Suchergebnisse

Governmental Debt Guarantees (GDGs) are often used to encourage involvement by promoters and financial institutions in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) projects. However, even after demonstrating the bankability of a project and reducing debt cost, the success of the project may be prevented by the lack of long-term commitment from shareholders. Equity contributions by promoters in the project company may be recovered from earnings on short-term construction activities. Based on lesson learned from early PPP projects with GDG, the hold-up problem for government in the view of transaction cost economic (TCE) theory may worsen if the designed contractual structure does not adequately manage opportunistic behaviours from promoters. This study empirically examined the effects of a structured GDG mechanism with particular complementary measures applied in joint projects to develop the Taipei Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) stations. A GDG game model was then applied to bridge the theoretical gap based on the Taipei MRT experience. The analysis shows that requiring the promoter to provide sufficient equity and ensuring the commitment of the lender to provide the loan are the appropriate proactive measures. This study demonstrates its practical value for policy makers by combining case study, TCE and game theory in contractual issues.

The most fashionable political slogan of present environmental protection is without doubt sustainability and sustainable development. There cannot be any international agreement, European Union policy or Hungarian act without mentioning or referring to the principle of sustainability. Science at the same time is trying to fill this notion with a theoretical and practical content with all available instruments, in order to be able to provide a designable and measurable professional background for environmental policy planning, implementation of regulatory instruments and the monitoring of human activity. The present article is looking for the answer to the question by analysing mostly Hungarian but partly European waste management regulation, what kind of so far not exploited regulation opportunities are available in order to realize a sustainable waste management practice.

Energy Poverty (EP) is the inability to attain a socially and materially necessitated level of domestic energy services. In the EU this occurs primarily due to low incomes, poor energy performance of buildings and high energy costs. The impacts of EP range from impaired social lives to unhealthy living conditions, with further consequences in the physical and mental health of energy poor individuals. Member states have been assigned by the EU with the responsibility of dealing with EP within their own territories. This is attainable mainly by creating effective policies, while also encouraging synergies among policies of different fields. However, scientific knowledge is gathered and action is taken on a national level only in a limited number of EU countries. For this reason, this paper aims to fill in the gap and capture snapshots from five EU countries (Cyprus, Spain, Portugal, Bulgaria and Lithuania) where EP has not been exhaustively examined. The study provides an overview of selected policies and measures directly or indirectly targeting EP alleviation and analyses their history and evolution at an EU level as well as at national level. It considers the different geographical dimensions, conditions and aspects (e.g. national or regional) where EP is encountered, in an attempt to identify any variances or similarities in the approaches adopted. Through this comparative study, strengths and weaknesses of national strategies are identified and analysed. Conclusively, based on this analysis, recommendations are made on how to utilise policy tools and provide the most efficient support to energy poor households in the corresponding countries

This report explores which agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation policies and measures (PaMs) are implemented and planned by Member States, why they have not effectively reduced overall emissions in recent years, and what further action is needed to help meet EU emissions targets. It brings together information from reported PaMs under the Governance Regulation (2018/1999), and insights from national experts through questionnaires and interviews. The assessment identifies commonly supported measures, challenges and barriers to policy uptake, gaps in mitigation measures supported, good practice in policy implementation, and expert opinions on priorities for future PaMs. It also considers the potential impact of recently published EU strategies, proposals, and the new common agricultural policy for 2023-2027. The report aims to be a useful reference for national experts and policy makers.

This report explores which agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation policies and measures (PaMs) are implemented and planned by Member States, why they have not effectively reduced overall emissions in recent years, and what further action is needed to help meet EU emissions targets. It brings together information from reported PaMs under the Governance Regulation (2018/1999), and insights from national experts through questionnaires and interviews. The assessment identifies commonly supported measures, challenges and barriers to policy uptake, gaps in mitigation measures supported, good practice in policy implementation, and expert opinions on priorities for future PaMs. It also considers the potential impact of recently published EU strategies, proposals, and the new common agricultural policy for 2023-2027. The report aims to be a useful reference for national experts and policy makers.

Encouraging compliance through tax instruction and through policies designed to develop civic values vs. increasing evasion penalties.

Insights about the interplay between business models of an enterprise and policies by governments in a circular economy (CE) context are limited. To fill the gap, this paper aims to analyse and learn from the interplays reported in the literature beyond the CE context. It focuses on product/service system (PSS) business models, and uses a systematic literature review. Six types of policies and nine components of a PSS business model are introduced in the analysis. Results show that frequently observed types of interplays are regulatory policies versus value proposition, revenue model, and cost model; economic policies versus revenue model and cost model. On the other hand, rarely reported types are the interplays with three types of polices co-regulation, information-based, and agreement-based policies. Future research includes broadening the scope in order to get a more complete picture as well as relating the proposed approach to the current EU context.

Member States have to report every two years on their national greenhouse gas policies and measures. In 2021, EU Member States reported a total of 2 052 expired, existing and planned policies and measures. This is again a marked increase in the number of policies and measures reported by Member States, that partially can be explained by the implementation of the National Energy and Climate Plans. Quantitative evidence on the effectiveness and costs and benefits of these measures remains insufficiently reported.

Deforestation in Iran has been more rapid in the past 50 years than at any time in Iran's history. Forests play a vital role in sustaining water resources and aquatic ecosystems. Forest disturbance, both natural (e.g. wildfire, insects, disease, wind-storms, drought) and human (e.g. timber harvesting, land conversion) caused, can have a profound effect on hydrologic, geomorphic and ecologic processes. With climate change, natural disturbances are becoming more frequent and catastrophic. This, together with growing human disturbance, will undoubtedly affect water re-sources and consequently have significant implications for land managers and pol-icy makers. Intensive cultivation and mismanagement have caused environmental problems and soil degradation. Soils which developed under natural forests in north Iran have been degraded by land-use changes. Forests protect water quality by slowing runoff, stabilizing soils and filtering pollutants. Conversion of forest land to other uses interrupts these natural processes and increases the potential for water quality impairment. Since soil erosion and sediment redistribution have implications for both soil and water resources, and scientists have established that the movements of soil, sediment and water are intrinsically linked, it is critical to im-plement integrated resource protection strategies. Erosion, transport and sedimen-tation processes gain increasingly importance in socio – economic and ecological respect. In this research land use, land cover maps were prepared, using satellite imagery and aerial photos during the last 50 year. The rate of land use changes was compared with rate of sedimentation. Parallel with this work forest policy in Iran during different development plans using policy cycle method was analyzed and actors were recognized. Then the policies in development plans before and after Islamic revolution compared with prepared maps, results showed that government development plans didn't apply according to the program and forest degradation and ...

This is also Supplement 11A, Official records of the Economic and Social Council, 16th Session. ; Mode of access: Internet.