Suchergebnisse

Bartlett, Christopher A., y Ghoshal, Sumantra. Managing across borders: The transnational solution. Segunda edición.Ghosh, Bimal. Huddled masses and uncertain shores: Insights into irregular migration. La Haya, Organización Internacional para las Migraciones y Kluwer Law International, 1998Libros recientes: Amnesty International. Fair trials manual.Blouin, Rodrigue, y Giles, Antony (directores). L'intégration économique en Amérique du Nord et les relations industrielles.Camarero Santamaría, Jesús. El déficit social neoliberal. Del Estado del bienestar a la sociedad de la exclusión.Chullén, Jorge, y Lincoln, David (directores). Sugar world: Information and analysis for sugar workers, 1977–1997.Cohen, Daniel. The wealth of the world and the poverty of nations.Ginneken, Wouter van (director). Social security for all Indians. Estudio preparado para la Oficina Internacional del Trabajo.Hansenne, Michel. Un garde‐fou pour la mondialisation. Le BIT dans l'après‐guerre froide.Neffa, Julio César. Modos de regulación, regímenes de acumulación y sus crisis en Argentina (1880–1996). Una contribución a su estudio desde la teoría de la regulación.Neill, Jon (director). Poverty and inequality: The political economy of redistribution.O'Leary, Christopher J., y Wandner, Stephen A. (directores). Unemployment insurance in the United States: Analysis of policy issues.Nuevas publicaciones de la OIT: Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 87.a reunión, 1999. Trabajo decente. Memoria del Director General.Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 87.a reunión, 1999. Memoria del Director General.Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 87.a reunión, 1999. Informe III (Parte 2): Listas de ratificaciones por convenio y por país (al 31 de diciembre de 1998).Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 87.a reunión, 1999. Informe IV (2A): Trabajo infantil.Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 87.a reunión, 1999. Informe VI: La función de la OIT en la cooperación técnica.Conferencia Internacional del Trabajo, 88.a reunión, 2000. Informe VII (1): Retiro del Convenio sobre las horas de trabajo (minas de carbón), 1931; del Convenio (revisado) sobre las horas de trabajo (minas de carbón), 1935; del Convenio sobre la reducción de las horas de trabajo (obras públicas), 1936; del Convenio sobre la reducción de las horas de trabajo (industria textil), 1937, y del Convenio sobre los trabajadores migrantes, 1939.Employment‐intensive infrastructure programmes: Capacity building for contracting in the construction sector — Guidelines. Por Peter Bentall, Andreas Beusch y Jan de Veen.Improve your business (Basics): International edition. Por Mats Borgenvall, Håkan Jarskog, Barbara Murray y Cecilia Karlstedt.Improve your business (Basics): Trainer's guide. Desarrollado por Hanna N. Sahar, Mazen Asa'd, Salah A. Shafi, Cecilia Karlstedt y Håkan Jarskog.People's security: Globalizing social progress. Por Juan Somavia.Perú. El sector informal frente al reto de la modernización. Por Eliana Chávez O'Brien, Ricardo de la Flor, Sandro Fuentes Acurio, César Luna Victoria, Marcos Robles Chávez y Ana María Yáñez.

Notices bibliographiques: Bartlett, Christopher A.; Ghoshal, Sumantra. Managing across borders: The transnational solution.Notices bibliographiques: Ghosh, Bimal. Huddled masses and uncertain shores: Insights into irregular migration.Livres récents: Amnesty International. Fair trials manual.Livres récents: Blouin, Rodrigue; Giles, Antony (directeurs de publication). L'intégration économique en Amérique du Nord et les relations industrielles.Livres récents: Camarero Santamaría, Jesús. El déficit social neoliberal: Del Estado del bienestar a la sociedad de la exclusión.Livres récents: Chullén, Jorge; Lincoln, David (directeurs de publication). Sugar world: Information and analysis for sugar workers, 1977–1997.Livres récents: Cohen, Daniel. The wealth of the world and the poverty of nations.Livres récents: Van Ginneken, Wouter (directeur de publication). Social security for all Indians.Livres récents: Hansenne, Michel. Un garde‐fou pour la mondialisation. Le BIT dans l'aprés‐guerre froide.Livres récents: Murray, Gregor, et Verge, Pierre. La représentation syndicate. Visage juridique actuel et futur.Livres récents: Neffa, Julio César. Modos de regulatión, regímenes de acumulación y sus crisis en Argentina (1880–1996). Una contributión a su estudio desde la teoría de la regulatión.Livres récents: Neill, Jon (directeur de publication). Poverty and inequality: The political economy of redistribution.Livres récents: O'Leary, Christopher J.; Wandner, Stephen A. (directeurs de publication). Unemployment insurance in the United States: Analysis of policy issues.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 87e session, 1999. Rapport du Directeur général: Un travail décent.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 87e session, 1999. Rapport du Directeur général: Annexe: Rapport sur la situation des travaiUeurs des territoires arabes occupés.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 87e session, 1999. Rapport III (partie 2): Listes des ratifications par convention et par pays (au 31 décembre 1998).Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 87e session, 1999. Rapport IV (partie 2A): Le travail des enfants.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 87e session, 1999. Rapport VI: Le rôle de l OIT en matière de coopération technique.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Conférence internationale du Travail, 88e session, 2000. Rapport VII (1): Retrait de la convention sur la durée du travail (mines de charbon), 1931, de la convention (révisée) sur la durée du travail (mines de charbon), 1935, de la convention de réduction de la durée du travail (travaux publics), 1936, de la convention de réduction de la durée du travail (textile), 1937, et de la convention sur les travailleurs migrants, 1939.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Employment‐intensive infrastructure programmes: Capacity building for contracting in the construction sector ‐Guidelines. Par Peter BentallNouvelles publications du BIT: Improve your business (Basics): International edition. Par Mats BorgenvallNouvelles publications du BIT: Improve your business (Basics): Trainer's guide. Développé par Hanna N. Sahar, Mazen Asa'd, Salah A. Shafi, Cecilia Karstedt et Håkan Jarskog.Nouvelles publications du BIT: People's security: Globalizing social progress. Par Juan Somavia.Nouvelles publications du BIT: Perú. El sector informal frente al reto de la modernización.

This study outlines the initial challenge presented by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, describes Djibouti's response, reviews the results achieved and the enabling factors in curbing the spread of the epidemic, and identifies remaining challenges. Between 2002 and 2008, HIV prevalence among young pregnant women aged 15-24 was reduced from 2.7 percent to 1.9 percent and among sentinel surveillance groups from 2.5 percent to 1.9 percent. HIV prevalence among tuberculosis patients was reduced from an estimated 22 percent to 12 percent. Condom use during last intercourse outside marriage increased from 27 percent to 55 percent and reached 95 percent among sex workers. Among the general population, awareness of HIV/AIDS increased to 95 percent and knowledge about transmission and prevention rose to 50 percent. Political commitment, engagement of community and religious leaders, rigorous communication, social marketing and the provision of an integrated package of medical and social services, and donor harmonization were among the key factors that contributed to the achievement of these results. Despite these impressive results in a relatively short period, Djibouti still has to address several challenges and consolidate program gains, but most importantly, funds are being mobilized from government resources to sustain the national AIDS control program.

This piece was written by Alex Reep (CEGA Agriculture Intern) and Emily Sylvia (J-PAL Policy Manager) and was originally posted on the J-PAL blog.Farmer working in a field in Kenya | Neil PalmerAs farms become more productive, grow in size, or diversify into more lucrative crops, farmers require more labor hours and, often, more skilled labor. Labor needs may change with agricultural production practices, as commercial crops often require more labor than staples (e.g. horticulture requires additional weeding and regular harvesting in comparison to seasonal staple cultivation) and as farming practices change (e.g. regular irrigation requires consistent labor, and mechanization may displace labor at some stages of production). Despite being crucial to profitable farming systems, we know less about land and labor market failures than other constraints to agricultural technology adoption and productivity. Further evidence is required to understand important gaps in our knowledge of how farmers can best utilize household and hired labor, in addition to agricultural technologies.Evidence from randomized evaluations on labor and agricultural productivityThe Agricultural Technology Adoption Initiative (ATAI), a collaboration between the Center for Effective Global Action (CEGA) and the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), was launched in 2009 to rigorously test programs that aim to increase farmers' welfare through the broader use of technologies that help increase farmers' productivity in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Since then, ATAI has funded randomized evaluations to answer critical questions around labor decisions and constraints to farmers' growth. This research has focused on how labor affects and is affected by gender and household dynamics, mechanization, and income diversification. But, there are a number of open questions yet to be rigorously tested.Household labor and gender dynamicsResearch has shown that there is a gender gap in agricultural productivity. Women, who make up nearly half of the agricultural labor force in Africa, produce less per hectare on average than men. This may be because women often have more limited access to productivity-enhancing resources and knowledge of improved practices. They also tend to have less agency in allocating their own time and labor. Gender equity among agricultural laborers and household members is therefore an essential piece in unlocking broader productivity and growth in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly.Households often allocate labor along gendered lines — women may be more involved in planting, food processing, and ensuring dietary diversity, while men may be involved in field preparation, sales, managing non-household workers, or harvest. One ATAI-funded pilot study in Zambia looked at intra-household dynamics related to agricultural technology adoption and broader decision-making. Survey results suggested that a wife's bargaining power in the household explained the most variation in yields between the plots cultivated by herself and her husband, even more so than the practices they used. More evidence is needed to understand these intra-household dynamics, as well as the broader market dynamics related to demand for male versus female labor, differences in wages and work conditions, and productivity based on levels of cooperation for both women and men.Family labor versus hired workersBoosting agricultural productivity calls for an increased focus on changing farming systems toward higher-value crops that make more extensive use of labor throughout the year. Approximately 75 percent of farms worldwide rely on household labor to remain viable. Whether laborers come from the household or are hired externally affects costs and demand for work in local markets.Research has suggested that farmer profits can be improved by valuing work on agricultural activities done by household members the same as wages paid to hired labor. Intensive tasks require greater supervision, so households can cut costs by reallocating intensive activities to household members who may have an intrinsic motivation to do the job well, rather than seasonally hired workers. Similarly, supervision may be more difficult to allocate to hired labor so that farmers may need to prioritize family workers for certain tasks.Researchers have conducted evaluations in Ghana, Mali, Niger, and Zambia using different interventions and policy levers to assess households' decision making and pricing of family labor versus hired laborers.For example, the ATAI-funded evaluation in Niger tested the impact of providing training for the construction of an environmental technology (demi-lunes or water collection pits) on household labor allocation among other outcomes. Constructing demi-lunes is labor-intensive, and adhering to certain technical norms increases their effectiveness. Therefore, increased adoption of and investment in demi-lunes led households to reallocate household labor in the short-term to facilitate the construction of demi-lunes. Specifically, farmers moved household members to lead the more skilled yet cumbersome work of building the demi-lunes and hired outside laborers to cover seasonal agricultural tasks, such as sowing and weeding.Social norms and pressures additionally affect labor costs and patterns by influencing peoples' willingness to accept various jobs and salaries. An ATAI-funded study in India found that workers may take jobs with wage cuts in private, but reject them in public due to fear of social stigma. Understanding the balance between household labor and hired labor is essential to accurately value labor force participation and estimate labor productivity, particularly among small-scale farms in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia where household members play a larger role in smooth farm operations.Agriculture mechanization: Labor-demanding and labor-saving technologiesMechanizing farm operations can allow laborers to work on other important tasks rather than time-consuming or high-skill tasks, like tilling, reaping, and sowing seeds. Some technologies and practices are labor-saving (tractors and irrigation systems), while others are labor-demanding (transplanting seedlings to fields to improve germination rather than broadcasting seeds into a tilled field). Adopting innovations may allow households to reallocate their time spent on manual labor to higher-skilled roles, supervising hired labor, overseeing mechanized processes, and for non-agricultural economic activities. In an ATAI-funded evaluation in India, researchers found that vouchers and cash grants for machine rentals increased mechanization during land preparation, freeing up hired labor in other stages of production and freeing up household time, particularly from members engaged in farm supervision activities. They also found evidence of higher time engagement in off-farm activities from farmers that already participated in those markets. However following the successful introduction of new technologies, complementary investments in labor may be required to ensure that technology is working the way it was intended. More research is needed to better understand the effect of introducing technologies at different stages of agricultural production.Promoting local economic diversification among agricultural householdsBroader planning against the agricultural calendar is a critical step in households' decisions to hire workers or seek off-farm employment for family members. Agricultural activities are seasonal, and demand and supply of labor for production and harvest ebb and flow depending on the time of year and skill of the worker. In many contexts, there is a lull in demand for labor after planting, often called a "lean season," where households have less disposable income. Therefore, there is a need to generate economic opportunities or activities for farming households outside of agriculture in their local market or in nearby urban centers.A randomized evaluation in Bangladesh looked at grants delivered to households who opted to migrate to urban areas for work during the lean season. Researchers found that the grants improved migrants' income and made it less competitive to get work within the village, increasing wages and the number of work hours available in the market.Future research could build on this and assess other ways to increase productive, local, and lucrative employment opportunities between peak planting and harvesting periods to ensure work is available throughout the year.Open questions for new research on agricultural laborAs some of the evaluations cited here suggest, results may not always translate to other contexts. Therefore, researchers often call for more research to test the aforementioned interventions and relevant questions in different agricultural labor markets.In addition to those highlighted above, there are a number of open questions at the nexus of labor and agriculture to develop a deeper understanding of wage setting, skill-building, and how households allocate labor to agricultural activities. Areas for further research include:assessing interventions that allow households to hire workers and take jobs in other sectors or allow them to more extensively use family labor throughout the year (through crop diversification, mechanization, role specialization, etc.)evaluating the effects of farm size, health of workers, contracting, and trust in the local labor marketshifting from subsistence cultivation of staple crops to intensive cultivation of commercial crops through a process of agricultural transformation, where the former heavily utilizes female labor while the latter is traditionally a domain of male labor in many contexts; and understanding what complementary interventions can improve outcomes for women when labor demands and activities favor menimproving access to productive assets, like machine rentalstesting interventions designed to engage women and other vulnerable or marginalized groups, such as landless laborers, in more lucrative, appealing, or empowering work.On February 21, ATAI released its newest call for proposals, and encourages more research that expands the body of evidence related to labor and agricultural systems. For information on eligibility, please review the ATAI call for proposals.If you are a researcher or implementing organization interested in partnering with ATAI to evaluate a related program, please reach out to atai [at] povertyactionlab [dot] org. In addition to the general RPF, the initiative also specifically invites proposals that investigate approaches designed to benefit or empower women. Applicants with a gender-focused approach should choose the gender-focused application on the online portal.Agricultural productivity and labor: Evidence and open questions for researchers was originally published in CEGA on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

Accent Discrimination -- Affordable Care Act and Undocumented Immigrants -- African Immigrants -- Afro-Caribbean immigrants -- Alien and Sedition Acts -- Alien land laws -- Amerasians -- American Jewish Committee -- Anglo-conformity -- Anti-Irish Riots of 1844 -- Arab American intergroup relations -- Arab American stereotypes -- Arab immigrants -- Ashkenazic and German Jewish immigrants -- Asian American education -- Asian American Legal Defense Fund -- Asian American literature -- Asian American stereotypes -- Asian American women -- Asian Indian immigrants -- Asian Indian immigrants and family customs -- Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance -- Assimilation theories -- Au pairs -- Bangladeshi immigrants in the United States -- Bilingual education -- Bilingual Education Act of 1968 -- Border Patrol, U.S. -- Bracero program -- Brain Drain -- British as dominant group -- Burlingame Treaty -- Cable Act -- California gold rush -- Cambodian immigrants -- Canadian immigrants -- Celtic Irish -- Censuses, U.S. -- Chicano movement -- Chinatowns -- Chinese American Citizens Alliance -- Chinese detentions in New York -- Chinese Exclusion Act -- Chinese exclusion cases -- Chinese immigrants -- Chinese immigrants and California's gold rush -- Chinese immigrants and family customs -- Chinese Six Companies -- Citizenship -- Clotilde slave ship -- Coast Guard, U.S. -- Coolies -- Cuban immigrants -- Cuban immigrants and African Americans -- Cuban refugee policy -- Cultural pluralism -- Demographics of immigration -- Deportation -- Discrimination -- Domestic Abuse as a Protected Category (Asylum) -- Dominican immigrants -- The DREAM Act -- Eastern European Jewish immigrants -- English-only and official English movements -- Ethnic enclaves -- Euro-Americans -- European immigrant literature -- European immigrants, 1790-1892 -- European immigrants, 1892-1943 -- E-Verify Employment Verification System -- Family businesses -- Farmworkers' unions -- Federal riot of 1799 -- Filipino immigrants -- Filipino immigrants and family customs -- Florida illegal-immigrant suit -- Garment industry -- Gay Lesbian Transgender Immigrants and Asylum Seekers -- Generational acculturation -- Gentlemen's Agreement -- German and Irish immigration of the 1840's -- German immigrants -- González rescue -- Green cards -- Gypsy immigrants -- H-1B Visa -- Haitian boat people -- Haitian immigrants -- Hansen effect -- Hawaiian and Pacific islander immigrants -- Head money cases -- Helsinki Watch report on U.S. refugee policy -- History of U.S. immigration -- Hmong immigrants -- Homeland Security Department: 2003 -- Hull-House -- Human Smuggling (or HumanTrafficking) -- Illegal aliens -- Immigrant advantage -- Immigrants in sports -- Immigration Act of 1917 -- Immigration Act of 1921 -- Immigration Act of 1924 -- Immigration Act of 1943 -- Immigration Act of 1990 -- Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 -- Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 -- Immigration and Naturalization Service -- Immigration and Naturalization Service V. Chadha -- Immigration ?Crisis? -- Immigration in Film -- Immigration Law -- Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 -- Indentured Servitude -- Indigenous Superordination -- International Adoptions -- Iranian Immigrants -- Irish Immigrants -- Irish Immigrants and African Americans -- Irish Immigrants and Discrimination -- Irish Stereotypes -- Israeli Immigrants -- Italian Immigrants -- Jamaican Immigrants -- Jamestown Colony -- Japanese American Citizens League -- Japanese American Internment -- Japanese Immigrants -- Japanese Peruvians -- Japanese Segregation in California Schools -- Jewish Immigrants -- Jewish Settlement of New York -- Jews and Arab Americans -- Justice and Immigration -- Know-Nothing Party -- Korean Immigrants -- Korean Immigrants and Family Customs -- Ku Klux Klan -- Laotian Immigrants -- Latinos -- Latinos and Employment -- Latinos and Family Customs -- Lau v. Nichols -- League of United Latin American Citizens -- Literature -- Little Havana -- Little Italies -- Little Tokyos -- Machine Politics -- Mail-Order Brides -- Mariel Boatlift -- Medical Examination of Immigrants and Refugees -- Melting Pot -- Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund -- Mexican Deportations during the Depression -- Middle Eastern Immigrant Families -- Migrant Superordination -- Migration -- Model Minorities -- Mongrelization -- Muslims -- Nativism -- Naturalization -- Naturalization Act of 1790 -- Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service -- Nigerian Immigrants -- Operation Wetback -- Ozawa v. United States -- Page Law -- Pakistani Immigrants -- Palmer Raids -- Picture Brides -- Plyler v. Doe -- Polish Immigrants -- Proposition 187 -- Proposition 227 -- Push and Pull Factors -- Racial and Ethnic Demographic Trends -- Real ID Act -- Refugee Fatigue -- Refugee Relief Act of 1953 -- Refugees and Racial/Ethnic Relations -- Russian Immigrants -- Sacco and Vanzetti Trial -- Santería -- Scandinavian Immigrants -- Scotch-Irish immigrants -- The Secure Fence Act -- Sephardic Jews -- September 11 Terrorist Attacks -- Settlement House Movement -- Shadow Wolves (Native American INS Tracking Unit) -- Sikh Immigrants -- Southeast Asian Immigrants -- Soviet Jewish Immigrants -- Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act -- Taiwanese Immigrants -- Thai Garment Worker Enslavement -- Tibetan Immigrants -- Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire -- Twice Migrants -- Unaccompanied Children as Immigrants -- Undocumented Workers -- Universal Negro Improvement Association -- Vietnamese Immigrants -- Visas -- War Brides -- War Brides Act -- West Indian Immigrants -- White Ethnics -- Women Immigrants -- Wong Kim Ark Case -- Xenophobia -- "Yellow Peril" Campaign -- Zadvydas v. Davis -- U.S. State Briefs -- Bibliography -- Time Line of U.S. Immigration History -- Immigration Statistics -- Legal Permanent Residents -- Refugees and Asylees -- Naturalizations -- Nonimmigrant Admissions -- Enforcement Actions.

This edited book brings together contributions by some of the top work-life researchers from Finland and abroad. It offers a series of short essay-type chapters covering a broad variety of topics related to how labour markets, work and working life are continuously changing. The book has a strong cross-national approach and stresses the importance of studying both microlevel changes within macrolevel contexts as well as the microlevel mechanisms of changes at the macrolevel. The chapters are grouped in four parts. Part I deals with how life courses have changed, with special focus on the entry of women to the labour market and the determinants of their economic contribution. Part II discusses two circuits of labour migration: that of mostly high-skilled and regulated work and that of mostly low-skilled and unregulated work. However, it also shows that the boundaries between those two are not always clear. Part III focuses on how work itself is changing, using the examples of women attorneys' pro-bono work in Finland and Poland and the use of lean management in the Nordic public sector. Finally, in Part IV the authors explore the power of institutions and ideas in reshaping the way we work while labour markets are under pressure. Available in print from online bookstores e.g. Booky.fi and Adlibris. Contents: Preface / Pertti Koistinen 1. Shaping and reshaping boundaries of work: A framework for analysing complex and multifaceted change / Aart-Jan Riekhoff PART I: THE LIFE COURSE AND GENDER IN THE LABOUR MARKET 2. Welfare state entry and exit over the life course: Employment and the sustainability of the welfare state in different worlds of welfare / Olli Kangas, Joakim Palme & Markus Kainu 3. Cross-national analysis of women's economic contribution / Saki Kudo PART II: VARIETIES OF MIGRATION AND WORK 4. Crossing the boundary to Europe: Finns on transnational careers in the European Union / Saara Koikkalainen 5. Examining the role of institutions in shaping migrant reproductive labour / Merita Jokela 6. Polish posted workers in the transnational space of subcontracting: Making ethnographic sense of new employment relations / Anna Matyska PART III: NEW WAYS OF WORKING 7. "It is also about helping people": Women attorneys' commitment to public service and incentives for pro bono work in Finland and Poland / Marta Choroszewicz 8. The rise of lean organisations in Nordic countries: How recent changes in public sector management are shaping working life / Armi Mustosmäki, Tomi Oinas & Timo Anttila PART IV: THE POLITICS AND POSSIBILITIES OF CHANGING WORK 9. Labour market reforms in times of globalisation / Aart-Jan Riekhoff 10. Decentralisation in the context of the competitiveness discourse: The Finnish labour market relations system since 2008 / Paul Jonker-Hoffrén 11. Alternative for work, low-income supplement or investment? Exploring the idea of basic income in the Finnish public debate / Johanna Perkiö

This paper introduces a special collection of 15 papers that chart a course for long-term reform of the US immigration system. The papers look beyond recent legislative debates and the current era of rising nationalism and restrictionism to outline the elements of a forward-looking immigration policy that would serve the nation's interests, honor its liberal democratic ideals, promote the full participation of immigrants in the nation's life, and exploit the opportunities offered by the increasingly interdependent world. This paper highlights several overarching themes from the collection, as well as dozens of proposals for reform. Together, the papers in the collection make the case that: • Immigration policymaking should be embedded in a larger set of partnerships, processes, and commitments that respond to the conditions that force persons to migrate. • The US immigration system should reflect liberal democratic values and an inclusive vision of national identity. • It is incumbent on policy and opinion makers to publicize the broad national interests served by US immigration policies. • Policymakers should, in turn, evaluate and adjust US immigration policies based on their success in furthering the nation's interests. • The United States should prioritize the gathering and dissemination of the best available evidence on migration and on the nation's migration-related needs and programs, and should use this information to respond flexibly to changing migration patterns and new economic developments. • Immigrant integration strengthens communities and represents an important, overarching metric for US immigration policies. • The successful integration of the United States' 43 million foreign-born residents and their progeny should be a national priority. • An immigration federalism agenda should prioritize cooperation on shared federal, state, and local priorities. • An immigration federalism agenda should recognize the federal government's enforcement obligations; the interests of local communities in the safety, well-being and participation of their residents; the importance of federal leadership in resolving the challenges posed by the US undocumented population; and the need for civil society institutions to serve as mediators of immigrant integration. • Immigration reform should be coupled with strong, well-enforced labor standards in order to promote fair wages and safe and healthy working conditions for all US workers. • Fairness and due process should characterize US admission, custody, and removal decisions. • Family unity should remain a central goal of US immigration policy and a pillar of the US immigration system. • The United States should seek to craft "win-win" immigration policies that serve its own interests and that benefit migrant-sending states. • US immigration law and policy should be coherent and consistent, and the United States should create legal migration opportunities for persons uprooted by US foreign interventions, trade policies, and immigration laws. • The United States should reduce the size of its undocumented population through a substantial legalization program and seek to ensure that this population never again approximates its current size.

Although Ethiopia's economy has grown rapidly over the past decade and urbanization is increasing, the country's economic and spatial transformation has only just begun. Ethiopia's share of agriculture in GDP in 2006 (48 percent) was the highest in the world, and more than double the average for low income countries (20 percent). Likewise, Ethiopia remains one of the least urbanized countries in the world (16 percent), compared to the Sub-Sahara Africa average of 30 percent. Nonetheless, massive changes are underway. Agricultural growth accelerated in the second half of the first decade of the 2000s so that real agricultural GDP growth averaged 6.2 percent from 1998/99 to 2007/08. At the same time, Inflows of foreign aid, workers' remittances and private transfers that funded a surge in investment and boom in the construction sector. Measuring urbanization in terms of spatial agglomerations of people in and near cities of 50,000 or more, shows that urbanization growth rates between the population census years 1984 and 2007 are much higher (between 8 and 9 percent) than estimates based on official definitions of urban (4.2 percent). A surge in public investment has also helped bring about a new era for economic development. Road investments, particular those in transportation corridors in the highlands, have greatly increased connectivity, so that the number of people residing in or within three hours of a city of 50,000 or more, rose from 6.24 million in 1984 (15.5 percent of the population) to 38.7 million in 2007 (48.5 percent of the population). Moreover, massive investments in hydro-electric power have revolutionized Ethiopia's economy and opened up the potential for significant increases in productivity and output. Electricity per capita is expected to soon reach a level nearly 9 times the level of the 1960s, though it still remains far below the sub-Saharan Africa average. Similarly, fixed telephone line infrastructure more than doubled from 2003 to 2008; and cell phone subscription catapulted to 3.16 million subscribers in 2008 from only 50,000 in 2003. Finally, improvements in education and health are making significant impacts on the country's wellbeing and productivity. As Ethiopia moves forward, it faces key development policy decisions. Since the late 1990s, the country has followed an Agriculture Development Led Industrialization (ADLI) policy emphasizing investments to increase agricultural productivity and spur growth linkages with the rest of the economy. At the same time, government policy has effectively slowed rural-urban migration through regulations prohibiting sale of land, loss of land rights for those who leave rural areas, and registration requirements for new migrants. Allocation of public investments across sectors and across rural-urban space, together with land policies and various regulations on labor mobility, will be major determinants of the growth path of Ethiopia's economy and the extent of poverty reduction in the coming decade. ; Non-PR ; IFPRI2; GRP32; GRP36; ESSP II ; DSGD

"Life among the lowly" is the XIX century best-seller which strongly con- tributed to the anti-slavery movement. Certainly, it denounced the life and labour conditions of black slaves, but it also inspired some stereotypes on black people that still survive today. These two faces of the novel are contained in the present dissertation. The first chapter "Hate at First Sight? Dynamic Aspects of the Electoral Impact of Migrations: the Case of the UK and Brexit" analyses how native political preferences are influenced by the presence of foreigners in a neighbourhood. The last European and U.S. election campaigns hinged on the migration issue and we argue that the preferences expressed through the vote might reflect some prejudicial attitudes. Instead, the second and third chapters refer to the impact of immigration on the domestic labour market. "Need for Flexibility or Subsidies? Reviewing the Impact of Immigration on the Domestic Labour Market" reviews all the seminal papers that have contributed to understand the effect of immigrant workers on native labour market conditions. The conclusion of this literature sustains a non negative impact of foreign labour supply on native average wage. According to these studies this effect is achieved more easily when the labour market is flexible and workers can nimbly change their occupations. Nonetheless, the crucial hypothesis of all the analysis is a perfect elastic capital supply. Studies on the reaction of investments to an increase in the immigrant labour-force are still rather scant and we try to improve the knowledge on the underlying dynamics in the last chapter. "The Labour Demand Response to Supply Shocks. The Indirect Effect of Immigration" investigates how industries and firms production decisions are influenced by migration inflows. The general conclusion, as suggested by the title of the review, is that policy makers should pay attention to industrial policies and not only to labour market structure. In particular, previous studies on the impact of foreign-born population on native voting preferences have highlighted a positive effect of immigration on the electoral consensus for right-wing parties. Nonetheless, this result holds with some caveats. To overcome the limit of the existing literature we formulate the hypothesis that an anti-immigrant attitude rises only at the arrival of the migration inflows and disappears some period later. At the basis of such a dynamics there could be material concerns about the adjustment costs of the new population or some prejudices, both denoting an "hate at first sight effect". To measure this potential mechanism we use an approach based on the standard network instrument which robustly supports our hypothesis. With regard to the analysis on the labour market, neglecting the reaction of investments to an increase in the labour supply can lead to some mislead- ing policy conclusions. Our contribution to the literature is to explicitly looking at the labour demand side of the market. Furthermore, contrary to the existing studies, the data that we use allow us to conduct the analysis at the firm level. We then avoid the bias that originates from the heterogene- ity of production units within industries. The data refer to an important case-study such that of Italy. Although it is only a landing country for most migrants, inflows increased tremendously from 2007, deserving a specific at- tention from academics. The result of the empirical analysis – conducted by means of the network instrument – highlights that immigrant labour- force has been largely absorbed by the adoption of more labour-intensive technologies. The layout with which we present the different studies depicts the order of priorities that in our opinion policy makers should follow. From the very beginning of the refugee crisis the economic analysis has been used in order to find political answers. Public attitudes in favour of solidarity have been linked to the ability of the market in absorbing the population shock. In doing that few attention has been given to the potential effect of the phe- nomenon on the political stability and social cohesion. On the contrary, we expect that public actors would build a community around shared values and consequently design the policies to overcome the market failures.

The 1990s have witnessed several financial crises, of which the East Asia and Mexico tequila crises are perhaps the most well-known. What impact have these crises had on labor markets, household incomes, and poverty? Total employment fell by much less than production declines and even increased in some cases. However, these aggregates mask considerable churning in employment across sectors, employment status, and location. Economies that experienced the sharpest currency depreciations suffered the deepest cuts in real wages, though deeper cuts in real wages relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were associated with smaller rises in unemployment. To some extent, families smoothed their incomes through increased labor force participation and private transfers, though the limited evidence available suggests that wealthier families were better able to smooth consumption. The initial impact of the crises was on the urban corporate sector, but rural households were affected as well and in some instances suffered deeper losses than did urban families. School enrollment declined, especially among poorer families, as did use of health facilities, but the impact on children's nutrition levels appears to vary. Crises have typically proved short-lived, but whether households plunged into poverty during a crisis is able to recover as the economy does remain an open question.

Luxembourg is characterized by a very specific demographic situation with 47,9% of its resident population being non-Luxembourgish nationals as of 1 January 2018. This particular circumstance makes Luxembourg the EU Member State with the highest share of non-citizens residing on its territory. At the same time, around 85% of the foreign population are citizens of another EU Member State, leading to the fact that third-country nationals constitute only 7,3% of the total resident population of Luxembourg, the lowest share of foreigners coming from a third-country in the European Union. Integration is defined in national legislation as a 'two-way process by which the foreigners shows their will to participate on a long-term basis to the host society, which, in turn, takes all the necessary measures at the social, economic, political, and cultural levels, to encourage and facilitate this approach. Integration is a task that the State, municipalities and civil society achieve together'. In addition to this legal provision, several strategic documents, most notably the multi-annual national action plan on integration 2018, or PAN integration, published in July 2018, make reference to integration and its definition. The PAN integration provides the framework for the programs and tools favouring the social cohesion of Luxembourgish and non-Luxembourgish nationals and the overall national integration policy by identifying five priority domains, one of which explicitly relates to the reinforcement of employability of non-Luxembourgish nationals. Generally speaking, employment is viewed as a core element of the overall integration process, making both the access to as well as the integration into the Luxembourgish labour market a key element in becoming a part of society. At the same time, this access to and integration into the labour market pose a challenge, particularly to third-country nationals, as the statistics show that their employment rate is lower than that of Luxembourgish nationals or citizens of another EU Member State. Third-country nationals are predominantly occupied in the accommodation and food service activities sector, followed by the administrative and support service activities sector and the wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles sector. A closer look at the evolution of the sectors employing third-country nationals over the last years, however, indicates that in particular the information and communication technologies sector, the professional, scientific and technical activities sector and the financial and insurance activities sector register the most significant growth rates, leading to a development that seem to indicate a 'double immigration' of (highly) skilled migrants on the one hand and less or low skilled migrants in the more traditional economic sectors on the other hand. In regard to the general integration approach as well as the labour market integration policy, this study shows that Luxembourg does have not have a specific policy/strategic document/model in place that only focusses on third-country nationals. All political documents (laws and strategic documents such as the PAN 2010-2014 and the new PAN integration of 2018) and public measures (Welcome and Integration Contract (CAI), linguistic leave, support measures provided by the National Employment Agency (ADEM), measures facilitating school integration, electoral registration campaigns, etc.) are aimed at all foreign nationals without distinguishing between EU nationals and third-country nationals. It is the Immigration Law that provides the legal framework regarding the various grounds of migration for economic purposes. Additionally, the legislator aims to be attractive for certain categories of migrants coming to Luxembourg for economic purposes in order to meet the needs of the country's economic development (via legislative measures such as the European Blue Card, the 'investor' residence permit or the agreement between Luxembourg and Cape Verde). This being said, this study will present examples of practices that have been identified as good practices in the context of the topic of labour market integration of third-country nationals, despite the fact that they, for the most part, do not fit 100% into the pre-set structure of the study template at hand. In section 2.2, three Member State measure are presented, the first of which is the linguistic leave, a specific form of additional special leave that is accessible for salaried and independent workers of all nationalities, resident or non-resident, to learn or perfect the command of the Luxembourgish language. This legislative measure was introduced by law in 2009 with the intention to facilitate the integration of the beneficiaries into society through the labour market. The second measure is the AMIF-project 'InSitu JOBS' by the non-governmental organisation CLAE asbl (with co-financing from the Luxembourgish State). This project, which ended in April 2018 was targeted at third-country nationals within the scope of this study as well as at beneficiaries of international protection by providing them information and counselling in the context of access and integration into the Luxembourgish labour market. The third measure was also an AMIF-project and consists of a practical guide that was developed and drafted by IMS Luxembourg, a network of Luxembourgish companies, in order to provide information on how to hire and integrate third-country nationals. As for the private sector measures in section 2.3. of this study, research of secondary resources as well as consultations with various relevant stakeholders proved to be rather difficult in terms of finding private sector initiatives that specifically target at supporting or facilitating the labour market integration of third-country nationals within the scope of this study. Two measures were selected in this context, the first consisting of a specific recruitment method (simulation-based recruitment method) by a large international company which allows them to evaluate various different profiles of people that are not necessarily detectable through the classic CV-based recruitment methods. The second measure is a business guide developed by the American Chamber of Commerce Luxembourg and aims to promote and facilitate the establishment of new business in Luxembourg by providing information on everything that entrepreneurs and international companies need to know in this context.

La tesi si interessa alla dimensione spaziale della prostituzione di strada, prendendo le mosse da tre motivazioni principali: il fatto che la presenza del sex work ci interroga sulla dimensione di genere dello spazio urbano; il fatto che la rimozione dei corpi delle sex workers dalle strade delle città italiane ci interpella sulla concezione e sul governo dello spazio pubblico nella sua interezza e sulla cultura civica urbana attuale che esso esprime; il fatto che le sex workers che esercitano in strada sono spesso testimonianza di una marginalità che nasce nella dimensione economica e sociale, ma può essere contrastata o amplificata nella dimensione spaziale. Chi si occupa di pensare lo spazio, dunque, ha il dovere di interrogarsi sul ruolo fondamentale che esso può avere nelle traiettorie di emancipazione, affermazione o marginalizzazione di chi lo vive. Il primo capitolo problematizza le pratiche di gestione e rimozione della prostituzione di strada come forme di governo spaziale. La ricognizione di studi portati avanti sul tema, in particolar modo nell'ambito anglosassone della geografia critica, e l'analisi delle politiche europee e italiane in materia hanno evidenziato come tale politiche sembrino essere riconducibili a due paradigmi di governo principali, quello del contenimento e quello dell'esclusione. Entrambi i paradigmi ottengono la rimozione dei corpi indesiderati e inopportuni dalla vista di un certo tipo di cittadinanza, ma attraverso due azioni nettamente diverse: la prima legittima, la seconda vieta. Il caso italiano, inoltre, ha poi evidenziato come l'esclusione spaziale si espliciti in particolar modo nelle politiche legate alla retorica del decoro e nell'uso delle ordinanze sindacali come strumento di governo del territorio. Sempre rispetto al caso italiano, la tesi problematizza la costruzione del discorso predominante sulla prostituzione (alimentato da una parte della letteratura prodotta sull'argomento) per il suo effetto di negazione delle sex workers in quanto soggetti di diritto. In estrema sintesi, il mancato riconoscimento di una loro agency sembra essere strumentale alla legittimazione di due diversi livelli di politiche: le strategie messe in atto per la difesa dei confini nazionali dalle migrazioni indesiderate e quelle per un'epurazione dello spazio pubblico in nome del decoro di cui sopra. Attraverso una riflessione sulle resistenze, sui concetti di strategie e tattiche e sulle tecniche di produzione spaziale messe in atto dalle sex workers, emerge la necessità di una nuova lettura, interpretazione e rappresentazione delle loro geografie. Il secondo capitolo esplora l'intersezione tra diversità, sicurezza e femminismi, ma partendo dalla convinzione che alla "diversità" siano ascrivibili anche quelle soggettività o quelle pratiche che consideriamo inquietanti, disturbanti, perturbanti (nonostante siano legali, come il sex work). La questione del rapporto tra progettazione e diversità è significativamente sviluppata dai contributi degli studi di genere e queer alla critica a una pianificazione "classica", focalizzata su un utente della città teoricamente neutro, ma evidentemente connotato dal punto di vista di genere, razza e reddito: contributi sia in termini di individuazione dei caratteri normativi ed escludenti della disciplina della pianificazione, ma anche di suggerimenti di possibili passi nella direzione di una città che accolga la diversità di corpi e usi dello spazio come base della convivenza urbana. La tesi segnala come i tentativi più istituzionali di governo dello spazio pubblico con un'attenzione al genere si muovano su un terreno insidioso, concentrandosi sempre più spesso sul legame tra femminile e sicurezza, e correndo il rischio di formulare politiche ulteriormente escludenti nei confronti di comportamenti considerati extra-normativi (e dunque non considerati meritevoli di sicurezza). La conseguenza indiretta di tali politiche sembra essere l'autodisciplinamento di alcune soggettività: invece di elaborare una città a misura di donne, si suggerisce alle donne come diventare a misura di città. Una via per esorcizzare tali pericoli sembra essere quella di confrontarsi con i contributi elaborati dai movimenti transfemministi queer italiani. La riflessione formulata da molti segmenti di tali movimenti, che evidenzia il carattere dello spazio pubblico come palcoscenico di conflitti aventi come posta in gioco l'appropriazione simbolica e l'uso dello spazio stesso, ha lucidamente intuito la pericolosa deriva delle strategie di governo urbano che si stanno tacitamente imponendo in Italia. Il terzo capitolo si concentra su un'analisi del cosiddetto Daspo urbano, il nuovo strumento di gestione della sicurezza urbana proposto dal noto Decreto Minniti, e della concezione di spazio pubblico che esso sottende. Il tipo di misure e sanzioni e di luoghi in cui possono essere applicate sembra essere volto all'epurazione dagli spazi dei flussi urbani dei soggetti che, pur non avendo commesso reati, sono da considerarsi scomodi per la loro stessa presenza. Un'analisi a mezzo stampa ha permesso di evidenziare come il Decreto stia venendo recepito dalle amministrazioni dei comuni italiani e ha confermato come esso si stia rivelando uno strumento estremamente efficace: per un lato, il suo meccanismo di funzionamento non lascia segni evidenti, se non l'assenza del corpo che ha permesso di rimuovere; per l'altro, la sua estrema versatilità permette di ridefinire continuamente i confini delle aree in cui è applicabile, o i segmenti di popolazione che può colpire. Questa parte del lavoro si chiude con una riflessione sullo spazio pubblico, descrivendo la declinazione che esso sta assumendo nella contemporaneità: nettato e iperfunzionalizzato per una valorizzazione ottimale, in una città epurata progressivamente dei suoi luoghi per qualsiasi uso non basato sul consumo. Come è stato poi confermato dal lavoro di campo, sono spesso invece gli spazi non "imbrigliati", non normati, a rivelarsi luoghi di libertà per le pratiche che sfidano alcune relazioni di potere istituzionalizzate nella società, la cui rimozione ci impedisce di coglierne contraddizioni e ingiustizie. La ricerca si è proposta di strutturare una riflessione sul ruolo dello spazio e della sua gestione in un fenomeno complesso come quello del sex work di strada. Per far ciò ha interpellato, direttamente o indirettamente, alcune delle diverse soggettività coinvolte dal fenomeno, (clienti, sex workers, residenti) provando a far emergere la dimensione spaziale delle loro testimonianze. Il lavoro di campo vede un'analisi dell'articolazione degli spazi (pubblici) del sex work nella città di Roma, cercando di delineare le caratteristiche di tali spazi, e come questi si generino nei luoghi all'intersezione fra discrezione e visibilità, fra isolamento e flussi di passaggio costante, ma anche come le geografie del sex work si distribuiscano per nazionalità e connotati socio-economici del quartiere. Tale analisi è integrata dal sistematico monitoraggio dei materiali di un forum, lo spazio in cui i clienti si scambiano le informazioni relative alla localizzazione delle sex workers. Lo spazio virtuale ha permesso un'osservazione di come la categoria dei clienti, alla quale mi era altrimenti impossibile un accesso diretto, vivesse la dimensione spaziale del fenomeno prostitutivo, e mi ha permesso di aprire un'inaspettata finestra sull'autorappresentazione degli utenti e sulla loro elaborazione collettiva di alcune tematiche. La ricerca ha poi tentato di restituire parzialmente, la storia di vita di una sex worker trans, Paulette, realizzata con un confronto dialogico approfondito. Paulette si rivela a-topos, fuori luogo, una spostata, e vive questa condizione di incongruenza per ben tre motivi contemporaneamente: per la sua condizione di migrante, per la sua occupazione come sex worker, e per il suo essere transgender. Il racconto della sua vita si è strutturato rispetto ai luoghi abitati nel tempo, e comincia ad affrontare il tema della convivenza, approfondendo quali relazioni è riuscita a tessere con chi le stava intorno e come "la città" si è relazionata con la sua presenza. L'individuazione delle difficoltà del suo "percorso urbano" evidenzia inoltre chi e come ha contribuito a rendere la sua vita più difficile, esposta e precaria e il ruolo rivestito dal governo dello spazio in questo senso. La storia di Paulette ha messo in luce le sue geografie negli spazi pubblici romani, tra gli abusi delle forze dell'ordine e la tessitura di relazioni con i vicini del quartiere. Il suo racconto ha permesso di confermare come le politiche di gestione del sex work nello spazio pubblico non abbiano alcun effetto permanente sulla sua rimozione, ma solo sulla sua dislocazione temporanea, e come invece contribuiscano a rompere le eventuali relazioni stabilite con il quartiere: a impedire, insomma, di abitare liberamente nella città d'elezione. Il capitolo seguente affronta un focus particolare sull'area di piazzale Pino Pascali e Casale Rosso, nella zona di Tor Sapienza, dove il disagio provocato dalla presenza di un'importante quantità di sex workers ha spinto il comitato di quartiere locale a promuovere un tavolo per affrontare la questione e formulare una proposta di zoning. La vicenda permette di toccare il tema ben più ampio della contesa dello spazio pubblico e della legittimità dei diversi attori urbani nell'esigerne il controllo. Evidenzia il ruolo dei comitati di quartiere e le nuove forme di corpi intermedi, che possono rivelarsi un potente veicolo e amplificatore di paure collettive e comportamenti discriminatori. Il processo che ha portato alla proposta di zoning, basato su metodi di mediazione del conflitto, suggerisce invece il ruolo di cui l'amministrazione pubblica si dovrebbe far carico: il riconoscimento delle risorse territoriali rappresentate dai comitati di quartiere per un verso, ma anche l'innesco di percorsi collettivi di elaborazione di senso dei processi di trasformazione in atto sul territorio, promuovendo forme di dialogo e mediazione tra i diversi attori in campo. La proposta di zoning, tuttavia, presenta ancora dei forti limiti: il luogo individuato è decisamente isolato, aspetto che confinerebbe le sex workers nell'invisibilità. Inoltre, il processo decisionale messo in atto per formulare la proposta non abbia coinvolto le dirette interessate, delegittimandole nuovamente nell'essere riconosciute come soggetti portatori di istanze e di diritti. L'ultimo caso, riguardante la cosiddetta favela del Quarticciolo, ha approfondito la situazione abitativa di un gruppo di sex workers trans che hanno trovato riparo in una soluzione decisamente precaria, quella dei due edifici occupati nella storica borgata romana. La messa a fuoco della favela consente di descrivere i motivi per cui si arriva ad abitarla, perlopiù legati all'assenza di politiche abitative, ma permette allo stesso tempo di riconoscere le pratiche di sopravvivenza e le tattiche di resistenza messe in campo dalle e dagli abitanti: l'ecosistema della favela riesce a elaborare strumenti non solo per la sussistenza di base, ma anche per la mediazione dei conflitti, producendo relazioni inedite e in continua trasformazione. In questo senso, se osservata come laboratorio di convivenza urbana, consente di osservare i conflitti e le mediazioni attuate spontaneamente tra chi esercita il sex work e gli altri residenti. Pur ammettendo che tale conciliazione è resa possibile dalla condizione di illegalità che accomuna tutti gli occupanti, tale contesto sollecita una riflessione sul privilegio di essere legittimati nell'uso dello spazio urbano: nel momento in cui è impossibile stabilire chi ha diritto o meno di usare gli spazi della città, coloro che la abitano innescano dinamiche di negoziazione diretta che hanno come obiettivo il raggiungimento della coesistenza. La comprensione di tali tattiche non deve però distogliere l'attenzione dall'individuazione di alcune precise responsabilità: parte del degrado del Quarticciolo è generato dalla precarietà in cui vengono situati molti dei suoi abitanti, a causa di un deliberato disinteresse da parte degli attori istituzionali. I casi tratteggiati rappresentano piccole finestre sulla totalità delle dimensioni spaziali che il fenomeno prostitutivo assume a Roma, l'apertura di queste spaccature vorrebbe complessificare l'approccio con cui si governa il sex work, anche perché l'ambiguità della città e del suo governo è particolarmente evidente in questo campo. Le politiche di gestione del sex work sono spesso strumentali all'attivazione, all'assecondamento, all'accelerazione o all'arresto di determinate trasformazioni urbane. Le lavoratrici del sesso, in questo senso, appaiono come utili pedine su un immaginario tabellone di gioco: utili, perché al contrario di homeless o mendicanti (e analogamente agli spacciatori) forniscono un servizio di cui i cittadini per bene fanno largo uso; pedine, perché considerate corpi muti da spostare secondo le circostanze del momento. I diversi casi studio cercano di dimostrare, invece, come intorno al fenomeno si generino e tessano relazioni che intrecciano soggetti e spazi, contribuendo così alla costruzione del territorio urbano: assumendo che al di fuori dello spettro della legge, sono le relazioni a costruire la città in cui viviamo, nonché a definire cosa è o meno accettabile o legittimo. Per quanto la città tenti di allontanare e confinare le presenze che percepisce come perturbanti, tale confinamento genera la tessitura di una notevole quantità di relazioni: riconoscerle può supportare la legittimazione delle sex workers come membri attivi della comunità urbana in cui risiedono, e che in quanto tali sono da considerarsi soggetti di diritto. Questo lavoro sceglie di affrontare l'inquadramento spaziale del problema, partendo dalla convinzione che il governo del sex work su strada apra questioni che riguardano il disagio che emerge nel rapporto con un'alterità e la sua pratica, e che dunque uno dei suoi possibili inquadramenti sia l'essere un problema di convivenza. Un problema che non va sottovalutato, perché rimette in discussione le categorie con le quali ordiniamo l'esistente, e nella sua complessità esplode in quelle che sono invece questioni di ripensamento dell'accezione universalistica di spazio pubblico, ma anche di definizione di diritti e di cittadinanza.

Social insurance and other arrangements for funding health-care benefits often establish long-term relationships, effectively providing insurance against lasting changes in an individual's health status, engaging in burden-smoothing over the life cycle, and entailing additional elements of redistribution. International portability regarding this type of cover is, therefore, difficult to establish, but at the same time rather important both for the individuals affected and for the health funds involved in any instance of an international change in work place or residence. In this paper, full portability of health-cost cover is taken to mean that mobile individuals can, at a minimum, find comparable continuation of coverage under a different system and that this does not impose external costs or benefits on other members of the systems in the source and destination countries. Both of these aspects needs to be addressed in a meaningful portability framework for health systems, as lacking or incomplete portability may not only lead to significant losses in coverage for an individual who considers becoming mobile which may impede mobility that is otherwise likely to be beneficial. It may also lead to financial losses, or windfall gains, for sources of health-cost funding which can ultimately lead to a detrimental process of risk segmentation across national health systems. Against this background, even the most advanced sets of existing portability rules, such as those agreed upon multilaterally at the EU-level or laid down in bilateral agreements on social protection, appear to be untargeted, inconsistent and therefore potentially harmful, either for migrants or for health funds operated at both ends of the migration process, and hence for other individuals who are covered there.