Suchergebnisse

Problem setting. Spatial development of Ukraine today is characterized by the presence of serious problems and negative trends, including inequalities of socio-economic development of some regions and settlements, inconsistency of social, economic, urban and environmental aspects of their development.State and local governments solve these problems by developing and implementing spatial development strategies. However, very few of such strategies met the real challenges and needs of local communities, were implemented or integrated.Recent research and publications analysis. Such Ukrainian scientists as O. Berdanova, B. Bezzubko, V. Vakulenko, G. Vasylchenko, Z. Gerasymchuk, O. Kary, V. Mamonova, O. Karlova, I. Parasyuk, A. Tkachuk and some others should be noted among the researchers of strategic planning and territorial development. Some national scientists devoted their research to relevant aspects of project management in territorial development, such as O. Amosha, V. Babayev, O. Bezugly, Z. Varnaliy, S. Vovkanych, S. Ghazaryan, A. Galchynsky, V. Geets, Z. Gerasymchuk, B. Danylyshyn, M. Dolishniy, T. Zayats, O. Kavtysh, I. Katsai, G. Litosh, O. Medvedeva, V. Molokanova, O. Novikova, O. Pidkuyko, S. Pisarenko, V. Rach, O. Rossoshanska, V. Seminozhenko, S. Chernov and some others.A number of methodological documents for spatial development planning have also been developed as part of EuropeAid technical assistance programs and projects.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Previous research has paid almost no attention to the identification of specific entities that are currently involved in the spatial development of Ukraine. The lack of clearly defined development "recipients" deprives the developed strategic documents of any specific vector of their implementation. This greatly complicates the functioning of the spatial development system in our country and reduces its efficiency. Therefore, the aim of the study is to propose a method of spatial development entities analysis in order to identify the actors who now provide implementation of measures in the field of spatial development in Ukraine.Paper main body. According to the proposed method, the first stage of the spatial development entities analysis is the establishment of landowners as potential assets users for the implementation of development measures. The next analyzed group of participants includes the subjects of urban planning, namely – customers of buildings construction and reconstruction, which are contained in the Unified Register of documents certifying the commissioning of completed facilities. The third group of spatial development entities studied includes investors who provide financing for spatial development activities. Statistical data on capital investments by sources of financing were obtained from the State Statistics Service of Ukraine.Certain spatial development entities are clearly divided into the public or private sphere, as project management approaches and methods in these areas have traditionally differed significantly. According to the developed method, the analysis of current entities in Ukrainian spatial development was carried out.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Obtained results of the analysis allow us to establish the representatives of the private sector as the main players in the spatial development in Ukraine. They own almost three quarters of Ukraine's land. They are the most active participants in urban development, and they are the ones who provide more than 87% of capital investments with their own funds. That is, spatial development must be strategically attractive primarily for the private sector. Therefore, a topical area for further research may be the search of mechanisms for reconciling the strategic priorities established by the authorities in spatial development strategies with the strategic priorities of private structures as the main actors in spatial development. ; Зазначено, що сучасний стан територій України свідчить про наявність суттєвих проблем і негативних явищ. Визначено, що причинами цього є відсутність чітко встановлених суб'єктів розвитку, що позбавляє стратегічні документи з розвитку конкретного вектору їх реалізації. Запропоновано модель аналізу суб'єктів просторового розвитку, за якою визначені представники приватного сектора як основні учасники процесів просторового розвитку України.

У статті схарактеризовано стан наукових досліджень історії українсько-польського військово-політичного союзу 1920 р.Досліджено проблеми українсько-польських відносин у 1919–1920 рр., зокрема специфіку перемовин України й Польщі у цей період, основні моменти підготовки та укладання у квітні 1920 р. між Українською Народною Республікою та Річчю Посполитою Варшавського договору. Звернуто увагу на реакцію різних українських і польських політичних сил на підписання пакту «Пілсудський – Петлюра».Реконструйовано суспільно-політичні передумови, основні події українсько-польсько-радянської війни 1920 р. та висвітлено роль у них С. Петлюри та Ю. Пілсудського. Проаналізовано співробітництво України і Польщі в боротьбі проти більшовицької агресії, а також суперечності, які поставали тоді у відносинах двох народів. Виокремлено ставлення двох державних керманичів до подій, що відбувалися в Україні у 1919–1920 рр. Осмислено підсумки українсько-польсько-радянського протистояння для Польщі й України та його вплив на українсько-польське взаєморозуміння надалі.Автор стверджує, що підготовка та підписання пакту «Пілсудський – Петлюра» викликало негативну реакцію з боку більшості українських і польських політичних сил і не було ними підтримано. Нетривалий українсько-польський військово-політичний союз у 1920 р. розпався через низку зовнішньополітичних чинників. Основні з них: негативне ставлення до України з боку Антанти, неоднозначне ставлення до союзу різних політичних партій обох країн, запізнє підписання договору та прагматизм Ю. Пілсудського, який у своїй політиці дотримувався передусім інтересів Польщі й тривалий час покладався на підтримку Антанти.Водночас підписання Варшавської угоди сприяло виходу України на міжнародну арену. Внаслідок цього і співпраці з Польщею українці продовжили збройну боротьбу за свою незалежність проти РСФРР у 1920 р. й разом із Польщею не дали можливості їй просунутися далі в Західну Європу й перенести туди «світову революцію».Підписання Ризького договору в березні 1921 р. та закінчення українсько-польсько-більшовицької війни означало поразку національно-визвольних змагань 1917–1921 рр. ; The article describes the state of scholarly research of the history of the Ukrainian-Polish Military and Political Alliance of 1920.It studies the problems of Ukrainian-Polish relations in 1919–1920, in particular the specifics of negotiations between Ukraine and Poland during that period, the main moments of preparation and conclusion of the Warsaw Pact between the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Commonwealth in April 1920. Attention is drawn to the reaction of various Ukrainian and Polish political forces to the signing of Pilsudski-Petliura Pact.The sociopolitical preconditions, the main events of the Ukrainian-Polish-Soviet War of 1920 are reconstructed, and the role of S. Petliura and J. Pilsudski in them is highlighted. The cooperation between Ukraine and Poland in the struggle against Bolshevist aggression is analyzed, as well as the contradictions that arose then in the relations between the two peoples. The attitude of the two state leaders towards the events that took place in Ukraine in 1919–1920 is singled out. The results of the Ukrainian-Polish-Soviet confrontation for Poland and Ukraine and its influence on Ukrainian-Polish mutual understanding in the future are comprehended.The author claims that the preparation and signing of the Pilsudski-Petliura Pact provoked a negative reaction from the majority of Ukrainian and Polish political forces and was not supported by them. The short-lived Ukrainian-Polish Military-Political Alliance collapsed in 1920 due to a number of foreign policy factors. The main ones are the Entente's negative treatment of Ukraine, ambiguous attitude towards the union of different political parties of both countries, late signing of the treaty and pragmatism of J. Pilsudski, who in his policy adhered primarily to the interests of Poland and relied on the Entente for a long time.At the same time, the signing of the Warsaw Pact facilitated Ukraine's entry into the international arena. As a result of cooperation with Poland, the Ukrainians continued the armed struggle for their independence against the RSFSR in 1920 and, together with Poland, did not allow it to advance further into Western Europe to bring the "world revolution" there.The signing of the Treaty of Riga in March 1921 and the end of the Ukrainian-Polish-Bolshevik War meant the defeat of the national liberation struggle of 1917–1921.

Lithuania is running an ecological deficit as its Ecological Footprint exceeds its biocapacity. Despite the fact that this deficit is small (0.4 gha), Lithuania is the only country with an ecological deficit among Baltic countries. Lithuania is losing the image of "green country" and there are the reasons behind this state. Agriculture's role is essential, both in adaptation to the climate change and contribution to the mitigation efforts. Strategic plan for the next long-term EU budget 2021–2027 will be drawn by Lithuania under the EU Common Agricultural Policy strategic plan (COM (2018) 392) towards the transition to a more sustainable farming. The environmental performance of farming is linked to three of nine main objectives: "Contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as sustainable energy"; "Foster sustainable development and efficient management of natural resources such as water, soil and air" and "Contribute to the protection of biodiversity, enhance ecosystem services and preserve habitats and landscapes". The environmental performance of agriculture is manifold, therefore to capture important aspects of farm environmental performance a list of criteria and indicators have been proposed to reveal the situation in the country. Having many indicators, there is a problem to view the main picture of environmental performance and to track the environmental changes influenced by policy. Alongside to that, most indicators enable the analysis at sector level, which limits to disclose problems within farm groups in terms of specialization and size. Farmers adopt new technologies and practices to deal with climate change, protect and preserve the environment, therefore it is important to determine how and how well farmers mitigate and adapt to climate change. Developing the Agri-environmental Footprint Index (AFI) of family farm addresses the need to assess the farm-scale environmental performance. The AFI methodology is based on index construction steps in combination with the primary data of Lithuanian FADN, to reveal differences across farms in terms of their specialization and economic size and to test whether it could be used routinely for policy purposes. Lithuanian FADN of family farms data of the year 2017 were used covering 1300 farms. Furthermore, in this paper the AFI values are reported on the basis of the weighting used in the Lithuanian FADN sample for Lithuanian family farms so that the surveyed farms results represent a national farming population. The final set of indicators for agrienvironmental assessment of the farms was derived from extensive literature review on farms' environmental and sustainability studies. The min–max method was applied to transform values of indicators expressed in variety dimensions for their need to be put on a common basis, namely in interval from 0 to 1. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and equal weighting was applied to estimate weights for the indicators. The thresholds values of farms' AFI intervals indicating low, medium and high environmental performance were estimated based on descriptive statistics. The findings of assessment indicates very good level of Lithuanian family farms environmental performance as 74% and 70% of the 44 sample farms were defined by medium level of AFI, using PCA and equal weighting, respectively. With respect to applied methods of weighting, the results differed within farm groups in terms of their specialization: the highest level of AFI was found for grazing livestock and for field crop farms, using PCA and equal weighting, respectively. At the other end of spectrum, the lowest values of AFI were found for specialist granivores farms regardless of the weighing method being applied. The highest AFI values within farm groups regarding their economic size were found for medium sized farms despite the weighting method used. The index structure is flexible and can respond to diverse local policy needs. The results of the AFI provide a new knowledge about farms environmental performance, disclose problems across farm groups and can be the basis for political decisions that lead to sustainable development of agricultural sector in Lithuania.

Lithuania is running an ecological deficit as its Ecological Footprint exceeds its biocapacity. Despite the fact that this deficit is small (0.4 gha), Lithuania is the only country with an ecological deficit among Baltic countries. Lithuania is losing the image of "green country" and there are the reasons behind this state. Agriculture's role is essential, both in adaptation to the climate change and contribution to the mitigation efforts. Strategic plan for the next long-term EU budget 2021–2027 will be drawn by Lithuania under the EU Common Agricultural Policy strategic plan (COM (2018) 392) towards the transition to a more sustainable farming. The environmental performance of farming is linked to three of nine main objectives: "Contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation, as well as sustainable energy"; "Foster sustainable development and efficient management of natural resources such as water, soil and air" and "Contribute to the protection of biodiversity, enhance ecosystem services and preserve habitats and landscapes". The environmental performance of agriculture is manifold, therefore to capture important aspects of farm environmental performance a list of criteria and indicators have been proposed to reveal the situation in the country. Having many indicators, there is a problem to view the main picture of environmental performance and to track the environmental changes influenced by policy. Alongside to that, most indicators enable the analysis at sector level, which limits to disclose problems within farm groups in terms of specialization and size. Farmers adopt new technologies and practices to deal with climate change, protect and preserve the environment, therefore it is important to determine how and how well farmers mitigate and adapt to climate change. Developing the Agri-environmental Footprint Index (AFI) of family farm addresses the need to assess the farm-scale environmental performance. The AFI methodology is based on index construction steps in combination with the primary data of Lithuanian FADN, to reveal differences across farms in terms of their specialization and economic size and to test whether it could be used routinely for policy purposes. Lithuanian FADN of family farms data of the year 2017 were used covering 1300 farms. Furthermore, in this paper the AFI values are reported on the basis of the weighting used in the Lithuanian FADN sample for Lithuanian family farms so that the surveyed farms results represent a national farming population. The final set of indicators for agrienvironmental assessment of the farms was derived from extensive literature review on farms' environmental and sustainability studies. The min–max method was applied to transform values of indicators expressed in variety dimensions for their need to be put on a common basis, namely in interval from 0 to 1. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and equal weighting was applied to estimate weights for the indicators. The thresholds values of farms' AFI intervals indicating low, medium and high environmental performance were estimated based on descriptive statistics. The findings of assessment indicates very good level of Lithuanian family farms environmental performance as 74% and 70% of the 44 sample farms were defined by medium level of AFI, using PCA and equal weighting, respectively. With respect to applied methods of weighting, the results differed within farm groups in terms of their specialization: the highest level of AFI was found for grazing livestock and for field crop farms, using PCA and equal weighting, respectively. At the other end of spectrum, the lowest values of AFI were found for specialist granivores farms regardless of the weighing method being applied. The highest AFI values within farm groups regarding their economic size were found for medium sized farms despite the weighting method used. The index structure is flexible and can respond to diverse local policy needs. The results of the AFI provide a new knowledge about farms environmental performance, disclose problems across farm groups and can be the basis for political decisions that lead to sustainable development of agricultural sector in Lithuania.

Submitted: 29.07.2019. Accepted: 17.04.2020. ; Поступила в редакцию: 29.07.2019. Принята к печати: 17.04.2020. ; Настоящая статья тематически принадлежит актуальному для современного литературоведения направлению изучения городских «сверхтекстов». Предмет исследования — литературный образ г. Змеиногорска, репрезентирующий Рудный Алтай в целом. Материал для анализа — обнаруженные нами художественные произведения о городе, с привлечением фольклорных представлений и историко-географических текстов. Методологической основой статьи выступают исследования «городских текстов» представителей тартуско-московской семиотической школы (В. Н. Топоров, Ю. М. Лотман) и их современных последователей, а также геопоэтический подход, изучающий культурные формы организации земного пространства (В. В. Абашев). Анализ художественных текстов о Змеиногорске позволил выявить основные тенденции в литературной репрезентации темы города. Образ Змеиногорска на типологическом и генетическом уровне сближается с образом Екатеринбурга. В исторической повести П. А. Бородкина «Тайна Змеиной горы» (1966) выведена ключевая семантическая оппозиция образа горнозаводского города середины XVIII в. Она видится автором как антитеза «рай (природа) — ад (завод)». На уровне «сверхтекста» реализуется инвариантный для «сибирского текста» сюжет перехода от «рая» к «аду» (П. А. Бородкин), и наоборот (А. П. Хейдок). «Змеиная» топонимика актуализирует соответствующую мифологию и образность города, а также змееборческий сюжет, видоизмененный применительно к социальным обстоятельствам. Мифологический Змей становится метафорой начальства (П. А. Бородкин, Е. Евтушенко). В современной прозе Змею возвращаются его мифологические функции Хранителя подземных недр, но снимается конфликтность сюжета в пользу партнерства человека и природы (Юстасия Тарасава). В целом, «сверхтекст» города находится в стадии становления, значительный мифологический и семантический потенциал образа Змеиногорска ожидает своей реализации. ; Thematically, this article lies within the research field connected with the study of urban "supertexts" and is relevant for contemporary literary criticism. The subject of the research is the literary image of Zmeinogorsk, a town representative of the Ore Altai as a whole. The author refers to works of art about the town which she has discovered. They are based on folklore, historical, and geographic texts. The methodological basis of the article is the study of "urban texts" by representatives of the Tartu–Moscow Semiotic School (V. N. Toporov, Yu. M. Lotman) and their modern followers, as well as the geo-poetic approach that studies cultural forms of the structure of terrestrial space (V. V. Abashev). Analysis of fiction about Zmeinogorsk reveals the main tendencies in the literary representation of the urban theme. The image of Zmeinogorsk comes close to the image of Yekaterinburg on the typological and genetic levels. The historical story by P. A. Borodkin Secrets of Snake Mountain (1966) represents the key semantic opposition of the mining and metallurgical image of the town in the mid-eighteenth century. The author sees it as an antithesis of "paradise (nature) and hell (plant)". The plot of transition from "paradise" to "hell" (P. A. Borodkin) and vice versa (A. P. Heidok) is an invariant for the "Siberian text". It is realised on the "supertext" level. The "snake" toponymy actualises the corresponding mythology and imagery of the town as well as the plot of "fighting a serpent", modified according to social circumstances. The mythological serpent becomes a metaphor of the authorities (P. A. Borodkin, E. Yevtushenko). In modern prose, the Serpent returns its mythological functions as the Guardian of the depths of the earth, but the conflict of the plot is removed in favour of partnership between man and nature (Eustasia Tarasawa). In general, the "supertext" of the town is in its infancy, a significant mythological and semantic potential of Zmeinogorsk is still to be realised. ; The article is supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) and the Government of Altai Territory grant 18-412-220004 "Altai in the National Literature of the 20th–21st Centuries: Cultural and Tourist Potential". ; Исследование выполнено в рамках научного проекта РФФИ (№ 18-412-220004) и Министерства образования и науки Алтайского края (договор Н-26) «Алтай в отечественной литературе ХХ–ХХI вв.: культурно-туристический потенциал».

The article suggests and argues a theoretical framework for studying a particular case of memory securitization. It is based on the constructivist perception of security that is systematically framed in the studies of representatives of the Copenhagen School, who consider security as a socially constructed phenomenon and define identity protection to be one of its primary goals. Pursuant to this approach, the article presents a correlation between memory and security in at least three aspects. In the first instance, similar to security, collective memory is socially determined. In the second instance, collective memory lies at the core of various forms of identity, including national identity. In the third instance, collective memory is not only an object of protection but also a resource, which is used by securitization actors for threat identification, enemy image modeling as well as for defining the means of protection. The Latvian case is applied for setting the theoretical framework of the memory securitization model. In future, it might be used to study specific juridical and political mechanisms of memory securitization in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The authors perceive the securitization of memory as a diverse complex of measures aimed at establishing and setting a certain historical narrative, as well as convincing society to be actively loyal to it. Accordingly, the policy of memory is defined as a mechanism for putting securitization in practice. The initial conditions for understanding this process in Latvia are the post-communist transition, ethnocultural divisions of the society, and the external factor represented by Russia, that promotes its historical narratives. In one respect, R. Brubaker's concept of the "nationalized" state is taken as a theoretical model of the politics of memory in Latvia. According to this concept, the official narrative of post-communist countries has been set as a nation-oriented one. On the other hand, the concept of the memory regime developed by M. Bernhard and J. Kubik is also considered. As per their theory, the memory regime in Latvia can be described as being divided into the official and alternative narrative of counter-memory, which is based on the Soviet legacy. ; Artykuł proponuje i uzasadnia teoretyczne ramy badania sekurytyzacji pamięci na konkretnym przypadku. Opiera się na konstruktywistycznym postrzeganiu bezpieczeństwa, systematycznie formułowanym w badaniach przedstawicieli Szkoły Kopenhaskiej, którzy traktują bezpieczeństwo jako zjawisko konstruowane społecznie, uznając ochronę tożsamości za jeden z głównych jego celów. Zgodnie z tym podejściem artykuł przedstawia korelację między pamięcią a bezpieczeństwem w co najmniej trzech aspektach. W pierwszej kolejności, podobnie jak w przypadku bezpieczeństwa, pamięć zbiorowa jest zdeterminowana społecznie. Po drugie, pamięć zbiorowa leży u podstaw różnych form tożsamości, w tym tożsamości narodowej. Po trzecie, pamięć zbiorowa jest nie tylko przedmiotem ochrony, ale także zasobem, który jest wykorzystywany przez podmioty sekurytyzacyjne do identyfikacji zagrożeń, modelowania obrazu wroga, a także do definiowania środków ochrony. Teoretyczne ramy modelu sekurytyzacji pamięci ustalono w oparciu o przypadek łotewski. W przyszłości może on posłużyć do badania konkretnych prawnych i politycznych mechanizmów sekurytyzacji pamięci w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Autorzy postrzegają sekurytyzację pamięci jako zespół różnorodnych środków mających na celu ustanowienie i ustalenie pewnej narracji historycznej, a także przekonanie społeczeństwa do aktywnej lojalności wobec tej narracji. W związku z tym polityka pamięci jest definiowana jako mechanizm wprowadzania sekurytyzacji w praktyce. Warunki wstępne dla zrozumienia tego procesu na Łotwie obejmują transformację postkomunistyczną, podziały etniczno-kulturowe społeczeństwa oraz czynnik zewnętrzny, jakim jest promująca swoje narracje historyczne Rosja. W jednym aspekcie teoretyczny model polityki pamięci na Łotwie odnosi się do koncepcji "unarodowionego" państwa R. Brubakera. Zgodnie z tą koncepcją oficjalna narracja krajów postkomunistycznych została określona jako narodowa. Z drugiej strony rozważono także koncepcję reżimu pamięci, opracowaną przez M. Bernharda i J. Kubika. Zgodnie z ich teorią reżim pamięci na Łotwie można opisać jako podzielony na oficjalną i alternatywną narrację kontrpamięci opartej na dziedzictwie sowieckim.

Summary. The using e-cigarettes (vаре products) has been increasing rapidly. The prevalence of e-cigarette used varies around the world and is differently controlled at the governments level. Many scientific researches are aimed at studying the effects of vaping. E-cigarette, or vaping, product use associated lung injury (EVALI) is the most common specific complication in e-cigarette users. Studies are currently in progress of the mechanisms of development of this disease. The key role of vitamin E acetate has been proven in the development of this pathology. Although the etiology is known today but the pathogenesis remains unexplored, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study – to analyze the literature on the spread of vaping and its consequences around the world and in Ukraine in particular, to identify threat of the health in children and young people. Materials and Methods. The study examines scientific publications in recent years, which are available on the Internet. The key words were "vaping", "e-cigarettes", "EVALI". Results. The data published in 2017 showed that 18.4 % of young people aged 13 to 15 (22.6 % of boys and 14 % of girls) in Ukraine are currently using of e-cigarettes and more than 40 % of young people have experience using them. According to National YouthTobaccoSurvey data the use of e-cigarettes is growing every year despite the statutory circulation of vaping products in the United States. However, as of February 18, 2020, 68 deaths due to EVALI have been confirmed in the United States. The average age of deceased patients ranges 15 to 75 years. It has been found that in a COVID-19 pandemic, smokers are 1.4 times more likely to have severe symptoms of coronavirus infection and approximately 2.4 times more likely to be admitted to an intensive care unit. This is a matter of considerable concern, therefore, that the rapid spread of vaping and its consequences among adolescents and young people around the world, as well as in Ukraine. Conclusions. There are serious medical risks with the use of e-cigarettes to date. The flash of EVALI emphasizes the need to regulate vaping products, which, unfortunately, is not available in Ukraine. This is a matter of considerable concern. ; Резюме. Використання електронних сигарет (вейпу) стрімко зростає в усьому світі. Поширення вживання е-сигарет відрізняється залежно від країни і по-різному контролюється державами. Все більша кількість наукових праць спрямована на вивчення наслідків вейпінгу. Найбільш поширеним виявилося специфічне ускладнення у споживачів е-сигарет – ураження легень, пов'язане із вживанням вейпінг-продуктів (EVALI). Триває активне вивчення механізмів розвитку цього захворювання. Доведена ключова роль ацетату вітаміну Е у розвитку вказаної патології. Хоча на сьогодні етіологія відома, однак патогенез залишається до кінця не вивченим, особливо в умовах пандемії COVID-19. Мета дослідження – проаналізувати літературні дані щодо поширення вейпінгу та його наслідків в усьому світі й Україні зокрема, визначити загрози для здоров'я дітей та молодих людей. Матеріали і методи. У дослідженні опрацьовано наукові публікації за останні роки, які доступні у мережі «Інтернет», ключовими словами були «вейпінг», «е-сигарети», «EVALI». Результати. Дані, оприлюднені в 2017 р., показують, що в Україні 18,4 % молодих людей віком від 13 до 15 років (22,6 % хлопців та 14 % дівчат) є теперішніми споживачами електронних сигарет, а більш як 40 % молодих людей мають досвід їх вживання. За даними Національного опитування молоді щодо тютюнових виробів у США використання е-сигарет щороку зростає, незважаючи на законодавчо врегульований обіг вейп-продуктів. Разом з тим, станом на 18 лютого 2020 р. у США було підтверджено 68 смертей унаслідок EVALI. Середній вік померлих пацієнтів складав від 15 до 75 років. Встановлено, що в умовах пандемії COVID-19 курці в 1,4 раза частіше мають важкі симптоми коронавірусної інфекції і приблизно в 2,4 раза частіше потрапляють до відділень інтенсивної терапії. Це викликає суттєве занепокоєння, враховуючи швидке поширення вейпінгу та його наслідків серед підлітків та молодих людей в усьому світі, а також і Україні. Висновки. На сьогоднішні існують серйозні медичні ризики за умов вживання е-сигарет. Спалах EVALI підкреслює необхідність регулювання вейп-продукції, що, на жаль, відсутнє в Україні. Це викликає суттєвє занепокоєння.

30 pags., 13 figs., 4 tabs. ; We present the inter-comparison of delta slant column densities (SCDs) and vertical profiles of nitrous acid (HONO) derived from measurements of different multiaxis differential optical absorption spectroscopy (MAXDOAS) instruments and using different inversion algorithms during the Second Cabauw Inter-comparison campaign for Nitrogen Dioxide measuring Instruments (CINDI- 2) in September 2016 at Cabauw, the Netherlands (51.97° N, 4.93° E). The HONO vertical profiles, vertical column densities (VCDs), and near-surface volume mixing ratios are compared between different MAX-DOAS instruments and profile inversion algorithms for the first time. Systematic and random discrepancies of the HONO results are derived from the comparisons of all data sets against their median values. Systematic discrepancies of HONO delta SCDs are observed in the range of ±0:3×1015 molec. cm2, which is half of the typical random discrepancy of 0:6× 1015 molec. cm2. For a typical high HONO delta SCD of 2×1015 molec. cm2, the relative systematic and random discrepancies are about 15% and 30 %, respectively. The inter-comparison of HONO profiles shows that both systematic and random discrepancies of HONO VCDs and nearsurface volume mixing ratios (VMRs) are mostly in the range of ∼ ±0:5×1014 molec. cm2 and ∼ ±0:1 ppb (typically ∼ 20 %). Further we find that the discrepancies of the retrieved HONO profiles are dominated by discrepancies of the HONO delta SCDs. The profile retrievals only contribute to the discrepancies of the HONO profiles by ∼ 5 %. However, some data sets with substantially larger discrepancies than the typical values indicate that inappropriate implementations of profile inversion algorithms and configurations of radiative transfer models in the profile retrievals can also be an important uncertainty source. In addition, estimations of measurement uncertainties of HONO dSCDs, which can significantly impact profile retrievals using the optimal estimation method, need to consider not only DOAS fit errors, but also atmospheric variability, especially for an instrument with a DOAS fit error lower than ∼ 3×1014 molec. cm2. The MAX-DOAS results during the CINDI-2 campaign indicate that the peak HONO levels (e.g. near-surface VMRs of ∼ 0:4 ppb) often appeared in the early morning and below 0.2 km. The near-surface VMRs retrieved from the MAXDOAS observations are compared with those measured using a co-located long-path DOAS instrument. The systematic differences are smaller than 0.15 and 0.07 ppb during early morning and around noon, respectively. Since true HONO values at high altitudes are not known in the absence of real measurements, in order to evaluate the abilities of profile inversion algorithms to respond to different HONO profile shapes, we performed sensitivity studies using synthetic HONO delta SCDs simulated by a radiative transfer model with assumed HONO profiles. The tests indicate that the profile inversion algorithms based on the optimal estimation method with proper configurations can reproduce the different HONO profile shapes well. Therefore we conclude that the features of HONO accumulated near the surface derived from MAX-DOAS measurements. ; Funding for this study was provided by ESA through the CINDI-2 (ESA contract no. 4000118533/16/I-Sbo) and FRM4DOAS (ESA contract no. 4000118181/16/I-EF) projects, by the NSFC (grant no. 41805027), the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 18-35-00682), the Russian Academy of Sciences (grant nos. 0150-2018-0052 and 0129-2019- 0002), NASA's Atmospheric Composition Program (grant no. NASA-16-NUP2016-0001), the US National Science Foundation (AGS-1620530 award), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme through the ACTRIS-2 transnational access programme (grant no. 654109). The AIOFM group is grateful for the support by the NSFC (grant no. 41530644). The article processing charges for this open-access publication were covered by the Max Planck Society

Abstract
The article analyses theoretical aspects of a city brand definition, applying cases of various brands of Lithuanian cities. A brand is any sign or symbol which helps to distinguish goods or services for one person from the goods or services of another, and which may be represented graphically. The brand can be a variety of symbols, their combination, and other visual manifestations of information, such as words, names, slogans, letters, numbers, drawings, emblems; or spatial characteristics of the product itself – its image, packaging, shape, color, color combination or a combination of all these. City development usually includes an image dimension. The common ground for this is that a well-known toponym often generates events, investments, etc. Many cities are actively positioning and promoting their strategic intentions. Often times a city brand is associated with its fight for investment, tourist numbers, or successful businesses.

Objective: To scrutinize relevant theories applicable to city visual branding; to look through various definitions of the city branding and envisage some advantages and disadvantages they might pose; and to analyze various case studies so that we could summarize the methodologies of why and how we could better position our local products globally.

Methodology: The case study methods were used as part of a complex study and combined with in-depth interviews as well as benchmarking methods from various sources. In-depth interview method was used to obtain expert opinions on the subject. The in-depth interview method helped to analyze logo usage, goals, define pros and cons, and evaluate the results of logo design in urban development. This method was chosen to collect detailed and authentic material based on the attitudes and experiences of those involved in such a creative process.

Findings: The conclusion was reached that since a place prompts a lot of variables, in the future we need to consider more numerous components, such as population, industries, landscape, economies or history, etc. The hypothesis was confirmed about the variables of the city to be further considered for (re)branding, such as the cost, semantic complexity, societal charge, and the dynamics (changeability, or rigidity). As for the methodologies, we arrived at the conclusion that the best way to create a viable city brand is a collaboration between different stakeholders.

Value Added: The article adds to European experts' suggestion of rethinking the concept of design itself, as until now a one-sided approach to design as a means of schematizing a product has prevailed. This approach, even regulated by Lithuanian law, does not cover the whole process of creating and implementing an idea. "Design is a problem-solving approach that focuses on the user during its development. It can be applied in both the public and private sectors to promote innovation in products, services, processes and even legislation," says Dr Anna Whicher, expert on design policy and strategy of the European Commission. In other words, design has been increasingly integrated into the science, business, social and service sectors to maximize innovation.
As many as 63 percent of Lithuanian businesses do not use design solutions (product design, stylization or business strategy development) at any stage of production. This figure is below the EU average, where almost half of all businesses already integrate design solutions into their operations. Lithuania is also one of the 13 countries in Europe (out of 28) that does not have design policy documents or a community uniting organization, such as design centers in Great Britain, Denmark, Estonia or other countries. The paper invites Lithuania to re-think its design development policies at large, paying attention to urban design solutions in particular.

Recommendations: In further research, while selecting potential expert for city logo development, it is recommended that priority should be given to (a) responsible experts in strategic / territorial and national policy making or related activities, (b) experts with knowledge of sustainable development, (c) independent sustainable development analysts / consultants / private and academic or who have implemented specific project-based SDs both nationally and internationally. The stakeholders in this process should be representing: 1) Public Sector, 2) NGOs, 3) Private Sector, 4) Academy and 5) Independent Experts.

Abstrak Pemerintah membuat program kampung iklim (PROKLIM) untuk mencegah naiknya gas emisi rumah kaca serta mencegah dampak dari perubahan iklim dengan tindakan adaptasi dan mitigasi secara proaktif yang berkontribusi kepada upaya pembangunan nasional. Program ini melibatkan seluruh masyarakat desa/kelurahan yang menerapkan program maupun masyarakat desa yang terdampak atau tidak terdampak langsung pada bencana. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan proses pemberdayaan masyarakat melalui kegiatan pengelolaan sampah pada aksi mitigasi dalam Program Kampung Iklim di Desa Mojodeso.Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Fokus dari penelitian ini adalah proses pemberdayaan masyarakat yang meliputi pemungkinan, penguatan, perlindungan, penyokongan, pemeliharaan. Subyek dari penelitian ini ditentukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberdayaan masyarakat Desa Mojodeso melalui kegiatan pengelolaan sampah dalam Program Kampung Iklim (PROKLIM) berjalan dengan baik. Proses pemungkinan, sudah dilakukan persiapan yang baik, dengan melakukan kegiatan studi banding dan pensosialisasian untuk memilah sampah. Proses penguatan dilakukan dengan memberikan pelatihan pembuatan daur ulang sampah, namun masyarakat masih minim menekuni daur ulang tersebut. Proses perlindungan, dilakukan dengan mengeluarkan SK kepada pihak pengelola sampah. Pada proses penyokongan, bimbingan dan dukungan sudah diberikan, namun belum ada dukungan alat transportasi pengangkut sampah di bank induk sampah. Sedangkan proses pemeliharaan sudah dilakukan dengan baik, dengan diadakan perlombaan lingkungan per RT setiap tahun. Sehingga peneliti memberikan saran yaitu perlu diberikan sosialisasi terus menerus untuk masyarakat mau mengelola sampah, melakukan pengimplementasian dari pelatihan yang sudah diberikan, mengundang pihak luar untuk memberikan pengetahuan lebih dalam tentang pengelolaan sampah dan membuat terobosan baru guna meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan sampah, sehingga pelaksanaan dari aksi mitigasi bisa terlaksana dengan baik. Kata kunci : Proses Pemberdayaan Masyarakat, PROKLIM, Pengelolaan Sampah Abstract The government created a climate village program (PROKLIM) to prevent the increase of greenhouse gas emissions and prevent the effects of climate change with proactive adaptation and mitigation actions that contribute to national development efforts. This program involves all village / kelurahan communities who implement programs and village communities that are affected or not directly affected by disasters. The purpose of this study is to describe the process of community empowerment through waste management activities in mitigation actions in the Climate Village Program in Mojodeso Village. This study uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The focus of this research is the process of community empowerment which includes the possibility, strengthening, protection, advocacy, maintenance. The subjects of this study were determined by purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques used were interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used are data collection, data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. The results showed that the empowerment of the Mojodeso Village community through waste management activities in the Climate Village Program (PROKLIM) went well. The possible process, good preparation has been carried out, by conducting comparative study and socialization activities to sort waste. The strengthening process is carried out by providing training in making waste recycling, but the community is still minimal in pursuing recycling. The protection process is carried out by issuing a decree to the waste management party. In the process of refinement, guidance and support have been given, but there is no support for the transportation of garbage transporters in the garbage master bank. While the maintenance process has been done well, with an environmental race held per RT every year. So that researchers provide advice, namely that they need to be given continuous socialization for the community to manage waste, implement the training provided, invite outsiders to provide deeper knowledge about waste management and make new breakthroughs to increase community participation in waste management, so that the implementation of mitigation actions can be carried out well.Keywords: Community Empowerment Process, PROKLIM, Waste Management

In June 2019, at the V.N.Karazin Kharkiv National University, traditional Scientific Readings in memory of Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Kadeev "LAUREA" took place. Specialists from Ukraine, Russia, Bulgaria and Poland, among whom there were many students and colleagues of V.I. Kadeev, devoted their reports to the studies of the history and archeology of the ancient, Byzantine and medieval eras.At the section "Problems of Ancient and Medieval Archaeologists", reports were made thematically close to the scientific interests of V. I. Kadeev. Some of them were devoted to the study of archaeological sites of the Northern Black Sea region: from Hellenism to Genoese colonies. A special group consisted of reports on the study of the Saltovo-Mayak culture.The section "History of the Ancient State and Society" gathered experts studying various problems of the political and religious history of Ancient Greece of the classical and Hellenistic eras. Considerable attention was paid to the study of urgent problems in the history of Rome and the provinces of the Roman Empire.The sessions of the "History of the Middle Ages and Byzantium" section were devoted to the development of the Byzantine state and society mainly in the Black Sea possessions of the empire. It is gratifying to note that among Ukrainian researchers, interest in the problems of the Western European Middle Ages has grown.By the beginning of the conference, a collection of reports of the forum participants was published: LAUREA III. The Ancient World and the Middle Ages: Readings in memory of Professor Vladimir Ivanovich Kadeev. - Kharkov: NTMT, 2019. - 164 p." ; В июне 2019 года в Харьковском национальном университете имени В. Н. Каразина состоялись традиционные Научные чтения памяти профессора Владимира Ивановича Кадеева «LAUREA». Специалисты из Украины, России, Болгарии и Польши, среди которых было много учеников и коллег В. И. Кадеева, посвятили свои доклады исследованиям истории и археологии античной, византийской и средневековой эпох. На секции «Проблемы древней и средневековой археологи» прозвучали доклады тематически близкие научным интересам В. И. Кадеева. Часть из них была посвящена изучению археологических памятников Северного Причерноморья: от эллинизма до генуэзских колоний. Особую группу составили доклады об изучении салтово-маяцкой культуры.Секция «История античного государства и общества» собрала специалистов, изучающих разнообразные проблемы политической и религиозной истории Древней Греции классической и эллинистической эпох. Значительное внимание было уделено изучению актуальных проблем истории Рима и провинций Римской империи.Заседания секции «История Средних веков и Византии» были посвящены развитию византийского государства и общества преимущественно в причерноморских владениях империи. Отрадно отметить, что среди украинских исследователей вырос интерес к проблемам западноевропейского средневековья.К началу конференции был издан сборник докладов участников форума: LAUREA III. Античный мир и Средние века: Чтения памяти профессора Владимира Ивановича Кадеева. – Харьков: «НТМТ», 2019. – 164 с. ; У червні 2019 року в Харківському національному університеті імені В. Н. Каразіна відбулися традиційні Наукові читання пам'яті професора Володимира Івановича Кадеева «LAUREA». Фахівці з України, Росії, Болгарії та Польщі, серед яких було багато учнів і колег В. І. Кадеева, присвятили свої доповіді дослідженням історії та археології античної, візантійської та середньовічної епох.На секції «Проблеми стародавньої та середньовічної археологи» прозвучали доповіді тематично близькі науковим інтересам В. І. Кадеева. Частина з них була присвячена вивченню археологічних пам'яток Північного Причорномор'я: від еллінізму до генуезьких колоній. Особливу групу склали доповіді про вивчення Салтівська культури.Секція «Історія античної держави і суспільства» зібрала фахівців, що вивчають різноманітні проблеми політичної і релігійної історії Стародавньої Греції класичної та елліністичної епох. Значну увагу було приділено вивченню актуальних проблем історії Риму і провінцій Римської імперії.Засідання секції «Історія Середніх віків і Візантії» були присвячені розвитку візантійської держави і суспільства переважно в причорноморських володіннях імперії. Відрадно відзначити, що серед українських дослідників виріс інтерес до проблем західноєвропейського середньовіччя.До початку конференції було видано збірник доповідей учасників форуму: LAUREA III. Античний світ і Середні століття: Читання пам'яті професора Володимира Івановича Кадеева. - Харків: «НТМТ», 2019. - 164 с.

Розглянуто сучасну проблематику популізму через призму ідеологій, зокрема консерватизму та лібералізму. Зазначено, що світовий досвід свідчить, що популістський рух активізувався в періоди, коли країни переживали переломні етапи своєї історії. Проаналізовано проблематику популізму як наявність соціального замовлення від зацікавлених суб'єктів політичної дії, які застосовують популізм для реалізації своїх програм та у боротьбі за владу. ; Problem setting. The article deals with the problems of populism in the context of ideology: conservatism and liberalism. The growth of populism comes after the destruction of the liberal consensus, which began after the Cold War, with increasing tension between democratic majority and liberal constitutionalism – the two main pillars of democratic regimes. Strengthening the role of populism shows the gradual loss of the attractiveness of liberal solutions in the field of politics, economy and culture, and ideology.Recent research and publications analysis. World experience shows that the populist movement was intensified in periods when the country experienced a turning point in its history. In sharp socio-economic changes particularly when breaking the old principles and adopting new ones, the political arena is occupied by populist leaders, who suggest simplified ideas and quick decisions to solve crisis issues.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. An important point in building a strong civil society is the populism syndrome of Soviet human. While being the part of an empire, which focused its attention on the image that went for export, it adjusted the system of ideological mirrors, creating the illusion of its, and therefore our, presence in the world. The purpose of the article is to analyze the contemporary aspect of populism through the prism of ideological norms (namely conservatism and liberalism).Paper main body. As a system of views, ideas and concepts, ideology is embodied in various forms of social consciousness that differ in their subject matter, the nature of the reflection of the interests of the public subject, and the function they perform in public life. As a rule, ideology is closely related to such forms of social consciousness as political consciousness and legal consciousness, art and morality, philosophy and science, as well as religion, economic consciousness of a person, etc.World experience shows that the populist movement intensified at a time when countries were experiencing crucial stages in their history. With dramatic socio-economic shifts, especially when the old foundations were broken and the new ones were not yet clearly defined, populist figures were entering the political arena.Among the reasons for the emergence of populism in the mass consciousness and political ideologies of different states, including the post-Soviet space, is the desire of citizens to associate positive socio-economic development with individuals and the so-called "iron" power. At the same time, democracy is perceived as a brake on the path of economic stabilization and progress, which is stimulated by a certain part of the national political party. Unless there is support in the majority of the population, the process of active depletion begins, and it is given to the reaction of self-defence of one's own "populist slogans".Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Analyzing the views of representatives of liberalism, we can state that this socio-political trend is not "negative". Besides, in the controversy of individualism with the collectivism, it adheres to the position of an arbitrator. After all, a liberal cannot be considered as an individualist who wants self-isolation. A free person is open, as well as a free society. The person in such a society is always inherent in individual responsibility, moral discipline. In society, a person knows how to "connect himself/herself internally".When turning to the ideas of populism in the context of ideologies, this issue is gaining another political discourse, it should be noted that this phenomenon has acquired the status of everyday experience today. The struggle for power is the main theme and driving motive of this sphere of communication. The more open and democratic a society life is, the more attention is paid to populism in society.

A lot has been done regarding automatic generation of topographic maps within National Mapping Agencies (NMAs) and there are examples of successful implementations of such projects. The main issue related to automatic map production is cartographic generalization. It is mainly used for transforming the original spatial dataset into maps of smaller scale. Everyone, who has ever worked on map generalization knows, how laborious and time-consuming this process is. This is why a lot of effort is being put to automate it. Automatic map production is very difficult but it gets even more complicated if we consider automatic production of tactile maps – maps that are being read with sense of touch and, to a limited extent, also with eyes. In an average, a man without visual impairment is capable of distinguishing two points as separate if they are, according to different sources, 0.2–0.3 millimetres apart from each other. If one would like to achieve the same but using sense of touch, a distance of 2.4–3.0 millimetres is necessary. This is enough to show how intense the generalization process has to be while transforming scales of tactile maps. It also brings up a question: 'What are the algorithms and solutions for tactile spatial data generalization and to what extent can this process be automated?'. The answer to this question is the main point of the research presented here. During the presentation, the results of a systematic literature review on this topic basing on the primary studies from the last decade, will be presented. Automatic map generation is nothing new but this field of research lacks a systematic review, which would summarize existing literature. This review, although about automatic map generation in general, focuses on tactile maps. Therefore, the answers to the following questions will be presented: What are the generalization methods and models for automatic (tactile) map generation? What are the existing systems and solutions allowing automatic (tactile) map generation? How to properly design spatial database for automatic map generation? Presented research will form a significant part of Jakub Wabiński PhD dissertation, which main goal is to create a methodology that would allow blind users to create on-demand thematic maps with different level of detail and scales, out of publicly available spatial data. Due to the fact that in European Union there is the INSPIRE Directive (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community), which requires member countries to provide their citizens with current spatial data, but also aims to define common standards of describing and sharing spatial data – it is possible to create universal methodology for the whole European Union. The problem is that these data have to be first adapted for use by blind and visually impaired people. There is high demand on tactile maps and atlases but unfortunately their production is very expensive. Not all the schools for blind and visually impaired can afford to buy them (not to mention individual people). Traditional tactile maps production methods, such as 'thermoforming', are cost effective only in the case of production in a large scale. Pretty often individual map sheets are required to present a certain phenomenon. Fortunately, there are cheap and efficient alternatives – namely 3D printing or swell-paper, which can be used at home by individual users with success. We believe that a platform allowing blind and visually impaired to generate easy-to-use, unique thematic and topographic maps that comply with the requirements regarding tactile cartographic signs designs would be highly appreciated. Similar solutions already exist but only in the field of orientation and navigation maps and they have their limitations. Thematic tactile maps are very important to perceive various information that are provided by spatial data and we would like to focus on them in our presentation.

The urgency of the study of this topic is due to the fact that the problem of risk assessment and risk management arose in the twentieth century and is still relevant today. Risk plays a special role in economics, governance and public administration. Actually, these areas are impossible without certainty and effective regulation. In the field of state construction, quite often there are various accidents and conflicts caused by various reasons: natural phenomena, political events in certain countries or between states, changes in legislation, tax regulations, fluctuations in prices and exchange rates, competition, performance of contractual obligations, in particular it is inherent in the GUAM member countries (Georgia, Ukraine, Moldova, Azerbaijan).The theoretical basis for this research work was certain studies of the government of Ukrainian and foreign scientists V. Vorotin, E. Romanenko, I. Chaplay, R. Shchekin, as well as legislative acts and documents of GUAM member countries. At the same time, it should be noted that in GUAM countries there is only a partial consideration of these problems.Today, the customs system, as a state body, faces management problems and a rather complex organizational chart of work that is characterized by high risks. In general, risk can be estimated as a measure of lowering the effectiveness of economic activity through the influence of external and internal causes. It is necessary to develop a system of measures within the framework of the customs control strategy related to risk assessment and monitoring of the process itself in the GUAM countries.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to integrate the study of the role, significance and prospects of risk management as one of the modern approaches in public administration of customs procedures in GUAM member countries.For today, modern governments are trying to solve the problems of uncertainty and uncontrollability of national organizational systems that are characterized by high risks, in particular, in the GUAM countries.In general, risk can be assessed as a result of the effectiveness of business activity and the need to attract external and internal control in the context of extending economic and customs interaction between the member countries of this integration group. ; Актуальність дослідження даної теми обумовлена тим, що проблема вивчення ризику та управління ризиками виникла ще в двадцятому столітті та актуальна ще сьогодні. Ризик відіграє особливу роль в економіці, управлінні та державному управлінні. Власне, ці області неможливі без визначеності та ефективного регулювання. В області державного будівництва досить часто виникають різні аварії та конфлікти, викликані різними причинами: природними явищами, політичними подіями в певних країнах або між державами, змінами в законодавстві, податковим регулюванням, коливаннями цін та обмінних курсів, конкуренцією, виконанням договірних зобов'язань, зокрема це притаманне країнам-членам ГУАМ (Грузія, Україна, Молдова, Азербайджан).Теоретичною основою для цієї дослідницької роботи послужили певні дослідження державного управління українських науковців В. Воротіна, Є. Романенко, І. Чаплай, Р. Щекіна та інших, а також законодавчі акти та документи країн-членів ГУАМ. У той же час необхідно відзначити, що в країнах ГУАМ присутній лише часткове розгляд цих проблем.Сьогодні митна система, як орган держави стикається з проблемами управління та досить складною організаційною схемою роботи, яка характеризується високими ризиками. В цілому ризик можна оцінити, як міру зниження ефективності господарської діяльності через вплив зовнішніх і внутрішніх причин. Потребує вироблення спільна система заходів в рамках стратегії митного контролю, пов'язаних з оцінкою ризиків і моніторингом самого процесу в країнах ГУАМ.Тому метою даної статті є цілісне вивчення ролі, значення та перспектив управління ризиками як одного з сучасних підходів в державному управлінні митними процедурами в країнах-членах ГУАМ.На сьогоднішній день, сучасні Уряди намагаються вирішити проблеми невизначеності та некерованості національних організаційних систем, які характеризуються високими ризиками, зокрема в країнах ГУАМ.В цілому ризик можна оцінити як наслідок ефективності ділової активності та необхідності залучення зовнішнього, так і внутрішнього контролю за умов поширення економічної та митної взаємодії між країнами членам цього інтеграційного угрупування.

The article analyzes the influence of the country's transport and logistics system on the development of the economic growth of Ukraine's infrastructure and increasing the competitiveness of the national economy. One of the main directions of the implementation of transport policy in the world in recent times is the organization of the operation and development of international transport corridors (ITC) and their involvement in the international transport network. This is due to the factors of globalization, the new scientific and technological revolution, global integration processes. Therefore, taking into account the ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, the development of priority ITCs is relevant and strategically important for Ukraine. The analysis of studies and publications related to the functioning of the MTC that pass through the territory of Ukraine and their general significance for the economy of the country indicates that a number of problematic issues regarding the impact of MTC on the development and operation of Ukraine's logistics infrastructure have not yet been sufficiently studied and require further research. . The present state of functioning of existing transport corridors passing through the territory of Ukraine is considered. The information on the development of the ITC of Ukraine is systematized and the prospects for their development are analyzed. The optimal variant of development of the most promising MTK Gdansk - Odessa is substantiated and its influence on improvement of transport infrastructure of Ukraine is determined. The connection of the development of this transport corridor with the development of regional infrastructure of adjacent territories of Lviv, Volyn, Ternopil, Khmelnytsky, Vinnytsya, Cherkasy, Mykolayiv, Kherson and Odesa regions, with the construction of specific logistic and transport facilities is shown. The importance of implementation of the largest project in Ukraine - GO Highway in the field of road infrastructure, aimed at improving international and border links, road safety, regional economic development of Ukrainian cities, connection of Polish Baltic ports in Gdansk and Gdynia to the Ukrainian Black Sea ports of Nikolaev and Odessa. The strategic perspectives for Ukraine in the European transport network TEN-T, as for the Eastern Partnership, which should become the subject of further research, are defined. ; У статті проведено аналіз впливу транспортно-логістичної системи країни на розвиток економічного зростання інфраструктури України, підвищення конкурентоспроможності національної економіки. Одним із головних напрямків реалізації транспортної політики в світі останнім часом є організація функціонування і розвитку міжнародних транспортних коридорів (МТК) та залучення їх до міжнародної транспортної мережі. Це обумовлено факторами глобалізації, нової науково-технічної революції, світовими інтеграційними процесами. Тому, з урахуванням ратифікації Угоди про асоціацію між Україною та Європейським Союзом, питання розвитку пріоритетних МТК є актуальним та стратегічно важливим для України. Проведений аналіз досліджень і публікацій що стосуються функціонування МТК, які проходять територією України та загальної значимості їх для економіки держави, свідчить про те, що низка проблемних питань, щодо впливу МТК на розвиток та функціонування логістичної інфраструктури Україні, ще не достатньо вивчена та потребує подальшого дослідження. Розглянуто сучасний стан функціонування існуючих транспортних коридорів, що проходять територією України. Систематизовано наявну інформацію про розбудову МТК України та проаналізовано перспективи їх розвитку. Обґрунтовано оптимальний варіант розбудови найбільш перспективного МТК Гданськ – Одеса та визначено його вплив на поліпшення транспортної інфраструктури України. Показано зв'язок розбудови цього транспортного коридору з розвитком регіональної інфраструктури прилеглих до нього територій Львівської, Волинської, Тернопільської, Хмельницької, Вінницької, Черкаської, Миколаївської, Херсонської та Одеської областей, з будівництвом конкретних логістичних та транспортних об'єктів. Встановлено важливість реалізації найбільшого в Україні проекту – GO Highway в галузі дорожньої інфраструктури, який має на меті покращати міжнародні та прикордонні зв'язки, безпеку на дорогах, регіональний економічний розвиток українських міст, з'єднання польських балтійських портів у Гданську та Гдині з українськими чорноморськими портами Миколаєва та Одеси. Визначено стратегічні перспективи для України в європейській транспортній мережі TEN-T, як для країни Східного партнерства, що повинно стати об'єктом подальших досліджень.