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Health is a value, both objective and subjective, yet it is not the only value that contributes to the well-being of persons. In public health, there are different connotations of the term "public" relevant from an ethical perspective: population, government action, and collective action of the community. Ethics seeks to provide a basis for and justify moral decisions and actions. Ethics asks, why should I do it?, and the reply consists of an argument. The type of ethics that underpins applied ethics in general, and bioethics in particular, is civic ethics, a philosophical reflection on the criteria that enable the peaceful coexistence of citizens with different morals. Progress means emancipation as well as an increase of autonomy. However, more is not always better, and now we know that no health intervention, including a public health intervention, is risk-free. The false belief that undergoing a prevention intervention is always better than doing nothing explains, at least in part, that in contrast to bioethics, only recently have the ethical implications in public health practice been given the attention they deserve. Positive externalities in third parties, such as in vaccination programmes or policies to prevent harm to passive smokers, can occasionally justify the potential risks of a public health intervention. It is in such situations where a conflict might arise between the goal of improving the health of the population and the respect for the rights and freedoms of the individual that characterizes the dilemmas in public health ethics. In conclusion, it is necessary to have a public health ethics framework and a professional code of ethics applied to public health. The training of public health professionals in ethics is essential to ensure that they feel more confident when it comes to addressing the sheer range of ethical conflicts that they frequently face in the performance of their duties. ; Sí

Sets out a clear core programme of child health contacts that every family can expect.

Background: The need for a professionalized and highly skilled public health workforce is essential to improving and protecting the health of populations. This is fundamental in Nepal given the current burden of disease, both communicable and non-communicable. This study aimed to explore: (i) the current trends in public health in Nepal and (ii) the opportunities and barriers to the professionalization of the sector. Methods: We employed an exploratory qualitative research design and used a combination of semi-structured interviews with senior public health professionals who had worked for more than two years. Besides, we convened a small focus group discussion with recently qualified public health practitioners in Nepal. A total of nine professional stakeholders were interviewed and five junior practitioners joined the focus group discussion. Data was collected via Skype due to COVID-19 restrictions. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Four core themes emerged from the research: understanding the public health approach; health priorities; federalization and the impact on public health practice; professionalization and workforce development. Conclusion: Political federalization and more recently COVID-19 have impacted the development, capacity, and employment of this oftenneglected workforce. Public health graduates with their broad-ranging knowledge and skills are often overlooked in the health sector. This is related to a general lack of understanding of what public health is and what public health practitioners do amongst politicians and the general public.

"This book provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to the many definitions, theories and approaches in public health. It is an important book for students and practitioners who are interested in public health, and for those who are keen to improve it. "--

The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the need for health professionals to communicate more clearly about what public health is and why it matters. In comparison to health care, public health is underfunded, undervalued, and misunderstood, and that is partly because of the unclear and inconsistent way that health leaders talk about it. This book is intended to help public health professionals and anyone else who communicates about public health to do so more effectively-whether they need to reach policymakers, the media, or the public. Many people who are trained in medicine or public health have never had to "sell" ideas or policies to uninformed or skeptical partners. The insights, tools, and resources included in this book can provide a first step toward better communications and stronger partnerships. The book is based on original research and insights by social scientists and seasoned communications professionals at the FrameWorks Institute and Hattaway Communications. In addition to sharing perspectives from leading experts, the book also provides practical tools, including tested messaging, effective metaphors, and tips for using storytelling and data. These tools can help professionals avoid messages that backfire, answer challenging questions, reframe public health assumptions, and draw on the power of anecdotes while sharing important data. For anyone who is ready to change how public health is viewed and valued in our nation, Talking Health is a practical and powerful starting point.

Background: The need for a professionalized and highly skilled public health workforce is essential to improving and protecting the health of populations, especially in Nepal. This study aimed to explore: (i) the current trends in public health in Nepal and (ii) the opportunities and barriers to the professionalization of the sector. Methods: We employed an exploratory qualitative research design and used a combination of semi-structured interviews with senior public health professionals and a small focus group discussion with more recently qualified public health practitioners in Nepal. A total of nine professional stakeholders were interviewed and five junior practitioners joined the focus group discussion. Data was collected via Skype due to COVID-19 restrictions. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Results: Four core themes emerged from the research: understanding the public health approach; health priorities; federalization and the impact on public health practice; professionalization and workforce development. Conclusions: Political federalization and more recently COVID-19 have impacted the development, capacity, and employment of this often-neglected workforce. Public health graduates with their broad-ranging knowledge and skills are often overlooked in the health sector. This is related to a general lack of understanding of what public health is and what public health practitioners do amongst politicians and the general public.

The purpose of public and community health is to improve the health of populations or groups rather than concentrating on individuals. This book examines the ethical issues associated with public and community health. The contributors analyse the major ethical issues in public health - prioritisation, public participation, health promotion and screening - all of which reflect current practice in the UK. They examine what health services should be available, who should have access to which health services, what are the best strategies for preventing disease, how can professional and public views be reconciled and when can an individual's health needs override the choice of a community. The contributors apply up-to-date ethical theory to practical examples in public health practice to provide a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the key issues in public health ethics

Suggests that health professionals can promote citizen involvement provided they consider health to be a factor among others in overall development and create structural conditions making for dialogue with both individual users and the community. Such dialogue is easier in versatile, decentralised services capable of meeting needs that the people actually feel. Sets out to draw the lessons of 30 years of field experience and to identify factors conducive to partnership between the health service ad the public at large. (Original abstract - amended)

"This book provides a public health perspective of aging, based on the five social determinants of health. These determinants form the framework for these chapters, as they outline a lifespan approach to healthy aging. This book is for practitioners and public health professionals who work with older adult populations"--