Suchergebnisse

AbstractTo prevent and control foodborne diseases, there is a fundamental need to identify the foods that are most likely to cause illness. The goal of this study was to rank 25 commonly consumed food products associated with Salmonella enterica contamination in the Central Region of Mexico. A multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework was developed to obtain an S. enterica risk score for each food product based on four criteria: probability of exposure to S. enterica through domestic food consumption (Se); S. enterica growth potential during home storage (Sg); per capita consumption (Pcc); and food attribution of S. enterica outbreak (So). Risk scores were calculated by the equation Se*W1+Sg*W2+Pcc*W3+So*W4, where each criterion was assigned a normalized value (1–5) and the relative weights (W) were defined by 22 experts' opinion. Se had the largest effect on the risk score being the criterion with the highest weight (35%; IC95% 20%–60%), followed by So (24%; 5%–50%), Sg (23%; 10%–40%), and Pcc (18%; 10%–35%). The results identified chicken (4.4 ± 0.6), pork (4.2 ± 0.6), and beef (4.2 ± 0.5) as the highest risk foods, followed by seed fruits (3.6 ± 0.5), tropical fruits (3.4 ± 0.4), and dried fruits and nuts (3.4 ± 0.5), while the food products with the lowest risk were yogurt (2.1 ± 0.3), chorizo (2.1 ± 0.4), and cream (2.0 ± 0.3). Approaches with expert‐based weighting and equal weighting showed good correlation (R2 = 0.96) and did not show significant differences among the ranking order in the top 20 tier. This study can help risk managers select interventions and develop targeted surveillance programs against S. enterica in high‐risk food products.

Abstract
In nineteenth-century colonial Australian newspapers, foods were commonly identified by their place of origin. Advertisements spoke of global networks and exchanges, listing Scotch herring, Mauritius sugar, Ceylon coffee, Valencia raisins, and so forth. Disparate places were connected in newspaper advertisements and on the plates of Australian colonists. There is a substantial body of literature concerned with place of origin advertising, yet the historical roots of this phenomena have received less attention, particularly in relation to colonial food chains. Place of origin advertising was a semiotic device, a trustmark, communicating culturally contingent meanings of food safety and quality. Trustmarks were shortcuts that helped to make sense of complex food systems. Burgeoning global and industrialized food chains fed Australia in the nineteenth century, circulating goods and ideas through and beyond the networks of empire; place marketing inferred transparency and connectivity of supply chains. Using case studies of fish, coffee, and dried fruits, this article demonstrates how place labeling spoke to Australians about potential concerns around labor, class, race, culinary hierarchies, and new technologies. Discursive sources shaped "imaginative geographies," which, accurately or not, likely informed ideas of food quality. Places attached to foods meant something to the nineteenth-century consumer, and by examining potential meanings, we can better understand how ideas of places and people informed Australian food choices.

In this study, the use of microwave technique, which is becoming increasingly widespread in the food sector, and the advantages of microwave plasma technology, which has not yet been used much in the food sector, and the production of microwave plasma assembly in laboratory size. In food technology, plasma can be applied hot and cold. Inert gases are used in plasma formation and low-level microwave energy is also used. Additionally, the use of oxygen gas in the current system increases oxidative stress on microorganisms found in foods. Since plasma formation occurs under strong vacuum, it also effectively provides microbial inactivation in food systems. Cold and low-pressure plasma technology has emerged as a promising and innovative method for the microbial inactivation on dry food surfaces. Therefore, microwave plasma system has an important potential to use in many food systems such as spices, dried fruits and vegetables. In this context, the microwave plasma setup was created by us in this study. A strong vacuum system is required for the formation of microwave plasma. In addition, it has been determined that the application time is very important for the application of microwave plasma in foods and that there are structural deterioration in foods over a certain period of time. As a result, it is understood that food poisoning can be prevented by using microwave plasma in foods, and this will contribute to extending the shelf life of foods, and therefore the technique needs to be further investigated and considered in food applications.

The study was conducted in Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba State, located in North-Eastern region of Nigeria on Longitude 9.783˚E and Latitude 7.850˚N. A total of ninety (90) sweet orange fruits (Citrus sinensis) were collected from three different markets within Wukari town between the months of March 2018 and June 2018. Observation for the level of fungal growth and fruit rot was made daily for 7 days and results were recorded, percentage rot severity was determined. Wukari New Market had the highest percentage incidence in the study area (83 %), followed by Wukari Yam Market (66.7 %). The least rot incidence was recorded in Wukari Old Market (60 %). Among the three isolates, A. niger causes the most severe rot. Mycelia covering up to 85.8%, the pathogenic effect was rated highly pathogenic. While Aspergillus sp. causes least severe rot with mycelia covering up to 39.9%, the pathogenic effect was rated moderately resistance. Leaves and seeds of the test plant were thoroughly washed, air dried and grinded separately into a fine powder using mortar and pestle. For seeds extraction, four different dilution concentrations were prepared by adding 5g, 10g, 15g, and 20g of the fine powder into a 100mls distilled water separately in a 250ml beaker. It was left to stand for 24 hours and then filtered through three fold of sterile cheesecloth to obtain crude aqueous extracts. For leaves extraction, only the highest dilution concentration of the seed extraction was used. The phytochemical characteristics of the plants investigated are summarized as Alkaloid, Glycosides, Terpenoids, and Sapronins were present in seed and leaf extracts. Flavonoids were absent in both seed and leaf extracts. Tannins, Reducing sugar and Phenols are only present in the leaf extract. The design was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates. The variables considered were fungal isolates and concentrations of the extracts. All data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ...

Through various sources resulting from an increase in industrial pollution, man-made or natural activities, humans are exposed either knowingly or unknowingly to heavy metals. The COVID-19 pandemic has taken its toll on the global economic uncertainties and disruption of activities forcing a slowdown globally and lockdown in some countries including Nigeria. This study assessed the influence of COVID-19 on heavy metals that are persistent environmental pollutants namely: Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), and Lead (Pb), in fruits, food crops, and soil samples from Owerri environs in Nigeria, and estimated the potential public health risks. The samples were washed with deionized water, oven-dried at 70-80 0C for 24 h and ground to powder. The samples were digested with a gradient mixture of perchloric acid and nitric acid. Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was employed in heavy metals analyses. The concentration of Cd, Ni, and Pb in this study was within the maximum allowable concentrations for agricultural soil according to European Union (EU).Taken together, sampled food crops and fruits had 65% of non-detectable level of Cadmium; Lead, 40%, and Nickel, 35% of non-detectable levels. There were however, incidences of detectable levels of the heavy metals but not all of them exceeded the maximum allowable concentration recommended by relevant commissions. COVID-19 pandemic with the attendant lockdown of human activities in terms of industrialization and urbanization may have reduced heavy metal public health risk.

The strong commitment to protect the ozone layer by European governments has resulted in the complete phase out of methyl bromide (MB) use in the flour mills and food processing plants. Following the phase out the industry has successfully adapted, maintained its production capacity, hygiene standards and economic viability. This has been achieved through increased focus on sanitation and utilizing alternatives control procedures such as fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride (SF) with the tradename ProFume containing 99.8%. The fumigation is frequently accompanied by additional heating. Recent research on stored product pest insects in treated flour mills confirmed long lasting control effects 8 to 12 weeks after the fumigation. ProFume gas fumigant is now established as an alternative fumigant to MB. It has been granted registration for the control of SPIs in structures in ten European countries. Since its first approval in 2003, the number of ProFume fumigations has increased each year. In 2008, over 200 fumigations were completed in Europe and due to performance satisfaction, the growth trend is expected to continue. A range of structures have been fumigated, some exceeding 60,000 m3 for flour mills and 100,000 m3 for food processing plants. Dow AgroSciences is continuing to invest in supporting SF to meet future regulatory requirements. In addition, label extensions are being developed on dried fruits and tree nuts, cocoa beans and quarantine pests. The original use of SF on wood boring insects is also supported and is now listed in Annex I of Biocide Directive 98/8 EC for product type 8.

In the international market, the main trading partner countries of Nicaragua were analyzed. The highest demand is in the European Union representing 98% of exports, noting that the coconut has the highest export volume but has the lowest price while the dried banana is the better paid product with a growth rate in the price of 11% per annum. When exporting dehydrated fruits, a series of sanitary, phytosanitary and environmental requirements and standards must be complied with, which is issued by state institutions. When entering the market, it must face restrictions and critical factors. In the results obtained it was determined that if it is viable to market to the international market. ; En el mercado internacional se analizó los principales países socios comerciales de Nicaragua la mayor demanda se da en la Unión Europea representando el 98% de exportaciones, observando que el coco presento mayor volumen de exportación pero tiene el precio más bajo mientras el plátano seco es el producto mejor pagado con una tasa de crecimiento en el precio del 11% anual. Al exportar frutas deshidratadas se deben cumplir con una series de requisitos y normas sanitarias, fitosanitarias y de medio ambiente, el cual es emitido por medio de instituciones del estado. Al penetrar al mercado se debe enfrentar con restricciones y factores críticos. En los resultados obtenidos se determinó que si es viable comercializar al mercado internacional

In the international market, the main trading partner countries of Nicaragua were analyzed. The highest demand is in the European Union representing 98% of exports, noting that the coconut has the highest export volume but has the lowest price while the dried banana is the better paid product with a growth rate in the price of 11% per annum. When exporting dehydrated fruits, a series of sanitary, phytosanitary and environmental requirements and standards must be complied with, which is issued by state institutions. When entering the market, it must face restrictions and critical factors. In the results obtained it was determined that if it is viable to market to the international market. ; En el mercado internacional se analizó los principales países socios comerciales de Nicaragua la mayor demanda se da en la Unión Europea representando el 98% de exportaciones, observando que el coco presento mayor volumen de exportación pero tiene el precio más bajo mientras el plátano seco es el producto mejor pagado con una tasa de crecimiento en el precio del 11% anual. Al exportar frutas deshidratadas se deben cumplir con una series de requisitos y normas sanitarias, fitosanitarias y de medio ambiente, el cual es emitido por medio de instituciones del estado. Al penetrar al mercado se debe enfrentar con restricciones y factores críticos. En los resultados obtenidos se determinó que si es viable comercializar al mercado internacional

WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnin

Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze delle produzioni vegetali e animali ; The contamination by Ochratoxin A (OTA) and Aflatoxin B1 (AfB1) in raisins and dried figs is mainly related to the presence of Aspergillus species. This contamination poses risks to human and animal health due to the high toxicity and carcinogenicity of these compounds. In this project, different aspects of this problem were considered. The first one consisted of a survey of raisin and dried fig samples, collected from different regions in Algeria and Turkey, for the presence of some OTA and AfB1 producing fungi and for OTA and AfB1 contamination. Both the fungal and mycotoxin contaminations were found in most of the collected samples, with the prevalence of Aspergillus carbonarius, which is the main OTA producing species. In some cases, OTA levels were above the maximum tolerable level established by EU directives, underlining the need to pass legislation to regulate the amount of maximum tolerable limit of OTA content in raisins and dried fruits in Algeria. Then, an extraction protocol for raisins and dried figs suitable for direct use in a nor1-gene specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) was set to enable rapid and sensitive detection of several aflatoxin-producing species in a single analysis. The tested LAMP assay, after using a minimal sample preparation, was able to detect the presence of aflatoxin-producing fungi belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi in dried figs and raisins. The developed LAMP assay may be considered as a rapid and sensitive tool for surveillance and quality control in the food industry. After that, a comparison between the effects of the antifungal protein PgAFP as a natural control mean, and potassium sorbate (E-202) on the growth of Aspergillus carbonarius and its OTA production was carried out, considering both the eco-physiological and transcriptional levels (gene expression). The results showed that PgAFP significantly controls OTA production, whereas E-202, although able to decrease Aspergillus carbonarius growth, can cause a significant increase in OTA production by the fungus. It can be concluded that PgAFP, a biological product with antifungal activity, is safer to use as food preservative compared to E-202. In the last part of this study, the effects of the treatment using different concentrations of ozone (O3) on Aspergillus carbonarius conidia germinability, and on OTA and AfB1 degradation, both as pure molecules and when present in raisins, was investigated. O3 significantly controlled the germinability of both OTA-producing and non-OTA-producing Aspergillus carbonarius conidia. It was also able to degrade a significant percentage of OTA and AfB1. These results highlight the potential of O3 to control the contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi and by mycotoxins. ; La contaminazione da parte di Ocratossina A (OTA) e di aflatossina B1 in uva passa e fichi secchi è principalmente dovuta alla presenza di specie fungine appartenenti al genere Aspergillus. Questa contaminazione costituisce un rischio per la salute umana e animale a causa della elevata tossicità e cancerogenicità di questi composti. In questo studio sono stati considerati alcuni aspetti di questo problema. In primo luogo, è stata valutata la presenza di isolati appartenenti ad alcune delle specie capaci di produrre OTA e AfB1 e la eventuale contaminazione da parte di questi metaboliti nei campioni di uva passa e fichi secchi raccolti da diverse regioni in Algeria e in Turchia. La maggior parte dei campioni raccolti è risultata contaminata sia da funghi micotossigeni che dalle micotossine considerate, con prevalenza di Aspergillus carbonarius che è il principale produttore di OTA. In alcuni casi, i livelli di OTA sono risultati al di sopra del massimo livello tollerabile dalla legislazione dell'UE. Questo evidenzia la necessità di emanare una normativa per regolare il limite massimo tollerabile di OTA in uvetta e frutta secca in Algeria. In seguito, è stato elaborato un protocollo di estrazione da uva passa e fichi secchi per l'uso diretto al fine di effettuare una LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification)-pcr specifica per nor1, allo scopo di consentire il rilevamento rapido e sensibile di diversi isolati produttori di aflatossina in una singola analisi. Il saggio elaborato utilizzando la tecnica LAMP, ha permesso di rilevare la presenza di funghi produttori di aflatossina appartenenti al genere Aspergillus sezione Flavi sia nei fichi secchi che nell'uva passa utilizzando una minima preparazione del campione. Il saggio LAMP sviluppato può costituire uno strumento rapido e sensibile per la sorveglianza e il controllo di qualità nell'industria alimentare. A questo punto, è stato effettuato un confronto tra gli effetti della proteina antifungina PgAFP, un mezzo di controllo naturale, e del sorbato di potassio (E-202), sulla crescita di Aspergillus carbonarius e sulla produzione di OTA. Il confronto è stato effettuato sia a livello eco-fisiologico che trascrizionale (valutando l'espressione genica). I risultati hanno mostrato che PgAFP controlla significativamente la produzione di OTA, mentre E-202, pur essendo in grado di diminuire la crescita di Aspergillus carbonarius, può causare un aumento significativo della produzione di OTA nel fungo. Si può concludere che PgAFP, un prodotto biologico con attività antifungina, potrebbe essere usato come conservante alimentare con maggiore sicurezza rispetto a E-202. Nell'ultima parte di questo studio, sono stati valutati gli effetti del trattamento con diverse concentrazioni di ozono (O3) sulla germinabilità dei conidi di Aspergillus carbonarius, e sulla degradazione di OTA e AfB1, sia come molecole pure che in uva passa. O3 ha permesso di controllare significativamente la germinabilità dei conidi di A. carbonarius sia produttore di OTA che non produttore di tossina. Il trattamento con ozono ha permesso anche di degradare una percentuale significativa di OTA e AfB1. Questi risultati evidenziano il potenziale di O3 nel controllo dei funghi micotossigeni e delle micotossine già prodotte.

Obesity has been related to an increased risk of multiple diseases in which oxidative stress and inflammation play a role. Gut microbiota has emerged as a mediator in this interaction, providing new mechanistic insights at the interface between fat metabolism dysregulation and obesity development. Our aim was to analyze the interrelationship among obesity, diet, oxidative stress, inflammation and the intestinal microbiota in 68 healthy adults (29.4% normal-weight). Diet was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire and converted into nutrients and dietary compounds using food composition tables. The intestinal microbiota was assessed by quantitative PCR, fecal short chain fatty acids by gas chromatography and serum biomarkers by standard protocols. Higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), C reactive protein (CRP), serum leptin, glucose, fat percentage and the intestinal Lactobacillus group were found in the obese people. Cluster analysis of body mass index, fat mass, glucose, LDL/HDL ratio, leptin, MDA and CRP classified the subjects into two groups. The levels of the intestinal Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group were lower in the cluster and linked to a higher pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory status, whose individuals also had lower intake of fruits, dried fruits, and fish. These results could be useful for designing strategies targeted to obesity prevention. ; This work was funded through the Grant GRUPIN14-043 "Microbiota Humana, Alimentación y Salud" funded by "Plan Regional de Investigación del Principado de Asturias", Spain, by grants AGL2010-14952 from Spanish "Plan Nacional I + D + I", by Biopolis group S.L., Valencia, within the framework of the e-CENIT Project SENIFOOD from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and by the Alimerka Foundation. NS was the recipient of a postdoctoral contract supported by a Clarin regional grant (ACB 14-08) cofinanced by the Marie Curie CoFund European Program and IG-D benefits for a grant supported by Fundación Universia. Regional and national grants received cofounding from European Union FEDER funds. We show our greatest gratitude to all the volunteers participating in the study. We acknowledge support of the publicationfee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resourdes for Research (URICI)

There can be no doubt that Indian immigration to the plantation colonies changed the geography of those colonies. However, most analyses have dealt with the sugar industry in the colonies after the abolition of slavery. This paper will argue that, apart from the sugar industry, Indian labour and ingenuity made other significant contributions to plantation economies. The girmityas (agreement signers) were well aware that they were going to agricultural occupations so they took with them an amazing array of dried fruits, seeds and cuttings, which survived the long crossing, adding to the flora of the plantations. Armed with this foreknowledge, the jahajis packed these items into their jahaji bundles alongside the Tulsi Ramayan and the Holy Qu'ran. Animals too formed part of this international trade. Sheep, goats and poultry which were not eaten on the outward voyage were sent to the estates, where they multiplied. When dangerous snakes threatened plantation security, cages of mongoose were dispatched to the Caribbean where they bravely tackled venomous creatures. At the urging of Indian labourers with long experience in the sugar industry, the plantations' owners imported Brahma bulls and Zebu cattle, which revolutionised transport on the estates and provided leather, manure and meat to the wider population.
There is also the amazing story of the importation of hundreds of water buffaloes (bhaisa) from the Indo-Gangetic plains. Some nine breeds were imported and in the twentieth century Caribbean bio-geneticists were able to blend the best qualities of those Indian animals and created a new hybrid, the buffalypso, which combined the scientific name with Trinidad's fame as the land of the calypso. The buffalypso became a prized animal for haulage, meat, milk and leather and an item of export to Venezuela, Colombia, Miami and the wider Caribbean. Indian cultivars were continuously exported to the botanic gardens in the Caribbean and Indian forestry experts were sent to the region to advise on forest rehabilitation in the wake of large-scale deforestation, which sugar cultivation required. In these and other ways the physical character of the Caribbean underwent permanent change, which manifests itself today.

From the beginning of time, the history of man has been his struggle to obtain food. After many thousands of years, this is still a major problem which confronts the peoples of the earth. Although much food is available on earth, a great deal never benefits mankind because of deterioration and spoilage. Various kinds of spoilage cause a million tons of grain to be wasted each year. Man has learned to control and overcome some of these destructive forced through a variety of methods of food preservation. Some forms of preservation such as drying, salting, and so forth, probably have been known since the beginning of civilization. The most ancient method of food preservation, drying, was copied from nature. Early man gathered dried fruits, berries, nuts, legumes, and grains which had matured and dried on the plants. Later they used their shelters to dry food, and pre-Columbus American Indians used the heat from their fires. However, it was not until about the latter part of the eighteenth century that a hot air dehydration room was used. Much of the drying done for modern consumers is in the form of dehydration, which means artificially dried. About the same time that dehydration came into being, Nicholas Appert began work on another process of preserving food, which came to be known as canning. He received an award from Napoleon when he proved that food heated in sealed containers would not spoil if the containers were not reopened or the seal was not broken. For half a century there was no correct explanation for the success of this process until Pasteur discovered that microscopic growth caused food to spoil. It then became clear that Appert had destroyed micro-organisms by heat, and excluded their re-entry by sealing the containers. The invention of a pressure steam retort, social legislation of the Food and Drug Act, use of the common "sanitary" tin can, and research devoted to the study of nutrients in relation to the canning process have all aided significantly in creating our modern canning industry. Desrosier (7) has aptly said that food preservation practices prior to the discovery of canning were copied from nature. Canning, which has no counterpart in nature, has changed the eating habits of the western world. Although freezing was used as a method of preserving foods for centuries, the invention of a successful refrigerator in the late 1800's marked the beginning of the vast field of the modern method of refrigeration and freezing. Fish was frozen commercially as early as 1880; meats, in 1891; fruits, in 1905; and vegetables, in 1929. However, int he 1930's when modern homes contained a refrigerator, frozen foods began to find their place in commerce. It was not until 1940 that freezing assumed its rightful place as a means of preservation. To preserve foods as nearly as possible in their natural state has long been an aim of man. Each method of preservation has obvious advantages, but not one has wholly accomplished this aim. If a method could be found that preserved food without marked change in its natural characteristics, it would mean man was close to achieving his goal. Fruits and vegetables, which are very perishable, make up 40 percent of the total food consumption. Twenty-five to 50 percent of the fruits and vegetables produced to be eaten fresh, spoil before they can be consumed (45). A new method of food preservation was made possible in 1945 when the Congress of the United States passed the Atomic Energy Act. Several divisions of the Atomic Energy Commission were concerned with the application of the peaceful uses of atomic energy. In 1953, considerable research on radiation preservation of food was started on a large scale. Subjecting food to ionizing radiation has been accepted by many as an effective means of preservation. Because of the many complex problems associated with radiation sterilization, preservation by this means is not as feasible at this time as that accomplished by the low doses of radiation for pasteurization. However, there are a number of areas in these low dose treatments which show great promise for use of radiation processing of foods. 1. Conservation of grain and certain packaged products by the destruction of insect infestation. 2. The inhibition of sprouting in potatoes and other root crops. 3. The destruction of trichinae in pork and pork products. 4. The inactivation of Salmonella in egg products. 5. The extension of shelf-life of fresh fruits and vegetables, cut meats, and fresh fish. The first four areas are approaching the stage at which commercial exploitation might be considered. However, considerable research must still be pursued toward the improvement of certain radiation-treated fresh foods in regard to wholesomeness, nutritive value, color, texture, flavor, and odor. The studies presented in this thesis were conducted on the acceptability and refrigerated-life of strawberries, and sweet cherries in relation to gamma radiation dose, variety and maturity of crops and physical changes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os teores de ftalatos no solo e no fruto do abacaxizeiro adubado com diferentes tipos de lodos de esgotos e fertilizante mineral. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento em blocos casualizados, com sete tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos foram: controle (C); adubação mineral (MF); adubação com lodo de esgoto solarizado (SS), lodo de esgoto caleado (CaS), lodo de esgoto seco em secadora (DS), lodo de esgoto compostado (CS) e lodo de esgoto vermicompostado (VS). Os teores de dimetil ftalato (DMP), dibutil ftalato (DBP) e dietil hexil ftalato (DEHP) no solo e na polpa de abacaxi foram analisados. As adubações com lodo de esgoto caleado (0,012 mg kg-1), secado em secadora (0,017 mg kg-1) e solarizado (0,031 mg kg-1) proporcionaram os menores teores de DMP no solo, enquanto o lodo de esgoto caleado (0,046 mg kg-1), secado em secadora (0,054 mg kg-1), solarizado (0,063 mg kg-1), e o vermicomposto (0,076 mg kg-1) proporcionaram os menores teores de DEHP na polpa de abacaxi. As adubações com lodos mantiveram os teores de DMP, DBP e DEHP nos solos, abaixo dos limites máximos para prevenção estabelecidos pela legislação ambiental brasileira. Além disso, os teores de todos os ftalatos na polpa de abacaxi ficaram abaixo dos limites críticos de segurança para o consumo desse alimento. ; The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phthalate content in the soil and in the pineapple fruit fertilized with different types of sewage sludge and mineral fertilizer. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in randomized block design, with seven treatments and three replications. The treatments were: control (C), mineral fertilization (MF), fertilizations with solarized sewage sludge (SS), sanitized sewage sludge with calcium oxide (CaS), dried sewage sludge (DS), composted sewage sludge (CS), and vermicomposted sewage sludge (VS). The contents of dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) in the soil and in the pineapple pulp were analyzed. Fertilization with sewage sludge sanitized with calcium oxide (0.012 mg kg-1), dried (0.017 mg kg-1), and solarized (0.031 mg kg-1) provided the lowest levels of DMP in the soil, while the sewage sludge sanitized with calcium oxide (0.046 mg kg-1), dried (0.054 mg kg-1), solarized (0.063 mg kg-1), and vermicompost (0.076 mg kg-1) provided the lowest levels of DEHP in pineapple pulp. Sludge fertilizations maintained the levels of DMP, DBP, and DEHP in soils, below the maximum limits for prevention, established by Brazilian environmental legislation. In addition, all phthalates levels in the pineapple pulp were below the critical safety limits for this food consumption. ; El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los niveles de ftalatos en el suelo y en el fruto de piña fertilizada con diferentes tipos de lodos de depuradora y fertilizante mineral. El experimento se realizó en invernadero, en un diseño de bloques al azar, con siete tratamientos y tres repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron: control (C); fertilizante mineral (MF); fertilización con lodos de depuradora solarizados (SS), lodos de depuradora encalados (CaS), lodos de depuradora secos en secado (DS), lodos de depuradora compostados (CS) y lodos de depuradora con vermicompostaje (VS). Se analizaron los contenidos de dimetil ftalato (DMP), dibutil ftalato (DBP) y dietil hexil ftalato (DEHP) en suelo y pulpa de piña. La fertilización con lodos de depuradora encalados (0,012 mg kg-1), secado en secadora (0,017 mg kg-1) y solarizado (0,031 mg kg-1) proporcionó los niveles más bajos de DMP en el suelo, mientras que los lodos de depuradora encalados (0,046 mg kg-1), secado en secadora (0,054 mg kg-1), solarizado (0,063 mg kg-1) y vermicompost (0,076 mg kg-1) proporcionaron los niveles más bajos de DEHP en la pulpa de piña. La fertilización con lodos mantuvo los contenidos de DMP, DBP y DEHP en el suelo por debajo de los límites máximos de prevención establecidos por la legislación ambiental brasileña. Además, el contenido de todos los ftalatos en la pulpa de la piña estaba por debajo de los límites críticos de seguridad para el consumo de este alimento.

Trifluralin is herbicide of the dinitroanilines group in which NO(2) molecules are attached to the benzene ring at diverse positions. Trifluralin affects endocrine function and is listed as an endocrine disrupter in the European Union list. Therefore, its determination is so important in health science. In this study, an easy, sensitive and environmentally friendly method has been developed for determination of trifluralin based on its electrochemical oxidation on a three-electrode system designed on the surface of agricultural products using Ag-citrate/GQDs (graphene quantum dots) nano-ink. The sensor was prepared by direct writing on the surface of the samples. The designed electrodes were dried after 24 h at room temperature and used for trifluralin detection. Under optimized experimental conditions, the Ag-citrate/GQDs nano-ink based sensor was exhibited good sensitivity and specificity for trifluralin detection. The obtained linear range using the cyclic voltammetric (CV) technique is between 0.008 to 1 mM and low limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.008 mM. Also, the obtained linear range using differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) and square wave voltammetric (SWV) techniques is 0.005–0.04 mM with LLOQ of 0.005 mM. For further validation of the applicability of the proposed method, it was also used for detection of trifluralin on the surface of apple skin.