Suchergebnisse

This paper describes case study research undertaken in six small manufacturing companies aimed at advancing the understanding of the manufacturing strategy formation process. Concepts and methods more commonly used in corporate strategy research are used to overcome the limited view of the manufacturing strategy process taken in existing operations management literature. The research concludes that manufacturing strategy is formed in a complex process involving a combination of deliberate and emergent actions and decisions. A unique set of internal and external contextual factors influences the manufacturing strategy process for each company. In particular, the interpretative processes of managers, individually and collectively, under the influence of individual managerial, cultural and political factors significantly affect the manufacturing strategy formation process.

How are the limits of state power imagined and acted upon in a place where the state supposedly does not exist? This dissertation explores the kinds of political formations that emerge at the real-and-imagined limits, or frontiers, of the state in a region of northwest Colombia called Urabá. For the last 50 years, Urabá has been one of the most violent hotspots of the country's civil war. Both locals and outside observers almost unanimously explain the region's violent history and its unruly contemporary condition by pointing to "la ausencia del estado," the absence of the state. But, as an even cursory review of its history shows, Urabá has in fact been a persistent site of state-building projects, raising a second question: How did this region become understood as stateless in the first place? In short, this dissertation is about how "statelessness" became and remains a powerful ideological and material force in Urabá, beginning in the early 1900s and into the contemporary moment. It follows the accumulated weight of violent contradictions arising from recursive waves of statecraft in Urabá: from the United Fruit Company, to insurgent guerrilla groups; from paramilitaries, to technocratic planners. My aim, in other words, is to understand "the absence of the state" historically and ethnographically, not to debunk it as a bizarre case of collective false consciousness. Indeed, rather than analyzing the region as a case of state absence or failure, I argue that Urabá's violent political-economic conflicts have produced surprisingly resilient, though by no means benevolent, regimes of accumulation and rule.

"This book examines the emergence of modern company towns in Iran by delineating the architectural, political, and industrial histories of three distinct resource-based 'company town' projects built in association with the 'Big Three' powers of World War II. The book's narrative builds upon a tripartite research design that chronologically traces the formation and development of the oil, steel, and copper industries, respectively favoured by Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States in this part of the world. By applying three sets of comparative studies, the book provides critical vantage points to three different ideological design paradigms: postcolonial regionalism, socialist universalism, and rationalist modern nation-building. From a global political context, the book contributes to the disclosure of new information about the geopolitical confrontation of these three nations in the Global South to increase their sphere of influence after the second World War. Furthermore, it demonstrates how post-war architectural modernism was adopted by each power and adapted to their ideological mind-frame to fulfil distinct social, cultural, political, and economic targets. This book examines multiple interconnections between architecture, politics, and industrial development by adopting a transdisciplinary approach based on comprehensive fieldwork, site surveys and the analysis of original multilingual documents. As such, it will be of interest to researchers and students of architecture, history, international relations and Middle Eastern studies"--

sEach company must prepare its accounting policy, which must include the applicable accounting principles, methods and rules. The choice of accounting policy depends on the country's economic situation, the regulation of the business environment, the legal framework and the specific business conditions, goals and needs of the company, accounting tasks. Although the freedom of choice is limited by national laws and other regulatory enactments regulating financial accounting, however, due to the uniqueness of companies, it is impossible to preliminarily draw up an exhaustive list of regulated accounting policy issues. Frequent changes in legislation, changes in the internal structure of the company, changes in the organization of work, redistribution of responsibilities, changes in employees, and other changes are due to the fact that the Accounting Policy that was previously approved, its procedures may be outdated. All this results in the periodic updating of the procedures already approved. With a relatively high level of freedom to prepare this document and in the absence of strict external evaluation, part of the company's managers and chief accountants devote little attention to the preparation and periodic updating of accounting policy.

sEach company must prepare its accounting policy, which must include the applicable accounting principles, methods and rules. The choice of accounting policy depends on the country's economic situation, the regulation of the business environment, the legal framework and the specific business conditions, goals and needs of the company, accounting tasks. Although the freedom of choice is limited by national laws and other regulatory enactments regulating financial accounting, however, due to the uniqueness of companies, it is impossible to preliminarily draw up an exhaustive list of regulated accounting policy issues. Frequent changes in legislation, changes in the internal structure of the company, changes in the organization of work, redistribution of responsibilities, changes in employees, and other changes are due to the fact that the Accounting Policy that was previously approved, its procedures may be outdated. All this results in the periodic updating of the procedures already approved. With a relatively high level of freedom to prepare this document and in the absence of strict external evaluation, part of the company's managers and chief accountants devote little attention to the preparation and periodic updating of accounting policy.

sEach company must prepare its accounting policy, which must include the applicable accounting principles, methods and rules. The choice of accounting policy depends on the country's economic situation, the regulation of the business environment, the legal framework and the specific business conditions, goals and needs of the company, accounting tasks. Although the freedom of choice is limited by national laws and other regulatory enactments regulating financial accounting, however, due to the uniqueness of companies, it is impossible to preliminarily draw up an exhaustive list of regulated accounting policy issues. Frequent changes in legislation, changes in the internal structure of the company, changes in the organization of work, redistribution of responsibilities, changes in employees, and other changes are due to the fact that the Accounting Policy that was previously approved, its procedures may be outdated. All this results in the periodic updating of the procedures already approved. With a relatively high level of freedom to prepare this document and in the absence of strict external evaluation, part of the company's managers and chief accountants devote little attention to the preparation and periodic updating of accounting policy.

sEach company must prepare its accounting policy, which must include the applicable accounting principles, methods and rules. The choice of accounting policy depends on the country's economic situation, the regulation of the business environment, the legal framework and the specific business conditions, goals and needs of the company, accounting tasks. Although the freedom of choice is limited by national laws and other regulatory enactments regulating financial accounting, however, due to the uniqueness of companies, it is impossible to preliminarily draw up an exhaustive list of regulated accounting policy issues. Frequent changes in legislation, changes in the internal structure of the company, changes in the organization of work, redistribution of responsibilities, changes in employees, and other changes are due to the fact that the Accounting Policy that was previously approved, its procedures may be outdated. All this results in the periodic updating of the procedures already approved. With a relatively high level of freedom to prepare this document and in the absence of strict external evaluation, part of the company's managers and chief accountants devote little attention to the preparation and periodic updating of accounting policy.

Abstract
A company or brand's reputation is inherently linked to how ethically/unethically it is perceived to conduct its business. While it is generally assumed that consumers' ethical perceptions are either built on first‐hand experiences or other concrete information, this research demonstrates that reputation can be influenced by processes outside the company's direct control. The article is based on interviews with general consumers and presents the finding that, in the absence of concrete information or personal experience, consumers may infer ethical beliefs. Four distinct types of cues may instigate ethical inferences and act as surrogate indicators: product‐, company‐, category‐ and origin‐related cues. A framework that illustrates the hierarchical structure of the various cues depending on their level of specificity is presented. The results suggest that controlling corporate reputation becomes increasingly challenging. Implications for marketing practitioners and general managers are discussed and further research opportunities highlighted.
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction: Collective Identities, Shared Interests, and the Negotiation of Development -- 2. The Articulate State: Discourses of Development, Nation, and Democracy -- 3. Citrus History: The Strategic Negotiation of Foreign and Local Interests -- 4. Citrus Workers: Segmentation and Solidarities -- 5. Brethern and Paisanos: The Mobilization of Collective Agents in Union Politics -- 6. Citrus Growers: Producing Oranges, Producing Identities -- 7. The Sale of a Processing Company: Negotiating Class and National Identities -- 8. Conclusion: Collective Agency and the Direction of Development -- Notes -- References -- Index.

Gender Quotas in Company Boards This paper focuses on the analysis of the legal regulation of gender quotas and the importance of balanced gender representation on company boards. Taking into account that ensuring gender balance in decision-making is one of the priorities of gender equality policy and democracy, the importance of rules governing the legal relationship between gender quotas will only increase, and with it – the legal challenges for various states. This Master Thesis consists of three main structural parts. In order to disclose which management body is subject to gender quotas, the understanding of board representation and what are the most common theories of representation is analysed in the opening chapter of the thesis. Also, a lot of attention is paid to the lack of representation of both genders on company boards, addressing gender quality issues. The concept of gender quotas, their significance for democracy and good governance, and the ways in which gender quotas are implemented are also analysed. The second chapter of the thesis analyses the legal regulation and application problems of gender quotas in different countries, as well as provides statistical data that helps to understand and evaluate the actual functioning of legal norms. After the analysis and evaluation, the peculiarities and problems of the application of national legislation are identified, and possible solutions of the problems are considered. In this part of the thesis, the analysis of the state legal regulation is aimed at revealing practices that could be applied to the formation of the governing bodies of Lithuanian companies from a gender perspective. The third chapter of the thesis, based on representation theories, examines the importance of gender representation on company boards for shareholders, stakeholders, democracy and good corporate governance and analyses the impact assessment procedure introduced by the EU.

Gender Quotas in Company Boards This paper focuses on the analysis of the legal regulation of gender quotas and the importance of balanced gender representation on company boards. Taking into account that ensuring gender balance in decision-making is one of the priorities of gender equality policy and democracy, the importance of rules governing the legal relationship between gender quotas will only increase, and with it – the legal challenges for various states. This Master Thesis consists of three main structural parts. In order to disclose which management body is subject to gender quotas, the understanding of board representation and what are the most common theories of representation is analysed in the opening chapter of the thesis. Also, a lot of attention is paid to the lack of representation of both genders on company boards, addressing gender quality issues. The concept of gender quotas, their significance for democracy and good governance, and the ways in which gender quotas are implemented are also analysed. The second chapter of the thesis analyses the legal regulation and application problems of gender quotas in different countries, as well as provides statistical data that helps to understand and evaluate the actual functioning of legal norms. After the analysis and evaluation, the peculiarities and problems of the application of national legislation are identified, and possible solutions of the problems are considered. In this part of the thesis, the analysis of the state legal regulation is aimed at revealing practices that could be applied to the formation of the governing bodies of Lithuanian companies from a gender perspective. The third chapter of the thesis, based on representation theories, examines the importance of gender representation on company boards for shareholders, stakeholders, democracy and good corporate governance and analyses the impact assessment procedure introduced by the EU.

Gender Quotas in Company Boards This paper focuses on the analysis of the legal regulation of gender quotas and the importance of balanced gender representation on company boards. Taking into account that ensuring gender balance in decision-making is one of the priorities of gender equality policy and democracy, the importance of rules governing the legal relationship between gender quotas will only increase, and with it – the legal challenges for various states. This Master Thesis consists of three main structural parts. In order to disclose which management body is subject to gender quotas, the understanding of board representation and what are the most common theories of representation is analysed in the opening chapter of the thesis. Also, a lot of attention is paid to the lack of representation of both genders on company boards, addressing gender quality issues. The concept of gender quotas, their significance for democracy and good governance, and the ways in which gender quotas are implemented are also analysed. The second chapter of the thesis analyses the legal regulation and application problems of gender quotas in different countries, as well as provides statistical data that helps to understand and evaluate the actual functioning of legal norms. After the analysis and evaluation, the peculiarities and problems of the application of national legislation are identified, and possible solutions of the problems are considered. In this part of the thesis, the analysis of the state legal regulation is aimed at revealing practices that could be applied to the formation of the governing bodies of Lithuanian companies from a gender perspective. The third chapter of the thesis, based on representation theories, examines the importance of gender representation on company boards for shareholders, stakeholders, democracy and good corporate governance and analyses the impact assessment procedure introduced by the EU.

Gender Quotas in Company Boards This paper focuses on the analysis of the legal regulation of gender quotas and the importance of balanced gender representation on company boards. Taking into account that ensuring gender balance in decision-making is one of the priorities of gender equality policy and democracy, the importance of rules governing the legal relationship between gender quotas will only increase, and with it – the legal challenges for various states. This Master Thesis consists of three main structural parts. In order to disclose which management body is subject to gender quotas, the understanding of board representation and what are the most common theories of representation is analysed in the opening chapter of the thesis. Also, a lot of attention is paid to the lack of representation of both genders on company boards, addressing gender quality issues. The concept of gender quotas, their significance for democracy and good governance, and the ways in which gender quotas are implemented are also analysed. The second chapter of the thesis analyses the legal regulation and application problems of gender quotas in different countries, as well as provides statistical data that helps to understand and evaluate the actual functioning of legal norms. After the analysis and evaluation, the peculiarities and problems of the application of national legislation are identified, and possible solutions of the problems are considered. In this part of the thesis, the analysis of the state legal regulation is aimed at revealing practices that could be applied to the formation of the governing bodies of Lithuanian companies from a gender perspective. The third chapter of the thesis, based on representation theories, examines the importance of gender representation on company boards for shareholders, stakeholders, democracy and good corporate governance and analyses the impact assessment procedure introduced by the EU.

This article examines the establishment in the 1830s of the New York Life Insurance and Trust Company and the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. Utilizing manuscript letters, company records, and government reports, the author contends that conservative financiers, exemplified by Isaac and Arthur Bronson of New York City, structured both firms in an effort to reform the speculative practices of commercial banks and to move capital into the agricultural sector, particularly in the West. The trust company's development also marked an important step in the financiers search for more efficient methods of capital mobilization and formation.