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The modern hospital is at once the site of healing, the locus of medical learning and a cornerstone of the welfare state. Its technological and infrastructural costs have transformed health services into one of today's fastest growing sectors, absorbing substantial proportions of national income in both developed and emerging economies. The aim of this book is to examine this growth in different countries, with a main focus on the twentieth century, and also with a backward glance to earlier shaping forces. It will explore the hospital's economic history, the relationship between public and private forms of provision, and the political context in which health systems were constructed. The collection advances the historical world map of different hospital models, ranging across Spain, Brazil, Germany, East and Central Europe, Britain, the United States and China. Collectively, these comparative cases illuminate the complexities involved in each country and bring new historical evidence to current debates on health care organisation, financing and reform.

The modern hospital is at once the site of healing, the locus of medical learning and a cornerstone of the welfare state. Its technological and infrastructural costs have transformed health services into one of today's fastest growing sectors, absorbing substantial proportions of national income in both developed and emerging economies. The aim of this book is to examine this growth in different countries, with a main focus on the twentieth century, and also with a backward glance to earlier shaping forces. It will explore the hospital's economic history, the relationship between public and private forms of provision, and the political context in which health systems were constructed. The collection advances the historical world map of different hospital models, ranging across Spain, Brazil, Germany, East and Central Europe, Britain, the United States and China. Collectively, these comparative cases illuminate the complexities involved in each country and bring new historical evidence to current debates on health care organisation, financing and reform.

Free radicals and oxidative stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Some ginseng monomers showed certain therapeutic effects in NIHL by scavenging free radicals. Therefore, we hypothesized that ginsenoside Rd (GSRd) may exert neuroprotective effects after noise-induced auditory system damage through a mechanism involving the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Forty-eight guinea pigs were randomly divided into four equal groups (normal control group, noise group, experimental group that received GSRd dissolved in glycerin through an intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 30 mg/kg body weight from 5 days before noise exposure until the end of the noise exposure period, and experimental control group). Hearing levels were examined by auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE). Hematoxylin–eosin and Nissl staining were used to examine neuron morphology. RT-qPCR and western blotting analysis were used to examine SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling and apoptosis-related genes, including Bax and Bcl-2, in the auditory cortex. Bax and Bcl-2 expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry analysis. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels were determined using a commercial testing kit. Noise exposure was found to up-regulate ABR threshold and down-regulate DPOAE amplitudes, with prominent morphologic changes and apoptosis of the auditory cortex neurons (p < 0.01). GSRd treatment restored hearing loss and remarkably alleviated morphological changes or apoptosis (p < 0.01), concomitantly increasing Bcl-2 expression and decreasing Bax expression (p < 0.05). Moreover, GSRd increased SOD and GSH-Px levels and decreased MDA levels, which alleviated oxidative stress damage and activated SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that GSRd ameliorates auditory cortex injury associated with military aviation NIHL by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, which ...

List of contributors --Acknowledgments --Introduction.The making of Chiense international theory? /Yongjin Zhang and Teng-chi Chang --Part I.Ongoing debates --1.What's in a name? : a critical interrogation of the "Chinese school of IR" /L.H.M. Ling --2.The 'Chinese school' debate : personal reflections /Ren Xiao --3.Why is there no Chinese IR theory? : a cultural perspective /Wang Yiwei and Han Xueqing --4.The rise of China and Chinese IR theories : practice and theory-building /Weixing Hu --5.Debating the Chinese school of IR : a reflective review from Taiwan /Teng-Chi Chang --6.Mapping the world from a chinese perspective? : the debate on constructing an IR theory with Chinese characteristics /Nele Noesselt --Part II.Towards sociological realities --7.The English and Chinese schools of international relations : comparison and lessons /Wang Jiangli and Barry Buzan --8.Navigating the core-periphery structures of 'global' IR : dialogues and audiences for the Chinese school as travelling theory /Peter Marcus Kristensen --9.The Tsinghua approach and the future direction of Chinese international relations research /Xu Jin and Sun Xuefeng --10.Balance of relationship and the Chinese school of IR : being simultaneously Confucian, post-Western, and post-hegemonic /Chih-yu Shih and Chiung-Chiu Huang --11.Constructing a Chinese school of IR as sociological reality : intellectual engagement and knowledge production /Yongjin Zhang --Conclusion.Constructing the Chinese school of IR as an intellectual project : a critical assessment /Hun Joon Kim and Yongjin Zhang --Bibliography --Index.

MAX phases are gaining attention as precursors of two-dimensional MXenes that are intensively pursued in applications for electrochemical energy storage. Here, we report the preparation of V2SnC MAX phase by the molten salt method. V2SnC is investigated as a lithium storage anode, showing a high gravimetric capacity of 490 mAh g(-1) and volumetric capacity of 570 mAh cm(-3) as well as superior rate performance of 95 mAh g(-1) (110 mAh cm(-3)) at 50 C, surpassing the ever-reported performance of MAX phase anodes. Supported by operando X-ray diffraction and density functional theory, a charge storage mechanism with dual redox reaction is proposed with a Sn-Li (de)alloying reaction that occurs at the edge sites of V2SnC particles where Sn atoms are exposed to the electrolyte followed by a redox reaction that occurs at V2C layers with Li. This study offers promise of using MAX phases with M-site and A-site elements that are redox active as high-rate lithium storage materials. ; Funding Agencies|National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [51902215, 91426304, 21671195, 21805295, 51902320, 51902319, 21875271, U2004212]; China Postdoctoral Science FoundationChina Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2020M680082]; International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences [174433KYSB20190019]; Leading Innovative and Entrepreneur Team Introduction Program of Zhejiang [2019R01003]; Ningbo top-talent team program; Swedish Government Strategic Research Area in Materials Science on Functional Materials at Linkoping University (Faculty Grant SFO Mat LiU) [200900971]; Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationKnut & Alice Wallenberg Foundation [KAW 2015.0043, 2020.0196]; Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF)Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research [EM16-0004, RIF 14-0074]

The article presents the latest status of the Maidanak 1 m telescope, instruments and the related facilities of the Observatory as well as the science projects. The renovation of the 1 m telescope of Carl Zeiss (Germany) at the Maidanak observatory of the Ulug Bek Astronomical Institute (UBAI) AS of Uzbekistan has been made. All systems of the telescope were completely modernized based on modern standards, the main results of modernization are also described. All modernization works, as well as scientific research on this project are carried out in close cooperation of UBAI with the National Astronomical Observatories of the Academy of Sciences of the PRC in framework of the Agreement on cooperation between these organizations. The FOV has been enlarged and new CCD camera is mounted. The related facilities, like the observing circumstance monitoring system and the photovoltaic station, are also built for the observing support. The telescope and new camera will be tested and used for the science projects of the 1 m telescope. According to the collaboration agreement, a large-scale scientific project on a full survey of the northern sky in special photometric system - Stellar Abundance and Galactic Evolution (SAGE) survey will be carried out with the upgraded 1 m telescope. The main goal of the project is to measure the stellar atmospheric parameters for more than 500 million FGK stars. As other projects, the time domain science, like GRB, SNe searching, variable stars, also will be performed.