Suchergebnisse

Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview: Market Access Strategy in a New Trade Environment -- Introduction -- Ingredients for Sub-Saharan Africa's Market Access Strategy -- How Can Sub-Saharan African Countries Boost Exports through Preferential Access to the EU and US Markets? -- How Can Sub-Saharan African Countries Diversify Their Market Access? -- How Could Regional Integration Initiatives Help This Dual Strategy to Succeed? -- Contributions of This Volume -- Notes -- References -- PART I Access to Traditional Markets: Taking Stock of Nonreciprocal Trade Agreements and the Way Forward -- Chapter 1 Trade Impact of the AGOA: An Aggregate Perspective -- Introduction -- The African Growth and Opportunity Act -- Trade Flows from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States -- Impact of the AGOA: Results from the Synthetic Control Method -- Main Drivers of Exports under the AGOA -- Conclusion -- Annex 1A The Synthetic Control Method -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Preferential Access to the United States and Manufacturing Export Performance: A Product-Level Analysis -- Introduction -- A Product-Level Perspective from Disaggregated Export Data -- US Trade Preferences: The GSP and AGOA -- African Export Performance and the Role of the AGOA -- Estimated Impacts of the AGOA and GSP LDC -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A WITS Sectoral Definition, Sub-Saharan Africa Data, and Commodity Prices -- Annex 2B Impacts of the AGOA on Exports and Export Patterns -- Annex 2C AGOA Impacts, by Country -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Comparative Analysis of AGOA and EBA Impacts: Evidence from West Africa -- Introduction -- Estimations of the Trade Impacts of the AGOA and EBA -- ECOWAS Exports to the European Union and the United States since 2000 -- Empirical Specifications and Data.

The foreign exchange market in Peru experienced the same kinds of overwhelming volatility and severe shocks as the rest of the national economy during the 1980s. Beginning in 1980, Peru's economy was buffeted by a severe decline in copper prices followed, in 1982, by a huge increase in real debt servicing costs as a result of the drop in industrial-country inflation and remaining high dollar interest rates. This simultaneous squeeze on export earnings and hike in debt service cost led to an inability to meet foreign debt commitments and, essentially, a cutoff from access to foreign capital.

This paper presents a basic framework to assess whether structural (vertical) separation is desirable. It is discussed within the setting of fixed telecommunications markets. From an economist's perspective, the key question that underlies the case for structural separation is: is there a persistent bottleneck? The obvious candidate is the ?local loop?, or local access network. If yes then it makes sense to compare the costs and benefits of structural separation. The framework provides a set of options that the regulator can use strategically, by using the threat of a break-up to influence an incumbent's competitive stance in the wholesale market.

In this paper, we argue that market access issues associated with the question of the optimal mandate of the World Trade Organization should be separated from nonmarket access issues. We identify race-to-the-bottom and regulatory-chill concerns as market access issues and suggest that the WTO should address these concerns. We then describe ways that WTO principles and procedures might be augmented to do so. As for nonmarket access issues, we argue that as a general matter these are best handled outside the WTO, and that, while implicit links might be encouraged, explicit links between the WTO and other labor and environmental organizations should not as a general matter be forged. We view this as a measured approach to labor and the environment within the WTO.

International audience ; In 2008, the French government enacted a reform that reduced the number of labor courts by one quarter. This led to significant changes in access to labor courts for many workers and employers who had to travel further to proceed with conflict litigation. We use this reform to evaluate how access to labor courts affects the labor market. Our empirical approach mainly relies on regression-adjusted conditional differences-indifferences estimations. We find that cities that experienced an increase in the distance to their associated labor court suffered from a lower growth rate of job creation (-4 percentage points), job destruction (-4.6 pp) and firm creation (-6.3 pp) between 2007 and 2012 compared to unaffected cities. We find opposite but insignificant effects for cities that experienced a fall in the distance to the labor court. These results emphasize the central role of labor courts for the good functioning of the labor market.

International audience ; In 2008, the French government enacted a reform that reduced the number of labor courts by one quarter. This led to significant changes in access to labor courts for many workers and employers who had to travel further to proceed with conflict litigation. We use this reform to evaluate how access to labor courts affects the labor market. Our empirical approach mainly relies on regression-adjusted conditional differences-indifferences estimations. We find that cities that experienced an increase in the distance to their associated labor court suffered from a lower growth rate of job creation (-4 percentage points), job destruction (-4.6 pp) and firm creation (-6.3 pp) between 2007 and 2012 compared to unaffected cities. We find opposite but insignificant effects for cities that experienced a fall in the distance to the labor court. These results emphasize the central role of labor courts for the good functioning of the labor market.

This book focuses on the influence of food safety and quality requirements on international trade in food. Drawing on the case of Benin and other fishery products exporting countries in West and East Africa, the book explores the consequences of EU requirements on market access and food safety regulation in exporting developing countries. Moreover, it examines the processes through which UEMOA Member States intend to overcome their food safety challenges thanks to regional cooperation. In this regard, the book dwells on the conditions and mechanisms of regulatory convergence within the UEMOA. In addition to exploring the differences in approaches to food safety regulation (proactive or reactive approaches) between the EU and most West African developing countries, the book further analyses the case of Benin shrimp exports to the EU in the light of the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Essentially, the book assesses whether WTO rules provide sufficient leverage to enable weaker countries to press for reforms in other WTO Members' food safety laws so as to avoid protectionism and unnecessary obstacles to trade

This note offers reflections on qualified market access (QMA) - the practice of linking trade agreements to values such as human rights, labour standards, or environmental protection. This idea has been suggested by political theorists as a way of fulfilling our duties to the global poor and of making the global economic system more just, and it has influenced a number of concrete policies, such as European Union (EU) trade policies. Yet, in order to assess its merits tout court, different perspectives and disciplines need to be brought together, such as international law, economics, political science, and philosophy. It is also worth reflecting on existing practices, such as those of the EU. This note summarises some insights about QMA by drawing such research together and considers the areas in which further research is needed, whilst reflecting also on the merits of interdisciplinary exchanges on such topics.

In 2022, Russian investors will get access to the wide possibilities of the global financial market. The Bank of Russia opens the market for foreign exchange-traded funds (ETFs) — one of the main savings instruments for households. The economy of ETFs differs from other investment funds, whose shares do not have secondary market. The opening of the ETFs market is intended to solve a number of issues for retail investors: moving away from the preference to individual foreign shares towards portfolio diversification, cost reduction, ensuring sustainable profitability, abandoning the aggressive securities trading, and supporting market competition. Soon, ETFs will be one of the driving forces in financial markets. However, their rapid growth is fraught with little-studied effects.

Despite the fact that the WTO has helped to reduce the overall
level of tariffs with increased transparency, a majority of the
developing countries with the capacity to increase exports of labour
intensive manufactures continue to face significant barriers in
accessing foreign markets. Tariff rates applied by the developed
countries for textile and clothing and leather for instance are much
higher than those on other manufacturing products such as electronics,
computers and telecom equipment, thus indicating a clear discrimination
against exports of the developing countries. Moreover, tariff peaks,
tariff escalation, tariff rate quotas and other non-tariff measures
including antidumping duties, countervailing duties, and safeguard
measures to protect against serious injury from import surges, allowed
under the WTO, have become major impediments to market access for
developing countries exports.

Artículo de revista ; ResearchSpain's regional governments (or "autonomous communities") have regularly resorted to debt to fund themselves in recent decades. This has come about in parallel with the progress seen in the transfer of budgetary powers since the current constitutional regime was set in place.1 In turn, access to debt by regional and local authorities is part of a global trend, associated with the across-the-board increase in budgetary decentralisation in many advanced and emerging economies over this period, along with increased investor demand for sub-national public debt on international capital markets