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Abstract not available
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh (Hum.), Vol. 68(1), 2023, pp. 147-152

Abstract
Since independence, the politicisation of Islam in Pakistan has fostered a culture of atrocities against religious minorities. This explains why Pakistan tops the list of countries at the risk of mass killings. The Islamic revivalist movement that emerged under the military dictatorship of General Zia-ul-Haq during the 1970s-80s is often equated with Pakistan's descent into religious intolerance. The controversial blasphemy laws modified under his regime continue to abet atrocity crimes across Pakistan. This article reflects on the constitutional and legal frameworks to understand the prevalence of hate speech and incitement in the country. Through case studies of recent episodes of violence, it sheds light on the state's complex governance structures, its struggle to counter episodes that incite violence, and the barriers to implementing rule of law. Furthermore, the article highlights the need for key reforms on both national and international level to push for the implementation of atrocity prevention frameworks.

ABSTRACT: The process of state failure, war, conflict resolution, and state reconfiguration in Sierra Leone between 1990 and 2002 was not a linear narrative but a complex, and sometimes indecipherable, script. Historical contingency and expediency were as important as the claims, ideas, plans, and policies of all of the different actors in the script. Over its duration, scholars provided varying interpretations of the Sierra Leone war that raised issues of ownership, power, representation and agency, and the relationship between insiders and outsiders. The article explores the extent to which these interpretations actually captured concrete historical realities on the ground. It points out not only the dissonances in interpretations of outsiders and insiders, but also highlights that in many instances, the scholarly analysis lagged behind or misinterpreted the unfolding phenomenon on the ground.