприємствах і установах Дрогобицької області. Комуністи та комсомольці, як найбільш свідомі, мали нести основний тягар суспільно-політичної та громадсько-організаційної роботи на місцях, здійснювати ідеологічну обробку населення з ключових для влади питань. Для підготовки та перепідготовки кадрів для ідеологічно-пропагандистської роботи на рівні республіки і областей почала формуватися система партійних освітніх закладів. Основні функції управління агітацією і пропагандою мав відділ пропаганди та агітації при ЦК КП(б)У, а також відповідні структурні підрозділи у компартійних комітетах різних рівнів. Для масового ідеологічного впливу на населення була розроблена ціла система суспільно-політичних заходів. Найбільш поширеною їх формою були лекції. Систематично проводилися мітинги, збори, наради, семінари, бесіди. Основним завданням ідеологічно-пропагандистської політики радянської влади було охопити максимально усі групи тодішнього населення. Особливе значення для партійно-радянського керівництва мала робота серед інтелігенції. Жінок, молоді.Пропагування комуністичних ідей, забезпечення підтримки політики радянської влади в регіоні, організації ідеологічно-політичної боротьби проти ОУН і УПА здійснювали центральні та місцеві засоби масової інформації. Преса, радіо забезпечували інформаційний супровід системи. Важливими ідеологічними інструментами мали стати кіно, театр, радіо.Здійснюючи освітньо-виховну політику партії, державні органи освіти створювали умови для того, щоб усі діти, підлітки, юнаки і дівчата відвідували школу, а отже, щоб усі вони з раннього віку проймалися партійно-комуністичними ідеями. Це реалізовувалося різноманітними шляхами: впровадженням закону про всеобуч, чітко окресленими і витриманими в дусі комуністичної ідейності навчальними програмами, постійним розширенням мережі навчально-виховних закладів, залученням дітей та учнівської молоді до піонерських і комсомольських організацій, різноманітними заходами позакласного впливу на учнів.Доведено, що для відновлення тоталітарного режиму в західних областях України, подолання національно-визвольного руху, знищення української національної ідеї, національних традицій, радянська система застосовувала усі можливі чинники. Велика увага приділялася пропагандистсько-ідеологічним методам. Була створена розгалужена система ідеологічно-пропагандистського впливу у на всі верстви та групи населення. Інструментами радянської пропаганди були засоби масової інформації, наочна агітація, освіта, культура, атрибути радянського способу життя. З огляду на малу ефективність ідеологічних впливів на населення Дрогобицької області, насильницькі методи стали панівними у подоланні спротиву радянському режимові.

Adapting sectors to new conditions under climate change requires an understanding of regional vulnerabilities. Conceptually, vulnerability is defined as a function of sensitivity and exposure, which determine climate impacts, and adaptive capacity of a system. Vulnerability assessments for quantifying these components have become a key tool within the climate change field. However, there is a disagreement on how to make the concept operational in studies from a scientific perspective. This conflict leads to many still unsolved challenges, especially regarding the quantification and aggregation of the components and their suitable level of complexity. This thesis therefore aims at advancing the scientific foundation of such studies by translating the concept of vulnerability into a systematic assessment structure. This includes all components and implies that for each considered impact (e.g. flash floods) a clear sensitive entity is defined (e.g. settlements) and related to a direction of change for a specific climatic stimulus (e.g. increasing impact due to increasing days with heavy precipitation). Regarding the challenging aggregation procedure, two alternative methods allowing a cross-sectoral overview are introduced and their advantages and disadvantages discussed. This assessment structure is subsequently exemplified for municipalities of the German state North Rhine-Westphalia via an indicator-based deductive approach using information from literature. It can be transferred also to other regions. As for many relevant sectors, suitable indicators to express the vulnerability components are lacking, new quantification methods are developed and applied in this thesis, for example for the forestry and health sector. A lack of empirical data on relevant thresholds is evident, for example which climatic changes would cause significant impacts. Consequently, the multi-sectoral study could only provide relative measures for each municipality, in relation to the region. To fill this gap, an exemplary sectoral study was carried out on windthrow impacts in forests to provide an absolute quantification of the present and future impact. This is achieved by formulating an empirical relation between the forest characteristics and damage based on data from a past storm event. The resulting measure indicating the sensitivity is then combined with wind conditions. Multi-sectoral vulnerability assessments require considerable resources, which often hinders the implementation. Thus, in a next step, the potential for reducing the complexity is explored. To predict forest fire occurrence, numerous meteorological indices are available, spanning over a range of complexity. Comparing their performance, the single variable relative humidity outperforms complex indicators for most German states in explaining the monthly fire pattern. This is the case albeit it is itself an input factor in most indices. Thus, this meteorological factor alone is well suited to evaluate forest fire danger in many Germany regions and allows a resource-efficient assessment. Similarly, the complexity of methods is assessed regarding the application of the ecohydrological model SWIM to the German region of Brandenburg. The inter-annual soil moisture levels simulated by this model can only poorly be represented by simpler statistical approach using the same input data. However, on a decadal time horizon, the statistical approach shows a good performance and a strong dominance of the soil characteristic field capacity. This points to a possibility to reduce the input factors for predicting long-term averages, but the results are restricted by a lack of empirical data on soil water for validation. The presented assessments of vulnerability and its components have shown that they are still a challenging scientific undertaking. Following the applied terminology, many problems arise when implementing it for regional studies. Advances in addressing shortcomings of previous studies have been made by constructing a new systematic structure for characterizing and aggregating vulnerability components. For this, multiple approaches were presented, but they have specific advantages and disadvantages, which should also be carefully considered in future studies. There is a potential to simplify some methods, but more systematic assessments on this are needed. Overall, this thesis strengthened the use of vulnerability assessments as a tool to support adaptation by enhancing their scientific basis. ; Die Anpassung von Sektoren an veränderte klimatische Bedingungen erfordert ein Verständnis von regionalen Vulnerabilitäten. Vulnerabilität ist als Funktion von Sensitivität und Exposition, welche potentielle Auswirkungen des Klimawandels darstellen, und der Anpassungsfähigkeit von Systemen definiert. Vulnerabilitätsstudien, die diese Komponenten quantifizieren, sind zu einem wichtigen Werkzeug in der Klimawissenschaft geworden. Allerdings besteht von der wissenschaftlichen Perspektive aus gesehen Uneinigkeit darüber, wie diese Definition in Studien umgesetzt werden soll. Ausdiesem Konflikt ergeben sich viele Herausforderungen, vor allem bezüglich der Quantifizierung und Aggregierung der einzelnen Komponenten und deren angemessenen Komplexitätsniveaus. Die vorliegende Dissertation hat daher zum Ziel die Anwendbarkeit des Vulnerabilitätskonzepts voranzubringen, indem es in eine systematische Struktur übersetzt wird. Dies beinhaltet alle Komponenten und schlägt für jede Klimaauswirkung (z.B. Sturzfluten) eine Beschreibung des vulnerablen Systems vor (z.B. Siedlungen), welches direkt mit einer bestimmten Richtung eines relevanten klimatischen Stimulus in Verbindung gebracht wird (z.B. stärkere Auswirkungen bei Zunahme der Starkregentage). Bezüglich der herausfordernden Prozedur der Aggregierung werden zwei alternative Methoden, die einen sektorübergreifenden Überblick ermöglichen, vorgestellt und deren Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert. Anschließend wird die entwickelte Struktur einer Vulnerabilitätsstudie mittels eines indikatorbasierten und deduktiven Ansatzes beispielhaft für Gemeinden in Nordrhein-Westfalen in Deutschland angewandt. Eine Übertragbarkeit auf andere Regionen ist dennoch möglich. Die Quantifizierung für die Gemeinden stützt sich dabei auf Informationen aus der Literatur. Da für viele Sektoren keine geeigneten Indikatoren vorhanden waren, werden in dieser Arbeit neue Indikatoren entwickelt und angewandt, beispielsweise für den Forst- oder Gesundheitssektor. Allerdings stellen fehlende empirische Daten bezüglich relevanter Schwellenwerte eine Lücke dar, beispielsweise welche Stärke von Klimaänderungen eine signifikante Auswirkung hervorruft. Dies führt dazu, dass die Studie nur relative Aussagen zum Grad der Vulnerabilität jeder Gemeinde im Vergleich zum Rest des Bundeslandes machen kann. Um diese Lücke zu füllen, wird für den Forstsektor beispielhaft die heutige und zukünftige Sturmwurfgefahr von Wäldern berechnet. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Eigenschaften der Wälder mit empirischen Schadensdaten eines vergangenen Sturmereignisses in Verbindung gebracht. Der sich daraus ergebende Sensitivitätswert wird anschließend mit den Windverhältnissen verknüpft. Sektorübergreifende Vulnerabilitätsstudien erfordern beträchtliche Ressourcen, was oft deren Anwendbarkeit erschwert. In einem nächsten Schritt wird daher das Potential einer Vereinfachung der Komplexität anhand zweier sektoraler Beispiele untersucht. Um das Auftreten von Waldbränden vorherzusagen, stehen zahlreiche meteorologische Indices zur Verfügung, welche eine Spannbreite unterschiedlicher Komplexitäten aufweisen. Bezüglich der Anzahl monatlicher Waldbrände weist die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit für die meisten deutschen Bundesländer eine bessere Vorhersagekraft als komplexere Indices auf. Dies ist er Fall, obgleich sie selbst als Eingangsvariable für die komplexeren Indices verwendet wird. Mit Hilfe dieses einzelnen meteorologischen Faktors kann also die Waldbrandgefahr in deutschen Region ausreichend genau ausgedrückt werden, was die Ressourceneffizienz von Studien erhöht. Die Methodenkomplexität wird auf ähnliche Weise hinsichtlich der Anwendung des ökohydrologischen Modells SWIM für die Region Brandenburg untersucht. Die interannuellen Bodenwasserwerte, welche durch dieses Modell simuliert werden, können nur unzureichend durch ein einfacheres statistisches Modell, welches auf denselben Eingangsdaten aufbaut, abgebildet werden. Innerhalb eines Zeithorizonts von Jahrzehnten, kann der statistische Ansatz jedoch das Bodenwasser zufriedenstellend abbilden und zeigt eine Dominanz der Bodeneigenschaft Feldkapazität. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass die Komplexität im Hinblick auf die Anzahl der Eingangsvariablen für langfristige Berechnungen reduziert werden kann. Allerdings sind die Aussagen durch fehlende beobachtete Bodenwasserwerte zur Validierung beschränkt. Die vorliegenden Studien zur Vulnerabilität und ihren Komponenten haben gezeigt, dass eine Anwendung noch immer wissenschaftlich herausfordernd ist. Folgt man der hier verwendeten Vulnerabilitätsdefinition, treten zahlreiche Probleme bei der Implementierung in regionalen Studien auf. Mit dieser Dissertation wurden Fortschritte bezüglich der aufgezeigten Lücken bisheriger Studien erzielt, indem eine systematische Struktur für die Beschreibung und Aggregierung von Vulnerabilitätskomponenten erarbeitet wurde. Hierfür wurden mehrere Ansätze diskutiert, die jedoch Vor- und Nachteile besitzen. Diese sollten vor der Anwendung von zukünftigen Studien daher ebenfalls sorgfältig abgewogen werden. Darüber hinaus hat sich gezeigt, dass ein Potential besteht einige Ansätze zu vereinfachen, jedoch sind hierfür weitere Untersuchungen nötig. Insgesamt konnte die Dissertation die Anwendung von Vulnerabilitätsstudien als Werkzeug zur Unterstützung von Anpassungsmaßnahmen stärken.

To meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) set by European legislation, most studies have focused on assessing the quality of industrial and treated wastewater discharges. Limited information is available regarding priority substances in stormwater. Stormwater may be discharged untreated into rivers and thus have an impact on the aquatic ecosystem. So, this work focused on the pollution of stormwater in urbanized watersheds with different gradient of urbanization, from residential to dense urban then a comparison with wastewaters was undertaken. This evaluation resulted in the establishment of a list of 88 urban pollutants to be followed in assessing the quality of urban water. Then, an analysis methodology, called "screening" has been developed. It allows measurement of urban pollutants in the particulate and dissolved forms. A concept often absent in the literature but of great importance for managers of sewerage and sewage treatment plants. This work has enabled: - A detailed urban pollution characterisation (wastewater from separate and combined sewers systems (n = 8), stormwater from separate sewer (n = 20), combined sewers deposits (n = 2) and atmospheric deposition (n = 5)), by studying the occurrence, the distribution between dissolved/ particulate fractions, the pollution loads on particles (mg/kg. dw), the event mean concentrations (Rg/L) and the flow (g/ha active) of the 88 urban pollutants; - A comparison of the stormwater pollution by priority pollutants at the outlet of three watersheds having different land use pattern; - An assessment of the atmospheric deposition contribution to the stormwater pollution on a residential suburb watershed; - The estimate of the dangerousness of stormwater using a simplified approach for assessment of their impact on the receiving environment with or without treatment of the particulate phase; - An innovative analytical comparison, for the 88 pollutants, done on the same sample by a certified COFRAC laboratory, between the classical procedure (carried out on bulk sample analysis) and our screening methodology (carried out on both the dissolved and the particulate fractions). Our results highlight the problem of urban water pollution by 66 chemicals out of 88. Stormwater is contaminated by 12 priority substances and 8 priority hazardous substances of the WFD and 35 other urban pollutants. Pollution is mainly particulate for PAHs, PCBs, organotins and metals, while pollution is distributed between both phases for phthalates, pesticides and alkylphenols. Runoff is the main contributor to pollution at the outlet of storm sewer. The pollutants generated by urban areas are comparable regardless of the land use except for pesticides on the residential site and VOC on the dense urban site, where they are the more abundant. The direct discharge of stormwater requires, for certain substances, a dilution of 10 to 1000 with the receiving waters to meet environmental quality standards. For wastewater, pollutants are in majority, conveyed in both dissolved and particulate forms except for PCBs that are 100% particulate. Finally, analysis of these pollutants on the bulk sample (TSS 71 to 380 mg/L) significantly underestimates the concentrations of these substances in water due to a poor estimation of the particulate fraction. ; Afin de répondre aux objectifs de la directive cadre sur l'eau (DCE 2000/60/CE) fixés par la réglementation européenne, la majorité des études se sont concentrées sur l'évaluation de la qualité des rejets industriels, des eaux usées traitées.Rares sont les études réalisées sur les eaux pluviales. Ces dernières peuvent être rejetées sans traitement dans les cours d'eau et donc avoir un impact sur l'écosystème aquatique. Ainsi, ce travail s'est intéressé, sur des bassins versant urbanisés ayant un gradient d'urbanisation allant du pavillonnaire à l'urbain dense, à la pollution des eaux pluviales puis une comparaison avec les eaux usées a été entreprise. Cette évaluation s'est traduite par la mise en place d'une liste de 88 polluants urbains à suivre dans le cadre de l'évaluation de la qualité des eaux urbaines. Puis, une méthodologie d'analyse, nommée « screening » a été développée. Elle permet une mesure des polluants urbains sous les formes particulaire et dissoute. Une notion souvent absente dans la littérature mais d'une grande importance pour les gestionnaires des réseaux d'assainissement et des stations d'épuration et de dépollution des eaux pluviales. Ce travail a ainsi permis : - La caractérisation fine de la pollution des différents types de matrices urbaines (eaux usées de temps sec de réseaux unitaire et séparatif (n=8), eaux pluviales du réseau séparatif (n=20), dépôts du réseau unitaire (n=2) et retombées atmosphériques (n=5), en termes d'occurrence, de répartition de la pollution entre les phases dissoute et particulaire, de teneurs (mg/kg.ms), de concentrations totales (Rg/L) et de flux (g/ha actif) des 88 polluants urbains ; - La comparaison de la pollution des eaux pluviales à l'exutoire de bassins versants d'occupation du sol différente ; - L'évaluation à l'échelle d'un bassin versant pavillonnaire de la contribution des retombées atmosphériques à la pollution des eaux pluviales ; - L'estimation de la dangerosité des eaux pluviales à l'aide d'une approche simplifiée d'évaluation de leur impact sur le milieu récepteur avec ou sans traitement de la phase particulaire par les stations de dépollution des eaux pluviales ; - La comparaison novatrice, sur un même échantillon, des méthodes d'analyse « standard » (conduite sur la phase totale, soit l'échantillon brut) avec notre méthode dite « screening », appliquées sur les phases dissoute et particulaire, pour 88 polluants dans un laboratoire accrédité COFRAC. Les résultats mettent en évidence la problématique de la pollution des eaux urbaines par 66 substances chimiques sur les 88 recherchées. Les eaux pluviales strictes sont contaminées par 12 substances prioritaires, 8 substances dangereuses prioritaires de la DCE et 35 polluants urbains plus spécifiques. La pollution est essentiellement particulaire pour les HAP, les PCB, les organoétains, les métaux alors qu'elle est mieux répartie entre les deux phases pour les phtalates, les pesticides et les alkylphénols. Le ruissellement est le principal contributeur de cette pollution à l'exutoire des bassins versants pluviaux. Les polluants générés par le milieu urbain sont comparables indépendamment de l'occupation du sol exceptés pour les pesticides sur le site pavillonnaire et les COV sur le site urbain dense, plus abondants. Le rejet direct des eaux pluviales nécessite, pour certaines substances, une dilution de 10 à 1000 par le milieu récepteur pour respecter les normes de qualité environnementale. Pour les eaux usées, les polluants sont, en majorité, véhiculés sous les deux formes dissoute et particulaire à l'exception des PCB qui sont à 100 % particulaires. Enfin, l'analyse de ces polluants sur l'échantillon brut (MES de 71 à 380 mg/L) sousestime fortement les concentrations des substances dans les eaux avec une prise en compte médiocre de la fraction particulaire de la pollution.

To meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) set by European legislation, most studies have focused on assessing the quality of industrial and treated wastewater discharges. Limited information is available regarding priority substances in stormwater. Stormwater may be discharged untreated into rivers and thus have an impact on the aquatic ecosystem. So, this work focused on the pollution of stormwater in urbanized watersheds with different gradient of urbanization, from residential to dense urban then a comparison with wastewaters was undertaken. This evaluation resulted in the establishment of a list of 88 urban pollutants to be followed in assessing the quality of urban water. Then, an analysis methodology, called "screening" has been developed. It allows measurement of urban pollutants in the particulate and dissolved forms. A concept often absent in the literature but of great importance for managers of sewerage and sewage treatment plants. This work has enabled: - A detailed urban pollution characterisation (wastewater from separate and combined sewers systems (n = 8), stormwater from separate sewer (n = 20), combined sewers deposits (n = 2) and atmospheric deposition (n = 5)), by studying the occurrence, the distribution between dissolved/ particulate fractions, the pollution loads on particles (mg/kg. dw), the event mean concentrations (Rg/L) and the flow (g/ha active) of the 88 urban pollutants; - A comparison of the stormwater pollution by priority pollutants at the outlet of three watersheds having different land use pattern; - An assessment of the atmospheric deposition contribution to the stormwater pollution on a residential suburb watershed; - The estimate of the dangerousness of stormwater using a simplified approach for assessment of their impact on the receiving environment with or without treatment of the particulate phase; - An innovative analytical comparison, for the 88 pollutants, done on the same sample by a certified COFRAC laboratory, between the classical procedure (carried out on bulk sample analysis) and our screening methodology (carried out on both the dissolved and the particulate fractions). Our results highlight the problem of urban water pollution by 66 chemicals out of 88. Stormwater is contaminated by 12 priority substances and 8 priority hazardous substances of the WFD and 35 other urban pollutants. Pollution is mainly particulate for PAHs, PCBs, organotins and metals, while pollution is distributed between both phases for phthalates, pesticides and alkylphenols. Runoff is the main contributor to pollution at the outlet of storm sewer. The pollutants generated by urban areas are comparable regardless of the land use except for pesticides on the residential site and VOC on the dense urban site, where they are the more abundant. The direct discharge of stormwater requires, for certain substances, a dilution of 10 to 1000 with the receiving waters to meet environmental quality standards. For wastewater, pollutants are in majority, conveyed in both dissolved and particulate forms except for PCBs that are 100% particulate. Finally, analysis of these pollutants on the bulk sample (TSS 71 to 380 mg/L) significantly underestimates the concentrations of these substances in water due to a poor estimation of the particulate fraction. ; Afin de répondre aux objectifs de la directive cadre sur l'eau (DCE 2000/60/CE) fixés par la réglementation européenne, la majorité des études se sont concentrées sur l'évaluation de la qualité des rejets industriels, des eaux usées traitées.Rares sont les études réalisées sur les eaux pluviales. Ces dernières peuvent être rejetées sans traitement dans les cours d'eau et donc avoir un impact sur l'écosystème aquatique. Ainsi, ce travail s'est intéressé, sur des bassins versant urbanisés ayant un gradient d'urbanisation allant du pavillonnaire à l'urbain dense, à la pollution des eaux pluviales puis une comparaison avec les eaux usées a été entreprise. Cette évaluation s'est traduite par la mise en place d'une liste de 88 polluants urbains à suivre dans le cadre de l'évaluation de la qualité des eaux urbaines. Puis, une méthodologie d'analyse, nommée « screening » a été développée. Elle permet une mesure des polluants urbains sous les formes particulaire et dissoute. Une notion souvent absente dans la littérature mais d'une grande importance pour les gestionnaires des réseaux d'assainissement et des stations d'épuration et de dépollution des eaux pluviales. Ce travail a ainsi permis : - La caractérisation fine de la pollution des différents types de matrices urbaines (eaux usées de temps sec de réseaux unitaire et séparatif (n=8), eaux pluviales du réseau séparatif (n=20), dépôts du réseau unitaire (n=2) et retombées atmosphériques (n=5), en termes d'occurrence, de répartition de la pollution entre les phases dissoute et particulaire, de teneurs (mg/kg.ms), de concentrations totales (Rg/L) et de flux (g/ha actif) des 88 polluants urbains ; - La comparaison de la pollution des eaux pluviales à l'exutoire de bassins versants d'occupation du sol différente ; - L'évaluation à l'échelle d'un bassin versant pavillonnaire de la contribution des retombées atmosphériques à la pollution des eaux pluviales ; - L'estimation de la dangerosité des eaux pluviales à l'aide d'une approche simplifiée d'évaluation de leur impact sur le milieu récepteur avec ou sans traitement de la phase particulaire par les stations de dépollution des eaux pluviales ; - La comparaison novatrice, sur un même échantillon, des méthodes d'analyse « standard » (conduite sur la phase totale, soit l'échantillon brut) avec notre méthode dite « screening », appliquées sur les phases dissoute et particulaire, pour 88 polluants dans un laboratoire accrédité COFRAC. Les résultats mettent en évidence la problématique de la pollution des eaux urbaines par 66 substances chimiques sur les 88 recherchées. Les eaux pluviales strictes sont contaminées par 12 substances prioritaires, 8 substances dangereuses prioritaires de la DCE et 35 polluants urbains plus spécifiques. La pollution est essentiellement particulaire pour les HAP, les PCB, les organoétains, les métaux alors qu'elle est mieux répartie entre les deux phases pour les phtalates, les pesticides et les alkylphénols. Le ruissellement est le principal contributeur de cette pollution à l'exutoire des bassins versants pluviaux. Les polluants générés par le milieu urbain sont comparables indépendamment de l'occupation du sol exceptés pour les pesticides sur le site pavillonnaire et les COV sur le site urbain dense, plus abondants. Le rejet direct des eaux pluviales nécessite, pour certaines substances, une dilution de 10 à 1000 par le milieu récepteur pour respecter les normes de qualité environnementale. Pour les eaux usées, les polluants sont, en majorité, véhiculés sous les deux formes dissoute et particulaire à l'exception des PCB qui sont à 100 % particulaires. Enfin, l'analyse de ces polluants sur l'échantillon brut (MES de 71 à 380 mg/L) sousestime fortement les concentrations des substances dans les eaux avec une prise en compte médiocre de la fraction particulaire de la pollution.

To meet the objectives of the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) set by European legislation, most studies have focused on assessing the quality of industrial and treated wastewater discharges. Limited information is available regarding priority substances in stormwater. Stormwater may be discharged untreated into rivers and thus have an impact on the aquatic ecosystem. So, this work focused on the pollution of stormwater in urbanized watersheds with different gradient of urbanization, from residential to dense urban then a comparison with wastewaters was undertaken. This evaluation resulted in the establishment of a list of 88 urban pollutants to be followed in assessing the quality of urban water. Then, an analysis methodology, called "screening" has been developed. It allows measurement of urban pollutants in the particulate and dissolved forms. A concept often absent in the literature but of great importance for managers of sewerage and sewage treatment plants. This work has enabled: - A detailed urban pollution characterisation (wastewater from separate and combined sewers systems (n = 8), stormwater from separate sewer (n = 20), combined sewers deposits (n = 2) and atmospheric deposition (n = 5)), by studying the occurrence, the distribution between dissolved/ particulate fractions, the pollution loads on particles (mg/kg. dw), the event mean concentrations (Rg/L) and the flow (g/ha active) of the 88 urban pollutants; - A comparison of the stormwater pollution by priority pollutants at the outlet of three watersheds having different land use pattern; - An assessment of the atmospheric deposition contribution to the stormwater pollution on a residential suburb watershed; - The estimate of the dangerousness of stormwater using a simplified approach for assessment of their impact on the receiving environment with or without treatment of the particulate phase; - An innovative analytical comparison, for the 88 pollutants, done on the same sample by a certified COFRAC laboratory, between the classical procedure (carried out on bulk sample analysis) and our screening methodology (carried out on both the dissolved and the particulate fractions). Our results highlight the problem of urban water pollution by 66 chemicals out of 88. Stormwater is contaminated by 12 priority substances and 8 priority hazardous substances of the WFD and 35 other urban pollutants. Pollution is mainly particulate for PAHs, PCBs, organotins and metals, while pollution is distributed between both phases for phthalates, pesticides and alkylphenols. Runoff is the main contributor to pollution at the outlet of storm sewer. The pollutants generated by urban areas are comparable regardless of the land use except for pesticides on the residential site and VOC on the dense urban site, where they are the more abundant. The direct discharge of stormwater requires, for certain substances, a dilution of 10 to 1000 with the receiving waters to meet environmental quality standards. For wastewater, pollutants are in majority, conveyed in both dissolved and particulate forms except for PCBs that are 100% particulate. Finally, analysis of these pollutants on the bulk sample (TSS 71 to 380 mg/L) significantly underestimates the concentrations of these substances in water due to a poor estimation of the particulate fraction. ; Afin de répondre aux objectifs de la directive cadre sur l'eau (DCE 2000/60/CE) fixés par la réglementation européenne, la majorité des études se sont concentrées sur l'évaluation de la qualité des rejets industriels, des eaux usées traitées.Rares sont les études réalisées sur les eaux pluviales. Ces dernières peuvent être rejetées sans traitement dans les cours d'eau et donc avoir un impact sur l'écosystème aquatique. Ainsi, ce travail s'est intéressé, sur des bassins versant urbanisés ayant un gradient d'urbanisation allant du pavillonnaire à l'urbain dense, à la pollution des eaux pluviales puis une comparaison avec les eaux usées a été entreprise. Cette évaluation s'est traduite par la mise en place d'une liste de 88 polluants urbains à suivre dans le cadre de l'évaluation de la qualité des eaux urbaines. Puis, une méthodologie d'analyse, nommée « screening » a été développée. Elle permet une mesure des polluants urbains sous les formes particulaire et dissoute. Une notion souvent absente dans la littérature mais d'une grande importance pour les gestionnaires des réseaux d'assainissement et des stations d'épuration et de dépollution des eaux pluviales. Ce travail a ainsi permis : - La caractérisation fine de la pollution des différents types de matrices urbaines (eaux usées de temps sec de réseaux unitaire et séparatif (n=8), eaux pluviales du réseau séparatif (n=20), dépôts du réseau unitaire (n=2) et retombées atmosphériques (n=5), en termes d'occurrence, de répartition de la pollution entre les phases dissoute et particulaire, de teneurs (mg/kg.ms), de concentrations totales (Rg/L) et de flux (g/ha actif) des 88 polluants urbains ; - La comparaison de la pollution des eaux pluviales à l'exutoire de bassins versants d'occupation du sol différente ; - L'évaluation à l'échelle d'un bassin versant pavillonnaire de la contribution des retombées atmosphériques à la pollution des eaux pluviales ; - L'estimation de la dangerosité des eaux pluviales à l'aide d'une approche simplifiée d'évaluation de leur impact sur le milieu récepteur avec ou sans traitement de la phase particulaire par les stations de dépollution des eaux pluviales ; - La comparaison novatrice, sur un même échantillon, des méthodes d'analyse « standard » (conduite sur la phase totale, soit l'échantillon brut) avec notre méthode dite « screening », appliquées sur les phases dissoute et particulaire, pour 88 polluants dans un laboratoire accrédité COFRAC. Les résultats mettent en évidence la problématique de la pollution des eaux urbaines par 66 substances chimiques sur les 88 recherchées. Les eaux pluviales strictes sont contaminées par 12 substances prioritaires, 8 substances dangereuses prioritaires de la DCE et 35 polluants urbains plus spécifiques. La pollution est essentiellement particulaire pour les HAP, les PCB, les organoétains, les métaux alors qu'elle est mieux répartie entre les deux phases pour les phtalates, les pesticides et les alkylphénols. Le ruissellement est le principal contributeur de cette pollution à l'exutoire des bassins versants pluviaux. Les polluants générés par le milieu urbain sont comparables indépendamment de l'occupation du sol exceptés pour les pesticides sur le site pavillonnaire et les COV sur le site urbain dense, plus abondants. Le rejet direct des eaux pluviales nécessite, pour certaines substances, une dilution de 10 à 1000 par le milieu récepteur pour respecter les normes de qualité environnementale. Pour les eaux usées, les polluants sont, en majorité, véhiculés sous les deux formes dissoute et particulaire à l'exception des PCB qui sont à 100 % particulaires. Enfin, l'analyse de ces polluants sur l'échantillon brut (MES de 71 à 380 mg/L) sousestime fortement les concentrations des substances dans les eaux avec une prise en compte médiocre de la fraction particulaire de la pollution.

Flehite. Tijdschrift voor verleden en heden van Oost-Utrecht J.R. Pauwels, Bijdragen van het Navorsings- en studiecentrum voor de geschiedenis van de tweede wereldoorlog J. van der Steen, Jaarboek van de Heemkunde 'Roerstreek' H.T. Bussemaker, De militaire spectator Maandorgaan van de documentatiegroep '40-'45 G. Abma, Tussen goed en fout. Nieuwe gezichtspunten in de geschiedschrijving 1940-1945 M. Avesaath-van den Broek, Swalmen '40-'45 P. Baghus, Ontmoeting met de bevrijding. De ouverture in Limburg 1944-1945 P. Berserk, De tweede generatie. Herinneringen van een NSB-kind R. Blatt, Rudy, een strijdbare jood, 1940-1945 H. Bollen, J. Kuiper-Abee, Worsteling om Walcheren 1939-1945 A.H. Bornebroek, De illegaliteit in Twente. Een onderzoek naar het ondergronds georganiseerd verzet in '40-'45 J. Bosdriesz, G. Soeteman, Ons Indië voor de Indonesiërs. De oorlog — de chaos — de vrijheid bewerkt naar de gelijknamige NOS-documentaire door C. van Heekeren F. Boucher, E. Kalkman, D. Schaap, Woord gehouden. Veertig jaar Stichting 1940-1945 B. van der Klaauw, B.M. Rijnhout, De luchtoorlog boven Nederland 1940-1945 A. Korthals Altes, Slag in de schaduw, Peel/Maas 1944-'45 H. Kraaijenbrink, Politierapport 1940-1945. Dagboek van een politieofficier B.H. Laurens, Hun armoede en hun grauwe gezicht. Hongerwinter '44-'45 L. Looijenga, De bevrijding is een jaartal geworden. Noordwolde 1940/45…1985. Een stille omgang door Weststellingwerfs oorlogsgeschiedenis K. Mallan, Als de slag van gisteren… Rotterdam 10-14 mei 1940. De Duitse overrompeling en vernietiging van Nederlands eerste havenstad J.A. Niemeijer, A.J.A. Mulder, Verzet in Groningen J.J. Nortier, Acties in de Archipel. De intelligence-operaties van NEFIS III in de Pacific-oorlog H. Onderwater, Operatie 'Manna'. De geallieerde voedseldroppings april/mei 1945 J. Pisuisse, Dubbelbeeld. Twee vrouwen in oorlogstijd Nederland en Indië R. Roegholt, J. Zwaan, Het verzet 1940-1945 J. Roelfs, De onvergetelijke uren. Omzien naar de bevrijding E. de Roever, Zij sprongen bij maanlicht. De geschiedenis van het Bureau Bijzondere Opdrachten en de agenten, Londen 1944-1945 C. van Rossum, Ommen bevrijd! Een dagboek van de spannende dagen vóór, tijdens en na de bevrijding van Ommen 1945 M.G. Schenk, J.B.Th. Spaan, De koningin sprak. Proclamaties en radiotoespraken van H. M. Koningin Wilhelmina 1940-1945 W. Schoenmaker, T. Postma, Mei 1940. De verdediging van het Nederlandse luchtruim H. van Setten, Opvoeding in volkse geest. Fascisme in het onderwijs 1940-1945 J.H. Sikkes, … In geval van een vijandelijken inval. Ambtelijk gedrag in bezettingstijd en de daarvoor geldende aanwijzingen P. Spanjaard, Het Maasland in de oorlog J.G. Sutherland, Dagboek van mijn krijgsgevangenschap te Neurenberg, Stanislau (Oekraïne) en Neu Brandenburg L. van der Tas, Overleven in Dachau. Ervaringen in Duitse gevangenschap A. Tjepkema, J. Walvis, 'Ondergedoken'. Het ondergrondse leven in Nederland tijdens de tweede wereldoorlog G.M.T. Trienekens, Tussen ons volk en de honger. De voedselvoorziening, 1940-1945 W. Veening, Verzetsgroep Zwaantje. Documentaire over het illegale werk van deze groep, die een unieke vluchtroute opzette om velen uit het door de nazi's bezette Nederland te smokkelen R. Vermaas, 1940-1945. Ministerie zonder minister. Impressies over binnenlandse zaken in bezettingstijd A. Vernooij, Grenzen aan gehoorzaamheid. Houding en gedrag van de Utrechtse politie tijdens de Duitse bezetting S. Vincent, J. Ickenroth, 'De laatste loodjes wogen zwaar…'. Reuver en Beesel, bezetting – verzet – bevrijding L.R. van Vliet, Om nooit te vergeten. Authentieke schets van de voormalige Koninklijke Nederlandse brigade 'Prinses Irene'. Met persoonlijke belevenissen, vóór haar oprichting en haar deelname daarná aan de strijd in 1944 J.P. van Vree, Hengelo in oorlogstijd. Wedervaardigheden onder meer opgetekend uit de mond van mr. J. A. H. J. van der Dussen, burgemeester van Hengelo (O) van 1937 tot 1951 O.G. Ward, P.C. Boer, G.J. Casius, The Royal Netherlands Military Flying School. Een unicum in de historie van de militaire vliegopleiding E. van de Weerd, P.A. Veldheer, G. Crebolder, Bevrijdingsatlas Veluwe W.D. Whitaker, S. Whitaker, De strijd om de Schelde. Het verhaal van militairen en burgers tijdens de bevrijding van zuidwest Nederland en Vlaanderen, 1944 A.J. Wijnsma, De kraak. De overval op de Leeuwarder strafgevangenis, 8 december 1944 A. Caransa, Verzamelen op het Transvaalplein. Ter nagedachtenis van het joodse proletariaat van Amsterdam C.B. Cornelissen, Storm uit het Noorden. Mobilisatie en Duitse inval in Twente 1939-1940 C. van Dam, Jodenvervolging in de stad Utrecht P.J.M. Dolfsma, Uit de illegaliteit naar de studie. De ontstaansgeschiedenis van de Stichting onderlinge studenten steun aan haar bioscoop Kriterion L. van Eck, Zo was het in Mauthausen. Dokumentaire roman M. Flinker, D. 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ADRESSBUCH DER STADT KIEL UND UMGEGEND 1925-26 Adreßbuch der Stadt Kiel und Umgegend (-) Adreßbuch der Stadt Kiel und Umgegend 1925-26 (1925/26) ([I]) Einband ( - ) Abschnitt ( - ) Titelseite ([I]) Ehrenbürger der Stadt Kiel: ([II]) Inhaltsverzeichnis des Kieler Adreßbuches ([III]) Sach-Register über sämtliche Teile des Adreßbuchs. ([IV]) Aus Kiels geschichtlicher Vergangenheit. ([IX]) Abschnitt ( - ) I. Einwohner ( - ) A ([1]) B (13) C (70) D (78) E (98) F (111) G (128) H (155) J (204) K (224) L (276) M (305) N (342) O (354) P (360) Q (387) R (388) S (422) T (507) U (523) V (526) W (533) Y (568) Z (568) II. Straßen und Häuser von Kiel ( - ) Straßen und Häuser von Kiel ([1]) Achterwehrer Straße. Adalbertstraße. Adelheidstraße. [Adolfplatz. Adolfstraße. Ahlmannstraße. Alsenstraße. Altenrade. Altenteichstraße. Alte Reihe. Alte Schleuse. Am Gehölz. Am Kirchhof. Am Mondspiegel. Am Strand. Am Wohld.] ([1]) Annenstraße. [Arfrade. Arkonastraße. Arndtplatz. Aschauweg. Asmusstraße. Auberg. Aubrook. Augustenburgerplatz. Augustenstraße. Auguste Viktoria-Straße. ] (7) Bäckergang. Bahnhofsplatz. Bahnhofstraße. [Ballastberg. Barkauer Weg. Bartelsallee. Baustraße. Bebelstraße. Bellmannstraße. Bergstraße. Bernhardstraße. Beselerallee. Bielenbergstraße. Bierträgergang. Bismarckallee. Bismarckstraße. Bleßmannsdamm. Blitzstraße. Blocksberg. Blücherplatz. Blücherstraße. Blumenstraße.] (13) Boiestraße. [Boksberg. Boninstraße. Bothwellstraße. Brammerkamp. Braustraße. Breiter Weg. Bremerstraße. Brinckmannstraße. Brommystraße. Brückenstraße. Brunsrade. Brunswiker Straße. Buchholtzstraße. Budengang. Bugenhagenstraße. Bülowstraße. Burgstraße. Buschblick.] (20) Cacabellenweg. Calvinstraße. Caprivistraße. [Carl Loewe-Weg. Chemnitzstraße. Christianistraße. Christian Kruse-Straße. Christianspries. Claudiusstraße.] (29) Dahlmannstraße. Dammstraße. [Damperhofstraße. Danewerkstraße. Dänischenhagener Straße. Dänische Straße. Deliusstraße. Demühlener Straße. Diedrichstraße. Diekmissen. Diekweg. Diesterwegstraße. Diogenesstraße. Dithmarscher Straße. Dobersdorfer Straße. Dockshöhe. Dorf. Dorfstraße. Dorotheenstraße. Dreieckplatz. Drewsstraße. Dubenhorst. Dubenhorstkoppel. Düppelstraße. Düsternbrooker Weg. Düvelsbeker Weg.] (32) Eckernförder Allee. [Eckenförder Chaussee. Eckenförder Straße. Eekberg. Eekbrook. Eichenbergskamp. Eichhofstraße. Eichkamp. Eiderbrook. Eisenbahndamm. Elandsberg. Elbenkamp. Elendredder. Elisabethstraße. Ellerbeker Straße. Ellerbeker Weg. Erlenkamp. Ernestinenstraße. Ernst Friedrich-Straße. Esmarchstraße. Exerzierplatz.] (41) Fabrikstraße. Fahrenkuhl. Falckstrasße. Falkensteiner Straße. [Faeschstraße. Faulstraße. Federmannstraße. Feldstraße. Festung. Fettberg. Feuergang. Fichtestraße. Finkelberg. Finnlandstraße. Fischerstraße.] (51) Flämische Straße. Fleckenstraße. [Fleethörn. Flemhuder Straße. Fockstraße. Forstweg. Franckestraße. Franziusallee. Freiligrathstraße. Frenssenstraße. Frerichsstraße. Friedenstraße. Friedhofstraße. Friedrichsberg. Friedrichsorter Straße. Friedrichsorter Str. Friedrichsruher Weg. Friesenstraße. Fritz-Reuter-Straße. Fuchsberg.] (57) Gaardener Straße. Gabelsbergerstraße. [Gablenzstraße. Gartenstraße. Gärtnerstraße. Gasstraße. Gaußstraße. Gazellestraße. Gebhardstraße. Gefionstraße. Am Gehölz. Geibelallee. Geibelplatz. Geldbeutel. Gellertstraße. Georg Pfingsten-Straße. Georgstraße. Gerbergang. Gerhardstraße. Germaniaring.] (66) Gneisenaustraße. [Von der Goltz-Allee. Goschstraße. Goethestraße. Gorch-Fock-Straße. Grabastraße. Gravelottestraße. Greifstraße. Grenzstraße. Griesingerstraße. Grimmstraße. Groß-Ebbenkamp. Große Ziegelstraße. Großer Kuhberg. Grüffkamp. Gutenbergstraße.] (74) Habsburgerring. [Hafengasse. Hafenstraße. Hamburger Chaussee. Hammerbusch. Hangstraße. Hansastraße. Hansens Privatstraße. Hanssenstraße. Hardenbergstraße. Harmsstraße.] (80) Harriesstraße. [Hasseer Straße. Hasseldieksdammer Weg. Hasselfelde. Hasselmannstraße. Hasselrade. Haßstraße. Hauptstraße. Havemeisterstraße. Hayßenstraße. Hebbelstraße. Hecktstraße. Hedenholz. Heedenbeck. Hegewischstraße. Heidenberger Weg. Heikendorfer Weg. Heintzestraße. Heischstraße.] (90) Helenenstraße. Helgolandstraße.[Helmholtzstraße. Herderstraße. Hermannstraße. Herthastraße. Hertzstraße. Herwarthstraße. Herzog Friedrich-Straße. Hildebrandstraße. Hinter der Mauer. Hochbrücke, Zur. Hofholzallee. Hofstraße. Hohenbergstraße. Hohenleuchte. Hohenrade. Hohenstaufenring. Hohenzollernpark. Hohenzollernring. Hohes Tor. Hohe Straße. Hohler Weg. Hollmannstraße. Holstenbrücke. Holstenstraße. ] (98) Holtenauer Straße. [Hopfenlandsberg. Hopfenstraße. Hornheimer Weg. Horst-Straße, Von der. Hospitalstraße. Howaldtstraße. Hügelstraße. Humboldtstraße. Hummelwiese. Hummelwiesenbrücke.] (107) Jachmannstraße. [Jaegerallee. Jägersberg. Jägerstraße. Jahnstraße. Jensenstraße. Jeßstraße. Jltisstraße. Joachimplatz. Johannesstraße. Johann Meyer-Straße. Johann-Sump-Straße. Julienlufter Weg. Julienstraße. Jungfernstieg. Jungmannstraße. Jvensring.] (116) Kaiserstraße. [Kaistraße. Kämpenstraße. Kanalstraße. Karlstal. Karlstraße. Karolinenweg. Karpfenteich. Kaserne. Kasernenstraße. Kastanienallee. Kastanienstraße. Katharinenstraße. Kattenstraße. Katzheide. Kehdenstraße. Kehrwieder. Kieler Kamp. Kieler Kuhle. Kieler Straße.] (127) Kirchenstraße. [Kirchenweg. Kirchhof, Am. Kirchhofallee. Klausdorfer Landstraße. Klausdorfer Weg. Klaus Groth-Platz. Klaus-Groth-Straße. Kleiner Kuhberg. Kleine Ziegelstraße. Kleiststraße. Klinke. Klopstockstraße. Klosterkirchhof. Klosterstraße.] (137) Klotzstraße. Knickweg. Kniestraße. Knooper Weg. [Knorrstraße. Koldingstraße. Kollhorster Weg. Koloniestraße. Kolonnenweg. Königsende. Königstraße. Königsweg. Körnerstraße. Koesterallee. Krausplatz. Kronsburger Straße. Kronshagener Landweg. Kronshagener Weg. Krusenrotter Weg. Kuchelstraße. Kuhberg, Großer. Kuhberg, Kleiner. Kuhfeld. Kuhlacker. Kurze Straße. Küterstraße.] (147) Lagerhofstraße. Langenbeckstraße. Langenkampweg.Langensaal. Lange Reihe. [Langer Rehm. Langer Segen. Lange Straße. Lantziusstraße. Legienstraße. Lehmberg. Lenschstraße. Lerchenstraße. Lessingplatz. Lilieneronstraße. Lindenallee. Lindenstraße. Lindenweg. Lönsstraße. Lorentzendamm. Lornsenstraße. Lübecker Chaussee. Lüdemannstraße. Luisenstraße. Luisenweg. Lutherstraße. Lütjohannstraße. Lützowstraße.] (162) Mählsweg. Marienstraße. [Markt. Martensdamm. Marthastraße. Marxstraße. Maßmannstraße. Mathildenstraße. Mauer, Hinter der. Medusastraße. Meimersdorfer Weg. Melanchthonstraße. Melsdorfer Feldweg. Melsdorfer Straße. Meteorstraße. Mettenhofer Weg. Metzstraße. Michelsenstraße. Militär-Schießstand Russenberg. Minnastraße. Mittelstraße. Mittelweg. Möhrkestraße. Möllingstraße. Moltkestraße. Mondspiegel, Am. Mönkeberger Chaussee. Monsberg. Moorblöcken. Mühlenbach. Mühlenbrook. Mühlenstraße. Mühlenteich. Mühlenweg. Muhliusstraße. Muschelkate.] (174) Nanthingasse. Nettelbeckstraße Neuenrade. Neue Reihe. [Neuer Weg. Neumarkt. Neumühlener Straße. Niemannsweg. Nikolaikirchhof. Nissenstraße. Nixenweg. Norddeutsche Straße. Obere Straße. Oberstraße. Olshausenstraße. Oppendorfer Straße. Oppendorfer Weg.] (187) Packhausstraße. [Papenkamp. Parkstraße. Passader Straße. Paul Flemming-Straße. Pestalozziplatz. Petersburger Weg. Pfaffenstraße. Pferdeborn. Philosophengang. Pickertstraße. Plöner Straße. Poppenbrügger Weg. Poppenrader Weg. Posadowskystraße. Postgang. Poststraße. Preetzer Chaussee. Preußerstraße. Prieser Höhe. Prieser Strand. Prinzengarten. Prinzenstraße. Prinz-Heinrich-Brücke. Prinz Heinrich-Straße. Probsteier Platz. Probsteier Straße. Projektierte Straße. Projensdorfer Straße. Prüne. Prüner Gang. Quarnbeker Straße. Quersack. Querstraße. Quinckestr. Quittenstraße.] (192) Raaschstraße. Raisdorfer Straße. Rankestraße. Rathausplatz. Rathausstraße. Ratsredder. Ravensberg. Redinskamp. Reeperbahn. Reesenberg. Reihe, Alte. Reihe, Lange. Reihe, Neue. Rendsburger Landstraße. Reventlouallee. Richterstraße. Ringstraße. Roonstraße. Rosenfelder Straße. Rosenstraße. Russeer Weg. Russenberg.] (206) Sachaustraße. Sackgasse.Salzredder. Samwerstraße. [Sandkrug. Sandkuhle. Sartorikai. Schaarweg. Schanzenweg. Scharnhorststraße. Schaßstraße. Schauenburger Straße. Schevenbrücke. Schillerstraße. Schillstraße. Schlachthofstraße. Schleswiger Straße. Schleuse, Alte. Schleusenstraße. Schlichtingstraße. Schloßgarten. Schloßstraße. Schlüsbeker Weg. Schmidtstraße.] (213) Schönberger Straße. [Schönkirchener Straße. Schuhmacherstraße. Schülperbaum. Schulredder. Schulstraße. Schurskamp. Schusterbrücke. Schüttenredder. Schützenpark. Schützenstraße. Schützenwall. Schwanenweg. Schwarzer Weg. Schwedendamm. Schweffelstraße. Schwentinestraße. Schwentinetal. Sedanstraße. Seeblick. Segeberger Straße. Sohststraße. Sokratesstraße.] (223) Sophienblatt. [Sörensenstraße. Specken. Speckenbeker Weg. Spichernstraße. Spritzenweg. Stadtfeldkamp. Stadtrade. Steenbeker Weg. Steertsraderedder. Stegeltor. Steinberg. Steinkamp. Steinstraße. Steltings Privatstraße. Sternstraße. Stiftstraße. Stolzestraße. Stormarnstraße. Stoschstraße. Strand, Am. Strandstraße. Strandstr. Strandweg. Strohredder. Stromeyerallee. Stromeyerstraße. Strucksdiek. Südstraße.] (232) Tann-Str., Von der. Teichstraße. [Thaulowstraße. Theodor Storm-Straße. Tiefe Allee. Timkestraße. Tim Kröger-Straße. Tinnholz. Tirpitzallee. Tonberg. Torstraße. Treitschkestraße. Trenntrader Weg. Treppenstraße. Tröndelweg. Turnstraße. Uferstraße. Uhlandstraße. Uhlenkrog. Uhlenkroger Weg. Ulmenweg. Untere Straße. Unterstraße. Verbindungsstraße. Vieburger Weg. Viehhofstraße. Vinetaplatz. Von der Goltz-Allee. Von der Horst-Straße. Von der Tann-Straße. Voßbrook. Voßhörn.] (243) Wahlestraße. [Waisenhofstraße. Waitzstraße. Waldweg. Waldwiesenstraße. Walkerdamm. Wall. Wallstraße. Wasserallee. Weberstraße. Weg zur Fähre. Wehdenweg. Weißenburgstraße. Wellingdorfer Straße. Wellseer Weg. Wendenburgstraße. Werftbahnstraße. Werftpark. Werftstraße. Werner Siemens-Straße. Weststraße.] (249) Wichmannstraße. Wiker Straße. Wikingerstraße. [Wilhelminenstraße. Wilhelmplatz. Wilhelmstraße. Willestraße. Winterbeker Weg. Wischhofstraße. Wittland. Wohld, Am. Wörthstraße. Wrangelstraße. Wulfsbrook. Yorckstraße. Zastrowstraße. Zerstreut liegende Häuser in der Wik. Zeyestraße. Ziegelstraße, Große. Ziegelstraße, Kleine. Ziegelteich. Zur Fähre. Zur Hochbrücke.] (260) Alphabetisches Verzeichnis der Straßen von Kiel und Vororte. ([268]) Abschnitt ( - ) III. Handel- u. Gewerbetreibende ( - ) Handel- und Gewerbetreibende in Kiel nach Erwerbs- bzw. Berufszweigen alphabetisch geordnet. ([1]) Alphabetisches Branchenverzeichnis. ([53]) IV. Behörden Kirchen u. Schulen, öffentl. Einrichtungen in Kiel ( - ) Städtische Behörden. ([1]) Kirchen und Schulen. (6) Medizinalwesen. (9) Kranken- und Sterbekassen. (11) Industrie- und Handelskammer zu Kiel. (12) Kieler Börse. (12) Wohlfahrtseinrichtungen. (13) Provinzialbehörden. (14) Reichsbehörden. (15) Staatsbehörden. (18) Vereine und Verbände. (26) Handelsregister. (35) Abteilung I Einzelfirmen, offene Handels- und Kommandit-Gesellschaften. (35) Abteilung II Aktiengesellschaften und Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung. (50) Abteilung III Eingetragene Genossenschaften. (54) V. Umgegend von Kiel ( - ) Inhalt ([1]) Elmschenhagen ([3]) Heikendorf (6) Kronshagen (8) Molfsee mit Schulensee (10) Mönkeberg (11) Moorsee (12) Gutsbezirk Oppendorf (12) Poppenbrügge (13) Russee (13) Schrevenborn m. Kitzeberg (14) Suchsdorf (14) Wellsee (15) Abschnitt ( - )

AMÉRICA LATINAHuracán Ernesto golpea costas latinoamericanas.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19161991 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/48547729/ns/weather/#.UCHRrqDMqw4 http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/862872.html http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/06/world/americas/tropical-weather/index.html?hpt=wo_c2Brasil emprende una purga histórica: la justicia pone en marcha el mayor juicio contra la corrupción.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/02/world/americas/brazil-corruption-trial/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/02/actualidad/1343896640_718618.html http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-brazil-feud-20120805,0,7450497.story Aumentan las deportaciones de guatemaltecos desde Estados Unidos y México.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/aumentan-las-deportaciones-de-guatemaltecos-desde-eeuu-y-mxico_12097444-4La muerte de un obispo argentino persigue a Videla.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/05/actualidad/1344123707_429512.htmlMéxico: 83 mil muertos por violencia narco. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/83952799-D1C3-44FA-A1FA-0CC735028829.htm?id={83952799-D1C3-44FA-A1FA-0CC735028829} http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news.com=1^30=Visit%20Type%20to%20Content=Earned%20to%20Mixed=1&__utmk=156510584Un mes después de los comicios, la guerra electoral sigue en México.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/03/actualidad/1343948993_785278.htmlAbuelas de Mayo encuentran al hijo número 106 desaparecido durante la dictadura argentina.Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/avos-de-maio-encontram-106-filho-de-desaparecido-na-ditadura-5715080#ixzz22v3yejZh Ex Presidente paraguayo Lugo dice que podría ser candidato en 2013. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/E59F987C-EF61-489D-91CD-32E845208D25.htm?id={E59F987C-EF61-489D-91CD-32E845208D25} Brasil retrocede en la protección de la Amazonia.Para más información: http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/cnews.com=1^30=Visit%20Type%20to%20Content=Earned%20to%20Mixed=1&__utmk=156510584 "El País" de Madrid analiza: "La Iglesia, oposición en Sudamérica".Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/03/actualidad/1344007108_431382.html Chile inicia la expulsión de 720 presos extranjeros.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1497216-chile-inicia-la-expulsion-de-720-presos-extranjeros#comentar Un crimen pone en vilo a la embajada de Venezuela en Kenia y salpica a Chávez.Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/quenia-investiga-elo-entre-trafico-morte-de-diplomata-venezuelana-5712477#ixzz22v3rid17 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1497101-un-crimen-pone-en-vilo-a-la-embajada-de-venezuela-en-kenia-y-salpica-a-chavezFernández compara a Europa con la Argentina del 'corralito'.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/03/actualidad/1343961843_982301.html Ministro de Finanzas hondureño renuncia tras arresto a su esposa.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/02/world/americas/honduras-finance-minister/index.html?hpt=wo_bn8 Apoyo a Santos cae diez puntos y llega al 43,9%. Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-colombia-santos-20120802,0,6099586.story http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/0F68A2E0-6A00-462B-9EBC-BC6C0457BF7C.htm?id={0F68A2E0-6A00-462B-9EBC-BC6C0457BF7C}Viajeros argentinos tendrán más restricciones para comprar dólares.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/argentinos-con-ms-restricciones-para-comprar-dlares_12104607-4Giro de la Argentina en la relación con Damasco.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1496976-giro-de-la-argentina-en-la-relacion-con-damasco#comentar Estados Unidos sanciona a socios de capo mexicano 'Chapo' Guzmán en Belice.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/ee-uu-sanciona-a-socios-de-capo-mexicano-chapo-guzmn-en-belice_12105924-4Descarrilamiento de tren deja decenas de heridos en Argentina.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/latinoamerica/descarrilamiento-de-tren-deja-decenas-de-heridos-en-argentina_12102261-4ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADÁNuevo tiroteo deja siete muertos en templo sij en Estados Unidos. Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2012/08/06/le-tueur-du-wisconsin-etait-un-supremaciste-blanc_1743010_3222.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/matanza-en-templo-indigna-a-ee-uu_12099103-4 http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/policia-tratara-atentado-em-templo-sikh-como-terrorismo-domestico-5696705#ixzz22v3jpmi7 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1496969-un-ex-militar-fue-el-autor-de-la-masacre-en-el-templo-de-eeuu#comentar http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/862926.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/_portada/noticias/E26275C9-D6CC-4C65-AC5F-369DAD81DE26.htm?id={E26275C9-D6CC-4C65-AC5F-369DAD81DE26} http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/05/actualidad/1344195195_587429.html Sequía en Estados Unidos podría alcanzar a los pobres del mundo: expertos.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/sequa-en-estados-unidos_12104604-4 Obama elude hablar de nuevas leyes de armas. Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/862888.html"The Economist" analiza situación del mercado de trabajo estadounidense.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2012/08/americas-jobless-recovery Varios medios analizan campaña electoral estadounidense.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-08/08/content_15651722.htm http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/862949.html http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/31/politics/romney-trip-success-saster/index.html?hpt=wo_bn9 http://elpais.com/tag/elecciones_eeuu_2012/a/ http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/05/actualidad/1344183820_620169.htmlAutor de tiroteo en Tucson que dejó seis muertos se declara culpable.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-19167320 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/estados-unidos/jared-loughner-se-declara-culpable-de-tiroteo-en-tucson_12106601-4 Clinton realiza visita a Sudán del Sur durante su gira por África. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/07/31/world/africa/clinton-africa-trip/index.html?hpt=wo_bn10 Robot de la NASA en Marte.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2012/08/06/suivez-l-atterrissage-de-curiosity-sur-mars-en-direct_1742760_3244.html EUROPA"The Economist" analiza vinculo del Banco Central Europeo y la crisis del euro.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2012/08/ecb-and-euro-crisis Monti teme que la crisis de la deuda lleve a la "disolución" de Europa.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/monti-teme-que-la-crisis-de-la-deuda-lleve-a-la-disolucin-de-europa_12097101-4 http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1497098-italia-se-hunde-en-la-recesion-volvio-a-caer-el-pbi#comentar http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/CDD7EC92-7FB8-4598-941E-7A7A75888A51.htm?id={CDD7EC92-7FB8-4598-941E-7A7A75888A51}Los griegos viven su quinto verano de recesión entre la resignación y el anhelo de salir adelante.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/06/world/europe/greece-says-progress-made-in-talks-with-troika.html?ref=world http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/05/actualidad/1344120321_837535.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/05/actualidad/1344119487_714008.html Inspectores troika concluyen visita a Grecia, volverán en septiembre.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/inspectores-troika-concluyen-visita-a-grecia-volvern-en-septiembre_12097081-4Grecia continúa ofensiva contra inmigrantes ilegales.Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/grecia-continua-ofensiva-contra-imigrantes-fecha-bordeis-ilegais-5718901#ixzz22v8RKIjO Por el freno a una reforma política peligra la coalición de Cameron.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1496971-por-el-freno-a-una-reforma-politica-peligra-la-coalicion-de-camero Acusan en Estados Unidos a banco británico de ocultar más de 250 mil millones de dólares iraníes.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2012/08/06/la-banque-britannique-scb-accusee-de-travailler-avec-l-iran_1743058_3234.html http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/862911.html http://bottomline.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/07/13157019-ny-regulator-may-pull-license-of-rogue-uk-bank-over- Type%20to%20Content=Earne1786482España: saquearon supermercados en protesta por la crisis.Para más información: http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1497157-espana-desocupados-y-sindicalistas-saqueraron-supermercados-en-protesta-por-la-crisis#comentarBielorrusia expulsa al embajador de Suecia y Estocolmo rechazará la llegada de un nuevo jefe de la diplomacia de Minsk.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/03/actualidad/1344011534_422262.html Choque de trenes en España.Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-08/08/content_15651672.htm Una veintena de muertos en un ataque kurdo a un puesto militar de Turquía. Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/05/actualidad/1344169768_293333.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/8341878E-F784-4E29-AD5D-AB32CCFA2379.htm?id={8341878E-F784-4E29-AD5D-AB32CCFA2379} Ucrania: Timoshenko cumple un año en prisión. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/8A52376C-7BB3-4CE9-B1A0-EB33F7D0D872.htm?id={8A52376C-7BB3-4CE9-B1A0-EB33F7D0D872} Prisión para banda punk opositora del presidente Putin.Para más información: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/07/13162029-russian-prosecutors-seek-3-year-sentences-for-pussy-riot- k=1786482 Un año después de los disturbios Londres deja atrás su peor pesadilla. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/12ABF7B7-7155-4091-A22F-B5F0414A87BD.htm?id={12ABF7B7-7155-4091-A22F-B5F0414A87BD} Célula de Al Qaeda tenía como objetivo Gibraltar. Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/05/world/europe/spain-terror-arrests/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 Berlusconi entra en la lista de los diez políticos más peligrosos.Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/berlusconi-entra-na-lista-dos-dez-politicos-mais-perigosos-5716592#ixzz22v8OI3K9 Rusia e India inician ejercicios conjuntos para frenar posibles ataques terroristas. Para más información: http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-08/07/content_15650476.htm ASIA- PACÍFICO/ MEDIO ORIENTEContinúa la guerra civil en Siria.Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/world/middleeast/syrian-state-tv-reportedly-attacked-as-propaganda-war-unfolds.html?ref=world http://www.lemonde.fr/proche-orient/article/2012/08/06/pilonnage-et-combats-a-alep-avant-la-bataille-decisive_1742762_3218.html http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/06/world/meast/syria-unrest/index.html?hpt=wo_c1 http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/_portada/noticias/5A80508E-AAC3-46B8-9A35-C9E069683F54.htm?id={5A80508E-AAC3-46B8-9A35-C9E069683F54} http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1496977-escapar-una-decision-peligrosa-y-expuesta-a-brutales-represalias# http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19174257 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/48550900/ns/technology_and_science-security/#.UCHU3qDMqw5 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/siria-est-decidida-a-aplastar-a-la-rebelin-contra-su-rgimen_12105821-4 http://usa.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2012-08/08/content_15651023.htm http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/siria-refuerza-alianza-con-iran_12106935-4Los rebeldes afirman que Siria tiene como rehenes miembros del régimen iraní.Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-syria-kidnap-20120805,0,7290703.story http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/05/actualidad/1344162267_629819.htmlOjos sobre Irán y Siria, Israel fortalece escudo misiles.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ojos-sobre-irn-y-siria-israel-fortalece-escudo-misiles_12097331-4 La ONU enviará ayuda alimentaria a Corea del Norte tras las inundaciones.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/04/actualidad/1344075184_634182.html http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/03/world/asia/north-korea-floods/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 En Vietnam se realizó la primera marcha de orgullo gay.Para más información: http://www.lemonde.fr/asie-pacifique/video/2012/08/06/au-vietnam-les-homosexuels-ont-organise-leur-premiere-gay-pride_1743043_3216.htmlEl sultán "infalible" de Brunei.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/03/actualidad/1344015358_067412.html Cinco muertos en un atentado con explosivos en Pakistán.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/cinco-muertos-en-un-atentado-con-explosivos-en-pakistn_12097162-4 http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/06/world/asia/pakistan-nato-convoy-attack/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 Ataque suicida en Yemen. Para más información: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/06/world/middleeast/yemen-suicide-attacks-toll-rises.html?ref=world 2 ciclones tropicales golpean costa china.Para más información: http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/03/world/asia/china-storms/index.html?hpt=wo_bn7 El alcalde que quiere cambiar el rostro de Irán. Para más información: http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/5915C0FA-940E-4A26-AB1C-74DDAC97A0FF.htm?id={5915C0FA-940E-4A26-AB1C-74DDAC97A0FF} Ante sanciones a programa nuclear, Irán sube precios del petróleo. Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/alvo-de-sancoes-por-programa-nuclear-ira-vive-alta-de-precos-5721672#ixzz22v9vEqtF Japón recuerda a víctimas de Hiroshima, 67 años después.Para más información: http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/862825.html7Ocho muertos en ataque en autopista en Kabul.Para más información: http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/07/13162500-eight-dead-from-roadside-bomb-attack-in- 256598600 Inundaciones en Manila.Para más información: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-19174538 http://photoblog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/07/13153253-its-like-waterworld-monsoon-rains-swas.com=1^30=Visit%20Type%20to%20Content=Earned%20to%20Mixed=1&__utmk=1786482 Conflicto en Asia por dominio de mar al sur de China.Para más información: http://www.economist.com/blogs/analects/2012/08/south-china-sea Volcán que estuvo 'dormido' 115 años hace erupción en Nueva Zelanda.Para más información: http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/vulcao-na-nova-zelandia-desperta-apos-mais-de-cem-anos-5718120#ixzz22v9xZNJk http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/06/13149078-new-zealands-mount-tongariro-volcanbcnews.com=1^30=Visit%20Type%20to%20Content=Earned%20to%20Mixed=1&__utmk=1786482 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/oceania/volcan-hace-erupcion-en-nueva-zelanda_12106946-4ÁFRICAUn ataque terrorista mata a 16 policías egipcios en el Sinaí. Para más información: http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-dangerous-sinai-20120807,0,5046412.story http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/06/actualidad/1344246636_797818.html http://diario.elmercurio.com/2012/08/06/internacional/internacional/noticias/D980D4BF-B1EE-41DA-9F2F-59C02F60FFED.htm?id={D980D4BF-B1EE-41DA-9F2F-59C02F60FFED} http://edition.cnn.com/2012/08/06/world/africa/egypt-violence/index.html?hpt=wo_c2 http://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2012/08/06/attaque-meurtriere-a-la-frontiere-israelo-egyptienne_1742756_3212.html http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/05/actualidad/1344198380_107482.html http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/ataque-en-sinai-pone-a-prueba-a-egipto_12106929-4 http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/medio-oriente/yihadistas-matan-a-16-soldados-egipcios_12099107-4 Muere tiroteado un empleado de la ONU en el sur de Sudán.Para más información: http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/africa/muere-tiroteado-un-empleado-de-la-onu-en-el-sur-de-sudn_12097141-4 http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/06/world/middleeast/gunmen-storm-egyptian-base-killing-15-soldiers.html?ref=world Clinton visita a Mandela.Para más información: http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/08/06/13144620-clinton-visits-mandela-94-at-home-duringbcnews.com=1^30=Visit%20Type%20to%20Content=Earned%20to%20Mixed=1&__utmk=156510584 Sudán y Sudán del Sur llegan a un acuerdo sobre las exportaciones de crudo.Para más información: http://internacional.elpais.com/internacional/2012/08/04/actualidad/1344082739_899518.html http://worldnews.nbcnews.co5375.|8=Earned%20By=msnbc|cover=1^12=Landing%20Content=Mixed=1^13=Landing%20Hostname=www.nbcnews.com=1^30=Visit%20Type%20to%20Content=Earned%20to%20Mixed=1&__utmk=156510584OTRAS"The Economist" presenta su informe semanal: "Business this week". Para más información: http://www.economist.com/node/21559678

Captura de Radovan KaradzicEl ex presidente de la República Serbia de Bosnia, Radovan Karadzic, de 63 años, es acusado de genocidio y crímenes de guerra . Es uno de los hombres más buscados del mundo, ha sido detenido el pasado martes en Serbia.Apodado el "carnicero de Sarajevo", estuvo prófugo desde 1996, está inculpado por el Tribunal Penal Internacional para la antigua Yugoslavia (creado ad hoc para juzgar los delitos cometidos durante ese conflicto).Se le acusa también de haber orquestado las ejecuciones de hasta 8.000 musulmanes en Srebrenica durante la guerra en Bosnia en 1995.Se ocultaba tras una identidad falsa y un aspecto irreconocible, con barba, pelo largo y mucho más delgado. Ejercía la medicina alternativa en Belgrado, donde ha sido detenido. Varios medios informan al respecto:"CNN":"Fugitive Karadzic hid as bearded medic":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/22/serb.arrest/index.html"Time":"Karadzic's Arrest Comes Too Late":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1825366,00.html"Karadzic Hid with False Identity":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1825377,00.html"Judge Orders Karadzic to UN Tribunal":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1825268,00.html"Le Monde":"Karadzic se cachait à Belgrade sous une fausse identité":http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/07/22/le-serbe-radovan-karadzic-inculpe-de-genocide-a-ete-arrete_1075780_3214.html#ens_id=1075781"La Serbie solde en partie les comptes de son passé":http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/07/22/la-serbie-solde-en-partie-les-comptes-de-son-passe_1075844_3214.html#ens_id=1075781"Radovan Karadzic, fourrier d'un sanglant ultranationalisme serbe":http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/07/22/radovan-karadzic-l-icone-de-l-ultranationalisme-serbe_1075820_3214.html"New York Times":"Serb Officials Detail Capture of Karadzic":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/23/world/europe/23serbia.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"La Nación": "Satisfacción en la UE por la detención de Radovan Karadzic: Sin embargo, los líderes mostraron prudencia sobre los avances con Serbia a partir del arresto del criminal de guerra más buscado; no declaró en su primer interrogatorio":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1032472"Detienen al criminal de guerra más buscado: Es Radovan Karadzic, acusado de genocidio en los Balcanes":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1032386"The Economist":"Arrest of a strongman: Radovan Karadzic is arrested at last, in a big boost to Serbia's prospects of joining the European Union":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displayStory.cfm?story_id=11778164&source=features_box_main"Los Angeles Times":"Bosnian Serb war crimes suspect Radovan Karadzic caught":http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-warcrime22-2008jul22,0,7520714.story"Times":"Wanted fugitive Radovan Karadzic developed alter ego as New Age doctor":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4377240.ece"The dark life and times of Radovan Karadzic":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4377484.ece"Eyewitness: the role of Karadzic in Sarajevo's vicious civil war: As a foreign correspondent for The Times, Edward Gorman visited many theatres of war during the 1990s. Here he recalls the dark days of the siege of Sarajevo":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4377963.ece"Factfile: Bosnia's bloody history:The tangled and troubled history to the Bosnian civil war, which saw the worst massacres in Europe since WW2":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4378742.ece"El Tiempo":"Arrestado el ex jefe militar serbobosnio Radovan Karadzic, acusado de genocidio":http://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/europa/home/arrestado-el-ex-jefe-militar-serbobosnio-radovan-karadzic-acusado-de-genocidio-_4388156-1"El Universal": "Envían a La Haya a Karadzic: El fiscal Vladimir Vukcevic dijo el martes a la prensa que el juez emitió la orden para la entrega del sospechoso a la corte internacional por 11 crímenes de guerra":http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/524272.html"MSNBC":"War crimes suspect quizzed after decade on run: Bosnian Serb leader Karadzic worked as doctor while hunted for massacres":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25793223/"Background, quotes on The Hague, Karadzic: Tribunal facts and what key figures have to say about the fugitive's arrest":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25798405/"El Mercurio":"Presunto criminal de guerra requerido en La Haya: Luego de 12 años de búsqueda detienen a Radovan Karadzic, el "carnicero de Sarajevo"":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/22/internacional/_portada/noticias/B62A3BF4-561F-42DF-B372-E6A97619E49E.htm?id={B62A3BF4-561F-42DF-B372-E6A97619E49E}"El País" de Madrid:"Celebración en Sarajevo, disturbios en Belgrado: Cientos de nacionalistas serbios se enfrentan con la Policía por la detención de Radovan Karadzic, muy celebrada en Bosnia":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Celebracion/Sarajevo/disturbios/Belgrado/elpepuint/20080722elpepuint_13/Tes"Detenido en Serbia Karadzic, el criminal de guerra más buscado":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Detenido/Serbia/Karadzic/criminal/guerra/buscado/elpepuint/20080722elpepuint_2/Tes"Los ministros de Exteriores de la UE esperarán al informe del TPYI para descongelar el pacto de adhesión de Serbia: La detención de Karadzic acerca al país de los Balcanes a Europa":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/ministros/Exteriores/UE/esperaran/informe/TPYI/descongelar/pacto/adhesion/Serbia/elpepuint/20080722elpepuint_9/Tes AMERICA LATINA"MSNBC" publica: "Haiti food aid lags, hunger deepens: As nation starves, aid is stuck in port or inside warehouses":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25773473/"El País" de Madrid informa: "Mueren cuatro militares venezolanos y un boliviano al caer un helicóptero en el centro de Bolivia: La aeronave iba a ser utilizada hoy por el presidente Evo Morales":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Mueren/militares/venezolanos/boliviano/caer/helicoptero/centro/Bolivia/elpepuint/20080721elpepuint_13/Tes"MSNBC" publica: "Helicopter crashes in Bolivia, killing five: Copter was often used to transport Bolivian president":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25785714/"CNN" informa: "Dolly intensifies; Texas and Mexico brace for hurricane":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/weather/07/21/tropical.weather/index.html"La Ancion" publica: "La crisis política / La embestida kirchnerista contra el vicepresidente: El Gobierno echó a seis funcionarios de Cobos":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1032410"El Mercurio" publica: "El secretario de Agricultura sería la primera baja del gabinete argentino":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/22/internacional/internacional/noticias/217A4F30-1D6C-4B42-9354-B2E194388F5A.htm?id={217A4F30-1D6C-4B42-9354-B2E194388F5A}"CNN" publica: "Chavez set to spend big on Russian weapons":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/22/chavez.russia/index.html"La Nación" informa: "Chávez inició una estratégica visita a Rusia: El mandatario realizó una nueva compra de armas y selló importantes acuerdos energéticos tras reunirse con su par ruso, Dimitri Medvedev":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1032471"The Economist" analiza: "Deadly masaje: How not to tackle a soaring murder rate":http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11750858"El Mercurio" informa: "20 muertos habría dejado ataque a base de las FARC": http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/22/internacional/internacional/noticias/E029D5C3-F87C-466E-81E2-32434314CDC9.htm?id={E029D5C3-F87C-466E-81E2-32434314CDC9}"The Economist" analiza: "Mending an icon: How Rio's first good governor in decades is starting to renew Brazil's most famous city": http://www.economist.com/world/la/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11750451 ESTADOS UNIDOS / CANADA "New York Times" publica: "Obama Meets Iraqi Officials in Baghdad":http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/us/politics/22obama.html?_r=1&ref=world&oref=slogin"CNN" informa: "Obama finds 'consensus' in Iraq for U.S. troop withdrawal":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/07/22/obama.mideast/index.html"El Mercurio" de Chile publica: "Campaña electoral por la Casa Blanca: Gira de Obama desata frenesí periodístico en Estados Unidos":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/22/internacional/internacional/noticias/F0B3A5F6-8B0C-4F9B-B389-83E111BEDDB1.htm?id={F0B3A5F6-8B0C-4F9B-B389-83E111BEDDB1}"The Economist" analiza: "The Hispanic vote: ¡Voten por mi!. Latino voters are turning away from John McCain. That's a symptom of a bigger problem for Republicans":http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11750600"Time" informa: "Never Underestimate McCain, But.":http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1825337,00.html"Time" publica sitio web sobre elecciones en los Estados Unidos: "The Page":http://thepage.time.com/"La Nación" informa: "Guantánamo: comenzó el primer juicio: El acusado es el ex chofer de Osama ben Laden, que ayer se declaró inocente ante un tribunal militar":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1032343"Time" publica: "Bin Laden Driver Pleads Not Guilty":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1825089,00.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "El chófer de Bin Laden niega las acusaciones en el primer juicio en Guantánamo: Salim Ahmed Hamdan se enfrenta a una pena de cadena perpetua por conspiración y apoyo a actividades terroristas": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/chofer/Bin/Laden/niega/acusaciones/primer/juicio/Guantanamo/elpepuint/20080721elpepuint_6/Tes EUROPA "The Economist" analiza: "Bosnia's future: Balkan end-games. The long and winding road towards the European Union":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11751332"El País" de Madrid publica: " Sarkozy transmite a Irlanda su respeto al resultado del referéndum: El mandatario francés, que ejerce la presidencia rotatoria de la UE, se ha reunido con el primer ministro de Irlanda Brian Cowen en busca de una explicación al 'no'": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Sarkozy/transmite/Irlanda/respeto/resultado/referendum/elpepuint/20080721elpepuint_16/Tes"El Mercurio"de Chile informa: "Sarkozy logra estrecha victoria con aprobación a reforma constitucional":http://diario.elmercurio.com/2008/07/22/internacional/_portada/noticias/11AF2738-5487-43B6-9D0F-71C578D6BE24.htm?id={11AF2738-5487-43B6-9D0F-71C578D6BE24}"MSNBC" publica: "Spanish police smash 'most wanted' ETA cell: 9 held as raids target Basque separatist group following series of attacks":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25799230/"CNN" indorma: "Nine ETA bombing suspects arrested":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/07/22/spain.arrests/index.html"La Nación" informa: "La lucha contra el terrorismo en España: Desarticulan el comando más activo de ETA. Detuvieron a nueve personas, entre ellos el jefe; serían los responsables de la mayoría de los atentados cometidos tras el fin de la tregua":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1032470"El País" de Madrid informa: "España confirma que el Rey sí verá a Chávez: Un comunicado del Gobierno español dice que se reunirán el viernes en Mallorca, a pesar de que el presidente venezolano desmintió ayer que haya confirmado el encuentro": http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Espana/confirma/Rey/vera/Chavez/elpepuint/20080721elpepuint_2/Tes"La Nación" publica: "Cerraron el caso Maddie por falta de evidencias: Los padres harán otra investigación":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1032387"The Economist" analiza: "Berlusconi fiddles, Italy burns: Silvio Berlusconi's government is turning out to be depressingly similar to his previous one":http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11751325Asia – Pacífico /Medio OrieNTE"MSNBC" informa: "Myanmar cyclone caused $4 billion in damage: Country needs at least $1 billion in aid over three years, U.N. says":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25785731/"The Economist" informa: "Business in China: Busting trust. The land of the mega-monopoly is about to adopt an antitrust law":http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11751042"Time" publica: "China Pulls Troops From Quake Zone":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1825310,00.html"MSNBC" analiza: "Olympic city halves traffic to aid polluted skies: Car ban forces Beijing residents to take public transport in clean air bid":http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/25778988/"CNN" infroma: "Indian government's future on a knife edge":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/07/22/india.vote/index.html"Time" publica: "India MPs to Hold Confidence Vote":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1825382,00.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "El tifón Kalmaegi causa 18 muertos en Taiwán: El tifón ha causado graves inundaciones, corrimientos de tierra y pérdidas agrícolas de alrededor de diez millones de euros":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/tifon/Kalmaegi/causa/muertos/Taiwan/elpepuint/20080721elpepuint_1/Tes"Time" informa: "ASEAN Turns Blind Eye to Burma Rights":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1825357,00.html"El País" de Madrid informa: "Brown: "La paz entre palestinos e israelíes está al alcance de la mano": El líder laborista, primer 'premier' británico que habla ante la 'Knesset' (parlamento israelí).- Exige de nuevo a Irán que suspenda su programa nuclear":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Brown/paz/palestinos/israelies/alcance/mano/elppgl/20080721elpepuint_11/Tes"La Nación": "Brown pidió a Irán que cese su plan nuclear":http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=1032345"Times" publica: "Bulldozer driver shot dead in Jerusalem after ramming cars":http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article4378076.ece AFRICA"El País" de Madrid publica: "Gobierno y oposición de Zimbabue acuerdan iniciar un proceso de diálogo para salir de la crisis: El líder del MDC, vencedor de las elecciones que nunca reconoció el régimen de Mugabe, firmará en persona el acuerdo":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Gobierno/oposicion/Zimbabue/acuerdan/iniciar/proceso/dialogo/salir/crisis/elpepuint/20080721elpepuint_12/Tes"CNN" informa: "Zimbabwe rivals sign deal on talks":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/21/zimbabwe.deal/index.html"Time" informa: "Breakthrough in Zimbabwe: Let's Talk":http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1825151,00.html"CNN" publica: "Zimbabwe: Inflation 'highest in the world'":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/africa/07/17/zimbabwe.inflation.ap/index.html"The Economist" analiza: "Sudan's leader is accused, but others can expect to follow: Will the indictment of Sudan's president for alleged war crimes help or hinder the prospects for peace in Darfur?":http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11751353ECONOMIA"CNN" informa: "Oil jumps $2 on Iran, storm: Crude prices bounce back from $16 slide as Iran nuclear talks end without agreement and traders fear tropical storm in Gulf of Mexico.":http://money.cnn.com/2008/07/21/markets/oil/index.htm?postversion=2008072115"The Economist" publica su informe semanal: "Business this week":http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11751734&CFID=13935362&CFTOKEN=69812019"El País" de Madrid publica: "El rescate de Fannie Mae y Freddie Mac le costará al contribuyente 25.000 millones de dólares: Según la Oficina de Presupuesto del Congreso.- Los dos bancos hipotecarios siguen su desplome en la bolsa":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/economia/rescate/Fannie/Mae/Freddie/Mac/le/costara/contribuyente/25000/millones/dolares/elpepueco/20080722elpepueco_8/TesOTRAS NOTICIAS"El País" de Madrid publica: "Movilización mundial contra las FARC: Ingrid Betancourt pide en París la liberación de todos los secuestrados. Miles de asistentes a un concierto reclaman el fin de la guerrilla en Colombia":http://www.elpais.com/articulo/internacional/Ingrid/Betancourt/pide/Paris/liberacion/todos/secuestrados/elpepuint/20080721elpepiint_3/Tes"CNN" informa: "World rallies for FARC hostages' freedom":http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/20/colombia.hostages.ap/index.html"The Economist" publica: "Iran and America: A surprising move. Why America is sending a top man to talk directly to the Iranians":http://www.economist.com/world/africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11751318

Urbanization has led to increased wheat imports by non-traditional, wheat producing countries. Globally, Southeast Asia has had the most rapid increase in wheat consumption. Over the past decade, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Laos, and Vietnam have attempted to assess the feasibility of initiating domestic wheat production to substitute or supplement their imports of wheat. All of these countries have areas suitable for wheat production, but no production experience, indigenous consumption, or marketing structures for wheat to provide a base for expansion. Despite the appeal of developing domestic wheat production, it must be considered essentially an experimental venture. Thus while it has been possible to gain the enthusiasm of technical people, it may not necessarily rate high on the list of government priorities. The main difficulties of developing wheat in Thailand have surprisingly not been technical issues, such as poor plant development, pests, and diseases. Instead, the unfamiliarity of the crop amongst scientists, extension workers, and farmers has been the key constraint. Functionally this has resulted in a number of problems in unexpected areas; • Identifying the areas where wheat would have a comparative advantage over other crops was not clear for some time. As a result, early extension efforts were scattered and shifted from area to area. • The recommended technology for planting wheat was too intensive and liable to misinterpretation by farmers, which led to repeated crop failures in the early years of the program. Easily adopted technologies that allowed reliable crop establishment by farmers took some time to evolve. • Local grain merchants had no knowledge of wheat and were not prepared to purchase small volumes from isolated groups of farmers. This created a lack of confidence in the crop among farmers and extension workers. These issues were recognized as being significant once the production program was in the progress and they had to be dealt with as they were encountered. The program in Thailand is notable in that it has not been structured as a pilot project with a specific pilot area for production; special fund allocations; or any program to buy back the crop from farmers. Instead, the program has been implemented within existing planning, budgeting, and operating procedures of the various government institutions involved. This has had inherent difficulties, but has also led to some innovative initiatives. In the long run, these have given the program greater strength and sustainability: • The difficulty of marketing small quantities of the crop was initially addressed by attempting to promote local use of the crop. • The Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE) has begun to develop a market structure for wheat ased on local independent grain merchants. This should expand dynamically with a minimal input of government funds. • A wide range of institutions has been involved in the program, which gave the program access to inspiration and initiatives from different directions.This has helped maintain momentum to a greater degree than if only one institution were involved. • Finally, the problem of developing appropriate production technologies for a diverse production environment, was solved through a process of cross-fertilization between researchers on-farm trials, and farmers' informal trials. This interaction between research and extension evolved through a "participatory extension" approach that engaged farmers in the process of fine tuning the technologies to their particular situation. Most of the major crops that have been introduced to Thailand since World War II (i.e., maize, cassava, soybean, and tobacco) have been export-driven, with the private sector playing an active role in supplying farmers with inputs, production technologies, and a waiting market. Wheat, on the other hand, is competing with efficiently produced imports, with all stages of the program for developing production; technology development, seed supply, and marketing, being led by the govemment sector. This offers a unique opportunity to draw useful lessons. At this point, the technical viability of wheat production has been established. Dynamic expansion of the crop has yet to occur and will depend on the program's successful transition from being government-sponsored to the private sector. Final establishment of the crop will also depend on factors outside of the program's control, such as world prices for wheat. This Report focuses on the processes and dynamics of wheat's introduction and its expansion, the underlying constraints and imperatives, and the roles and interactions of the various cooperating institutions. The three chapters covering these topics are briefly summarized below. Chapter I. Promoting "Local Use" of Wheat as a Strategy for Developing Crop Production Extension efforts to introduce wheat to small farmers in northern Thailand began in the early 1980s. The program was immediately faced with the problem of disposing of the small output being generated by scattered groups of farmers. To escape this problem, local use of the wheat was promoted as a substitute for selling it. This was intended to allow farmers time to begin to obtain reasonable yields so that it would be economic for them to produce and permit production volume to increase sufficiently so that local grain merchants could purchase and ship the harvest to the flour mills in Bangkok. Local use was promoted on two levels: direct consumption within farm families to supplement their staple diet of rice, and sale of locally milled whole-wheat flour to food vendors. Whole-wheat flour was selected due to the simple grinding process involved and the feasibility of blending it with commercial white flour. The program developed several ways of preparing food that allowed wheat to be included in the food habits of local Thai farmers and the ethnic hilltribe people. These dishes were readily accepted on the basis of taste, but the long preparation and/or cooking time prohibited their ready adoption into the farm family diet. However, there are some indications that ethnic hilltribe people could fit the more basic preparations into their diets and daily routines. The was a consistent interest among farmers' housewives to use wheat for various types of snacks. A number of small bakeries started using methods of milling and baking, based on locally available technologies and materials. In the end, the main obstacle to widespread replication of such enterprises was not poor market acceptance or the lack of appropriate technologies, but the lack of middlemen who would maintain a stock of wheat in the village. Without material readily available, there was little opportunity for potential entrepreneurs to begin trial operations. Overall, the local use effort was not successful in its main objective of generating home consumption in the place of selling the crop. However, there were indications that local use of wheat could develop in certain situations once production became more commonplace. While unsuccessful in this primary goal, the effort di help to popularize the new crop among women farmers. The interest and cooperation that the program engendered was significant. Therefore, when trying to stimulate interest in a new crop, the local use concept should not be rejected out of hand. Chapter II. Developing Production: Initiatives and Constraints The current program to establish wheat production is the latest attempt to do so over the past 50 years. The Department of Agricultural Extension (DOAE) initiated the program with a series of multilocation trials, beginning in the 1983/84 cool season. A wdespread wheat promotion campaign began four years later (1987/88 cool season). As a key element of the campaign, the DOAE has provided free seed and fertilizer. Where substantial production areas developed, mobile threshers were made available free of charge. Production has been promoted in ,both rainfed and irrigated environments. A rough estimate of the area in these two production domains is 110,000 and 55,000 ha, respectively. Extension efforts have alternately targeted rainfed and irrigated environments as the expectation of success in the two domains changed. By 1990/91 season, "production centers" of wheat had been established in six of Thailand's eight provinces. The production area in 1995/96 had reached a modest 742 ha and 720 ha for rainfed and irrigated areas, respectively, with a total of about 1500 ha. Early extension efforts were plagued by consistent crop failure due to farmers' unfamiliarity with the crop. In irrigated areas, farmers consistently over-irrigated, over-seeded, or left seed uncovered. Rainfed areas had similar problems of over-seeding and poor seed-cover. In rainfed production the seeding date has to coincide with the last storms of the wet season. As the pattern of these late storms changes from year to year, this has necessarily prolonged the learning curve for rainfed farmers. Thus the yields for rainfed production have been slower to rise. Such a set of management errors is typical for any extension program introducing a new crop. But in the case of wheat, the technology extended to farmers played a major role in their onsistent crop failures. It was not until more appropriate technologies were developed that extension began to achieved any success he severity of these management errors has been reduced (but not eliminated) so that the average yields for the 1996 harvest were approximately 1 t/ha and 0.64 t/ha for irrigated and rainfed areas, respectively. This is still below the calculated "break-even" point of 1.2 and 0.82 t/ha for irrigated and rainfed areas, respectively. However, farmers with a number of years experience growing the crop are achieving double these yields. Marketing has been a major issue for wheat. The DOAE made a concerted effort to develop a market structure based on independent local grain merchants. They acted at two levels. In Bangkok, guaranteed prices of 7.4 Bt/kg (0.30 US$/kg) at the mill door and procedures for handling the crop were established with mill representatives. At the local level, extension workers selected local grain merchants and introduced them to farmers. The two groups held yearly marketing meetings before crop harvest. The system has some rough spots, but the network of local grain merchants purchasing the crop is increasing each season. This structure should expand dynamically as production expands without continued coordination by government institutions. This attempt to engage the private sector, should it prove effective, will have been achieved with minimal government expenditure. The crop is at its "watershed" in Thailand. There are expanding centers of production in both rainfed and irrigated areas, appropriate technologies are available, and marketing links with flour mills in Bangkok have been established. However, dynamic expansion is yet to occur. Government support of free seed has reached the limit of its usefulness now and is beginning to inhibit dynamic expansion. Average yields are still depressed by the typical management errors noted in the early years of extension, and by market links, which are not yet responsive. All of these problems can be managed. However, the overall constraint is the lack of any real drive from the mills as the end users. The government sector has succeeded in establishing the basis for wheat production in northern Thailand. Its job is more or less done. At some point the private sector will need to become a driving force. When the program began in early 1980s, wheat prices were low, but they have risen substantially since, so that domestic wheat should now be cheaper than imported wheat. Chapter III. Developing Appropriate Technologies in a Diverse Production Environment The initial research effort was confined to experiment stations where scientists themselves had to become familiar with the crop's characteristics. The original recommended technology was time-and labor-intensive, and was open to misinterpretation by traditional rice farmers. It is unlikely that any extension program based on this technology would have been successful. Most of the more appropriate technologies that are now being adopted were identified through fairly informal on-farm trials. The research program has changed considerably over the last 12 years. Research is now strictly oriented towards production problems and has a strong on-farm component. In addition, scientists are beginning to examine the focus ofthe research program in the context of the diversity of the production environments. Since the beginning of widespread promotion of the crop to farmers in the 1987/88 season, there have been dramatic shifts in the preferred technology used. Perhaps as few as 10% of the farmers are still using the originally recommended technology. Broadcasting instead of row seeding, minimum tillage instead of soil preparation, and the use of mulch to alter the micro-climate of the crop are some of the changes that promise to increase yields and/or reduce inputs. There have been several stages in the evolution of appropriate production technologies, and the specific technology preferred at a particular site varies according to local conditions. Farmers themselves have played an active role in adapting and innovating appropriate technologies. This is perhaps to be expected with a new crop. An extension approach in which farmers are presented with a number of alternative technologies appears to be effective in engaging them to evaluate and adapt the technologies. Because there is a definite contributing role for the farmers with this extension approach, it is called "participatory." This participatory approach could offer a way around the impasse that farming systems research (FSR) faces; in diverse production environments where any technology developed will be necessarily site specific, the need for repeated trials for each environment places a load on institutionalized FSR that it will never be able to meet. Participatory extension prompts the farmers to fine-tune the technologies themselves and should allow FSR to focus on issues that are beyond farmers' resources to deal with. Tviability of institutional adoption of participatory extension was investigated through an action research program funded by Canada's International Development Research Center (IORC) within the existing Thai Wheat Program.

Turkey recently suspended trade with Israel because of the "worsening humanitarian tragedy" in Gaza.Ankara says it will resume trade if Israel permits an "uninterrupted and sufficient flow" of aid into the enclave. Predictably, Israel's chief diplomat, Israel Katz, accused Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of behaving like a "dictator" while "disregarding the interests of the Turkish people and businessmen and ignoring international trade agreements." Hamas unsurprisingly praised Turkey.Tensions between Turkey and Israel have soared at various points in recent decades, such as the 2009 Davos Summit and the 2010 Gaza flotilla raid. Yet, until now, Turkish-Israeli economic relations always weathered those storms. Therefore, Turkey halting trade with Israel this month is a big deal."Since mid-October last year, when President Erdogan stepped up his sharp criticism of Israel's attack on civilians in Gaza, trade has been the one element of the two countries' relationship that has remained positive. Now that Turkey has cut off all trade with Israel, that positive element is gone," Matthew Bryza, the former U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Europe and Eurasia, told RS."Erdogan appears to be breaking with tradition in taking a holistic approach to ties with Israel. In previous crises, trade relations always remained distinct from strained political ties. Now, the government appears not to be concerned with escalation on all fronts," said Batu Coşkun, a political analyst who specializes in Turkish affairs at the Sadeq Institute, in an interview with RS.According to Murat Aslan, a faculty member at Hasan Kalyoncu University and a researcher at the SETA Foundation, Turkey has cards it can play if it seeks to increase pressure on Israel beyond suspending trade. These include encouraging other countries to join Turkey in imposing embargos on Israel and closing Turkish airspace to Israeli flights. "We have to wait and see [if Turkey takes] these steps, but I know that there are [many] options," said Aslan.Domestic pressures and mounting tensionTurkey's domestic politics must be considered. At an earlier stage in the Gaza war, segments of Turkish society started pressuring Erdogan's government to take concrete steps against Tel Aviv beyond strong rhetoric. A few weeks ago, Turkey curbed trade with Israel in 54 areas, including steel, fertilizer, and jet fuel.In the lead up to last month's municipal elections, there were calls for severing all trade with Israel, which resonated with many of Erdogan's constituents. As a result, a fair share of Erdogan's traditional supporters either refused to vote, or they supported the New Welfare Party, an Islamist party that campaigned on opposing the government's policy of permitting continued trade with Israel amid the Gaza war.Now, in deciding to halt Turkish trade with Israel, "Erdogan appears to be reacting to retain his popularity," according to Coşkun. "This means that the president is likely to continue escalating rhetoric, which means more tension in ties with Israel."The economic impactIsrael has long maintained robust trade, investment, and commercial relations with Turkey. In 2023, bilateral trade stood at roughly $7 billion. Zorlu Holding, a Turkish conglomerate, is a major investor in Israel's economy, and Turkish construction companies have made lots of money in Israel over the years. It can be taken for granted that construction costs will increase in Israel, and there will be inflationary effects due to Ankara's decision to halt trade.But, for the time being, it is less than clear how much harm the Turkish embargo will inflict on Israel's economy, and how long the harm will last. Countries can adapt when their trade relations are interrupted or sanctions are imposed. Russia adjusting its trade routes and supply chains after the West waged financial warfare against Moscow in response to Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022 is an example. Similarly, Israeli policymakers are now busy trying to assess what damage will likely be inflicted on their economy and how to adjust to offset the effects of Turkey's embargo.Additionally, Turkey's economy will take a hit too. This was a major reason why Ankara did not implement the embargo sooner. There is widespread support across Turkey's political spectrum for the Palestinians, but also a debate over how much of a price the nation should pay to support Gaza."It will definitely harm the Israeli economy in unprecedented ways given the internal situation in Israel and the Houthis' measures at the entrance of the Red Sea," said Ali Bakir, an assistant professor at Qatar University's Ibn Khaldon Center and nonresident senior fellow at the Atlantic Council's Scowcroft Middle East Security Initiative, in an interview with RS."Having said this, it will also harm the Turkish economy, which is already struggling and is being adjusted to recover," Bakir added, noting that regional governments that are afraid of taking such financial risks should step up to help those, like Turkey, that are willing to do so. Azerbaijani oilThe impact of Turkey's actions on Azerbaijan and, more specifically, its oil exports to Israel will matter. Azerbaijani oil goes through the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline and then on to Israel via tanker. If Ankara would stop allowing Azerbaijan to export oil to Israel through the Ceyhan port, Israel's economy could greatly suffer."It's not clear at this point whether or not Turkey will cut off those flows of [Azerbaijani] oil…to Israel. Were that to be the case, that could have a more significant impact on Israel's economy as the economy adjusts to having to find new supplies," said Bryza, who also served as U.S. ambassador to Azerbaijan. He noted that Israel has long-term energy contracts with Azerbaijan, and it would have to pay much more for oil if bought on the spot market."If Turkey halts this flow…then Israel has to find another source for energy. Otherwise, they will be in trouble," added Aslan.Nonetheless, given the nature of the Ankara-Baku alliance, Turkey may refrain from taking this action. "I would be surprised if Turkey were to cut off flows of Azerbaijani oil through and from the Turkish port of Ceyhan to Israel because that would also damage the interests of Azerbaijan," said Bryza. "Turkey and Azerbaijan have the closest of bilateral relationships with the cliche describing that relationship, they are 'one nation and two states.'"Will others follow Turkey in halting trade with Israel?Turkey's suspension of bilateral trade will inevitably harm the Israeli economy, at least in the near-term. This will be an additional cost that Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's government, and Israel as a country will have to pay for its crimes against the civilians of Gaza. However, if Turkey is alone in imposing an embargo on Israel, the economic harm inflicted on Israel could be limited. What needs to be considered is the possibility of other countries following Ankara's lead, which could make Israel's economic challenges more serious.Turkey's decision will certainly be welcome by Arab citizens across the Middle East and North Africa. They will likely point to Ankara's embargo on Israel as an example of how Muslim countries should deal with Israel and call on their governments to follow suit. Whether those governments will do so, however, is another question.

Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu is vowing to launch an invasion of Rafah, a city located along the Gaza-Egypt border where more than 1.5 million Palestinians currently shelter.Egypt's stakes are extremely high given how much spillover from Gaza into the Sinai Peninsula could be destabilizing. Cairo understandably wants this war to be over immediately.A massive refugee influx into the Sinai from Gaza could result in Palestinians waging an armed resistance against Israel from Egyptian soil — a nightmarish scenario from Cairo's perspective. Egypt also does not want to be seen as accepting Palestinian refugees in exchange for money from the U.S., which would contribute to perceptions on the "Arab Street" that President Abdel Fatah el-Sisi's government is complicit in a "Nakba 2.0."Understanding Egypt's vulnerability to spillover from Gaza requires considering Cairo's other foreign policy challenges too. The Gaza war's spread into the Red Sea has harmed Egypt's economy in the form of lost Suez Canal revenue with ships rerouting to avoid the body of water altogether. Additionally, Rafah isn't the only border security crisis concerning Egyptian officials. "They've got Sudan in the south, which is a mess. To the west, Libya is a mess. So basically, everywhere Egypt looks now is a problem. There's also the issue of the Renaissance Dam," noted Kenneth Katzman, a Senior Fellow at the Soufan Center, in an interview with RS.The U.S. RoleSince October, Egyptian diplomacy has been key to efforts aimed at implementing a ceasefire, negotiating hostage-prisoner swaps, and delivering Gaza humanitarian assistance. As a result, the Biden administration perceives Egypt to be more indispensable than ever. Notably, Biden and his team haven't recently criticized the Sisi government's human rights record — a major contrast to Biden's rhetoric as a presidential candidate.The White House understands Cairo's concerns and Biden's public position is that Israel should not wage a full-scale assault on Rafah without ensuring the safety of Palestinians sheltering there. But Egypt continues to be frustrated with Biden's refusal to deploy Washington's leverage to pressure Israel into actually changing its conduct on the ground."Washington's support [for Egypt on this front has been] confined to making clear its opposition to any full-scale transfer of refugees, forced, unforced, permanent, or temporary," Charles Dunne, a former U.S. diplomat who served in Cairo and Jerusalem, told RS. "It is pushing back on talk in Israel — so far unofficial — that a mass population transfer could be part of the solution to Israel's Gaza problem," he added."My personal conclusion is that [U.S. officials] probably made the point [to their Egyptian counterparts] that some of the Gazans would inevitably be needed to be let into Egypt in order to prevent a greater humanitarian catastrophe as the Israelis move military operations closer to Rafah," Dave DesRoches, an assistant professor at the National Defense University in Washington, DC, told RS. "My guess is the Egyptians are concerned both that the Gazan presence would become permanent as well as that Egypt would be seen as abetting the Israeli military operations," he added.If Israel wages an all-out assault on Rafah and there is a massive displacement of Palestinians into Egypt, Washington would probably financially assist Cairo. But Katzman belives the White House is likely more focused on trying to prevent that from happening. "My impression is that [the Biden] administration is not really tackling the idea of what if there is a flood of refugees into the Sinai, while I think [its] strategy is to make sure that doesn't happen in the first place," he told RS.Katzman added, "The U.S. is encouraging Israel to coordinate with Egypt to the extent possible, which I think is happening. But beyond that, I don't think the administration has done any planning because they don't expect that worst case scenario to happen.""Cairo worries that even entertaining the idea for emergency planning purposes could be seen as a green light to the IDF. That appears to be where we are for now, and Cairo has focused on building a fortified buffer zone along the border with Gaza to prevent a refugee crisis," said Dunne.Red Sea CrisisAnother important aspect of U.S.-Egypt relations amid the Gaza war and its regionalization is the Red Sea security crisis. Since November, the Houthis have been launching missiles and drones at ships off Yemen's coast, claiming to support Gaza by targeting vessels linked to Israel, the U.S., and the UK. As of last month, Egypt's Suez Canal revenue had decreased by 40 to 50 percent throughout the crisis, according to Sisi.Gordon Gray, the former U.S. ambassador to Tunisia, told RS that there is "strong incentive for Egypt to assist the U.S. efforts to guarantee freedom of the seas" given what is at stake for Egypt in terms of Suez Canal fees amid Houthi maritime attacks.But despite economic setbacks from the Red Sea security crisis, Egypt did not join Operation Prosperity Guardian (OPG) and Cairo has played no official role in the Washington-led bombing campaign against the Houthis that began almost two months ago. This is not because Cairo doesn't share the West's concerns about the Houthi attacks on vessels. To the contrary, Egypt and the U.S. strongly agree that no Yemeni group should be allowed to disrupt maritime shipping in the region. In fact, when Saudi Arabia launched Operation Decisive Storm in March 2015, Egypt committed its naval forces to provide security in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. At that time, Sisi referred to the Red Sea as an "Arab lake" and identified the Bab al-Mandab as important to "Egyptian and Arab national security."Public opinion at home mostly explains Cairo not joining OPG nor formally supporting the U.S.-UK strikes. Many Egyptians would now see their government overtly aligning with Washington and London against the Houthis as Cairo facilitating Israel's war on Gaza."Egypt has refused to join [OPG] and, while it's possible that Egypt is making some behind-the-scenes contribution, any such contribution is pretty much invisible to the naked eye at the moment. If anything, it's the very least they can get away with doing," according to Dunne.DesRoches believes that the Egyptians have probably been allowing London to use Egyptian airspace for bombing Houthi targets in Yemen. "Extrapolating, I'm confident that U.S. support, intelligence, and resupply flights are probably transiting Egyptian airspace," he told RS. "I have a slightly lower degree of confidence that the Egyptians share intelligence and the common operating picture from their various assets to locate missile tracks and launch sites. This is probably limited more by the lack of Egyptian capacity than by any policy decision to not cooperate." Ultimately, the U.S.-Egypt alliance remains strong. But Cairo must approach this relationship with more caution given Washington's role in Gaza's destruction and its growing isolation in the Arab-Islamic world.

Like 9/11, the raid on Israel by the paramilitary wing of Hamas on October 7 is frequently held to be a game changer — an "inflection point." But, like 9/11, it seems instead to have been a desperate foray by an increasingly irrelevant group that got horribly lucky.After the attack, many in the United States, including President Joe Biden, urged the Israelis not to repeat the mistakes the U.S. made after 9/11. Those mistakes included exaggerating the strategic significance of the terrible event and of the capacities of those perpetrating it, and then understandably but counterproductively reacting in anger to the provocation in a manner that resulted in far more damage than the initiating event and created far more dedicated enemies than had existed before.9/11The 9/11 attack was horrific — indeed, scarcely any terrorist act in history, in war zones or outside them, has inflicted even ten percent as much total destruction.However, although the attacks were in many respects clever and well planned, their success was more the result of luck than of ingenuity. Before 9/11, al-Qaeda, a fringe group at the time, had launched several terrorist attacks, but even those that succeeded were laced with screw-ups, and there were many missteps in the execution of the 9/11 plot — participants took unauthorized foreign trips, failed to get trained, and loudly bragged about how they would soon be famous.In fact, it is not at all clear that the planners truly appreciated how successful they would be or why. Indeed, the 9/11 planners had been working on a "second wave" of hijackings, suggesting they were oblivious to the fact that the first attack would make a "second wave" vastly more difficult, and likely impossible because, as pilot Patrick Smith points out, "Any hijacker would face a planeload of angry and frightened people ready to fight back."Despite widespread fears (including that the group would get nuclear weapons), al-Qaeda central proved to be unable to do much of anything after 2001 except to issue videos full of sound and fury. Even under siege, it is difficult to see why it could not have organized attacks at least as costly and shocking as the shooting rampages (organized by different extremist group, Lashkar-e-Taiba) that took place in Mumbai, India in 2008.Nonetheless, the United States, often envisioning the group to pose an existential threat, reacted by launching two unnecessary wars that led to more than 100 times the number of deaths (including twice as many American ones) than the impelling event. The wars also served to motivate a generation of dedicated enemies. Overwhelmingly, for example, Islamist terrorists in the U.S. after 9/11 were motivated not by any sort of ideological "radicalization," but rather by an intense hostility to U.S. military activities in the Middle East which they saw as a murderous effort to destroy Islam. And others abroad were generated by, and drawn to, America's new occupations.10/7Direct wars between Israel and neighboring states have substantially subsided. There were four of these between 1948 and 1973, but none in the last half-century. Instead, a number of key Arab states have made their peace with Israel, albeit sometimes grudgingly, starting with Egypt, then Jordan, and more recently with the Abraham Accords states, which might even have come to include Saudi Arabia.As present events make all too dramatically clear, Israel still has to deal with substate paramilitary groups like Hamas in Gaza. But increasingly, international pressure on such groups had been building, effectively urging them to get a life, to stop bashing their heads against the Israeli rock, and to get used to coexistence—a message rejected by many outraged Palestinians.Hamas, in particular, also seemed to have been losing support among Palestinians. Polls conducted before its October 7 raid into Israel suggest that majorities in Gaza and the West Bank had come to be put off by its incompetence and corruption and did not support its eliminationist agenda for Israel.The destructiveness of the raid itself, like 9/11, was due more to luck than to adept planning and seems to have surprised even the perpetrators. As it happened, Israel's defenses on the Gaza border were undermanned, out of position, poorly organized, and operating under the conclusion that Hamas was neither interested in nor capable of launching such an invasion. About half of the soldiers were away, and just two days earlier the Israelis had transferred two commando companies to the West Bank. Moreover, the music festival where Hamas found half of its civilian victims had continued past its scheduled end the day before.Intelligence obviously underestimated the ability of Hamas to breach Israel's security fence and to rampage in the area for some time. However, the attack failed if, as some have suggested, Hamas's goals were broader — to inspire Palestinians and Arab populations to rise up or to even take over Israeli cities and storm military bases. The raiders did manage to take over all or parts of an important nearby military base at Re'im, but they were pushed out in a few hours.On the other hand, if Hamas's goal was, as one of its leaders put it, simply to show that it still exists and that its interests "must remain on the table," the group can claim a degree of success. And if the raid was motivated importantly by a desire to rally Palestinians to Hamas's cause and to stall or reverse the Abraham Accords process, Israel's outraged overreaction has played into Hamas's hands.9/11, 10/7, and the futureWhatever the plans and justifications, the Israeli military is now fully alerted to the danger, and any repetition will be much less effective and consequential. That is, like 9/11, the attack is more likely to prove to be an aberration than a harbinger. Apparently without really knowing it, Hamas exploited an opening, but that condition is unlikely to be repeated.Like the United States after 9/11, Israel enjoyed worldwide sympathy at first. But, ignoring American advice derived from its disastrous 9/11 experience, that sympathy has eroded as Israel propels itself into a massively destructive effort to "eliminate" an extremist group with limited capabilities. That effort has thus far resulted in upwards of 20 times more civilian deaths than the attack on Israel, and it is, as U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin suggests, essentially based on "irresponsible rhetoric." And, as he further notes, if you drive civilians "into the arms of the enemy, you replace a tactical victory with a strategic defeat."That outcome seems to be in the cards as Palestinians' support for Hamas grows and as governments in the area, under intense pressure from their citizenries, rally once more behind the Palestinian cause. In particular, the Israeli overreaction could lead to the creation of a generation or more of fighters (many of them currently children) who are bitterly determined to exact revenge against Israel. Like the destructive American overreaction to 9/11, the Israeli one after 10/7 may be, as many contend, in some sense immoral. But it may also prove to be profoundly stupid.

The situation on the Lebanese-Israeli front is escalating as Hezbollah and the Israeli military engage in daily tit-for-tat exchanges. These clashes have led to a rising death toll on both sides, sparking fears of a new war front as Israel continues its campaign against the Palestinian Hamas movement in Gaza.Against this backdrop, senior U.S. officials continue to warn against Hezbollah opening a new front with Israel. This fear, however, reflects a misunderstanding of Hezbollah's approach to the current conflict. The Lebanese Shiite movement's operations on the southern border should rather be seen as what it perceives as "an act of necessity" to preserve itself.Hezbollah's current military strategy vis-a-vis IsraelFollowing operation "Al-Aqsa Storm," in which Hamas killed some 1,400 Israeli and foreign citizens and abducted more than 200 others, Hezbollah declared that it would not be a bystander as Israel initiated its response.Addressing a rally in Beirut, the head of the movement's executive committee, Hashem Safiedine, underscored that Hezbollah was not a neutral party in the ongoing hostilities. The Shiite movement also launched a cross-border attack on Israeli military positions in the disputed area of Shebaa Farms, describing the operation as an act of solidarity with the Palestinians.While the cross-border exchanges between Hezbollah and Israel have intensified in the weeks that have followed, they have remained contained to the border region. The Shiite movement has carefully chosen its targets, focusing on Israeli military posts in the area. Israel's retaliatory action on the Lebanese front has likewise been measured and restricted to the border region.Well-informed sources close to Hezbollah emphasize that the movement's scope of operations thus far appear to rebut the notion that it intends to open a full-on second front against Israel. "If Hezbollah wanted to take advantage, it would have done so right after the Hamas operation as Israel was still in a vulnerable position," said one source who spoke on condition of anonymity."All sides are keen on avoiding an all-out war" he added, affirming that this stance applies very much to Hezbollah. "A full-blown war now would prove costly, with Israel amassing troops in the north and the United States sending aircraft carriers to the region," he stressed.Senior officials from the Lebanese Shiite movement have characterized its cross-border operations as designed to both demonstrate its solidarity with Hamas and distract the Israeli military. The movement's second-in-command, Naim Qassem, stated that the goal is to weaken the Israeli side.A second source close to Hezbollah's leadership confirmed that the movement is trying to overstretch the Israeli military in the midst of its campaign in Gaza."What is taking place is a war of attrition," explained the source, who asked not to be named. "Hezbollah is forcing Israel to divert military resources to the northern front in order to weaken its military operations in Gaza," he added.Hezbollah's red linesAccording to the second source, however, Hezbollah's strategy could change if Israel launches a major ground offensive into Gaza as reportedly planned."All options are on the table if Israel goes ahead with a ground invasion into Gaza" he emphasized.Israel has in fact launched ground operations into Gaza in what it has described as the next stage in its campaign. However, it has yet to launch a full-scale invasion of the coastal enclave. As of this writing, Hezbollah has not escalated beyond targeting Israeli military positions in the border area. Ultimately, Hezbollah's future course of action will likely be determined by how the situation on the ground evolves. The first source underscored that the declared Israeli objective of annihilating Hamas constitutes a red line for the movement."If Israel appears on the verge of destroying Hamas, Hezbollah, along with the Houthis in Yemen and other regional players, will intervene to prevent that scenario," he added.The movement's red line stems from concerns that it may be next on Israel's list should the latter appear to be achieving its declared mission against Hamas. Asked if that was indeed Hezbollah's approach, the first source responded, "Certainly."Indeed, these concerns appear warranted to some degree amid reports that Israel's defense minister and its top military brass were pushing for a pre-emptive attack against Hezbollah in parallel with the campaign against Hamas. According to these reports, these voices were overruled by Prime Minister Netanyahu at the urging of the United States. The destruction of Hamas, however, would free up Israeli resources and possibly upset the mutual deterrence that has preserved the calm on the Lebanese-Israeli front since the July 2006 war. Under such a scenario, Israeli political leaders could deem it less risky to launch a full-scale military campaign against Hezbollah.Biden's dilemmaThe Lebanese Shiite movement's red lines threaten to put the Biden administration in a bind. The White House approach to the current conflict rests on two major pillars: throwing its full weight behind Israel's goal of annihilating Hamas while seeking to prevent a broader conflict from erupting.Hezbollah's strategy makes achieving both goals very difficult, if not impossible. As noted above, an imminent Hamas defeat in Gaza will likely trigger escalation not just from Hezbollah itself, but also from its allies in Yemen. Iraq's Popular Mobilization Units are also likely to enter the fray under such a scenario.This is due to the influence the Lebanese movement enjoys with these groups as a result of both ideological affinity and battlefield support, as Hezbollah has provided assistance to both Yemen's Houthis in their war against the Saudi-led coalition, and to the predominantly Shiite militias in Iraq in their campaign against ISIS. Like Hezbollah, both the Houthis and the Iraqi militias have received significant assistance from Iran.Possible scenariosGiven Hezbollah's assessment that the annihilation of Hamas would be a prelude to an existential threat against the movement itself, U.S. warnings are unlikely to deter the group should such a scenario unfold. Despite the deployment of two U.S. aircraft carrier strike groups to the region, Hezbollah has continued its cross-border operations against Israel.Meanwhile, former senior U.S. officials like the Quincy Institute's Steve Simon believe that direct U.S. military action against Hezbollah is unlikely. "The U.S. will be in a position to intervene if it chooses to do so," said Simon, a former Obama Administration senior advisor for the Middle East and North Africa, in an email exchange. "But I doubt they will or that the Israelis will want them to," he added. Reports have nevertheless emerged that U.S. military action against the Lebanese movement has been discussed at senior levels in government. But American military operations against Hezbollah would also almost certainly lead to intensifying attacks on U.S. troops by the Lebanese movement's ideological allies, including the Houthis in Yemen and Iranian-backed militias in Iraq. This would effectively mean a regional war in which U.S. forces will find themselves once again under fire.

To analyze the existing air transportation infrastructure that could potentially benefit from the Canadian Northern Corridor, a list of remote communities was obtained and investigated. A total of 182 communities have been assessed by Transport Canada or the provinces and territories, of which 146 are located inside the proposed Canadian Northern Corridor area. These communities are the focus of our study to answer the following questions:


What is the current level of air transportation infrastructure and services?
What are the existing federal and territorial regarding northern and arctic air connectivity?
What is the potential impact of climate change on air transportation systems in northern Canada?


Policies and Legislation

In Canada, air transportation is regulated by the federal government. As such, there are no provincial or territorial policies regarding air transportation. Air transportation services in Canada are not subject to any economic regulations. Airlines and aircraft operators in general are free to set routes and fares as they wish – subject to operational safety regulations. As such, air services in the North are generally subject to supply and demand.
The Airport Transfer (Miscellaneous Matters) Act that created the National Airports System made no special provisions for airports in Northern Canada.
The Civil Air Navigation Services Commercialisation Act transferred the operation of air navigation services to a private, not-for-profit corporation named NAV Canada. The act includes provisions for the continuance of air navigation services in northern and remote communities, requiring NAV Canada to give advance notice of any changes in service that could affect those communities. If the communities affected reject the proposed change, it will require approval by the Minister of Transportation.
In 2016, the Government of Canada has initiated discussions to set a framework for a specific policy for Canada's Arctic and Northern Region. The work on that framework has identified better airport facilities as one of the key infrastructure needs in the region. To the time of writing of this report, no specific policies had been set to address these needs.


Accessibility of Remote Communities to Nearby Airports

140 of the 146 remote communities in this study are served by an airport nearby. Three communities are served by water aerodromes. Only three communities in BC were found to not have an airport or aerodrome nearby.
Most communities have paved and/or gravel road access to the airport. Communities which were identified with nearby airports have fair distances to their respective airports, ranging from 0 to 20 km. The exceptions are the remote communities of Keno, which is more than 50 km away from Mayo Airport in the Yukon; and Iskut, located 86 km from Dease Lake Airport.

Airport Infrastructure

In general, the existing airport infrastructure provides adequate service to the remote communities in Northern Canada. Three of the 146 communities included in this study do not have access to a nearby airport, and three others can only be accessed by seaplanes. Two are accessible by road with distances between 50 and 90 km. All other 138 communities are served by an airport located within 20 km or less.
Improvements may be required to several airports to ensure year-round, all-weather accessibility and convenience. 58% of the airports are not equipped for instrument flights and can only be used under visual flight conditions. It should be noted that the mere availability of instrument approach procedures does not guarantee service, as those procedures also require trained pilots and aircraft equipped with instruments. Only 85% of the runways are not paved, which affects aircraft maintenance and durability. 30% of the airports do not offer winter maintenance, which can affect their availability during and after snow and ice storms. 20% of the airports do not feature a terminal building, leaving the processing of passengers and cargo subject to inclement weather. The costs and benefits of such improvements are likely to vary from airport to airport and should be evaluated in more detail on a case-by-case basis.

Air Connectivity

Compared to other communities, the majority of the remote communities in the northern parts of the provinces are generally well connected, with scheduled services connecting them to regional and international airports. There are, however, several airports with limited or no commercial services. 18% of the airports in this study have no commercial services that connect them regularly to other communities. 7 airports are only served by charter services. Even in the case of the 109 airports that do have regularly scheduled services, the flights are infrequent and costly – it should be noted, however, that this study did not include an assessment of the prices of air tickets serving the Northern remote communities.
One other limitation of this study is the absence of information on cargo and ambulance services. For the latter, the existing runway infrastructure – in terms of length and surface – is sufficient to accommodate aircraft with enough ranges to connect them to a larger airport and/or community. Cargo, however, is severely limited by the size of the aircraft that can operate on the existing runways. Only 44% of the airports can accommodate jet and larger turboprop aircraft. Once more, an economic analysis of cargo operations and the improvements required to improve them is beyond the scope of this study.
This study is also limited to an evaluation of air services in Northern remote communities from a purely air services perspective. Even though a large portion of the communities have adequate services from that point of view, it should be noted that this by no means implies that their transportation needs are being met. Even in large communities and urban settlements, the transportation of goods and people relies mostly on ground transportation, with air transportation providing faster connections for higher valued travel.
For future studies, we recommend a deeper comparison of the costs and benefits of implementing a Northern Corridor with the existing air services.

Impact of climate change on northern air operations

A weather study conducted for 21 select airports using cloud ceiling data – one of the critical factors in determining the ability of pilots to land at an airport – showed no evidence of impact of climate change in airport operational availability over the last 17 years. At 60% of the airports, the number of annual inoperative hours shows a slight negative trend. In the summer, 60% of the airports have shown a slight increase in the number of inoperative hours, whereas in the winter the trend is mixed, with 50% of the airports with a negative trend and the other 50% showing a positive trend.
Flying an aircraft is a very complex operation that is affected by many factors. Climate change can affect not only cloud coverage but also runway visual range, precipitation (snow and rain), runway surface condition such as snow and ice, wind speed and direction, and other factors that can affect an aircraft's ability to operate at an airport. However, most of these conditions are correlated. Although a deeper investigation may find stronger evidence that climate change has impacted airport operations in other ways, the fact that cloud ceiling was not found to be affected does not indicate that climate change has significantly affected air access to the Northern remote communities.