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[EN] The study of oxygen consumption rate under¿ in vivo¿ human cornea during contact lens wear has been technically a challenge and several attempts have been made in the last 20 years to model the physiology of the human cornea during contact lens wear. Unfortunately, some of these models, based on a constant corneal oxygen consumption rate, produce areas on the cornea where the oxygen tension is negative, which has no physical sense. In order to avoid such inconsistency, different researchers have developed alternative models of oxygen consumption, which predict the likely oxygen metrics available at the interface cornea/post lens tear film by determination of oxygen flux, oxygen consumption, and oxygen tension through the different layers (endothelium, stroma, and epithelium). Although oxygen deficiency produces corneal edema, corneal swelling, hypoxia, acidosis, and other abnormalities, the estimation of the oxygen distribution below the impact of a contact lens wear is interesting to know which lens transmissibility was adequate to maintain the cornea and avoid epithelial and stromal anoxia. The estimation of minimum transmissibility for a lens for extended wear applications will be very useful for both clinicians and manufacturers. The aim of this work is to present a complete discussion based on Monod kinetics model that permits give an estimation of oxygen partial pressure distribution, the profile distribution of corneal flux and oxygen consumption rate, and finally the estimation of the relaxation mechanism of the cornea depending on the oxygen tension at the interface cornea/post lens tear film. Relaxation time in this context can quantify the capability of the corneal tissue to adapt to increasing concentrations of oxygen. It is proposed this parameter as a biological meaningful indicator of the interaction between contact lens polymers and living tissues such as the corneal cellular layer. ; This work was supported by the Government of Spain (project no. PID2019-108434GB-100 AEI/FEDER,UE), and ...

In this Article, Professor Monaghan addresses an issue of pressing concern in class action litigation today, namely, the extent to which a trial court's class judgment can bind – either by preclusion or injunction – unnamed nonresident class members, thus preventing them from raising due process challenges to the judgment in another court. After placing the antisuit injunction and preclusion issues in the context of recent class action and related developments, Professor Monaghan discusses the Supreme Court's 1985 decision in Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Shutts and its applicability to these issues. In particular, Professor Monaghan criticizes reading Shutts' "implied consent" rationale as turning entirely on class members'failure to opt out of the class action, and using that failure as a basis for an antisuit injunction against nonresident class members. Absent minimum contact, Shutts requires, inter alia, adequate representation at all times in order to establish in personam jurisdiction over nonresident class members. That issue can always be raised in another forum. In a class action universe that includes races to judgment and reverse auctions, this rule is desirable. In the absence of a legislative reform, Professor Monaghan concludes that non-party, nonresident class members must remain free to challenge, on due process grounds, otherwise preclusive judgments in a forum of their choosing.

Antitrust-Section 2(b) of the Robinson-Patman Act Permits Seller To Use a Pricing System To Meet the Prices of Competing Goods of Equal Saleability ========================== Constitutional Law--First Amendment--State Legislature May Not Require Local School Boards To Lend Textbooks to Pupils of Parochial Schools ========================== Constitutional Law--Imports Shipped Directly to Dealer Under Consignment Contracts With the Importer Are Not Immune to State Taxation Under the Import-Export Clause ========================== Constitutional Law--Reapportionment--One Man-One Vote Principle Applies to Popularly Elected Local School Boards ========================== Criminal Law--Admissibility in Evidence of Blood Tests Over Defendant's Objection ========================== Criminal Law--Resentencing--Court Has Duty To Make Known Reasons for Increased Sentence ========================== Implied Warranty--Liability of Immediate and Remote Vendors for Product Defects Under Section 2-318 of the Uniform Commercial Code ========================== Insurance--Deferred Annuity Policy Which Guarantees Return of 100 Per Cent of Net Premiums Not Subject to SEC Regulation ========================== Jurisdiction--"Minimum Contacts"--"Corporate Veil" Pierced by Use of Tenuous Agency Relationship =========================== Labor Law--Injunctions--State Court Injunctive Proceeding for Breach of No-Strike Clause Removable to Federal Court =========================== Municipal Corporations--Michigan Approves Use of Municipal Industrial Development Bonds =========================== State Taxation--Commerce Clause--Privilege Tax Measured by Gross Receipts on Commissions Received From Interstate Solicitation Held Valid =========================== Taxation--Federal Income Taxation--Capital Gains Treatment of Sale of Professional Goodwill

In an economic crisis such as the one that shook (and still shake) Europe, one does not question the importance of the measures that encourage the hiring and integration of young people into the labour market. In the mentioned context, enterprises tend to reduce the cost of labour and to seek flexible contracting instruments. The professional internships allow innovation and creativity at low cost, because, as they are not labour contracts, the enterprises do not have to respect the minimum standards related to wages, working time duration and so on. In Portugal, we observe a widespread existence of training contracts in which the trainee worked several hours without salary or was paid below the legally prescribed for the function and the work period. For this reason, under the tripartite agreement for a new system of regulation of labour relations, employment policies and social protection, between the Government and the social partners, in June 2008, foresaw a prohibition of professional internships unpaid and the legal regulation of the mandatory internships for access to an activity. The first Act about private internship contracts, i.e., internships without public funding was embodied in the Decree-Law N. 66/2011, of 1st June. This work is dedicated to the study of the legal regime of the internship contract in Portugal, by analysing the problems brought by the new set of rules and especially those which remains unresolved. In fact, we can conclude that the number of situations covered by the Act is much lower than what was expected, because of the exclusion of the mandatory internship for access to a profession when the activity is developed autonomously. Since the majority of the activities can be developed both autonomously or subordinated, it is quite easy to out of the Act requirements and, so, out of the protection that it confers to the intern. In order to complete this study, we considered not only the mentioned legal Act, but also the few doctrine and jurisprudence about the theme.

494Sovereign immunity — Foreign government agency — Purchase of foodstuffs — Whether commercial activity — Whether carried on in the United States — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Personal jurisdiction — Minimum jurisdictional contacts — The law of the United States

459 Sovereign immunity — Foreign State and central bank — Restrictive theory of sovereign immunity — Commercial activity — Requirement that commercial activity have direct effect in the United States — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Jurisdiction of United States courts — Requirement of minimum jurisdictional contacts — The law of the United States

Sovereign immunity — Foreign States — Agencies of and instrumentalities of foreign States — Whether foreign State-owned corporation amenable to suit in United States courts under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether due process requirements of minimum jurisdictional contacts and adequate notice embodied in the Act satisfied — The law of the United States

Abstract Background It is widely believed that corporate actors exert substantial influence on the making of public health policy, including in the alcohol field. However, the industry is far from being monolithic, comprising a range of producers and retailers with varying and diverse interests. With a focus on contemporary debates concerning the minimum pricing of alcohol in the UK, this study examined the differing interests of actors within the alcohol industry, the cleavages which emerged between them on this issue and how this impacted on their ability to organise themselves collectively to influence the policy process. We conducted 35 semi-structured interviews between June and November 2010 with respondents from all sectors of the industry as well as a range of non-industry actors who had knowledge of the alcohol policy process, including former Ministers, Members of the UK Parliament and the Scottish Parliament, civil servants, members of civil society organisations and professionals. Methods The paper draws on an analysis of publicly available documents and 35 semi-structured interviews with respondents from the alcohol industry (on- and off-trade including retailers, producers of wines, spirits and beers and trade associations) and a range of non-industry actors with knowledge of the alcohol policy process (including former Ministers, Members of Parliament and of the Scottish Parliament, civil servants, members of civil society organisations and professional groups). Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed using Nvivo qualitative analysis software. Processes of triangulation between data sources and different types of respondent sought to ensure we gained as accurate a picture as possible of industry participation in the policy process. Results Divergences of interest were evident between producers and retailers and within the retail sector between the on and off trade. Divisions within the alcohol industry, however, existed not only between these sectors, but within them. Cleavages were evident within the producer sector between different product categories and within the retail sector between different types of off-trade retailers. However, trade associations were particularly important in providing a means by which the entire industry, or broad sectors within it, could speak with a single voice, despite the limitations on this. There was also evidence of ad-hoc cooperation on specific issues, which resulted from both formal and informal contacts between industry actors. Conclusions Alcohol industry corporations and trade associations collaborate with one another effectively where there are shared interests, allowing the best placed bodies to lead on a given issue. Thus, whilst industry actors may be deeply divided on certain issues they are able to coordinate their positions on occasions where there are clear advantages in so doing. Health policymakers may benefit from an awareness of the multiplicity of interests within the industry and the ways that these may shape collective .

It was in 1959, at the Administrative Conference of Radiocommunications in Geneva, that the need was recognized to provide the International Red Cross with an autonomous system of radiocommunications that would allow contact to be established in a minimum time between its various bodies (International Committee of the Red Cross, League of Red Cross Societies and National Societies).

Sovereign immunity — Foreign State and central bank — Jurisdiction — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Whether actions of Nigeria and its central bank in amending letters of credit payable in the United States constituted acts having a 'direct effect' in the United States — Meaning of 'direct effect' — Due process standards of minimum jurisdictional contacts — The law of the United States

Intro -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Chronology -- 1. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act Is Constitutional -- 2. The National Minimum Drinking Age Act Violates Youths' and States' Rights -- 3. The Minimum Drinking Age of Twenty-One Is Justified -- 4. A High School Student Learns a Difficult Lesson About Having a Party with Alcohol -- 5. The Minimum Drinking Age Should Be Lowered -- 6. The Minimum Drinking Age Should Not Be Lowered -- 7. Social Hosts Are Not Liable for Serving Alcohol -- 8. Parents Should Be Liable When Minors Drink in Their Homes -- 9. Parents May Not Be Liable When Minors Drink in Their Homes -- 10. A Family Member Discusses the Death of a Relative Due to Underage Drinking and Driving -- 11. Regulations Prohibiting the Sale of Alcohol to Minors Should Be Strictly Enforced -- 12. A Graduated Alcohol Licensing System for Ages Eighteen to Twenty Should Be Established -- 13. The Initiative to Loosen Drinking Restrictions for Ages Eighteen to Twenty Is Harmful -- 14. Alcohol Screening at High School Dances Should Be Mandatory -- 15. Mandatory Alcohol Screening at High School Proms Raises Constitutional Concerns -- Organizations to Contact -- For Further Reading -- Index -- 1 -- 2

552Sovereign immunity — Foreign State and central bank — Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 — Requirements for jurisdiction — Distinction between questions of subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction — Commercial activity — Acts having direct effect in the United States — Judicial role under United States Constitution — Service of process upon foreign State — Statutory requirements for personal jurisdiction — Constitutional due process requirements — Minimum jurisdictional contacts — The law of the United States

211Sovereign immunity — Agencies of foreign States — Whether Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act 1976 applies retroactively to events occurring before enactment — Whether actions of foreign State and its agency causing injury to United States citizens abroad had "direct effects" in the United States within the meaning of the Act — Whether due process requirements of minimum jurisdictional contacts and adequate notice embodied in the Act satisfied — The law of the United States

This book analyzes national anti-poverty measures at a local level via a set of unique and up-to-date empirical studies of minimum income support schemes and activation measures in five European cities. In examining this 'local welfare system' approach, it investigates the role that civil society organizations play, and the governance arrangements that prevail in contacts between public and civil society actors in local anti-poverty strategies. The current financial and economic crisis has caused increasing levels of poverty and unemployment, and put national minimum income protection schemes under severe strain. Combating Poverty in Local Welfare Systems therefore represents a timely and important intervention in the political and scientific debates as to whether more 'local welfare' is the solution to the challenges facing European welfare states.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Overview: America's War on Poverty -- 2. A Variety of Factors Contribute to Poverty -- 3. Many who Experience Poverty are the "Working Poor" -- 4. Child Poverty is a Critical Problem -- 5. Poverty Impacts Rural Communities -- 6. A First-Hand Account of Living in Poverty -- 7. Poverty in America is Greatly Exaggerated -- 8. US Poverty Rate Reduced Thanks to Safety-Net Programs -- 9. The United States Lags on Poverty Compared to other Nations -- 10. The Government should do More to Reduce Poverty -- 11. Government Programs are not the Solution to Poverty -- 12. Economic Inequality Promotes Poverty -- 13. Increasing the Minimum Wage would Help Reduce Poverty -- 14. How Minimum Wage Laws Increase Poverty -- 15. Poverty Negatively Affects Mental Functioning -- 16. Poverty Industry Drives Memphis Economy -- Organizations to Contact -- Bibliography -- Index -- Back Cover