Suchergebnisse

Discussions of Brazilian forest legislation have intensified in recent years and have led to the publication of a new Brazilian Forest Code. This study was a comparative analysis of Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs) of farms located in Itu and Sarapuí, SP, according to Federal Law No. 12.651/12, Federal Law No. 4.771/65 and CONAMA Resolutions 302 and 303. We outlined the PPAs using topographic maps of the Institute of Geography and Cartography (IGC) in scale of 1:10,000, geo-referenced ortho-photo of 2005, scale 1:30,000, and field checks. The results showed that there was a reduction in the PPAs in the two properties, which was 20.97% to 17.81% of the total area of the property in Itu and 23.16% to 8.11% of the property in Sarapuí. The recent changes in the Brazilian Forest Code reduced PPAs in some landscape elements of the two properties. Also, there was fragmentation of a PPA in the vicinity of water courses on one of the properties. In general, the factors that contributed to this were the decrease in the width set for PPAs of water courses in consolidated areas, the exclusion of PPAs in intermittent springs and around ponds with surface areas smaller than one hectare. ; Discussões sobre a legislação florestal brasileira se intensificaram nos últimos anos e conduziram a edição de um novo Código Florestal Brasileiro. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um estudo comparativo das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) de propriedades rurais localizadas em Itu e Sarapuí, SP, conforme a Lei Federal n°12.651/12, Lei Federal n°4.771/65 e as Resoluções CONAMA 302 e 303. Delimitou-se as áreas de APPs utilizando-se cartas topográficas do Instituto de Geografia e Cartografia (IGC) em escala de 1:10.000, ortofoto georeferenciada do ano 2005, em escala de 1:30.000, e verificações de campo. Os resultados mostraram que houve redução nas áreas de APPs nas duas propriedades, sendo de 20,97% para 17,81% da área total do imóvel para a propriedade de Itu e de 23,16% para 8,11% para a propriedade de Sarapuí. As recentes modificações no Código Florestal Brasileiro reduziram as APPs de alguns elementos da paisagem nas duas propriedades avaliadas. Também houve fragmentação da APP no entorno de cursos d´água em uma das propriedades. De modo geral, os fatores que mais contribuíram para esse resultado foram a diminuição na largura estabelecida para APPs de cursos de água em áreas consolidadas, a dispensa de estabelecimento de APP em nascentes intermitentes e no entorno de lagos artificiais com superfície inferior a um hectare. ; Discussões sobre a legislação florestal brasileira se intensificaram nos últimos anos e conduziram a edição de um novo Código Florestal Brasileiro. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar um estudo comparativo das Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) de propriedades rurais localizadas em Itu e Sarapuí, SP, conforme a Lei Federal n°12.651/12, Lei Federal n°4.771/65 e as Resoluções CONAMA 302 e 303. Delimitou-se as áreas de APPs utilizando-se cartas topográficas do Instituto de Geografia e Cartografia (IGC) em escala de 1:10.000, ortofoto georeferenciada do ano 2005, em escala de 1:30.000, e verificações de campo. Os resultados mostraram que houve redução nas áreas de APPs nas duas propriedades, sendo de 20,97% para 17,81% da área total do imóvel para a propriedade de Itu e de 23,16% para 8,11% para a propriedade de Sarapuí. As recentes modificações no Código Florestal Brasileiro reduziram as APPs de alguns elementos da paisagem nas duas propriedades avaliadas. Também houve fragmentação da APP no entorno de cursos d´água em uma das propriedades. De modo geral, os fatores que mais contribuíram para esse resultado foram a diminuição na largura estabelecida para APPs de cursos de água em áreas consolidadas, a dispensa de estabelecimento de APP em nascentes intermitentes e no entorno de lagos artificiais com superfície inferior a um hectare.

A place-based policy for country side development has to start by an inventory of the assets available for the place, or if larger - the region, under study. Given this, a sustainable development of the place implies that the assets of the place are maintained in such a way that future generations own and have access to an equal or larger amount of assets per capita. The place and its inhabitants have become richer. While a policy for sustainability at the global level implies making all resource constraints explicit to decision makers, establishment of arenas and structures for the handling of conflicts, structures for production and distribution, formulation of principles and schemes for compensation between generations over time as well as among actors at a given time, a place-based policy for "a subset of the earth" needs even further considerations. The place-based policy for sustainability has directly to handle, respond to and take care of the mobility of some assets in response to changes in attractiveness between the place and other locations on earth. The social capital of the place is in this perspective one of its most central and important assets. It represents a shared resource for the place. The size and depth of this social capital is in some respects dependent on its amount of human and knowledge capital. It may be dependent on specific groups of individuals but it has in the best of stances to some extent become an impersonal, institutional, organised, shared resource for the place that may be and is renewed by open invitation of new members into its organisations and structures. Through its social capital, the place offers a set of institutions for dealing with membership, choice of leaders, and conflict resolution. The spatial extension of a place, given by its more or less visible and definite borders in relation to other places, is also a function of its amount of assets such as its buildings, public spaces, military utilities, other artefacts and their relation to each other. Nature and its ecological capital may furthermore set physical limits for the extension of a place. Such borders may more or less well reflect the domain of a place, its area or networks of political and economic influence. Of all its assets, the social capital is then especially important since the domain of the place is formed by the extension, functioning and strength of the social networks; organisations, mental maps, institutions and beliefs held by the people in the place utilizing its artefacts and ecosystems. If the place only has weak and fragile organisations with minor resources and unclear structures for decision making, the place may easily lead away from a sustainable path. Mobile assets will sooner or later leave the place. Since people in theory, and in practice if they are in control of suitable capital, are mobile. A place is, both through the complete set of its artefacts and other more immobile asset, and perhaps also in a tacit way, dependent on the relation people have to the place, their place dependence. There is thus always a latent conflict but also a possibility to gain mutual benefits from interaction between the individual, the social network and the place. The degree of sustainability of a place is dependent on the possibility to make all, and especially easily mobile assets immobile and place dependent. The formation of organisations, e.g. based on social capital, are ways to tie mobile assets into place dependent structures through the advantage and attractiveness offered by the shared resources and the production of club goods. In this chapter we initially discuss the character of assets related to places. Then we put this in relation to the sustainability of a place and suggest definitions of place related sustainability. After some empirical observations of the balance sheet of assets and having related this to growth, we discuss how a place may organise itself in order to attract mobile assets and to gain as much as possible from its shared resources through club formation.

Tourism is one of the most significant contributors to the construction sector in Indonesia, with the contribution around 13.9 percent of the total GDP in 2012. In connection with the government's efforts in improving the contribution of tourism in an effort to boost economic growth while improving the welfare of society, then the increase in tourism investment as focus in the development program, the goal for the activities can provide added value as well as lead to increased production that will be produced. If it is known that the average investment for the tourism sector is Rp. 2.73 billion during the period 2006-2012. This figure also shows that the contribution of tourism investment to total investment amounted to only 6 percent (Kemenpraf, 2012), in other words, an investment in the tourism sector has not been able to provide optimal contribution to the national economy development. Based on the fact that some of the problems arising from the government's efforts to boost trade and investment in the tourism sector continues to be done. The determinant factors of the amount of investment and trade from the Indonesian tourism and other countries to be considered and used as the basis of decision-making reference. Similarly, the amount of trade and investment flows to and from outside the State, are also worthy of consideration. To answer the problems, we use the gravity model as methodology and construvt the model of investment and trade of flows which consists of 5 models: the model of the flow of Indonesian tourism investment, exports of goods and services models Indonesian tourism, imports of goods and services model of tourism in Indonesia, Indonesian tourism demand flow model, and the model Indonesian tourism supply. Based on the results of the analysis using the five models were obtained magnitude of investment inflows to Indonesia influenced by the population of the country of origin of tourists and mileage of the country of origin of foreign tourists to Indonesia, where the influence of explanatory variables endogenous variables as a whole is at 0:42 at a significance level of 95 percent. The magnitude of the flow of goods and services exports of Indonesian tourism is affected by the distance variable, price of Indonesian tourism in the country of origin of tourists, exchange rate against foreign currencies origin of tourists, population, tourism and exports of the previous year are variables that significantly affect the confidence level of 95 percent, the magnitude of the effect was 92.7 percent and this shows considerable influence.In the model the flow of goods and services for Indonesian tourism, we use a variable distance, Indonesian GDP, the exchange rate, the price of Indonesian tourism in the countries of origin of tourists and imports of goods and services in the Indonesian tourism previously an influential variable significantly (at 90 percent confidence level), and in general of the statistical results obtained by the relationship between the value of imports of goods and services to the Indonesian tourism is the independent variable by 96 percent. In the model flow of Indonesian tourism demand, the estimation results indicate that the tourism demand variable by independent variables Indonesian GDP, GDP of the country of origin of tourists, tourism for Indonesia, Tourism for the competing countries of ASEAN countries, and tourism consumption by foreign tourists in Indonesia as significant variables in the real level of 0:05 with the magnitude of the effect is at 93.2 percent. Statistically, the result also define there is relationship between magnitude supply of Indonesian tourism deals with variable-GDP Indonesia, Indonesian tourism price, exchange rate, domestic consumption, and consumption in other countries as variables significant (at significance level 0.05) effect on variable deals with the influence of Indonesian tourism amounted to 95.6 percent and the remaining 4.4 percent are influenced by other factors outside of the study such as inflation, interest rates, and investment tourism.

Between the end of the 15th century and the 1610's, the parliament of Bretagne chose the city of Rennes over others candidates like Nantes or Vannes. At the same time there seemed to occur a sort of political Renaissance of the city linked to new attitudes, like the desire of creating new institutions that aimed to obtain a form of distinctive honor in the province. The parliament settles once and for all in Rennes in the 1560's and participates to introduce a new elite in order to build innovative webs of notability. In the mean time, the municipality and the siège présidial saw their political responsibilities minored as the prerogative of the parliament was getting bigger in the city. The study tries to show that the settling of the judiciary court and the upkeep of a strong will of distinction speeds up the transition from an ex capital of the Dukes, to a royal provincial capital with the possibility of becoming a representative of the royal power. The city would eventually be stronger thanks to the variety of its institutions but the political balance has become more complex. The integration of the duchy to the French crown generated a series of options and opportunities to the urban elite in areas such as speeches and political attitudes. In this context, Rennes chose its position with a very accurate skill. This process seems to be related to the social and professional composition of the corps de ville. The "communauté de Rennes", formerly led by a group of merchants, prosecutors or notaries who used to focus on the tax system and urbanism (especially the fortification walls of the city) was enriched in the beginning of the 16th century by new elements from the judiciary courts ("sénéchaussée", "prévôté" and "siège présidial"). This group with various components led the fighting, against Nantes in particular, to let the city of Rennes become and remain the institutional and judiciary capital of the province of Bretagne. ; Entre la fin du XVe siècle et les années 1610, le, le parlement de Bretagne s'installe à Rennes au détriment d'autres candidates au statut de capitale provinciale (Nantes et Vannes). On observe alors une sorte de « renaissance politique » de la ville appuyée sur des attitudes nouvelles de prédation institutionnelle qui visent à atteindre une forme de distinction à l'échelle de la province. Le parlement s'installe définitivement à Rennes dans les années 1560 et contribue à attirer de nouvelles élites qui constituent de nouveaux réseaux de notabilité. Au même moment, la municipalité et le siège présidial voient leur importance et leur champ d'action redéfinis dans les domaines politique et administratif à mesure que le parlement progresse dans ses prérogatives en ville. La thèse tente de démontrer que l'installation d'une cour souveraine et le maintien d'une volonté de distinction accélère le passage d'une ex-Capitale ducale à une capitale servant de relais pour la monarchie, forte de ses institutions mais où l'équilibre politique entre les différents corps constitués est rendu plus complexe. L'intégration du duché de Bretagne au royaume de France a proposé aux élites urbaines des options et des opportunités en termes de discours, de fidélités et d'attitudes politiques et les Rennais se sont positionnés, dans ce domaine, avec une habileté toute particulière. Le processus est en relation étroite avec la composition sociale et professionnelle du corps de ville. La « communauté de Rennes », à l'origine dominée par un groupe de marchands, procureurs et notaires concentrés sur la fiscalité et la gestion urbaine (notamment du dispositif des murs de la ville) s'est enrichie à partir du début du XVIe issus des cours de justice ordinaires (sénéchaussée, prévôté puis présidial). C'est ce groupe à plusieurs composantes qui s'est battu, contre Nantes en particulier, pour que Rennes devienne et demeure la capitale institutionnelle et judiciaire de la province bretonne.

We live in a complex, interconnected and constantly changing world. Human driven global climate change is now a local reality that reinforces the inherent need for adaptability in human systems. Adaptability, the capacity to adapt to disturbance and change and navigate system transformation, can be understood as a function of socio-political interactions. The capacity of governing systems to deal with novel challenges through novel forms of interaction is a key issue in the governance literature, but which is only beginning to be explored. We therefore know little of how global change will impact the local level and how institutions and governing systems will respond. The need for adaptability is likely to be more pronounced for tightly coupled human-environmental systems. Indigenous and natural resource dependent communities in general, and in the Northern hemisphere in particular, are among the most exposed to ongoing and projected climate change. In Sweden, reindeer husbandry is an Indigenous Sami livelihood and extensive land-use practice highly exposed to weather conditions and increasing competition over land and resources. Whereas herders struggle to deal with the challenges that now confront them, the practice is also known as resilient and sustainable, having withstood large-scale social, ecological and economic change before. The aim with this thesis is to explore adaptability from a governancetheoretical perspective in the case of Sami reindeer husbandry in Sweden. The thesis thereby contributes to the emerging literatures on governance and adaptability and addresses empirically identified needs. Theoretically, the thesis draws on Kooiman's interactive governance framework, which offers a multidimensional approach to governance analysis where structural aspects are addressed through modes (self-, coand hierarchical governing) and intentional aspects through governing elements (images, instruments and action). While conceptually encompassing, the framework has rarely been employed in empirical analyses. In advancing an operationalisation of the framework based on governing orders (operational, institutional and meta-order), the thesis thereby makes a theoretical contribution. Designed as a qualitative case study, the thesis explores how reindeer husbandry is governed and how governing has changed over time (institutional and meta-order); how the governing system restricts or facilitates adaptation and transformation (operational order); and how a governance-theoretical perspective can contribute to our understanding of adaptability. Methods include document analysis, focus groups, interviews and participatory observation. Studies focussing the operational order have been conducted in collaboration with Vilhelmina North reindeer herding community in Västerbotten county, Sweden. The results show that only marginal change has occurred over time and state actors still dominate governing interactions. The governing system is riddled with inconsistencies among governing elements and particularly problematic is the lack of coherence between different meta-order images and between different actors. This gives rise to divergent and conflicting views as to 'what' the system of reindeer husbandry is and explains some of the observed governing inaction and limited problem-solving capacity of the governing system. Herders are currently highly restricted in their opportunities for adaptation and transformation and the governing system therefore acts restricting rather than facilitating on adaptability. By adopting a governance-theoretical approach, adaptability as a system quality has been decomposed and challenged and the important role of governing images and power in determining adaptability has been highlighted. It has called attention to questions such as who is forced to adapt, how images and governing interactions are constructed, and how different socio-political actors can exercise influence over the governing system and interactions taking place therein. The thesis calls for more critical and empirical research on adaptability and argues that future studies need to situate and balance adaptability against other fundamental values and rights. In the case of reindeer husbandry, efforts are needed to create a better internal fit between governing elements as well as between involved socio-political actors. This could enable more equal governing interactions with other land-users and thereby contribute to mitigating conflicts as well as increasing adaptability.

Covered over 80 % of tropical forest, and in the context of the spectrum of oil depletion, Gabon is faced with the challenge of ensuring a balance between exploitation and conservation of its resources. As a result, policies are largely guided by the commitments made by Governments to meet international orders, but also by pressure from donors and sponsors (international NGOs, foundations, cooperation agencies…) for a Sustainable Development. This shift towards sustainable forest management has led the country to significant reforms: new modes of governance (with the involvement of "new" actors in different ambitions), new forest code, a new organization of institutions, new ways of uses of forests. A break seems to be marked here from independence and even colonial times management. Between a claim of national sovereignty and management of a resource that touches on global issues, forest governance is complex for a state limited in technical and financial resources. Forest areas and people who depend on them become the battleground of various and diverse strategies, sometimes divergent, which do not always correspond to the local socio- cultural reality, but legitimized by the single label for sustainable management. Our thesis provides keys for the reading of this governance and the dynamics of forest policies in Gabon, with emphasis on the observation of certain players. While it is often assumed that southern states forest's are under the influence of powerful international NGOs, a symbol of a prescribed governance and environmental intervention, Our study shows that the presence of these players may also reflect a southern Governments strategy to regain their resources and their territories. From dominants to dominated relationship, we go to a win-win relationship, sometimes at the risk of a local population exploited and designated. In addressing the role of games and players to understand the territory, this thesis provides opportunities to bring a new perspective on the management of forest resources in Gabon. ; Couvert à plus de 80% de forêt tropicale, et dans le contexte du spectre de l'épuisement du pétrole, le Gabon est confronté au défi d'assurer un équilibre entre exploitation et préservation de ses ressources. Les politiques qui en découlent sont largement orientées par les engagements pris par le gouvernement pour répondre aux injonctions internationales, mais aussi à la pression des bailleurs de fonds et aux promoteurs du développement durable (ONG internationales, fondations, organismes de coopération…). Cette orientation vers une gestion durable des forêts a ainsi conduit le pays à des réformes considérables : nouveaux modes de gouvernance (avec l'implication de « nouveaux » acteurs aux ambitions diverses), nouveau code forestier, nouvelle organisation des institutions, nouveaux modes d'usages des forêts. Une rupture semble être marquée ici avec une gestion héritée des indépendances, voire de l'époque coloniale. Entre revendication d'une souveraineté nationale et gestion d'une ressource qui touche à des enjeux planétaires, la gouvernance des forêts s'avère complexe pour un État aux moyens techniques et financiers limités. Les espaces forestiers et les populations qui en dépendent deviennent ainsi le terrain d'affrontements de stratégies diverses, parfois divergentes, souvent calquées sur des modèles ne correspondant pas toujours à la réalité socio-culturelle locale, mais légitimées par le seul label de gestion durable. Notre thèse donne des clés de lecture sur cette gouvernance et sur les dynamiques des politiques forestières au Gabon, en mettant l'accent sur l'observation de certains acteurs. S'il est souvent admis que les États forestiers du sud sont sous l'emprise de puissantes ONG internationales, symboles d'une gouvernance prescrite et d'une ingérence écologique, notre étude montre que la présence de ces nouveaux acteurs peut aussi témoigner d'une stratégie des gouvernements du sud pour la reconquête de leurs ressources et de leurs territoires. De dominants à dominés, on passe à une relation de gagnants à gagnants, au péril parfois d'une population locale instrumentalisée et résignée. En abordant les jeux et le rôle des acteurs pour comprendre le territoire, cette thèse offre des perspectives pour porter un nouveau regard sur la gestion des ressources forestières au Gabon.

One key strategy to achieve reduction in maternal and neonatal mortality is to scale up the availability of skilled birth attendants (SBAs). The staff nurses (i.e., registered nurse and midwives) are skilled birth attendants recognized by the government of India. Aim and objectives: This thesis studied women's choices, perceptions, and practices related to childbirth, and how these were affected by modernity in general and modernity brought in by maternal health policies (Paper-I). The midwifery scope of practice of staff nurses was studied in government facilities (Paper-II). The confidence of the final-year students on selected midwifery skills, from the diploma and bachelor's programmes, was assessed against the list of competencies of the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) (Paper-III). The teaching and learning approaches associated with confidence were also studied (Paper-IV). Methods: The grounded theory approach was used to develop models for describing the transition in childbirth practices amongst tribal women (Paper -I) and to describe the scope of midwifery practice of staff nurses (Paper-II). Data used for Paper-I included eight focus groups with women and five in-depth interviews with traditional birth attendants and staff nurses. For Paper-II, 28 service providers and teachers from schools of nursing were interviewed in depth. A cross sectional survey design was used to assess the confidence of final-year students from 25 randomly selected educational institutions stratified by type of programme (diploma/bachelor's) and ownership (private/government) (Paper-III & IV). Students assessed their confidence using a 4-point Likert scale in the competency domains of antepartum, intrapartum, postpartum, and newborn care. Explorative factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) was used to reduce skill statements into subscales for each domain. Crude and adjusted odds ratios with 95% CI were calculated to compare students with high confidence (≤75th percentile of scores) and those without high confidence (> 75th percentile) to compare diploma and bachelor students (Paper-III) and to study the association of teaching-learning methods and high and not high confidence for each subscale (Paper -IV). Results: A transition in childbirth practices was noted amongst women—a shift from home to hospital births seen as a trade-off between desirables (i.e., secure surroundings) and essentials (i.e., reduced risk of mortality)' (Paper-I). General development, increased access to western medical care, and international/national maternal health policies socialized women into western childbirth practices. The communities increasingly relied on hospitals as a consequence of role redefinition and deskilling of the Traditional Birth Attendants. Existing cultural beliefs facilitated the acceptance of medical interventions. The midwifery practice of staff nurses was ‗circumstance-driven' and ranged from extended to marginal because the legal right to practice was unclear Paper-II). Their restricted practice led to deskilling, and extended practice was perceived as risky. The clinical midwifery education of students was marginalized. Because of dual registration as nurse and midwife, the identity of a nurse was predominant. From 633 students, 25-40% scored above the 75th percentile and 38-50% below the 50th percentile of confidence in all subscales Paper-III). A majority had not attended the required number of births prescribed by the Indian Nursing Council. The diploma students were 2-4 times more likely to have high confidence in all subscales compared to the bachelor students. High confidence was associated with number of births attended, practice on manikins, and being satisfied with supervision during clinical practice (Paper-IV). Conclusions: Access to hospitals increases women's choices for childbirth in the context of high mortality. Inequitable distribution of health facilities requires region specific strategies. The women are dissatisfied with the psychosocial aspects of hospital care. India has a national regulatory body, but midwifery specific regulation is lacking. In this situation, the midwifery scope of practice of staff nurses is undefined. The pre-service midwifery education does not develop student's confidence to provide first level care for childbirth, as expected by the governments. Short-term and long-term measures to professionalize midwives in India are suggested

У статті розглянуто національні особливості організації мистецької освіти на рівні МСКО 1 в країнах Європейського Союзу. Проаналізовано ключові політичні події та ініціативи початку ХХІ століття у галузі освіти і культури з боку ЄС. Окрема увага звертається на цілі мистецької освіти, її зміст, статус, моделі навчання. Схарактеризовано підходи до оцінювання навчальних досягнень молодших школярів у даній сфері, проблеми професійної підготовки і підтримки вчителів початкової школи. Визначено загальні тенденції розвитку мистецької освіти у початковій школі Євросоюзу.В статье рассмотрены национальные особенности организации художественного образования на уровне МСКО 1 в странах Европейского Союза. Проанализированы ключевые политические события и инициативы начала XXI века в области образования и культуры со стороны ЕС. Отдельное внимание уделяется целям художественного образования, его содержанию, статусу, моделям обучения. Охарактеризованы подходы к оцениванию учебных достижений младших школьников в данной сфере, проблемы профессиональной подготовки и поддержки учителей начальной школы. Определены общие тенденции развития художественного образования в начальной школе Евросоюза.The article describes the peculiarities of arts education organization at ISCED 1 in the European Union member-states. It analyzes the key policy developments and initiatives in the field of education and culture at the beginning of the XXI century on part of the EU. Special attention is given to the objectives of arts education, its content, status, and models.The role of liberal education, arts in particular, in forming the competencies of young people for life in the twenty-first century has been widely recognized at the European level. The main objectives of arts education declared in national curricular, such as the development of students' artistic skills and knowledge, critical assessment of cultural heritage, promotion of self-expression, understanding of personal identity and cultural diversity by encouraging creativity, are similar among all the countries of the European Union. However, the «art for life» goal is mentioned only in some programs.Arts education in primary school fulfils its functions by enlarging knowledge and skills in the classroom through arts disciplines, mastering the technique and method of implementation of creative ideas that enrich younger students' possibilities for artistic expression and sensuality, meeting art works of different cultures and eras, practising creativity that allows children to realize their cultural and artistic projects. Contents of arts education in most EU countries include visual arts and music programs with crafts, dance, drama, architecture, and media arts being less popular at primary stage.In about half of the EU states minimal time for studying arts subjects is ranging from 50 to 100 hours per year at ISCED 1. Criteria for evaluating students' achievements in arts education are usually determined by teachers at the school level. They are based on the curriculum objectives or educational authorities' instructions. Primary school most commonly practises verbal comments.Today at primary school in the EU countries the following trends in arts education are observed: arts education is a compulsory component of basic education programs; fine arts and music are dominating other aesthetic disciplines (e.g., drama and dance) in programs for primary school; two models of arts education are being realized at ISCED 1 – combining arts disciplines as a distinct area within the curriculum or teaching them as separate subjects without any conceptual link between them; integration of arts education into the content of other disciplines (history, literature, languages, physical education, etc.); the content of school arts education is being enriched by the study of the media, including cinema, photography and digital arts, and encourages students and teachers to use ICT in the creative process; as a result of modern demographic changes the intercultural aspect is becoming one of the basic principles of teaching arts subjects; arts education is being practically oriented; the potential of arts education is used to create a situation of success in teaching underachieving students; schools are encouraged to organize extra-curricular arts activities and collaborate with professional artists and cultural institutions; local cultural features are more often considered. The above-mentioned processes impose new demands on teachers and schools, and need guidance and support at the political level.

En este trabajo se estudian las posibilidades y límites constitucionales
del referéndum local y del referéndum regional en el Estado autonómico
español. Se mantienen unas conclusiones que se apartan de doctrina del Tribunal
Constitucional en sus aspectos esenciales. Se introduce una distinción más
precisa entre consulta popular, como instituto de democracia participativa, y referéndum,
como instituto de democracia semidirecta. Las bases constitucionales del
referéndum local y regional están en la autonomía organizativa de los municipios
y Comunidades Autónomas. El referéndum regional encuentra sus límites constitucionales
en la competencia del Estado para autorizar la convocatoria de consultas
populares por vía de referéndum, la cual debe ser interpretada de manera
restrictiva. Otro límite es la habilitación a la ley orgánica para que desarrolle el
derecho fundamental a participar en los asuntos públicos. Ese mandato también
debe interpretarse de manera restrictiva. Por el contrario el referéndum local tiene
los siguientes límites constitucionales: el mandato del artículo 81.1 CE, en relación
con el art. 23.1; la competencia estatal para regular las bases del régimen local
(art. 149.1.18 CE) y la competencia autonómica sobre régimen local. Por otro lado,
la Constitución no predetermina el modelo de democracia semidirecta a nivel regional
y a nivel local. Pero ese modelo ha resultado ser muy similar al estatal por
voluntad del legislador.
Lan honetan, Espainiako estatu autonomikoan tokiko nahiz eskualdeko
erreferendumak egiteko dauden aukerak eta mugak aztertzen dira. Erreferendumaren
funtsezko alderdiei dagokienez, Konstituzio Auzitegiaren doktrinatik
aldentzen diren ondorio batzuk aurkezten dira. Bereizketa zehatzagoa egiten da
herri-galdeketaren (demokrazia parte-hartzaileko metodoa) eta erreferendumaren
(demokrazia erdizuzeneko metodoa) artean. Tokiko eta eskualdeko erreferendumen
oinarri konstituzionalak udalerrien eta autonomia-erkidegoen antolakuntzaren
autonomian jasota daude. Eskualdeetako erreferendumari muga bat jartzen
dio Konstituzioak, Estatuak baitu erreferendum bidezko herri galdeketen deialdia
baimentzeko eskumena. Eta hori modu murriztailean interpretatu behar da. Beste
muga bat ere badago: auzi publikoetan parte hartzeko funtsezko eskubidea garatzeko,
lege organikoa behar da. Agindu hori ere modu murriztailean interpretatu
behar da. Bestalde, tokiko erreferendumak muga konstituzional hauek ditu: Konstituzioaren
81.1 artikuluak agindutakoa, 23.1 artikuluarekin lotuta; tokiko araubidearen
oinarriak arautzeko Estatuaren eskumena (Konstituzioaren 149.1.18 artikulua);
eta tokiko araubideari buruzko eskumen autonomikoa. Horrez gain, Konstituzioak
ez du finkatzen eskualdeko zein tokiko demokrazia erdizuzenaren eredurik; edonola
ere, Estatu-ereduaren oso antzekoa da, legegileak hala nahi izan duelako.
In this paper we study the constitutional possibilities and limits of
local and regional referendums in the Spanish regional state. We keep conclusions
that deviate from Constitutional Court doctrine in its essential aspects. We
introduce a more precise distinction between popular consultation, as participatory
democracy institute, and referendum, as semi-direct democracy institute. The
constitutional bases of local and regional referendum are in the organizational
autonomy of municipalities and autonomous regions. The regional referendum
has constitutional limits on the power of the State to authorize the call for popular
consultations through referendum, which must be interpreted strictly. Another
limit is the empowerment of the organic Act to develop the fundamental right
to participate in public affairs. That limit should also be interpreted restrictively.
By contrast, the local referendum has the following constitutional limits: the
empowerment of article 81.1 CE in conjunction with art. 23.1 CE, the state power
to regulate the bases of local government (art. 149.1.18 EC) and the regional
power on local government. Moreover, the Constitution does not predetermine
the model of semi-direct democracy at regional and local level. But this model has
proved to be very similar to the state level because the legislator so decided.

O objetivo do artigo é discutir alguns desafios para o projeto brasileiro de desenvolvimento, baseado no consumo de massas dos três últimos Planos Plurianuais, que consiste na busca de equacionamento entre a ampliação da renda nacional através do trabalho, com aumento da empregabilidade e eliminação da precarização do trabalho. A pesquisa procura avaliar e comparar alguns indicadores sobre qualidade no emprego formal, tal como definido pela proposta da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT) para a Agenda do Trabalho Decente, em conjunto com dados que mostram a trajetória de inserção do Brasil no comércio internacional. O estudo levanta questões sobre as possibilidades de se garantir uma política de maior inserção no processo de globalização e, ao mesmo tempo, rever as consequências diretas da internacionalização da produção e do comércio sobre a qualidade do trabalho e a geração de renda. O texto conclui apontando que a formação de uma política de desenvolvimento centrada na ampliação do mercado interno, com propostas de expansão do consumo de massas, requer a definição de metas, não apenas de empregabilidade, mas voltadas à formação de empregos que atendam aos direitos fundamentais dos trabalhadores, seguindo os parâmetros da Agenda do Trabalho Decente.

The outburst of the Polish insurrection and its evolution attracted the attention of the European Powers, due to the international political context in which it started, that of the liberal-bourgeois revolutions in France, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and of the implications that were expected to occur due to power balance on the continent and in the Eastern Question. Russia's position in the political systems mentioned above depended on how the Polish Question would be solved. By subordinating all the Kingdom of Poland, whose political individuality, in the Russian political and institutional system, in which the decisions of the "Final Act" of the Peace Congress in Vienna (June 9th 1815) placed it, was about to be abolished by the Tsar, opened to the Russian Empire the path towards the consolidation of its positions in the Baltic region, strategically, political an economical, thus upsetting the other Powers in the European political system, on one hand. And secondly, because it would have relieved it of the necessity to divide its forces to oversee the evolution of the embarrassing Polish Question and would have been capable to focus its attention on a solution to the other problem, the Eastern one. This perspective was likely to happen, especially in the conditions of the peace Treaty that Russia had imposed to Turkey, at Adrianople, on September 14th 1829, which ensured the latter's "passivity" towards the Oriental policy of its victor.
These perspectives affected, in particular, Great Britain and France, the secular rivals of Russia in that area, so they tried, using only diplomatic means because of the very complicated international situation at the beginning of the fourth decade of the nineteenth century, to determine Russia to adopt a more conciliatory attitude towards the Polish insurgents.
The rivalries that aggravated the Franco-British relations, especially in Western Europe, prevented the two Powers to adopt a unitary position towards Russia, a fact that allowed the latter to dictate the law in the Kingdom of Poland.
A position, in some way singular, towards the Polish Question was adopted by another state, with direct interests in the Baltic sea area and with more specific ones in the Eastern Question. It is the United Kingdom of Sweden and Norway, created in the letter and the spirit of the Swedish-Norwegian Convention from Moss, on August 14th 1814.
Sweden's internal and external political circumstances in which, in 1810, the famous marshal of Napoleon I, Jean Baptiste Sebastien Bernadotte, prince of Pontecorvo, was proclaimed crown prince under the name Karl Johan, King Karl XIV Johan, from 1818, as the creation of the Swedish-Norwegian personal Union, determined the Swedish-Norwegian diplomacy favor the Russian interests in the Polish Question as well as in the Eastern Question. In the Polish Question, the one under our analysis, this was also because the insurrection of November 1830 started in the international conditions mentioned above and due to the fact that the liberal internal opposition to the conservative and absolutist monarchical policy of King Karl XIV Johan was becoming more active and could have constituted a reason for the Norwegians to evade the personal Union, which they did not favor and against which they fought, first through arms then by institutional means.
The forms in which Great Britain, France and Sweden took position in regard to the reprisal of the Polish insurrection of November 1830, very well documented by the diplomatic reports of the British diplomats in St. Petersburg and of the Swedish ones, accredited in Petersburg and in London, which we had the opportunity to consult in the funds of manuscripts of British Library, in London, and those of the National Archives of Sweden, in Stockholm, constitute, in our opinion, a contribution to the knowledge of the history of European diplomacy, on one hand, and to the research of the international relations in the first half of the nineteenth century, on another. This is the reason why we intend to approach them in this study.
All the documents selected from Sveriges Riksarkivet, in Stockholm and cited in these pages are included in the volume X, part I, of the Collection "Europe and the Porte", which is still in manuscript, for this reason we indicated the archive quotations.

AbstractIn this article, the preservation of the monumental built environment from the colonial period is related to and discussed within the perspective of heritage ownership. It contributes to a debate in which heritage resource preservation is approached and connected to several heritage ownership issues. It argues that an effective built environmental preservation policy for colonial heritage is strongly related to and dependent on issues such as legal property ownership, legislation on listed buildings, enforcement of such legislation, and the willingness among different categories of potential owners to participate and support such preservation. Especially, when it comes to built colonial heritage as an imported alien resource from a colonial past, these issues are particularly interesting and sensitive. A good illustration of these issues is the case of Paramaribo, Suriname. The national government policy following the inscription of the historic inner city of Paramaribo on the World Heritage List of UNESCO in 2002 clearly demonstrates an area of tension and difficulty between and within the interested parties. It shows that monumental preservation and heritage management and interpretation are strongly affected and determined by concepts such as ownership, affinity, interest, economic priorities, and political will. By referring to the actual problems encountered in the preservation efforts relating to the built colonial heritage in Paramaribo and subsequently explaining these problems in relation to specific ownership issues, this article throws light on a number of dilemmas. Conclusions are drawn widening the argument and contributing to the ongoing debate on heritage ownership issues and monument preservation policies especially as it relates to the global issue of managing the relics of now defunct empires.In recent years an increasing interest can be detected in issues concerning the legal property ownership of heritage. This growth in interest focuses in particular on the legislation in relationship to property ownership issues. An important aim of national governments is to use legislation to safeguard their cultural property by embedding it in law, especially, when this cultural property has a high monetary or identity value (as stressed by Fechner, 1998). Additionally, the growing awareness and recognition of heritage as a valuable economic, sociopsychological and environmental asset is receiving increasing international attention. For example, the international acknowledgment that heritage resources are under pressure from all kinds of processes and impacts has encouraged the need for an extension of international legal measures. Consequently, this international interest, often expressed in conventions, charters, and treaties, encourages national and local initiatives (Techera, 2011). An interesting complication to this issue is the question that arises where it involves the monumental built environment from the colonial period that is being preserved and restored, as it may be viewed as a heritage based on alien resources. In particular the acceptance, recognition, and role of what may be viewed as an imported colonial built environment in a multicultural and multiethnic context, may impact effective legislation. Although the discussion about the roles of heritage within a plural cultural and ethnic society has already begun (recently emphasized by Van Maanen, 2011; Ashworth, Graham, & Tunbridge, 2007), it is still an underresearched topic when it comes to legal property ownership as part of a management strategy for preserving built colonial heritage resources.This article examines in particular the effectiveness of policies and laws pursued in Suriname as an instrument for the preservation of resources. It highlights the legal and administrative challenges facing the implementation, management, and enforcement of these strategies and measures. The first part of this article examines the debate about the approach and strategy in using law in conservation and preservation policies. Then the article proceeds to introduce Suriname as an instructive case study. It describes the existing multiethnic context of Suriname and the evolution of legislative policy for the historic inner city of the capital, Paramaribo, with its monumental built environment from the colonial period. By using field data, the article continues with an analysis of the effectiveness and impacts of this administrative and legal framework established in Suriname. It examines in detail the main problems encountered and the extent to which this strategy is supported by the key stakeholders.

O estudo analisa a importância da dimensão político-institucional e da incorporação de iniciativas pró-competitividade entre atores políticos e agentes empresariais para alavancar o desempenho dos mercados. Argumenta-se que a chave explicativa para compreender a estruturação do novo mercado de telecomunicações no Brasil foi um esforço coordenado de decisões políticas governamentais e de forças de mercado, desencadeado (1) no contexto global da revolução tecnológica da indústria de telecomunicações e (2) no contexto político-nacional de ampliação do mercado interno e internacionalização da economia. A partir de 1998, com o fim do monopólio estatal no Brasil, forjou-se, no setor de telecomunicações, um ambiente de inovações tecnológicas, liberalização comercial e concorrência de mercado. Nesse novo ambiente, o Estado assumiu papel de regulador: ações políticas contínuas e vigilância visaram a incentivar investimentos e promover a reconfiguração do setor. Após décadas da incapacidade estrutural, tanto tecnológica como sociopolítica, para construir um mercado latente de telecomunicações, frente à histórica demanda reprimida por telefonia, o Brasil assumiu posição de destaque no mercado global de serviços informacionais, especialmente no que se refere ao volume do mercado e à qualidade dos serviços. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Mercado de telecomunicações. Inovações tecnológicas. Decisões políticas governamentais. Regulação dos mercados. Concorrência comercial.TECHNOLOGY, COMPETITIVENESS AND REGULATION: the structuring of the telecommunications market in Brazil Daniel Gustavo Mocelin Régis Leonardo Gusmão Barcelos This study analyzes the importance of the political-institutional dimension and of the incorporation of pro-competition initiatives between political actors and company agents to boost market performance. It may be argued that the key to understanding the structuring of the new telecommunications market in Brazil was a coordinated effort of political decisions by the government and of market forces unleashed (1) in the global context of the technology revolution in the telecommunications industry and (2) in the political-national context of domestic market expansion and the internalization of the economy. Starting in 1998, with the end of the state monopoly in Brazil, there began an environment of technological innovations, commercial liberalization and market competition. In this new scenario, the State played the role of regulator: continual political actions and vigilance aimed to encourage investments and promote the sector's reconfiguration. After decades of lack of structural capacity, both technological and sociopolitical, in order to establish a potential telecommunications market, due to the history of repressed demands for telephones, Brazil began to occupy an important position in the global information services market, especially in market volume and quality of services. KEY WORDS: telecommunications market, technological innovations, governmental political decisions, market regulation, commercial competitiveness.TECHNOLOGIE, COMPÉTITIVITÉ ET RÉGULATION: la structuration du marché des télécommunications au Brésil Daniel Gustavo Mocelin Régis Leonardo Gusmão Barcelos Cette étude est l'analyse de l'importance de la dimension politico-institutionnelle et de la jonction d'initiatives pro-compétitivité entre acteurs politiques et entrepreneurs pour faire démarrer les marchés. On y avance les arguments selon lesquels la clé qui permet de comprendre la structuration du nouveau marché des télécommunications au Brésil correspond à un effort coordonné de décisions politiques du gouvernement et de forces du marché qui ont eu lieu (1) dans le contexte mondial de la révolution technologique de l'industrie des télécommunications et (2) dans le contexte politique et national d'expansion du marché interne et de l'internationalisation de l'économie. A partir de 1998 un climat d'innovations technologiques, de libéralisation commerciale et de libre marché a été implanté dans le secteur des télécommunications au Brésil, en vue d'un monopole d'état. Dans le cadre de cette nouvelle réalité, l'Etat a assumé un rôle régulateur: actions politiques continues et contrôle tendaient à encourager les investissements et à promouvoir une reconfiguration du secteur. Après des décennies d' incapacité structurale, autant technologique que sociopolitique, pour construire un marché latent de télécommunications, face à une demande historique réfrénée en matière de téléphonie, le Brésil a su s'imposer sur le marché mondial des services informels, en particulier en ce qui concerne le volume du marché et la qualité des services. MOTS-CLÉS: Marché des télécommunications; innovations technologiques; décisions politiques gouvernementales; régulation des marchés; concurrence commerciale. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH no Scielo: http://www.scielo.br/ccrh Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.br

Ao presente trabalho interessa identificar e analisar na propaganda televisiva das coligações com melhores resultados nas urnas nas eleições presidenciais de 2006, no primeiro turno, os elementos que dizem quem é o sujeito, na visão dos atores políticos (partido/candidato), para o qual os discursos são dirigidos. Trata-se de propor uma reflexão sobre o tema, pautada no seguinte questionamento: em que medida a "construção" da imagem do eleitor nas propagandas se aproxima ou não à de um eleitor cidadão? A hipótese é que a maneira como o sujeito-eleitor é representado nas campanhas desfavorece a sua condição de cidadão. São objeto de estudo o universo das propagandas das coligações A Força do Povo (PT/PRB/PCdoB), Por um Brasil Decente (PSDB/PFL) e Frente de Esquerda (PSOL/PSTU/PCB).

Maintaining flows and quality of water resources is critical to support ecosystem services and consumptive needs. Understanding impacts of changes in climate and land use on ecohydrologic processes in a watershed is vital to sustaining water resources for multiple uses. This study completes a continental and regional scale assessment using statistical and simulation modeling to investigate ecohydrologic impacts within watershed systems. Watersheds across the continental United States have diverse hydrogeomorphic characters, mean temperatures, soil moistures, precipitation and evaporation patterns that influence runoff processes. Changes in climate affect runoff by impacting available soil moisture, evaporation, precipitation and vegetative patterns. A one percent increase in annual soil moisture may cause a five percent increase in runoff in watersheds across the continent. Low soil moisture and high temperatures influence runoff patterns in specific regions. Spring runoff is increased by the influence Spring soil moisture, Winter and Spring evaporation, and Winter and Spring evaporation. Spring runoff is decreased by increases in Winter and Spring temperatures and increases in the vegetation index. Winter runoff is affected by maximum vegetative index, temperature, soil moisture, evaporation and precipitation. Contributing factors to runoff are influenced by geomorphic and seasonal variations requiring strategies that are site-specific and use system-wide information. Regional scale watershed analysis investigates the influence of landscape metrics on temporal streamflow processes in multiple gauged watersheds in Massachusetts, U.S.A. Time of concentration, recession coefficient, base flow index, and peak flow are hydrologic metrics used to relate to landscape metrics derived using FRAGSTAT software. Peak flow increases with increasing perimeter-area fractal dimensions, and Contagion index and decreases as Landscape Shape Index increases. There was an increasing trend in the fractal dimension over time indicative of more complex shape of patches in watershed. Base flow index and recession coefficient fluctuated from low to high decreasing recently. This could be indicative of open space legislation, conservation efforts and reforestation within the state in the last ten years. Coastal systems provide valuable ecosystem services and are vulnerable to impacts of changes in climate and continental land use patterns. Effects of land use and climate change on runoff, suspended sediments, total nitrogen and total phosphorus are simulated for coastal watersheds around the Boston Bay ecosystem. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, a continuous-time, semi distributed, process-based model, is used to simulate the watershed ecohydrologic process affecting coastal bodies. Urbanization in watersheds increased runoff by as much as 80% from the baseline. Land use change poses a major threat to water quality impacts affecting coastal ecosystems. Total nitrogen increased average of 53.8% with conservative changes in climate and land use. Total phosphorus increased an average of 57.3% with conservative changes in land use and climate change. Climate change alone causes up to 40% increase in runoff and when combined with a 3.25% increase in urban development runoff increased an average of 114%. Coastal ecosystems are impacted by nutrient runoff from watersheds. Continued urbanization and changes in climate will increase total nitrogen, total phosphorus and suspended sediments in coastal ecosystems. Continental scale runoff is affected by soil moisture and vegetative cover. Cover crops, low tillage farm practices and natural vegetation contribute to less runoff. Developing policies that encourage protection of soil structure could minimize runoff and aid in maintaining sustainable water resources. Best Management Practices and Low impact development at the national level with continued stormwater legislation directed towards sustainable land use policy will improve water quantity and quality. Fragmentation observed in Massachusetts increases the number of urban parcels and decreases the size of forested areas. Faster runoff patterns are observed but recent land management may be changing this runoff pattern. Municipal and state zoning ordinance to preserve open space and large forest patches will restrict urban growth to specific regions of a watershed. This could improve quantities of water available to ecosystems. Increases in total nitrogen, phosphorus and suspended sediments to coastal ecosystems can be minimized with use of riparian buffers and Best Management Practices within coastal watersheds. Urbanization and climate change threatens coastal ecosystems and national policy to preserve and restrict development of coastal areas will preserve coastal ecosystem services.