Suchergebnisse

Understanding the policy relevance of parties in the states has not been easy. Key (1949: 309–12) argued that parties that differed should pursue and enact different public policies. Studies have found sigificant differences between legislative parties (Jewell 1955; LeBlanc 1969). Indices of interparty competition have been constructed and their impact assessed on the assumption that high competition has a clear impact on policy. The results, however, have not supported that assumption. Interparty competition has generally shown little relationship to public policy levels (Dawson and Robinson 1963; Dye 1966; Tucker 1982; Garand 1988: 844).

AbstractThe "bifurcated session" (which is fulfilling many of the hopes of its sponsors) and the breakdown of national party lines are the outstanding features of California's legislature. Of course, she still has some problems

Most scholars believe that the journey to work is vital in any aspect of land-use and transport planning. Transport remains a vital component of the urban economy that enables the populace to move freely between their homes and places of work. This study examines the factors that influence modes of travel used by the commuters in the suburb of Mabelreign as a first step towards isolating the causes of transport problems in Harare. This way the needs of different socioeconomic groups can be understood. An attempt is also made in this study to use simple travel models in determining modal split. These models are adapted in the context of the study area. Questionnaire surveys and interviews are also used in establishing the modes of travel used and factors influencing the modes of travel. The survey results showed that a large split of the travellers (64.2 per cent) use private transport (cars), 9.1 per cent use buses and 24.3 per cent use commuter omnibuses. Route with a shorter travel time tend to be favoured over routes with longer travel times. In Mabelreign, 60.1 per cent own cars as compared to 67.7 per cent who use cars to work – a phenomenon explained by the increased use of lift clubs in order to reduce costs. Inconvenience factors, both from the service and vehicle comfort viewpoints have greatly influenced the decline in public transport use and these include long waiting times, transfer times and congestion on roads leading to work places. In conclusion, modal choice is influenced by the characteristics of the traveller, the characteristics of the transportation system (including costs) and behavioural factors that include human perception about particular modes of travel. Recommendations are that the city authorities of Harare need to study travel behaviour also using travel models so as to come up with a viable transportation system. More efficient travel modes such as a train shuttle service and affordable commuter buses need to be introduced in the city and these should involve as minimal transfer as possible.

Am Institut für Umformtechnik und Umformmaschinen der Leibniz Universität Hannover wird zurzeit an einer neuartigen Antriebslösung für Servopressen gearbeitet, welche die Vorteile von Servopressen und Exzenterpressen mit Schwungradantrieb vereint. Ziel ist, sowohl bei der Anschaffung als auch im Betrieb Kosten einzusparen. Für die Ansteuerung der Antriebsmotoren wurde ein spezielles Regelkonzept erarbeitet, das sich deutlich von bestehenden Regelungssystemen heutiger Servopressen abgrenzt.
 
At the Institute of Forming Technology and Machines (Leibniz Universität Hannover), a new drive concept for servo presses is being developed which combines the advantages of servo presses with a high dynamic powertrain and flywheel based eccentric presses. This is intended to save acquisition and operating costs. To control the drive engines, a special control concept has been developed which is completely different from control systems of modern servo presses.

The extraordinary discrepancy in the popular vote for President Eisenhower and the vote for Republican Congressmen in the 1956 election dramatized a privilege which the American electorate exercises almost uniquely in the democratic world, the right of voters to split their ballots between the candidates of opposing political parties.The fact of ballot splitting in American elections is of course a commonplace but it has not been widely studied and it is not well understood. The aggregative statistics from the 1956 election make it apparent that millions of voters must have chosen President Eisenhower and a Democratic congressman but they do not tell us how many voters split their ballots in the opposite direction or how many voted for president but not for Congressman, and they give us only the vaguest indications of what was in the voters' minds when they crossed party lines in marking their ballots.

Maltz and McCleary have suggested a split-population exponential distribution to predict parolee recidivism where one portion of the population will never return and the remainder will return according to an exponential distribution. They have estimated parameters to fit the distribution to some sample data. A reanalysis of their data shows that the parameter estimates change systematically as more and more observation time is allowed in the computation. It is argued that this feature limits extrapolability. Local data concerning readmissions of discharged psychiatric inpatients are used to illustrate this point.

In this article, the authors propose an extension to Fiorina's balancing model based on voters' electoral expectations and test this extension and several implications of the theory. The authors examine the observed pattern of ticket-splitting and find it less consistent with a balancing perspective than with an alternative approach stressing separation between presidential and congressional voting. They also address the relationship between party polarization and ticket-splitting; their results indicate that the occurrence of split ballots does not increase with polarization. A further test identifies respondents with both the sophistication and the motive to engage in balancing behavior. According to this analysis, balancing considerations influence, at most, the very small group of voters whose sophistication and electoral expectations give them the tools and the incentive to pursue balance with a split ballot. Ticket-splitting appears to result far more from incumbency and cross-pressured voters holding candidate evaluations at odds with their partisan learnings.