Suchergebnisse

The reanalysis of existing GWAS data represents a powerful and cost-effective opportunity to gain insights into the genetics of complex diseases. By reanalyzing publicly available type 2 diabetes (T2D) genome-wide association studies (GWAS) data for 70,127 subjects, we identify seven novel associated regions, five driven by common variants (LYPLAL1, NEUROG3, CAMKK2, ABO, and GIP genes), one by a low-frequency (EHMT2), and one driven by a rare variant in chromosome Xq23, rs146662057, associated with a twofold increased risk for T2D in males. rs146662057 is located within an active enhancer associated with the expression of Angiotensin II Receptor type 2 gene (AGTR2), a modulator of insulin sensitivity, and exhibits allelic specific activity in muscle cells. Beyond providing insights into the genetics and pathophysiology of T2D, these results also underscore the value of reanalyzing publicly available data using novel genetic resources and analytical approaches. ; This work has been sponsored by the grant SEV-2011-00067 of Severo Ochoa Program, awarded by the Spanish Government. This work was supported by an EFSD/Lilly research fellowship. Josep M. Mercader was supported by Sara Borrell Fellowship from the Instituto Carlos III and Beatriu de Pinós fellowship from the Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR). Sílvia Bonàs was FI-DGR Fellowship from FI-DGR 2013 from Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR, Generalitat de Catalunya). This study makes use of data generated by the WTCCC. A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available from www.wtccc.org.uk. Funding for the project was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award 076113. This study also makes use of data generated by the UK10K Consortium, derived from samples from UK10K COHORT IMPUTATION (EGAS00001000713). A full list of the investigators who contributed to the generation of the data is available in www.UK10K.org. Funding for UK10K was provided by the Wellcome Trust under award WT091310. We acknowledge PRACE for awarding us to access MareNostrum supercomputer, based in Spain at Barcelona. The technical support group, particularly Pablo Ródenas and Jorge Rodríguez, from the Barcelona Supercomputing Center is gratefully acknowledged. This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 667191. Mercè Planas-Fèlix is funded by the Obra Social Fundación la Caixa fellowship under the Severo Ochoa 2013 program. Work from Irene Miguel-Escalada, Ignasi Moran, Goutham Atla, and Jorge Ferrer was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, the Wellcome Trust (WT101033), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BFU2014-54284-R) and Horizon 2020 (667191). Irene Miguel-Escalada has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska–Curie grant agreement No 658145. We acknowledge Prof. Giulio Cossu (Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester) for providing the muscle myoblast cell line. We also acknowledge the InterAct and SIGMA Type 2 Diabetes Consortia for access to the data to replicate the rs146662075 variant. A full list of the investigators of the SIGMA Type 2 Diabetes and the InterAct consortia is provided in Supplementary Notes 3 and 4. The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research is an independent research center at the University of Copenhagen partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (www.metabol.ku.dk). This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (application number 16803). We also acknowledge Bianca C. Porneala, MS for his technical assistance in the collection and curation of the genotype and phenotype data from Partners Biobank. We also thank Marcin von Grotthuss for their support for uploading the summary statistics data to the Type 2 Diabetes Genetic Portal (AMP-T2D portal). Finally, we thank all the Computational Genomics group at the BSC for their helpful discussions and valuable comments on the manuscript. ; Peer reviewed

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Information Management, specialization in Geographic Information Systems ; Open data has a profound effect in working environments in which information is created and shared at all levels. At the local government level, open-data initiatives have resulted in higher levels of transparency as regards policies. Greater engagement between decision-makers and citizens has changed the way data analysis and evidence are used to support local governance. Initiatives on open data are currently playing an essential role in local governments. However, the current challenge of local open data that authorities are facing has gradually changed from accessibility issues to measures of the impact of the ongoing open-data projects, from more data catalogs to sustainable and increasing levels of reuse of released data, and better reusability of open data. Despite an increasing amount of data being made open, few studies have looked into its level of reusability, and the barriers that hamper the reuse of open geodata from a data consumer's perspective are an issue that most communities of data users are currently faced with. Some frameworks are showing how the level of maturity in national open-data initiatives is either increasing or decreasing, but there is still a need for a specific framework to guide local data authorities to engage their current users and also help them to move toward a bottom-up approach. This research contributes with three elements in this regard. The first is the current status of the level of reuse of open geodata in cities. This is followed by a taxonomy of the barriers faced by data users in Colombia and Spain, and the third is a set of elements that shape a user-centric framework to help data authorities improve the level of reuse of published open geodata in their ongoing local initiatives. The proposed taxonomy and framework are based on a literature review, an online survey, and a set of participatory workshops conducted in four selected cities (Bogotá, Medellín, Cali in Colombia and Valencia in Spain), with local data authorities and user communities from different backgrounds and with experience in the field of open data. The taxonomy presented in this research highlights a number of issues such as outdated data, low integration of data producers, and difficulty to access data, the most relevant from the data consumer's point of view being misinterpretation and misuse of released data and their terms of use. Once the barriers had been identified and validated with data users across the selected cities, this research defined the elements included in a conceptual framework that local authorities could use as a guideline to improve the level of reuse in their ongoing open data initiatives. The core elements of this framework are what are defined as 'Impact Enablers', which consist of three aspects considered by the literature reviewed as relevant to improve the positive impact of current initiatives. These three factors are: A) the requirements of data-user communities; B) open data at city level as a way to promote and engage users; and finally, C) a geographic approach to improving the level of reusability of released data due to its potential to engage more users. The second part of the proposed framework is made up of four connected elements: 1) The complete identification of data-user communities and their needs; 2) The community of reuse as a set of technological tools to promote the reusability of released data; 3) User-focused metadata; and 4) Reuse-focused legal terms. The elements mentioned earlier were compiled and included due to their relevance for data-user communities in the four use cases included in this research. This framework provides a clear path for local data authorities to reshape their current open data strategies so as to include data-user requirements and move toward a bottom-up approach. The research ends with a discussion and some concluding points, in addition to several limitations in the application of our findings. At the end of this dissertation, a roadmap for future research and implementations are presented, taking into account some reflections on the framework.

The Colombian government promoted the "Mission for the design of a strategy to reduce poverty and inequality"; [MERPD] due to the increase in the levels of poverty in the country (deterioration of the social indicators and reversal of the progress in poverty inequality of the 70's and 80's). This mission was oriented to define a long-term social policy based on the evaluation studies needed to formulate the required reforms. In the scope of housing, the main research was the one which has served as the base for the development of this paper: The housing conditions of households and their relation to poverty. Within the content of the research, it is presented a conceptual development related to the following topics: Functioning of the institutional framework of the housing sector and Proposal of the strategy that the country should follow to achieve progresses in the housing policy. The first encompasses aspects about the sector's institutions, housing finance, land market, national and local policies and security of tenure. Secondly, the presented proposals include institutional consolidation, decentralization deepening in the formulation and implementation of the housing policy, the sectoral model of management, the expansion of programs and instruments of policy, the development of housing markets and the increase in public expenditure. ; Frente al incremento de los índices de pobreza en Colombia (deterioro de los indicadores sociales y reversión en los avances en desigualdad de pobreza de los años setenta y ochenta), el gobierno colombiano impulsó la ejecución de una Misión para el Diseño de una Estrategia para la Reducción de la Pobreza y la Desigualdad (MERPD) orientada a definir el diseño de una política social de largo plazo, fundamentada en los estudios de evaluación necesarios para formular reformas necesarias. En materia de vivienda, la investigación principal fue la que ha servido de base para la elaboración de este artículo: Las condiciones habitacionales de los hogares y su relación con la pobreza. Del contenido de la investigación, se presenta un desarrollo conceptual relacionado con los temas "funcionamiento del marco institucional del sector vivienda" y "propuesta de la estrategia que el país debe seguir para lograr avances en la política de vivienda". En el primer caso, se tratan aspectos sobre la institucionalidad del sector, la financiación, el mercado de suelo, las políticas nacionales y locales y la seguridad en la tenencia. Se presentan propuestas sobre consolidación de la institucionalidad, profundización de la descentralización en la formulación e implementación de la política de vivienda, el modelo sectorial de gestión, la ampliación de los programas e instrumentos de la política, el desarrollo de los mercados habitacionales y el incremento del gasto público. ; incremento dos índices de pobreza na Colômbia (deterioração dos indicadores sociais e reversão nos avanços na diminuição da desigualdade e da pobreza dos anos setenta e oitenta), o governo colombiano impulsionou a execução de uma Missão para o Desenho de Estratégia para a Redução da Pobreza e a Desigualdade (MERPD) orientada a definir o desenho de uma política social de largo prazo, fundamentada nos estudos de avaliação necessários para formular reformas. Em matéria de moradia, a pesquisa principal foi que tem servido de base para a elaboração deste artigo, As condiciones habitacionais dos lares e sua relação com a pobreza. Do conteúdo da pesquisa, apresenta-se um desenvolvimento conceitual relacionado com os temas: qual o funcionamento do marco institucional do sector habitacional e proposta de estratégia a seguir pelo país para lograr avanços na política de moradia. No primeiro caso, se tratam aspectos sobre a tendência a institucionalizar do sector, financiamento, mercado do solo, políticas nacionais e locais e a segurança na posse. Apresentam-se propostas sobre consolidação da tendência a institucionalizar, para aprofundar a descentralização na formulação e implementação da política de moradia, modelo setorial de gestão, ampliação dos programas e instrumentos da política, desenvolvimento dos mercados habitacionais e o incremento do gasto público

The Spanish bryoflora contains 1291 taxa, 272 of them included in the Spanish Red List under any threat category. Although bryophytes show a low rate of endemicity compared to vascular flora, Spanish administration's responsibility for the conservation of these plants is very high, since the country has 63 exclusive or rare species on a European or world scale. However, the representation of this group of plants in the Spanish legislation on species conservation is merely anecdotal. Royal Decree 139/2011 of 4 February develops a list of wild protected species (LESRPE and CEEA, Spanish abbreviations) and includes only 10 species of bryophytes, all of them from the Directive Habitats and the Bern Convention. The legal protection of endangered species of bryophytes is needed, not only to ensure the integrity of the most sensitive bryophyte populations, but also because it will result in the overall protection of their habitats and other species that coexist with them. Their inclusion in LESRPE and CEEA will allow a periodical monitoring of the species and a better assessment of the success or failure of commonly used management measures. The criteria for the incorporation of species into national protection catalogues are rather restrictive and inclusion of species without specific studies is not easy. During the work developed for the Atlas and Red Data Book of the threatened bryophytes of Spain, valuable information was obtained in this sense, although it covered only a fraction of the total number of species on the Red List (74 species were evaluated). Based on the available information, a list of species has been drawn to elaborate a proposal that should be raised to the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and the Environment, which would imply a qualitative leap in the level of protection of this neglected group of plants and a new impetus to the necessary work started at the first phase of the Bryophyte Atlas. ; La lista española de briófitos está formada por 1291 táxones y la lista roja española menciona 272 de ellos bajo alguna categoría de amenaza. A pesar de que presentan una baja tasa de endemicidad en comparación con la flora vascular, la responsabilidad de la administración española en la conservación de los briófitos es muy elevada, ya que el país alberga 63 especies exclusivas o raras a escala europea o mundial. Sin embargo, la representación de este grupo de plantas en la legislación española de conservación de especies es meramente anecdótica. El Real Decreto 139/2011, de 4 de febrero desarrolla una lista de especies silvestres protegidas (LESRPE y CEEA) y tan solo recoge 10 especies de briófitos, todas ellas procedentes de la Directiva de Hábitats y el Convenio de Berna. La protección legal de las especies amenazadas de briófitos es una necesidad, no solo por garantizar la integridad de las poblaciones más sensibles de briófitos, sino porque redundará en la protección global de sus hábitats y de otras especies que con ellos conviven. Su inclusión en LESRPE y CEEA permitirá un seguimiento periódico de las especies y una mejor valoración del éxito o fracaso de las medidas de gestión comúnmente utilizadas. Los criterios existentes para la incorporación de especies a los catálogos de protección nacionales son bastante restrictivos y no es sencilla la inclusión de especies sin estudios específicos. Durante los trabajos desarrollados para el Atlas y Libro Rojo de los briófitos amenazados de España, se obtuvo información valiosa en este sentido, aunque solo cubrió una fracción del total de especies de la lista roja (74 especies evaluadas). Con la información disponible se ha realizado una lista de especies para elaborar una propuesta para elevar al Ministerio español de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, que puede suponer un salto cualitativo en el nivel de protección de este desatendido grupo de plantas y un nuevo impulso a los necesarios trabajos iniciados en la primera fase del Atlas.

The dead trees play an important role in the functioning and productivity of the forests' ecosystems through influence over biological diversity, the accumulation of carbon dioxide, nutrient turnover and energy flux, hydrological processes, protection of the soils and the regeneration of tree species. The dead wood assures important habitats also. In historical aspect, for many years the dead wood was removed from the stands as a measure for protection against insects and fungi, which are perceived as a threat for the healthy forest status. This leads to reduction of the quantity of the dead wood in the forest ecosystems to critical low levels, which are not enough for maintaining the vital populations of many forest species. During the past years, the new settings in the national legislation, especially these related to the Natura 2000 development and management, require the quantity information about this component for the forest habitats assessment. In this regard, the objective of this study was to obtain quantitative data on stocks of dead forest biomass in beech communities in West Balkan Range. The amount of standing dead wood was calculated with height rates tables; method of line intersect sampling was used for determination of the lying dead wood stocks. Thomas scale was used to assess the degree of decomposition of standing dead biomass (Table 2) and a 4-point harmonized scale for lying biomass and stumps (Table 3).It was found total dead wood biomass stocks variation in the range of 14.48 - 41.8 m3.ha-1 as a result of studies conducted in beech stands (Table 5). The standing dead wood biomass was 6.7-17.5 m3.ha-1, lying dead wood biomass was 3.4-26.5 m3.ha-1, stumps were 0.28-6.4 m3.ha-1. The observed standing dead trees were mainly from the fourth level of decomposition. The prevailing rate of decomposition for lying biomass was B and for stumps were C and D (Table 6).It can be generalized from the results of current study that the percentage of the total amount of dead wood to the total forest yield was insufficient from a conservation perspective. ; Mrtva stabla imaju važnu ulogu u funkcioniranju i produktivnosti šumskih ekosustava kroz utjecaj na biološku raznolikost, akumulaciju ugljičnog dioksida, promet hranjivih tvari i tok energije, hidrološke procese, zaštitu tla te regeneraciju šumskih vrsta. Isto tako, mrtvo drvo osigurava uvijete za očuvanje važnih staništa. Povijesno gledano, uklanjanje mrtvog drva iz sastojine provodi se već dugi niz godina kao mjera zaštite od štetnih insekata i gljiva koji se smatraju prijetnjom zdravoj šumi. Takva praksa dovodi do smanjenja količine mrtvog drveta u šumskim ekosustavima do kritično niskih razina, koje nisu dovoljne za održavanje vitalnih populacija mnogih šumskih vrsta. Tijekom zadnjih godina, nacionalno zakonodavstvo uvelo je nove postavke, posebno one koje se odnose na razvoj i upravljanje Natura 2000 područjima, a kojima se, za procjenu stanja šumskih staništa, zahtijeva informacija o količini ove komponente. U tom smislu, cilj ovog istraživanja bio je dobiti kvantitativne podatke o zalihama mrtve šumske biomase u bukovim zajednicama u zapadnom Balkanu.Količina dubećeg mrtvog drva izračunata je pomoću tablice visinskih klasa i promjer; metoda uzorkovanje na linijskim transektima korištena je za određivanje zalihe ležećeg mrtvog drva. Thomasova ljestvica korištena je za procjenu stupnja raspadanja dubeće mrtve biomase a 4-stupanjska harmonizirana ljestvica ležeće mrtvo drvo (Tablica 2) i panjeve (Tablica 3). Kao rezultat istraživanja provedenih u bukovim zajednicama,utvrđeno je da ukupna zaliha biomase mrtvog drva varira u rasponu od 14,48 do 41,8 m3 ha–1. Biomasa dubećeg mrtvog drva bila je 6,7-17,5 m3 ha–1, a biomasa ležećeg mrtvog drva bila je 3,4-26,5 m3 ha–1, dok je biomasa panjeva bila 0,28-6,4 m3 ha–1 (Tablica 5). Promatrano dubeće mrtvo drvo bilo je uglavnom u četvrtom stupnju razgradnje. Pretežna stopa razgradnje za ležeću biomasu bila je B, a za panjeve C i D (Tablica 6).Prema rezultatima ovih istraživanja može se generalizirati da je postotak ukupne količine mrtvog drva u ukupnoj šumskoj zalihi nedostatan iz perspektive povoljnog stanja očuvanja.

Given our general objectives: to find guidelines for a reinterpretation of the Shakesperean historical fable in our own terms, taking as a starting point our present reality and our own history and traditions (1); to divulge the Ecocritical approach in Shakespearan text (2); and to foster research on Shakespeare at the School of Modern Languages, we believe that the first aim has been fulfilled by all the researchers in our team, as evidenced by the final complete report of this research project. As regards the second general objective, i.e., from the theoretical perspective to approach reading that is studied as Ecocritic in the United States, we have emphasized the role played by violence, which in this case is associated to the polarity Nature/Culture. In our particular work, we have focused on the personalities that symbolize both terms of the equation, namely, Falstaff and the Judge, who compete for the territory represented by the future king, Prince Hal. When wondering about the resonance that these works may awaken in a Spanish- American audience, we find some clues (cf. objective 1), some points of contact with the facts regarding the early history of our nations, i.e., during the process of construction of the national states, and the gruelling options of its leading classes in their formation process. Shakespeare's political concerns remind us of the obsessions manifested by our Domingo F. Sarmiento when, in his Facundo, shows Argentines the weakness of a state that still has not reached an institutional development capable of neutralizing "natural" violence by means of rule of law. Concerning our third objective, it has been partially accomplished, since there is interest in the studentship not only in research itself but in Shakesperean studies. A first printed version of our work has been submitted to the Journal Ideas of the School of Modern Languages. ; Dados nuestros objetivos generales: encontrar pautas para una reinterpretación de la fábula histórica shakespeareana en nuestros propios términos, a partir de nuestra realidad presente y de nuestra propia historia y tradiciones (1º); divulgar el enfoque (de la) Ecocrítica con los textos shakespeareanos (2º); y propiciar la apertura en nuestra Escuela de un espacio de investigación sobre Shakespeare (3º), creemos que el primero ha sido cumplimentado por todos los investigadores según consta en el informe final completo de esta investigación. Con referencia al segundo de nuestros objetivos generales, es decir, desde la perspectiva teórica de lectura que en los Estados Unidos se estudia como ecocrítica, hemos puesto el acento en el papel que juega la violencia, que en este caso, viene asociada a la polaridad Naturaleza /Cultura. En este trabajo en particular nos hemos centrado en las personalidades que simbolizan ambos términos de la ecuación, a saber, Falstaff y el Juez, quienes compiten por el territorio representado por el futuro rey, el príncipe Hal. Al interrogarnos sobre las resonancias que estas obras pudieran despertar en las audiencias hispanoamericanas encontramos algunas claves (cf. objetivo 1º), algunos puntos de contacto con los hechos de la historia temprana de nuestras naciones, es decir, durante el proceso de construcción de los estados nacionales, y las penosas opciones de sus clases dirigentes en formación. Las preocupaciones políticas de Shakespeare nos recuerdan las obsesiones manifestadas por nuestro Domingo F. Sarmiento cuando muestra a los argentinos, en su Facundo, la debilidad de un Estado que no ha logrado aún un desarrollo institucional capaz de neutralizar la violencia "natural" por medio del imperio de la ley. En cuanto a nuestro tercer objetivo, se encuentra cumplido parcialmente, ya que hay interés en el alumnado tanto por la actividad de investigación en sí cuanto por el estudio de Shakespeare. Una primera publicación impresa de estos estudios está en curso en la revista Ideas de la Escuela de Lenguas Modernas.

The rapid development of information and telecommunication technologies (ICTs) in the 21st century has changed society at all levels: individual, group, company and government. As a result, there has been a significant rise in the availability of ICTs and related technologies around the globe, including in developing countries. ICTs include internet infrastructure such as the use of mobile devices, the internet connection and the affiliated platforms of online social networks (OSNs). The provision of online products and services by the government is known as electronic e-government. From a theoretical literature review it was found that research emphasising the use of OSNs in e-government and OSNs in Oman was scarce. Further, studies investigating and explaining the use of OSNs in the public sector and government were few. This motivated the researcher to explore and understand this issue, leading to the formation of the aim of this research: To explore and understand the use of e-government/OSNs in a public sector organisation in a developing country, in this case, government organisations in Oman. To achieve this, a comprehensive and detailed literature review of e-government/OSN research in developed, developing and Gulf countries was completed. Additionally, related theories on ICT diffusion and adoption, institutional theory and culture theory were used as a lens through which a better understanding of e-government/OSNs would be provided and to develop the initial conceptual framework that was then applied in practice. To acquire the data for this research a qualitative research approach involving the use of a case study was employed. The data collection techniques used included observations, interviews and a review of related archival documents. A total of 44 people were interviewed and an additional 37 participants assisted with the observational part of this study. The research results revealed that government organisations adopted OSNs to explore the use of the technology and to cope with the increasing public demands of government. The study revealed many benefits for government organisations after OSNs were adopted, including greater public interaction and participation, increased information transparency, better understanding and increased public awareness of government services, leading to better work efficiency and effectiveness. Further, public interaction and participation was noted to be important for the government as it helped government employees be more responsible and accountable for their work actions. Additionally, due to the application of OSNs, organisational and national cultural changes were identified that led to government work process and procedures being amended such that there was more public participation and interaction. This led to an influence of government policies and decision-making with regards to public services. After the applied part of this study, the initial conceptual framework was revised to reflect the practical aspects of this research. The contributions of this study are: for e-government research, it will add to the increasing body of knowledge in this area. For Omani theoretical literature, it will widen the boundaries of knowledge and OSN use, particularly for the Omani government and other governments in developing countries that seek to use e-government solutions. In countries where cultural aspects are important, this study can provide insights that may not have been considered before. Further, this study has shown that understanding organisational changes and the cultural contexts with respect to e-government and OSN use is important; therefore, more knowledge in this area can be provided by this study. For policymakers, the contribution of this research is the provision of an understanding of a wide range of issues surrounding the adoption of new technologies. In turn, this can assist policymakers with policy-formation such that their institutional purposes and roles can be fulfilled. This study contributes to private sector organisations including internet and OSN providers by explaining and illustrating the benefits of using OSNs in a developing country with an autocratic regime that seeks to provide citizen benefits.

Màster en Diplomàcia i Funció Pública Internacional, Centre d'Estudis Internacionals, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2017-2018, Tutor: Juan Tugores ; The aim of this work has been to analyze the alternatives that the euro area has with respect to the completion of the economic and monetary union (EMU), and more specifically with regards to the fiscal pillar. For the purpose to be fulfilled, a research in this topic has been performed so as to identify the possible solutions to the fiscal union of the euro area and select, among those, different approaches to the same problem. Therefore, the paper intends to identify pros and cons from the chosen alternatives in relation to the current context of the European Union (EU). With regards to the prospects of a possible fiscal union there is plenty of information and studies performed by economists from all around the world. Thus, one of the main challenges has been to select solutions from all the information available and try to come up with a concise and summarized paper that is able to reflect the current challenge that the EU is facing; as well as the diversity of feasible solutions that can be implemented. As a result, the paper intends to provide with a clearer picture of the needs of the EU and the options it has. The alternatives for the completion of the fiscal pillar have been obtained from a variety of sources, ranging from institutional EU sources to specialized articles. The objective has been to offer a simplified explanation of each alternative in order to provide for a clear image of the solutions and its implications. The first chapter of the work consists on the basic concepts related to an EMU in order to introduce the reader with the topic that is further developed. The focus of this work is on the fiscal pillar of the EMU, thus, the attention is with regards to this topic. This chapter also describes the legal framework of the EU with regards to fiscal rules, as well as the available tools the EU had, previous to the crisis of 2008, but also after the crisis, in order to coordinate national fiscal policies and provide for macroeconomic stabilization. This chapter was included in the work because it was considered necessary, before analyzing possible reforms or new mechanisms to be implemented, to know which is the starting point of the EU, what are the elements with which the EU has been able to act until the date. The second chapter of the work is focused on identifying some of the design failures of the EU, more specifically the euro area, that specially affect the completion of the fiscal pillar. This chapter helps to identify the main design failures, or the non foreseen vulnerabilities, the EMU had from the beginning that have supposed a barrier for further integration. Not only that, aside from being a limitation for a more integrated union, these vulnerabilities have brought the euro area in a deeper recession. The recognition of such divergences across the Eurozone countries also helps to understand the resistance towards the implementation of some of the alternatives to solve the fiscal pillar issue, as major convergence needs to be realized first. Lastly, the third chapter of the work analyzes the possible alternatives to move towards a more coordinated or even an integrated, fiscal policy. The research on the topic has revealed different manners to address this issue, more or less intervening. The work tries to reflect this by choosing three alternatives from less to more intervening, or from less to more integration, in order to show that there are several options available and feasible, and that the first steps to take do not require major sacrifices.

Although North and South Korea have been declaring the goal of uniting in official and public policies for several decades, the reunification has not taken place yet. In reality, the reunification of the states has not made much progress, though the goal of unification was expressed and declared by all of the leaders of the two countries since the split of Korea in 1948 till now. Therefore, the question arises as the problem of the Master's thesis - why the North-South Korean reunification does not occur if the goal of the unification is still supported and promoted in the public and official policy of both countries. The purpose of the work is to find out what obstacles arise for both Koreas to reunite. Object of the work - Korean unification opportunities and problems. The theoretical assumptions about the obstacles that prevent the achievement of the goal based on the theories of realism and constructivism. With reference to assumptions made, two hypotheses are formulated that the reunification has not proceeded due to both Koreas rational consideration about security, balance of power. Furthermore, the cause could be that ethnic identity is no longer seen the same for all Koreans. A two-part case study has been made. The first part of the study analyzes official North and South Korean leaders' policy on the issue of unification, what efforts have been made, what are the similarities, differences, and emerging problems between the concepts of each country are being determined. The second part of the study is on the public policy on unification. Having analyzed the official and public policy of Koreas it was found that the most important and crucial questions for North and South Korea are security, survival, as the states constantly faces a security dilemma. It forces them to examine what scenarios are the most relevant to them in the official policy and what kind of rhetoric is beneficial to choose in public policy. As a result, both countries are proposing their own unifying formulas, which lack common points and are fundamentally different. Moreover, the fact that North and South Korea keep offering formulas with little change in content, show that the declared goal of peaceful union is not sincere. Thus, in reality, North Korea would like to communize South Korea, while South Korea would have hoped for a regime collapse and unification through absorption scenario. Nevertheless, both Koreas in reality have bigger intentions than just to reunite. North Korea seeks to maintain the status quo of its state and regime by reducing the threat posed to it by the presence of US troops and forces on the peninsula. South Korea wishes to maximize its security by reaching North Korea's nuclear disarmament. However, this premise is lacking in explanation as to why the idea of maintaining the reunification discourse is based on the achievement of these goals. Having analyzed the official and public content it was also revealed that the national identity is no longer seen as a general only partially. In political rhetoric, the common ethnic identity is presented as one of the main arguments for unification, which is constantly emphasized. But at the same time, studies have shown that fewer South Korean citizens see that the North Koreans are the same identity, and South Korea has faced a new phenomenon in the last decade - South Korean nationalism. As a result, it can be assumed that at least in South Korea the disappearance of ethnic identity is a common cause and serious challenge to unification. After all, the Master thesis revealed that North and South Korea rhetoric in public speeches and official policy documents are different from political reality, and the declared desire to reunite, in fact, only serve to achieve other goals. For these reasons, both Koreas lack an internal interest in achieving a reunification unless it is executed in each imaginable scenario.

Abstrak - Aktivitas militer asing kerap kali dilakukan di zona ekonomi eksklusif (ZEE) negara lain oleh beberapa negara maritim besar menggunakan kapal perang maupun pesawat terbang yang melintas di ZEE dan terbang di atas nya. Persoalan mengenai aktivitas militer asing di ZEE negara pantai masih belum menemukan win-win solution bagi semua pihak karena selalu saja ada pihak-pihak yang tidak setuju pada saat perundingan berlangsung, sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, maka penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat dampak yang ditimbulkan dari aktivitas militer asing di ZEE Indonesia, serta bagaimana hukum internasional mengatur mengenai aktivitas militer asing di ZEE ini. Peneliti menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik purposive yaitu pengambilan data studi pustaka dan melalui wawancara narasumber yang dianggap pakar dan menguasai tentang materi aktivitas militer asing di ZEE. Teori dan konsep yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah teori sea power, good order at sea, dan konsep keamanan maritim. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan maka ditemukan bahwa dampak dari aktivitas militer asing di ZEE Indonesia terhadap keamanan maritim Indonesia tidak dirasakan secara langsung oleh Indonesia karena aktivitas militer asing di ZEE Indonesia tidak pernah secara langsung bertentangan dengan kepentingan Indonesia di ZEE Indonesia, namun secara berkepanjangan dapat memicu konflik antara Indonesia dan negara asing yang melakukan aktivitas militer di ZEE Indonesia. Hukum internasional belum mengatur secara jelas mengenai aktivitas militer asing di ZEE. Meski sudah pernah dilakukan penyusunan pedoman mengenai aktivitas militer asing di ZEE, belum ada kata sepakat dari negara-negara peserta karena masih ada pihak yang menyatakan bahwa di laut berlaku freedom of the sea sehingga belum ada kejelasan apakah aktivitas militer asing di ZEE tersebut diperbolehkan atau tidak karena dapat mengganggu kepentingan negara pantai. Saran peneliti agar pemerintah Indonesia dapat lebih fokus kepada permasalahan di ZEE ini dengan cara membuat pengaturan mengenai ZEE melalui hukum nasional yaitu undang-undang agar Indonesia dapat menindak pihak yang melanggar peraturan tersebut.Kata Kunci: Dampak, Aktivitas Militer asing, Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif, Keamanan Maritim. Abstract - Foreign military activity is often carried out in other countries' exclusive economic zones by some large maritime nations using warships and aircraft passing through EEZ and over flight. The issue of foreign military activity in EEZ of coastal countries still has not found a win-win solution for all parties because there are always parties who disagree during the negotiations, therefore this study is conducted to look at the impacts of foreign military activity on Indonesian EEZ as well as how international law regulates foreign military activities in the EEZ. Researcher use qualitative method with purposive technique that is taking the data of literature study and through interviews of informant who considered expert and mastered about material of foreign military activity in EEZ. Theories and concepts used in this study are the theory of sea power, good order at sea, and the concept of maritime security. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that the impact of foreign military activities in EEZ of Indonesia on Indonesian maritime security is not impact directly by Indonesia because foreign military activity in Indonesian EEZ never directly contradicts Indonesia's interest in EEZ of Indonesia, but can trigger a conflict between Indonesia and a foreign country doing military activities in EEZ of Indonesia. International law has not yet set clear on foreign military activities in EEZ. Although there has been a drafting of guidelines on foreign military activities in EEZ, there has been no agreement from participating countries because there are still parties who claim that in the sea apply freedom of the sea so there is no clarity whether foreign military activities in the EEZ is allowed or not because it can disrupt the interests of the coastal state. Ressearcher suggest that Indonesian Government can place focus on this EEZ Problem by making arrangements regarding the EEZ through national law, so that Indonesia can take action against those who violate these regulations.Keywords : Impact, foreign military activity, Economic Exclusive Zone, Maritime Security.

The First World War led to significant changes in the geopolitical situation in the world. Its scale and duration led to the collapse of several empires, among which was the Russian Empire. The association of as many of the territories that were previously part of the Russian Empire, the aggressiveness of the foreign policy of the USSR, and the excessive analysis of all spheres of life required an appropriate economic foundation, the implementation of ideological work and ethno-national policy. This marked the isolation of the Soviet historiography of the newest period in the history of mankind, beginning with the Bolshevik revolution, which led to the perception and consideration of the history of the First World War as periods of 1914–1916 and 1917–1918. Thus, the fact of political life was a factor in the allocation of certain historical periods, which to a large extent contradicted the distinction of historical periods of human development on the basis of changes in industrial and economic relations. The Marxist periodization, modified by the Bolshevik leaders in accordance with its goals, became an important factor which influence on the coverage of the history of the First World War in the USSR. The main aim of the article is to overview Soviet historiography on the state of heavy industry in the East of Ukraine during the First World War and to analyze the views of the authors on the economic phenomena and processes that took place at these enterprises in 1914 – 1918. It is important to mention that the substantiation of the historical condition of the establishment of Soviet power during the 1920's after a long civil war, demanded a certain shift in the emphasis on the coverage of economic processes during the First World War. On the one hand, there was a need to prove the existence of a monopoly capitalism in the Russian Empire, whose destruction was declared an important milestone in the construction of a «socialist society», but on the other hand – economic transformations and successes in the USSR for a long time were evaluated in comparison with the achievements of the Russian Empire in 1913. This led to the gradual introduction of various stamps in the assessments of economic development both during the First World War and in the prewar period, which largely reflected by Soviet historiography. Despite the existing Soviet historiography, in which the authors analyzed economic phenomena and processes during the First World War, changes in the heavy industry of the East of Ukraine, unfortunately, were investigated only fragmentarily: mostly in the context of processes that took place in the territory of the Russian Empire. However, in the presence of general tendencies in the field of finance and measures aimed at ensuring state regulation of economic development, there were a number of peculiarities in the field of heavy industry in Ukrainian lands which were not subject of scientific studies. The main idea of the article is that in the second half of the XX century, in the Soviet historiography, coverage of the First World War gave way to the study of the events of the Second World War. The increase in interest in this event was followed in the writings of Russian scientists in the 90's of the XX century. As a result of content analysis and critical discourse analysis, this interest was partly due to the growing tendency to outline the links between the Russian Federation and the Russian Empire, criticizing the Soviet period in the history of the country. Imperial ambitions of the Russian Federation at the beginning of the XXI century became one of the factors of increasing attention to the events of the First World War. ; Висвітлено радянську історіографію з аналізу стану важкої промисловості східного регіону України під час Першої світової війни та проаналізовано погляди авторів щодо економічних явищ і процесів, що відбувалися на цих підприємствах у 1914 – 1918 рр. Доведено, що попри наявну літературу, автори якої розглядали економічні явища та процеси у роки Першої світової війни, але зміни у важкій індустрії Сходу України досліджено лише фрагментарно: здебільшого у контексті перетворень, що відбувалися на теренах Російської імперії.

The First World War led to significant changes in the geopolitical situation in the world. Its scale and duration led to the collapse of several empires, among which was the Russian Empire. The association of as many of the territories that were previously part of the Russian Empire, the aggressiveness of the foreign policy of the USSR, and the excessive analysis of all spheres of life required an appropriate economic foundation, the implementation of ideological work and ethno-national policy. This marked the isolation of the Soviet historiography of the newest period in the history of mankind, beginning with the Bolshevik revolution, which led to the perception and consideration of the history of the First World War as periods of 1914–1916 and 1917–1918. Thus, the fact of political life was a factor in the allocation of certain historical periods, which to a large extent contradicted the distinction of historical periods of human development on the basis of changes in industrial and economic relations. The Marxist periodization, modified by the Bolshevik leaders in accordance with its goals, became an important factor which influence on the coverage of the history of the First World War in the USSR. The main aim of the article is to overview Soviet historiography on the state of heavy industry in the East of Ukraine during the First World War and to analyze the views of the authors on the economic phenomena and processes that took place at these enterprises in 1914 – 1918. It is important to mention that the substantiation of the historical condition of the establishment of Soviet power during the 1920's after a long civil war, demanded a certain shift in the emphasis on the coverage of economic processes during the First World War. On the one hand, there was a need to prove the existence of a monopoly capitalism in the Russian Empire, whose destruction was declared an important milestone in the construction of a «socialist society», but on the other hand – economic transformations and successes in the USSR for a long time were evaluated in comparison with the achievements of the Russian Empire in 1913. This led to the gradual introduction of various stamps in the assessments of economic development both during the First World War and in the prewar period, which largely reflected by Soviet historiography. Despite the existing Soviet historiography, in which the authors analyzed economic phenomena and processes during the First World War, changes in the heavy industry of the East of Ukraine, unfortunately, were investigated only fragmentarily: mostly in the context of processes that took place in the territory of the Russian Empire. However, in the presence of general tendencies in the field of finance and measures aimed at ensuring state regulation of economic development, there were a number of peculiarities in the field of heavy industry in Ukrainian lands which were not subject of scientific studies. The main idea of the article is that in the second half of the XX century, in the Soviet historiography, coverage of the First World War gave way to the study of the events of the Second World War. The increase in interest in this event was followed in the writings of Russian scientists in the 90's of the XX century. As a result of content analysis and critical discourse analysis, this interest was partly due to the growing tendency to outline the links between the Russian Federation and the Russian Empire, criticizing the Soviet period in the history of the country. Imperial ambitions of the Russian Federation at the beginning of the XXI century became one of the factors of increasing attention to the events of the First World War. ; Висвітлено радянську історіографію з аналізу стану важкої промисловості східного регіону України під час Першої світової війни та проаналізовано погляди авторів щодо економічних явищ і процесів, що відбувалися на цих підприємствах у 1914 – 1918 рр. Доведено, що попри наявну літературу, автори якої розглядали економічні явища та процеси у роки Першої світової війни, але зміни у важкій індустрії Сходу України досліджено лише фрагментарно: здебільшого у контексті перетворень, що відбувалися на теренах Російської імперії.

Topic. The article presents the results of actuarial analysis of the newest and most controversial component of the Russian system of compulsory pension insurance — accrual one. The prospect of its further development is estimated. The effectiveness of this method of pension provision is assessed by the author from the point of view the role and degree of performance of the institutional functions of the state pension system (i.e., ensuring a decent level of material security of pensioners), and the possibility of achieving the targets formulated in 2012 in the government's Strategy for the long-term development of the pension system of the Russian Federation.Purpose. Development of economically reasoned justification of real financial relations between participants of the insurance pension system within the framework of individual-accrual models of pension provision.Methodology. The main methodological feature and originality of this study is a multi-factor analysis, using methods of comparative analysis and actuarial forecasting of the whole set of conditions for the formation and implementation by insured persons of their pension rights in the individual-accrual model (both external to the pension system and internal as well), not carried out in other studies on this problem.Results.The article presents the results of economicstudies of the national practice of formation and implementation of pension rights of workers in the framework of the individual-accrual pension insurance program. Those results can be used in substantiating the directions of reforming the accrual methods of pension provision:The degree of direct dependence of the pension system efficiency on external macroeconomic and demographic factors is proved.We formulated criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the accrual component of the pension system.It is given the characteristic and the main tasks of the accrual component of the compulsory pension insurance system.There are proposed measures to improve the functioning of the accrual component in the existing Russian reality and in the long term.Conclusions. The accrual method of formation and realization of pension rights in specific long-term socioeconomic conditions does not allow the main categories of insured persons to form the level of pensions provided in the solidarity system, and also sharply increases the budgetary risks not only of the Russian Pension Fund (PFR), but also of the Federal budget. ; В статье представлены результаты актуарного анализа состояния самого нового и наиболее спорного компонента российской системы обязательного пенсионного страхования — накопительного. Оценивается перспектива его дальнейшего развития. Эффективность данного способа пенсионного обеспечения оценивается автором по роли и степени выполнения институциональных функций государственной пенсионной системы (обеспечения достойного уровня материального благосостояния пенсионеров) и достижения ориентиров, заданных правительственной Стратегией долгосрочного развития пенсионной системы Российской Федерации2012 г.Цель статьи — выработка экономически аргументированного обоснования реальных финансовых отношений между участниками страховой пенсионной системы в рамках индивидуально-накопительных моделей пенсионного обеспечения.Главной методологической особенностью и оригинальностью данного исследования является многофакторный анализ с использованием методов сравнительного анализа и актуарного прогнозирования, всего комплекса условий формирования и реализации застрахованными лицами своих пенсионных прав в индивидуально-накопительной модели (как внешних по отношению к пенсионной системе, так и внутрисистемных), не проводившийся в других исследованиях, посвященных данной проблеме.В статье представлены результаты профессионально-экономических исследований отечественной практики формирования и реализации пенсионных прав работников в рамках индивидуально-накопительной программы пенсионного страхования, которые могут быть использованы при обосновании направлений реформирования накопительных способов пенсионного обеспечения:доказана степень непосредственной зависимости эффективности пенсионной системы от внешних макроэкономических и демографических факторов;выработаны критерии оценки эффективности накопительного компонента пенсионной системы;дана характеристика и сформулированы основные задачи накопительного компонента системы обязательного пенсионного страхования;предложены меры по совершенствованию порядка функционирования накопительного компонента в существующих российских реалиях и в долгосрочной перспективе.В результате исследования сделан вывод о том, что накопительный способ формирования и реализации пенсионных прав в конкретных долгосрочных социально-экономических условиях не позволяет основным категориям застрахованных лиц сформировать уровень пенсий, обеспечиваемый в солидарной системе, а также он резко увеличивает бюджетные риски не только ПФР, но и федерального бюджета.

Quality in early childhood education is a prominent concern for policy-makers, and has recently become a priority concern for many international and European organisations. These include the OECD, UNESCO, UNICEF, the European Commission, Eurydice and the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education, among others. Over the past three years (2015–2017), the European Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive Education (the Agency) has examined the latest policy documents and relevant research in this field. This has been a springboard for exploring the main characteristics of quality inclusive early childhood education (IECE) for all children from three years of age to the start of primary education. The project data from across Europe has provided an opportunity to closely examine how, within the inclusion perspective, early childhood education provisions are addressing the quality principles set out by the European Commission and the OECD. Sixty-four inclusive early childhood education experts from across Europe contributed to the project. They participated in data collection and analysis through descriptions of example provisions, as well as observations and discussions during field work and case study visits. This report first sets out the main policy and practice developments towards inclusive early childhood education, with particular reference to European policy issues (Chapters 2–3). It then presents the project's three new contributions towards improving quality inclusive early childhood education (Chapters 4–6). These are: 1. A clear rationale for and an analysis of the implications of adopting an inclusive vision and goals as the main standards of inclusive early childhood policy and provision. The project found that high-quality services that benefited all children were guided by an inclusive vision and worked towards inclusive goals. As their primary outcome, they sought to ensure each child's belongingness, engagement and learning. This reflects the changes in early childhood intervention in recent decades. The focus has shifted from 'working with the child' towards a holistic approach that creates an inclusive environment for all children's engagement and learning. The report thus refers to quality early childhood education (ECE) as 'inclusive early childhood education' (IECE). It only uses the terms 'early childhood education' (ECE) or 'early childhood education and care' (ECEC) when referring to the literature. 2. A new Self-Reflection Tool for improving inclusive early childhood education settings. This enables practitioners to review their service's quality in terms of the inclusiveness of the physical, social and other learning environments it offers to children and families. The tool has been validated by project experts and additional ecological studies. It is ready for use by practitioners in inclusive early childhood education settings in different education systems and countries across Europe and beyond. 3. A new Ecosystem Model of Inclusive Early Childhood Education for policy-makers and other stakeholders wishing to collaborate towards effective action in this field. This model can support policy-makers and practitioners to collaborate in planning, reviewing and improving quality IECE services. The model is founded on the project data. It is inspired by three major frameworks for quality IECE, namely: (1) The structure-process-outcome framework used by European and international policy-makers (European Commission, 2014; OECD, 2015; European Agency, 2009) (2) The ecological systems framework (Bronfenbrenner and Morris, 2006) (3) The inclusive education perspective (European Agency, 2015). It incorporates all the principles of the EU and OECD frameworks for quality early childhood education. However, it enhances their applicability by locating them at different ecological levels (inclusive early childhood education setting, home/community and regional/national levels). Finally, the report gives an account of the lessons learned during the three-year project and the resulting recommendations (Chapter 7). These are presented within the framework of the new Ecosystem Model of IECE. They are mainly directed at policy- makers, but they also point to the implications for practitioners. Indeed, they are formulated in terms of how policy-makers can support practitioners to ensure quality provisions. ; peer-reviewed

The focus on global food security entered global academic discourse following the food conference in 1943 convened at the behest of the president of the United States of America (USA), Franklin Delano Roosevelt ––coinciding with the period of the Second World War period (WWII). The then President of USA mentioned above reiterate the 'freedom of speech; freedom of worship; freedom from want and freedom from fear' during this period. These lead to the creation of the United Nations Food and Agricultural organization (FOA). The central focus of the organization in relation to the food conferences that followed was generally to address the objective of freedom of want declared by President Roosevelt in relation to food insecurity. In this thesis, the challenges and prospect of food security is critically examined with respect to the Horn of Africa with particular focus on South-Sudan and Ethiopia. The Horn of Africa is notoriously known for its acute food shortages and hence regarded as the most food insecure part of the world. The region is characterized by a high occurrence of drought and arm conflict (UNFAO, 2017). The theoretical approach followed in this thesis is derived from the securitization theories credited to the Copenhagen School and the Aberystwth School, respectively. These schools of thought constitute a part of the post-modern movement in International Relation scholarship––known as the post-positivist–which became influential in the post-cold war era in the study of securitization. The methodological approach followed is based on critical examination of related empirical literature on the subject matter of food security from various sources. In most studies, food insecurity challenge is linked to extreme weather conditions and natural hazards in the Horn of Africa. In Ethiopia and South-Sudan whereas extreme weather conditions plays significant role, civil war, armed conflicts, structural problems and corruption are the major cause of the food security crisis in both countries. The strengthening of regional security framework to ensure peace and stability in the Horn of Africa––promoting credibility in the national food security institution and embarking on sustainable government policies towards addressing the pervasive corruption and structural problems are recommended as prospects to addressing the challenges of the food insecurity in the selected countries in particular and the Horn of Africa in general. ; ÖZ: Küresel gıda güvenliği üzerinde odak Gıda Konferansı 1943'te toplandı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD), Franklin Delano Roosevelt -Başkan buyruğuyla genel akademik söylem aşağıdaki girdi-İkinci Dünya Savaşı dönemi (WWII) dönemi ile rastlayan. Yinelemek bahsedilen ABD o zaman Başkan ' ifade özgürlüğü; ibadet özgürlüğü; Özgürlük istiyorum ve korkusuzca ' Bu dönemde. Bunlar Birleşmiş Milletler Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü'nün (FOA) oluşturulmasına yol açıyor. Örgütün, takip eden gıda konferanslarıyla ilgili odak noktası genel olarak Başkan Roosevelt'in gıda güvensizliğiyle ilgili olarak ilan ettiği istemsizlik hedefini ele almaktı. Günümüz tezinde, gıda güvenliği ile ilgili zorluklar ve ihtimal, Güney Sudan ve Etiyopya odaklı Afrika boynuzuyla eleştirel bir biçimde incelenmektedir. Afrika Boynuzu, akut gıda sıkıntısı nedeniyle bilinir ve bu nedenle dünyanın en gıdası güvensiz bir parçası olarak görülür. Bölge, kuraklık ve silah çatışmasının yüksek oranda görülmesi ile karakterize edilmiştir (UNFAO, 2017). Bu tezde izlenen kuramsal yaklaşım sırasıyla Kopenhag Okulu ve Aberystwyth Okulu'na verilen seküritizasyon teorilerinden türetilmiştir. Bu düşünce okulları, post-modern hareketi, Soğuk Savaş döneminde menkul kıymetleştirmeyi incelerken etkili olan Uluslararası İlişki Bursu'nda (post-pozitivist olarak da bilinir) oluşmaktadır. İzlenen metodolojik yaklaşım, çeşitli kaynaklardan gelen gıda güvenliğine ilişkin ilgili ampirik literatürün eleştirel incelemesine dayanmaktadır. Yapısal sorunlara ek olarak, gıda güvencesizlik mücadelesi aşırı boy hava koşullarına ve Afrika boynuzundaki silahlı çatışmalara bağlıdır. Etiyopya'da Güney-Sudan'da aşırı hava şartları önemli bir öneme sahipken, iç savaş ve çatışmalar ülkedeki gıda güvenliği krizinin ana nedenidir. Afrika boynuzundaki barış ve istikrarı sağlamak, ulusal gıda güvenlik kurumunda güvenilirliği artırmak ve sürdürülebilir hükümet politikalarına girmek için bölgesel güvenlik çerçevesinin güçlendirilmesi, genel olarak Afrika boynuzundaki gıda güvensizliğinin meydan okumalarına yönelik beklentiler olarak önerilmektedir. ; Master of Arts in International Relations. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, 2017. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Günay Aylin Gürzel.