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The author analyses two specific communicative events within the political discourse in the current work. The analysis involves a dialogue between two politicians who meet face to face in a TV studio and the subsequent communication taking place on the Internet after the dialogue was made public. The utilization of offensive communicative strategies is a typical feature in political media communication where a communicating party attacks the communication counterpart with the intention of challenging his/her positive face and emphasizing his/her negative character traits in front of potential voters, while at the same time emphasizing his/her own positive values. For this reason, the author analyses the individual strategies employed by politicians with this intention in a particular communicative event. The work provides an entire chapter dealing with strategies used by participants in an Internet discussion. In this case, the communication takes place among speakers who do not know each other, so the aim of the work is to investigate whether attacks against one's face take place even in this kind of communication, and if so, what personality traits of the communicants are attacked.

Desde hace algunos años, se viene extendiendo en Buenos Aires la forma "boludo" como fórmula de tratamiento estereotipada en situaciones caracterizadas por la confianza, la familiaridad o la simple percepción de rasgos comunes entre los interlocutores. Con un significado literal insultante, esta forma, en algunas emisiones —que caracterizaremos, desde la óptica de Brown y Levinson, con el grado cero en los parámetros de poder, distancia y grado de imposición— pierde su carácter de insulto (vocativo insultivo). Sin embargo, convive con la versión injuriosa (vocativo insultativo) aunque nunca es confundida por los hablantes. En este trabajo, intentamos demostrar que "insultivos" e "insultativos" manifiestan diferencias básicamente pragmáticas y también en todos los planos, y los hablantes decodifican correctamente y sin riesgo de inadecuarse porque, por un lado, las estrategias inferenciales les permiten hacerlo y, por el otro, mientras el "insultivo" actúa como estrategia de cortesía —intensificando la cortesía positiva o mitigando la afrenta a la cortesía negativa—, el "insultativo" se constituye en una intensificación de la amenaza de las imágenes positiva (en el caso del reproche) y negativa (en el caso de la amenaza) del oyente. Parafraseando a los propios hablantes, el "insultivo" es "una marca de familiaridad amistosa" en tanto el "insultativo" es lisa y llanamente "una agresión". ; For some years now, the use of "boludo" as a way of address caractherized by reliance, familiarity or even the mere perception of common grounds between the interactants has started spreading in Buenos Aires. Though it means an insult literally, this use loses its blaming nature in some emisions —which will be defined, according to Brown and Levinson, as a zero level in the parameters of power, distance and ranking— and will be called from now on insultive vocative. Nevertheless, it still shares a space in language with the blame (insulting vocative) though never misunderstood by the speakers. In this paper we intend to show that insultive and insulting vocatives differ in nearly every level but mostly pragmatically and the speakers descifer the speech with no risk of inadecuacy because of, on the one hand, their inferential strategies and, on the other hand, because the insultive vocative is a politeness strategy (an intensifier of positive politeness or a minimizer of the negative face threat) while the insulting vocative is an intensifier of the threat to the positive (in the reproach) and the negative (in the threat) faces of the hearer. Paraphrasing the speakers, we shall say that the insultive vocative is "a means of friendly familiarity" while the insulting one is no less than "an affront".

[EN] In this paper, we analyze a small-scale corpus with Spanish, French and Dutch interventions in the plenary debates in the European Parliament, in order to verify whether there exist cultural differences in the use and the expression of the particular politeness strategy of thanking somebody. We find that thanking is more frequent in Spanish and French than in Dutch. In addition, it plays a more prominent role, e.g. because the acknowledgements are longer and receive more emphasis. Previous studies found that Dutch speakers tend to use many routine acknowledgements in contexts where there may be a threat to the negative face of one of the speech participants. Our study shows that French and Spanish speakers use more acknowledgements than Dutch when public positive face is at stake. The data also show the relevance of the concept of valuating politeness, as opposed to mitigating politeness, in order to describe the Spanish data. ; [ES] En este trabajo analizamos un corpus piloto de intervenciones españolas, francesas y neerlandófonas en los debates plenarios del Parlamento Europeo, con el fin de averiguar si existen diferencias interculturales en cuanto al uso y la expresión de una estrategia de cortesía particular, que son los agradecimientos. Comprobamos que los agradecimientos figuran con mayor frecuencia en los discursos de los españoles y los franceses que en los discursos de los neerlandófonos. Además, cobran más relieve, por ejemplo porque son más extensos y se enfatizan más. Estudios anteriores han observado que los neerlandófonos tienden a usar muchos agradecimientos rutinarios en contextos donde podría existir una amenaza para la imagen negativa de uno de los interlocutores. Nuestro estudio muestra que los franceses y los españoles usan más agradecimientos que los neerlandófonos cuando está en juego la imagen positiva. Los datos apuntan además hacia la relevancia del concepto de la cortesía valorizante, por oposición a la cortesía mitigadora, para describir los datos españoles. ; Goethals, P.; ...

In this paper, we analyze a small-scale corpus with Spanish, French and Dutch interventions in the plenary debates in the European Parliament, in order to verify whether there exist cultural differences in the use and the expression of the particular politeness strategy of thanking somebody. We find that thanking is more frequent in Spanish and French than in Dutch. In addition, it plays a more prominent role, e.g. because the acknowledgements are longer and receive more emphasis. Previous studies found that Dutch speakers tend to use many routine acknowledgements in contexts where there may be a threat to the negative face of one of the speech participants. Our study shows that French and Spanish speakers use more acknowledgements than Dutch when public positive face is at stake. The data also show the relevance of the concept of valuating politeness, as opposed to mitigating politeness, in order to describe the Spanish data. ; En este trabajo analizamos un corpus piloto de intervenciones españolas, francesas y neerlandófonas en los debates plenarios del Parlamento Europeo, con el fin de averiguar si existen diferencias interculturales en cuanto al uso y la expresión de una estrategia de cortesía particular, que son los agradecimientos. Comprobamos que los agradecimientos figuran con mayor frecuencia en los discursos de los españoles y los franceses que en los discursos de los neerlandófonos. Además, cobran más relieve, por ejemplo porque son más extensos y se enfatizan más. Estudios anteriores han observado que los neerlandófonos tienden a usar muchos agradecimientos rutinarios en contextos donde podría existir una amenaza para la imagen negativa de uno de los interlocutores. Nuestro estudio muestra que los franceses y los españoles usan más agradecimientos que los neerlandófonos cuando está en juego la imagen positiva. Los datos apuntan además hacia la relevancia del concepto de la cortesía valorizante, por oposición a la cortesía mitigadora, para describir los datos españoles.

"Why do people take offence at things that are said? What is it exactly about the offending utterance which causes this negative reaction? How well motivated are these responses? Offensive Language addresses these questions by applying an array of concepts from linguistic pragmatics and sociolinguistics to a wide range of examples, from TV to Twitter and from Mel Gibson to Donald Trump. Establishing a sharp distinction between potential offence and actual offence, Jim O'Driscoll then examines a series of case studies where offence has been caused, assessing the nature and degree of both the offence and the documented response to it in. Through close linguistic analysis, this book explores the fine line between free speech and criminal activity, searching for a principle way to distinguish the merely embarrassing from the reprehensible and the censurable. In this way, a new approach to offensive language emerges, involving both how we study it and also how it might be handled in public life"--

The position of men and women in religion is equal. In short, Islam has said that the position of men and women is equal. Women may have an activity or work in certain field at home or in the government or private institution as long as those activities are keep their dignity, religion and politeness. Moreover, the working women who have an activity outside should be in a safe condition to avoid the negative effects. A number of negative effect happened on working women make the distinction between psychological activity and the characterization in La Barka novel in Islamic perspective. Therefore, this research will analyze the psychological of character and characterization in La Barka novel through Islamic perspective. Keywords: Structure analysis, Character and characterization aspects, LA BARKA Novel, Islamic perspective

This study investigates speech act strategies used in earthquake mitigation handbooks in Japan, and focuses on finding the type of communicative functions of the speech act strategies used. The government of Japan has provided online and printed handbooks for the people, to reduce risks to a minimum level regarding the disaster so people can prepare beforehand. The data in this study were collected from online leaflet and handbook regarding earthquake mitigation provided by 9 government city's websites, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, and by collecting actual handbook and leaflets from Indonesian lives in Japan. The data were analysed using descriptive qualitative method. Collected data then categorized into assertive and directive speech acts, negative and positive politeness based on Brown and Levinson's politeness theory, and focusing on expression of consideration (hairyo hyougen). This study found that there are 659 statements related to earthquake disaster mitigation collected from the data. Also, the findings showed that there are 179 assertive and 480 directives speech acts, with more of imperative directive speech than prohibition directive speech. Moreover, Japanese government tend to use hairyou hyougen on their leaflet and handbook disaster mitigation to show respect to the reader.

The present study explores, from a contrastive point of view, the conditions that rule the political discourse in terms of linguistic politeness. By contrasting the data (examples drawn from press titles, mainly the French journal Le Monde Diplomatique and its' translations into Greek), we will be able to discover the underlying operations and constraints that regulate the use of such markers and to reach conclusions about the existence or not of symmetrical uses of our two languages. The theoretical framework followed is that of Brown and Levinson and the one of the Theory of Enunciation.
In the case of press titles translation, despite the possibility of using symmetrical structures in source text as well as in target text, different structures are mostly preferred. This discrepancy leads to hypothesis about different linguistic attitudes of each linguistic community reflected explicitly by the use of different syntactic/lexical markers. It is this awareness that enabled Brown and Levinson (1987: 248) to consider cross-cultural variation and recognise that some societies may be oriented towards one or the other type of politeness (i.e. negative or positive)», formulating the so called cultural ethos of each linguistic community.

AbstractCovert racism, born out of imperialist needs to maximize profit at the expense of racialized others, stands shielded by institutions, culture, stereotypical assumptions, and tradition. Whereas overt racism assumed blatant and insidious forms, covert racism hides behind the façade of 'politeness', political correctness and expediency. Racially coded words and calls for racial blindness obfuscate the reality of this subtle, subversive, and often hidden form of racism. Covert racism, just like its twin overt racism, is neither innocent nor harmless. The scars of covert racism, often seen in terms of increased levels of disease, negative sanctions, inadequate information, and lost opportunities – serve to continually victimize racial nonelites.

Abstract.While confronting questions about the negative political effects of faction and fanaticism, David Hume developed a distinction between the manipulative rhetoric of the fanatics and the factional leaders and a good form of rhetoric that I term accurate, just, and polite. This high form of rhetoric combines Hume's philosophy of just reasoning with the rhetorical style of an idealized Demosthenes and eighteenth-century standards of politeness. Understanding Hume's conception of rhetoric is important for understanding the full scope of his political philosophy. In addition, further study of his conception of rhetoric could provide a valuable avenue of research for contemporary liberal theorists seeking to develop normative models of judgment and deliberation.Résumé.En réfléchissant aux effets négatifs du factionnalisme et du fanatatisme, David Hume a établi une distinction entre la rhétorique manipulatrice des leaders factionnaires et fanatiques, et une rhétorique que je qualifie ici de correcte, juste et polie. Cette dernière s'inspire de la philosophie du juste raisonnement de Hume, mais aussi d'un style de rhétorique associé à Demosthenes, érigé ici en idéal, ainsi que des standards de politesse du dix-huitième siècle. Cette conception de la rhétorique joue un rôle important dans la philosophie politique de Hume et pourrait constituer une avenue de recherche intéressante pour les penseurs libéraux contemporains qui cherchent à développer des modèles normatifs de jugement et de délibération.

Asynchronous, anonymous online debaters might be less likely than face-to-face debaters to value their public self-image ( face), and thus disagree more freely. In this study, we examined whether polite disagreements (as opposed to rude ones) help online debaters win over audience members. An analysis of the most voted-on 100 political debates on Debate.org (200 debaters; 1,750 voters; 472,652 words) showed that debate initiators who used politer face-saving strategies to disagree (i.e., using expressions such as negatives with agree words rather than disagree or harsh rejection words) were more likely to receive more audience votes and win their debates. These results suggest that politeness tactics during online debates increase effectiveness, align with normative ideals, and yield pragmatic gain.

El objetivo de este trabajo es poner de relieve algunas actividades de imagen presentes en distintas entrevistas políticas publicadas en la prensa española. En este tipo de entrevistas, las actividades de cortesía o descortesía directamente dirigidas a un interlocutor (en este caso, el entrevistador) son más bien escasas, sobre todo si las comparamos con las actividades de autoimagen realizadas (entendiendo tales actividades de autoimagen como aquellas que tienen una repercusión —positiva o negativa— sobre la imagen del hablante, pero que no tienen un efecto sobre la imagen del interlocutor). El corpus con el que trabajamos aquí está formado por dos entrevistas en profundidad realizadas por Pedro J. Ramírez a los dos máximos dirigentes políticos españoles del momento actual: el Presidente del Gobierno, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, y el líder de la oposición, Mariano Rajoy. Nuestro objetivo es obtener algunas conclusiones que nos den pie a seguir investigando cómo estas actividades ayudan ; This paper shows some facework activities developed in several political interviews published in the Spanish media. In this type of interviews, (im)politeness activities directly adressed to an interlocutor —here, the interviewer— are but a few, especially when compared to the number of self-face activities (considering them as those with a positive or negative effect for the speaker's face, but not for his/her interlocutor). As the corpus for our analysis, we have taken two in-depth recent interviews published on El Mundo (and conducted by its editor, Pedro J. Ramírez), devoted to the two most important —at the moment— Spanish politicians: Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, and Mariano Rajoy, head of the Popular Party. Our aim is to offer some valid conclusions for further research on how such facework activities help to shape the public face of relevant representatives of current political life. ; Forma parte del Proyecto "Norma, discurso y español "panhispánico" en los medios de comunicación" (HUM-200500956/FILO-Plan Nacional I+D+I) ; peerReviewed

Abstract
Focusing on French social science and humanities journals, this article examines the digital communication
surrounding the submission of articles by scholars based in Africa. Using Cameron's concept of verbal hygiene ([1995] 2012), I analyze the case of negative reactions from editors triggered by
stylistic and rhetorical features related to politeness. Through a detailed case study, the paper shows that such negative
reactions involve semiotic processes of linguistic and social differentiation that articulate the moralized persona of the author
and the scientific value of his/her work. However, editors' verbal hygiene attitudes are also intertwined with political concerns
aimed at promoting the inclusion of scholars from the Global South. In that context, the analysis reveals a complex interplay
between the desire for openness and structural patterns of exclusion that enact long-standing hierarchies in knowledge production.
Drawing on Inoue's (2003) theory of the listening subject, I argue that this paradox
arises from the reader's particular position within the globalized academic landscape and from the power structures inherent in
the circulation of texts between African and French academic contexts.

This article is voted to the analysis of linguistic mechanisms of euphemisms and alternative methods of transmission of lexical units which has a negative denotation based on contemporary Spanish literary texts by Lorenzo Silva Donde los escorpiones and Lejos del corazón. The author proves that in those texts dominate thematic groups of euphemisms which designate age and property discrimination, also there are euphemisms related to death phenomenon, in particular are discussed the euphemisms from military sphere, which designate preventive measures, armed defense and military police. Among the alternative methods on the semantic level are used the notion of positive politeness based on conditional clauses, adopted vocabulary from English, Latin, French, Italian languages and metaphorical expressions which are aimed at neutralization of enemies and military conflicts including metonymy substitution which contain the shade of formality in the texts.

The aim of the paper is to investigate the constituent features and mechanisms of positive communication and reveal their correlation with politeness. The study is based on a mixed-method research design including Positive Discourse Analysis, dichotomic division and conversational analysis, and is carried out on the material of the book The Family by Nina Fedorova (1940). The results indicate that the dichotomy positive vs negative attitude is basic for the study and implements the contrast between good and evil, ethical and unethical behaviour. The juxtaposition of attraction vs disattraction refers to the perception of an interlocutor as likable or unlikable. The dichotomy activism vs passivism reflects the willingness or unwillingness to interact, while communication involvement vs alienation is associated with the communicator's engagement in the interlocutor's affairs. The juxtaposition of alterocentrism vs egocentrism indicates whether a communicator is focused on one's own or other people's interests. The dichotomy social support vs social indifference is a reflection of empathy or its absence. In the dichotomy constructive vs destructive communication creative behaviour aimed at resolving a difficult situation is opposed to destructive actions leading to the deterioration or break-up of a relationship. One of the most important constituents of positive communication is congruency which denotes authenticity and correspondence of the person's genuine inner self with the image addressed to the outer world. Positive communication is intrinsically linked with, though not identical to, politeness. The latter does not act as an aim per se, but is rather a tool employed to make an interaction conflict-free, smooth and harmonious.