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THE LANDER ELECTIONS IN THE EARLY MONTHS OF 1995 PROVED A FIRST TEST FOR THE PARTIES AND FOR THE PARTY SYSTEM AS IT HAD EMERGED FROM "SUPER-ELECTION-YEAR" 1994. THE FDP HAD RETAINED ITS REPRESENTATION IN THE HESSEN LEGISLATURE BUT FAILED BADLY IN THE NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN AND BREMEN ELECTIONS. BUNDNIS 90/DIE GRUNEN PROVED TO BE THE WINNERS IN ALL THREE ELECTIONS, CONTINUING A COALITION WITH THE SPD IN HESSEN AND FORCING THE CREATION OF SUCH A COALITION IN NORDRHEIN-WESTFALEN. IN BREMEN, A NEW "PARTY" (ARBEIT FUR BREMEN) SEEMED TO HAVE IMITATED THE STATT-PARTEI SUCCESS IN HAMBURG IN 1993, AS A LOCAL BREAKAWAY PARTY WINNING SEATS AT ITS FIRST ELECTION. LOW TURNOUT REFLECTED THE SATIATION OF VOTERS WITH ELECTIONS THROUGH 1994-95.

The intent of this review is to survey physiological, psychological, and societal obstacles to the control of eating and body weight maintenance and offer some evidence-based solutions. Physiological obstacles are genetic and therefore not amenable to direct abatement. They include an absence of feedback control against gaining weight ; a non-homeostatic relationship between motivations to be physically active and weight gain ; dependence of hunger and satiation on the volume of food ingested by mouth and processed by the gastrointestinal tract and not on circulating metabolites and putative hunger or satiation hormones. Further, stomach size increases from overeating and binging, and there is difficulty in maintaining weight reductions due to a decline in resting metabolism, increased hunger, and enhanced efficiency of energy storage. Finally, we bear the evolutionary burden of extraordinary human capacity to store body fat. Of the psychological barriers, human craving for palatable food, tendency to overeat in company of others, and gullibility to overeat when offered large portions, can be overcome consciously. The tendency to eat an unnecessary number of meals during the wakeful period can be mitigated by time-restricted feeding to a 6–10 hour period. Social barriers of replacing individual physical work by labor-saving appliances, designing built environments more suitable for car than active transportation ; government food macronutrient advice that increases insulin resistance ; overabundance of inexpensive food ; and profit-driven efforts by the food industry to market energy-dense and nutritionally compromised food are best overcome by informed individual macronutrient choices and appropriate timing of exercise with respect to meals, both of which can decrease insulin resistance. The best defense against overeating, weight gain, and inactivity is the understanding of factors eliciting them and of strategies that can avoid and mitigate them.

The effect of ration size on muscle fatty acid (FA) composition and mRNA expression levels of key regulatory enzymes of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism have been addressed in juveniles of gilthead sea bream fed a practical diet over the course of an 11-week trial. The experimental setup included three feeding levels: (i) full ration until visual satiety, (ii) 70 % of satiation and (iii) 70 % of satiation with the last 2 weeks at the maintenance ration. Feed restriction reduced lipid content of whole body by 30 % and that of fillet by 50 %. In this scenario, the FA composition of fillet TAG was not altered by ration size, whereas that of phospholipids was largely modified with a higher retention of arachidonic acid and DHA. The mRNA transcript levels of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferases, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and FA desaturase 2 were not regulated by ration size in the present experimental model. In contrast, mRNA levels of stearoyl-CoA desaturases were markedly down-regulated by feed restriction. An opposite trend was found for a muscle-specific lipoprotein lipase, which is exclusive of fish lineage. Several upstream regulatory transcriptions were also assessed, although nutritionally mediated changes in mRNA transcripts were almost reduced to PPARα and β, which might act in a counter-regulatory way on lipolysis and lipogenic pathways. This gene expression pattern contributes to the construction of a panel of biomarkers to direct marine fish production towards muscle lean phenotypes with increased retentions of long-chain PUFA. Copyright © The Authors 2012. ; The present study was funded by the Spanish MICINN (AQUAFAT, AGL2009-07797, Predictive modelling of flesh FA composition in cultured fish species with different muscle lipid content; AQUAGENOMICS, CSD2007-00002, Improvement of aquaculture production by the use of biotechnological tools) and the European Union (ARRAINA, FP7-KBBE-2011-5-288925, Advanced research initiatives for nutrition and aquaculture) projects. Additional funding was obtained from the 'GeneralitatValenciana' (research grant PROMETEO 2010/006). ; Peer Reviewed

Oscar Wilde's paradoxical quip about human tragedy being getting what one wants serves as a starting point to discuss the nature of the environmental crisis & its consequences for modern society's postmodern shift & why such a shift is wanted & needed. At issue is the value basis of the global environmental crisis. The words of Henry Kissinger are seen to shed some light on Wilde's comment, finding that the latter's concept of human tragedy suggests that getting our wants requires reflecting on our values, goals, & worldview because achieving them is often unsatisfying. This realization fosters value erosion & necessitates looking at the success of the modern world order that has precipitated this achievement of empty wants & pursuing a transformation of the dominant social paradigm. A challenge to this is examined in terms of the possibility of being satisfied with getting what we want despite the negative outcome. Attention turns to how Thomas Hobbes's political theory of humanity relates to Wilde's view of human tragedy, & Hobbes's basic methodological error identified by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The core idea of limits pertaining to human desires & its role in modernity are scrutinized, finding that the above discussed ideas of human tragedy reflect a fatal flaw in modern thought & society as manifest in the environmental crisis. It is argued that the foundational idea of modernity, its values, worldview, & social institutions has been to deny the possibility of the satiation of wants & the limits to the human condition such satiation would imply. The ideas of Adam Smith show the materialist turn in modern thought & society wherein the idea that the ceaseless & limitless net increase in material goods will produce a corresponding increase in human happiness is paramount. How this take on tragedy relates to the environment, environmental crisis, & the global environmental movement for social change is addressed in conclusion. J. Zendejas

Much prior work illuminates how fans of a brand can contribute to the value enjoyed by other members of its audience, but little is known about any processes by which fans contribute to the dissipation of that audience. Using longitudinal data on America's Next Top Model, a serial brand, and conceptualizing brands as assemblages of heterogeneous components, this article examines how fans can contribute to the destabilization of a brand's identity and fuel the dissipation of audiences of which they have been members. This work suggests that explanations focusing on satiation, psychology, or semiotics are inadequate to account for dissipation in the audience for serial brands. Moreover, the perspective advanced here highlights how fans can create doppelgänger brand images and contribute to the co-destruction of serial brands they have avidly followed.

Our dominant way of living is not sustainable and our activities as private individuals and households directly and indirectly account for a large and increasing share of total environmental impacts. These impacts are related to the structure as well as the level of consumption. In this article, research on the root causes of environmentally harmful human behavior is reviewed. Why is there no satiation of consumption in sight, even in the most affluent countries, and why do people continue to make choices that are known to be environmentally harmful? While potentially catastrophic, the harms from unsustainable consumption are mostly unintentional, which means that informational and educational means are not sufficient to produce the needed changes. They need to be implemented in concert with pervasive structural changes to make the right choice the easy choice.

AbstractWe examine how the composition of residential energy consumption and its sensitivity with respect to income changes. The paper characterizes the energy transition, analyzing the behavior of income elasticity of energy demand along the economic development stages by fuel types. The results indicate a nonlinear relationship between income and domestic energy consumption that can be explained by two factors. First, along the income distribution, consumption of modern fuels increases, replacing traditional and transitional fuels until modern fuels drive all of the growth in domestic energy demand. Second, at the highest income levels, income elasticity starts to decrease, leading to concavity in energy consumption. That is, the income elasticity of residential energy demand follows an inverse U-shape along the world income distribution. This finding suggests that at high income levels, residential energy consumption shows satiation and net energy-saving effects.

Представлен комплексный историко-педагогический анализ развития системы дошкольного образования в условиях двуязычия в Беларуси второй половины XX века. Выявлены особенности влияния государственной языковой политики и социолингвистической ситуации на функционирование белорусского и русского языков в дошкольных учреждениях. Проанализировано нормативно-правовое и программное обеспечение, научно-методическая база и кадровые ресурсы двуязычного воспитания и обучения детей. Намечены пути совершенствования качества би-лингвального образования дошкольников ; Here we introduced complex historically-pedagogical analysis of the preschool educational system in terms of bilingualism in Belarus of the 2nd half of the XX century. We revealed the peculiar influence of the governmental linguistic politics and sociolinguistic satiation on the functioning of the Belarusian and the Russian languages in preschool establishments. Was analyzed normative-lawful and program supplement, scientifically-methodological basis and staff resources of the bilingual education of children. Were outlined the ways of the qualitative improvement of the bilingual preschool education.

This paper studies two widely used models of political competition -- citizen-candidate and probabilistic voting -- to investigate the impact that asymmetries in single-peaked preferences have on two-party electoral competition. In a two-candidate equilibrium of the citizen-candidate model, asymmetries determine which candidate proposes a more moderate platform. In the probabilistic voting model, they induce both parties to move their platforms in the direction of the asymmetry, and affect the probabilities of victory of the contenders, sometimes in unexpected ways: under a restriction on party preferences, more overprovision avoidance increases the probability of victory of the party proposing a larger public sector and vice versa. The final part of the analysis shows that consumers' risk aversion, prudence and a decreasingly effective government induce overprovision avoidance asymmetries, whereas consumers' risk neutrality, a constant-effective government and a property we call decreasing satiation induce shortfall avoidance asymmetries. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]

The "Easterlin paradox" suggests that there is no link between a society's economic development and its average level of happiness. We re-assess this paradox analyzing multiple rich datasets spanning many decades. Using recent data on a broader array of countries, we establish a clear positive link between average levels of subjective well-being and GDP per capita across countries, and find no evidence of a satiation point beyond which wealthier countries have no further increases in subjective well-being. We show that the estimated relationship is consistent across many datasets and is similar to the relationship between subject well-being and income observed within countries. Finally, examining the relationship between changes in subjective well-being and income over time within countries we find economic growth associated with rising happiness. Together these findings indicate a clear role for absolute income and a more limited role for relative income comparisons in determining happiness. -- Happiness ; subjective well-being ; Easterlin Paradox ; life satisfaction ; economic growth ; well-being-income gradient ; hedonic treadmill

This paper investigates how the presence of social capital affects the externality arising from status-seeking preference as a parable for inefficient antagonistic behavior. It is assumed that the stock of social capital accumulates through the strategic interaction among rational, infinitely-lived, individuals of a finite number. Using a differential game, we show that there are two types of Markov perfect equilibrium strategies, of which one leads a society to zero social capital, while the other leads to the satiation level of social capital. When there is an unstable interior steady state, there is a threshold: with any initial stock of social capital above (below) that, society is able to build social capital (correspondingly, get stuck in a poverty trap of null social capital). In the latter case, the intervention of governments is called upon, because social welfare in the poverty trap is less than that in the social capital-rich society. JEL classification: C72; D91; Z13

Of all atrocities committed by state actors in 20th century Europe, the systematic killings by Nazi Germany were arguably the most severe and best documented. While several studies have investigated the impact of the presence of concentration camps on surrounding communities in Germany and the occupied territories in terms of redistribution of wealth and property, the local-level impact on voting behaviour has not yet been explored. We investigated the impact of spatial proximity to a concentration camp between 1933 and 1945 on the likelihood of voting for far-right parties in the 2013 and 2017 federal elections. We find that proximity to a former concentration camp is associated with a higher vote share of such parties. A potential explanation for this finding could be a 'memory satiation effect', according to which voters who live in close proximity to former camps and are more frequently confronted with the past are more receptive to revisionist historical accounts questioning the centrality of the Holocaust in the German culture of remembrance.

Of all atrocities committed by state actors in 20th century Europe, the systematic killings by Nazi Germany were arguably the most severe and best documented. While several studies have investigated the impact of the presence of concentration camps on surrounding communities in Germany and the occupied territories in terms of redistribution of wealth and property, the local-level impact on voting behaviour has not yet been explored. We investigated the impact of spatial proximity to a concentration camp between 1933 and 1945 on the likelihood of voting for far-right parties in the 2013 and 2017 federal elections. We find that proximity to a former concentration camp is associated with a higher vote share of such parties. A potential explanation for this finding could be a 'memory satiation effect', according to which voters who live in close proximity to former camps and are more frequently confronted with the past are more receptive to revisionist historical accounts questioning the centrality of the Holocaust in the German culture of remembrance.

The aim of this article is to prove the connection between CO2emission and climate change, and to estimate the CO2emission of the transport sector in Hungary. We have to clarify the emission of the transport sector in order to get information on externalities, which is a further step toward a sustainable society. The sustainable development is a development, where the pace of technical development, the satiation of increasing supply and the raw materials and resources of Earth are poised so that the rate of living and opportunities of the next generations need not be worse. One of the most emphasized goals of the transport policy of the European Union is sustainable mobility. For this reason transportation systems must be developed and standardized, the effectiveness of transportation services must be increased, while the environmental pollution must be decreased or prevented. Decoupling motorization from environmental pollution is the task for engineers. Decoupling the increase of economical activity from mobility is the task for economists. First Published Online: 27 Oct 2010

The aim of this article is to prove the connection between CO2emission and climate change, and to estimate the CO2emission of the transport sector in Hungary. We have to clarify the emission of the transport sector in order to get information on externalities, which is a further step toward a sustainable society. The sustainable development is a development, where the pace of technical development, the satiation of increasing supply and the raw materials and resources of Earth are poised so that the rate of living and opportunities of the next generations need not be worse. One of the most emphasized goals of the transport policy of the European Union is sustainable mobility. For this reason transportation systems must be developed and standardized, the effectiveness of transportation services must be increased, while the environmental pollution must be decreased or prevented. Decoupling motorization from environmental pollution is the task for engineers. Decoupling the increase of economical activity from mobility is the task for economists. First Published Online: 27 Oct 2010