Suchergebnisse

In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you thirteen scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. In the article by Olha Chumachenko, оn the basis of a wide base of sources, the article highlights and analyzes the development of research work of aircraft engine companies in Zaporizhzhia during the 1970s. The existence of a single system of functioning of the Zaporizhzhia production association "Motorobudivnyk" (now the Public Joint Stock Company "Motor Sich") and the Zaporizhzhia Machine-Building Design Bureau "Progress" (now the State Enterprise "Ivchenko – Progress") has been taken into account. Leonid Griffen and Nadiia Ryzheva present their vision of the essence of technology as a socio-historical phenomenon. The article reveals the authors' vision of the essence of the technology as a sociohistorical phenomenon. It is based on the idea that technology is not only a set of technical devices but a segment of the general system – a society – located between a social medium and its natural surroundings in the form of a peculiar social technosphere, which simultaneously separates and connects them. Definitely the article by Denis Kislov, which examines the period from the end of the XVII century to the beginning of the XIX century, is also of interest, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years' achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The article by Serhii Paliienko is devoted to an exploration of archaeological theory issues at the Institute of archaeology AS UkrSSR in the 1960s. This period is one of the worst studied in the history of Soviet archaeology. But it was the time when in the USSR archaeological researches reached the summit, quantitative methods and methods of natural sciences were applied and interest in theoretical issues had grown in archaeology. Now there are a lot of publications dedicated to theoretical discussions between archaeologists from Leningrad but the same researches about Kyiv scholars are still unknown The legacy of St.Luke in medical science, authors from Greece - this study aims to highlight key elements of the life of Valentyn Feliksovych Voino-Yasenetskyi and his scientific contribution to medicine. Among the scientists of European greatness, who at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries showed interest to the folklore of Galicia (Halychyna) and Galician Ukrainians, contributed to their national and cultural revival, one of the leading places is occupied by the outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Verkhratskyi. He was both naturalist and philologist, as well as folklorist and ethnographer, organizer of scientific work, publisher and popularizer of Ukrainian literature, translator, publicist and famous public figure. I.H.Verkhratskyi was also an outstanding researcher of plants and animals of Eastern Galicia, a connoisseur of insects, especially butterflies, the author of the first school textbooks on natural science written in Ukrainian. A new emerging field that has seen the application of the drone technology is the healthcare sector. Over the years, the health sector has increasingly relied on the device for timely transportation of essential articles across the globe. Since its introduction in health, scholars have attempted to address the impact of drones on healthcare across Africa and the world at large. Among other things, it has been reported by scholars that the device has the ability to overcome the menace of weather constraints, inadequate personnel and inaccessible roads within the healthcare sector. This notwithstanding, data on drones and drone application in Ghana and her healthcare sector in particular appears to be little within the drone literature. Also, little attempt has been made by scholars to highlight the use of drones in African countries. By using a narrative review approach, the current study attempts to address the gap above. By this approach, a thorough literature search was performed to locate and assess scientific materials involving the application of drones in the military field and in the medical systems of Africans and Ghanaians in particular. The paper by Artemii Bernatskyi and Vladyslav Khaskin is devoted to the analysis of the history of the laser creation as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the "patent wars" that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. Nineteenth-century world exhibitions were platforms to demonstrate technical and technological changes that witnessed the modernization and industrialization of the world. World exhibitions have contributed to the promotion of new inventions and the popularization of already known, as well as the emergence of art objects of world importance. One of the most important world events at the turn of the century was the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Thus, the author has tried to analyze the participation of representatives of the sugar industry in the World's Fair in 1900 and to define the role of exhibitions as indicators of economic development, to show the importance and influence of private entrepreneurs, especially from Ukraine, on the sugar industry and international contacts. The article by Viktor Verhunov highlights the life and creative path of the outstanding domestic scientist, theorist, methodologist and practitioner of agricultural engineering K.G.Schindler, associated with the formation of agricultural mechanics in Ukraine. The methodological foundation of the research is the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity in reproducing the phenomena of the past based on the complex use of general scientific, special, interdisciplinary methods. For the first time a number of documents from Russian and Ukrainian archives, which reflect some facts of the professional biography of the scientist, were introduced into scientific circulation. The authors from Kremenchuk National University named after Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi presented a fascinating study of a bayonet fragment with severe damages of metal found in the city Kremenchuk (Ukraine) in one of the canals on the outskirts of the city, near the Dnipro River. Theoretical research to study blade weapons of the World War I period and the typology of the bayonets of that period, which made it possible to put forward an assumption about the possible identification of the object as a modified bayonet to the Mauser rifle has been carried out. Metal science expert examination was based on X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determine the concentration of elements in the sample from the cleaned part of the blade. In the article by Mykola Ruban and Vadym Ponomarenko on the basis of the complex analysis of sources and scientific literature the attempt to investigate historical circumstances of development and construction of shunting electric locomotives at the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant has been made. The next scientific article continues the series of publications devoted to the assessment of activities of the heads of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Empire. In this article, the authors have attempted to systematize and analyze historical data on the activities of Klavdii Semyonovych Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire. The article also assesses the development and construction of railway network in the Russian Empire during Nemeshaev's office, in particular, of the Amur Line and Moscow Encircle Railway, as well as the increase in the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The article discusses K.S.Nemeshaev's contribution to the development of technology and the introduction of a new type of freight steam locomotive for state-owned railways. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions. ; In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you thirteen scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. In the article by Olha Chumachenko, оn the basis of a wide base of sources, the article highlights and analyzes the development of research work of aircraft engine companies in Zaporizhzhia during the 1970s. The existence of a single system of functioning of the Zaporizhzhia production association "Motorobudivnyk" (now the Public Joint Stock Company "Motor Sich") and the Zaporizhzhia Machine-Building Design Bureau "Progress" (now the State Enterprise "Ivchenko – Progress") has been taken into account. Leonid Griffen and Nadiia Ryzheva present their vision of the essence of technology as a socio-historical phenomenon. The article reveals the authors' vision of the essence of the technology as a sociohistorical phenomenon. It is based on the idea that technology is not only a set of technical devices but a segment of the general system – a society – located between a social medium and its natural surroundings in the form of a peculiar social technosphere, which simultaneously separates and connects them. Definitely the article by Denis Kislov, which examines the period from the end of the XVII century to the beginning of the XIX century, is also of interest, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years' achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The article by Serhii Paliienko is devoted to an exploration of archaeological theory issues at the Institute of archaeology AS UkrSSR in the 1960s. This period is one of the worst studied in the history of Soviet archaeology. But it was the time when in the USSR archaeological researches reached the summit, quantitative methods and methods of natural sciences were applied and interest in theoretical issues had grown in archaeology. Now there are a lot of publications dedicated to theoretical discussions between archaeologists from Leningrad but the same researches about Kyiv scholars are still unknown The legacy of St.Luke in medical science, authors from Greece - this study aims to highlight key elements of the life of Valentyn Feliksovych Voino-Yasenetskyi and his scientific contribution to medicine. Among the scientists of European greatness, who at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries showed interest to the folklore of Galicia (Halychyna) and Galician Ukrainians, contributed to their national and cultural revival, one of the leading places is occupied by the outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Verkhratskyi. He was both naturalist and philologist, as well as folklorist and ethnographer, organizer of scientific work, publisher and popularizer of Ukrainian literature, translator, publicist and famous public figure. I.H.Verkhratskyi was also an outstanding researcher of plants and animals of Eastern Galicia, a connoisseur of insects, especially butterflies, the author of the first school textbooks on natural science written in Ukrainian. A new emerging field that has seen the application of the drone technology is the healthcare sector. Over the years, the health sector has increasingly relied on the device for timely transportation of essential articles across the globe. Since its introduction in health, scholars have attempted to address the impact of drones on healthcare across Africa and the world at large. Among other things, it has been reported by scholars that the device has the ability to overcome the menace of weather constraints, inadequate personnel and inaccessible roads within the healthcare sector. This notwithstanding, data on drones and drone application in Ghana and her healthcare sector in particular appears to be little within the drone literature. Also, little attempt has been made by scholars to highlight the use of drones in African countries. By using a narrative review approach, the current study attempts to address the gap above. By this approach, a thorough literature search was performed to locate and assess scientific materials involving the application of drones in the military field and in the medical systems of Africans and Ghanaians in particular. The paper by Artemii Bernatskyi and Vladyslav Khaskin is devoted to the analysis of the history of the laser creation as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the "patent wars" that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. Nineteenth-century world exhibitions were platforms to demonstrate technical and technological changes that witnessed the modernization and industrialization of the world. World exhibitions have contributed to the promotion of new inventions and the popularization of already known, as well as the emergence of art objects of world importance. One of the most important world events at the turn of the century was the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Thus, the author has tried to analyze the participation of representatives of the sugar industry in the World's Fair in 1900 and to define the role of exhibitions as indicators of economic development, to show the importance and influence of private entrepreneurs, especially from Ukraine, on the sugar industry and international contacts. The article by Viktor Verhunov highlights the life and creative path of the outstanding domestic scientist, theorist, methodologist and practitioner of agricultural engineering K.G.Schindler, associated with the formation of agricultural mechanics in Ukraine. The methodological foundation of the research is the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity in reproducing the phenomena of the past based on the complex use of general scientific, special, interdisciplinary methods. For the first time a number of documents from Russian and Ukrainian archives, which reflect some facts of the professional biography of the scientist, were introduced into scientific circulation. The authors from Kremenchuk National University named after Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi presented a fascinating study of a bayonet fragment with severe damages of metal found in the city Kremenchuk (Ukraine) in one of the canals on the outskirts of the city, near the Dnipro River. Theoretical research to study blade weapons of the World War I period and the typology of the bayonets of that period, which made it possible to put forward an assumption about the possible identification of the object as a modified bayonet to the Mauser rifle has been carried out. Metal science expert examination was based on X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determine the concentration of elements in the sample from the cleaned part of the blade. In the article by Mykola Ruban and Vadym Ponomarenko on the basis of the complex analysis of sources and scientific literature the attempt to investigate historical circumstances of development and construction of shunting electric locomotives at the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant has been made. The next scientific article continues the series of publications devoted to the assessment of activities of the heads of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Empire. In this article, the authors have attempted to systematize and analyze historical data on the activities of Klavdii Semyonovych Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire. The article also assesses the development and construction of railway network in the Russian Empire during Nemeshaev's office, in particular, of the Amur Line and Moscow Encircle Railway, as well as the increase in the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The article discusses K.S.Nemeshaev's contribution to the development of technology and the introduction of a new type of freight steam locomotive for state-owned railways. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions. ; In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you thirteen scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. In the article by Olha Chumachenko, оn the basis of a wide base of sources, the article highlights and analyzes the development of research work of aircraft engine companies in Zaporizhzhia during the 1970s. The existence of a single system of functioning of the Zaporizhzhia production association "Motorobudivnyk" (now the Public Joint Stock Company "Motor Sich") and the Zaporizhzhia Machine-Building Design Bureau "Progress" (now the State Enterprise "Ivchenko – Progress") has been taken into account. Leonid Griffen and Nadiia Ryzheva present their vision of the essence of technology as a socio-historical phenomenon. The article reveals the authors' vision of the essence of the technology as a sociohistorical phenomenon. It is based on the idea that technology is not only a set of technical devices but a segment of the general system – a society – located between a social medium and its natural surroundings in the form of a peculiar social technosphere, which simultaneously separates and connects them. Definitely the article by Denis Kislov, which examines the period from the end of the XVII century to the beginning of the XIX century, is also of interest, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years' achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The article by Serhii Paliienko is devoted to an exploration of archaeological theory issues at the Institute of archaeology AS UkrSSR in the 1960s. This period is one of the worst studied in the history of Soviet archaeology. But it was the time when in the USSR archaeological researches reached the summit, quantitative methods and methods of natural sciences were applied and interest in theoretical issues had grown in archaeology. Now there are a lot of publications dedicated to theoretical discussions between archaeologists from Leningrad but the same researches about Kyiv scholars are still unknown The legacy of St.Luke in medical science, authors from Greece - this study aims to highlight key elements of the life of Valentyn Feliksovych Voino-Yasenetskyi and his scientific contribution to medicine. Among the scientists of European greatness, who at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries showed interest to the folklore of Galicia (Halychyna) and Galician Ukrainians, contributed to their national and cultural revival, one of the leading places is occupied by the outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Verkhratskyi. He was both naturalist and philologist, as well as folklorist and ethnographer, organizer of scientific work, publisher and popularizer of Ukrainian literature, translator, publicist and famous public figure. I.H.Verkhratskyi was also an outstanding researcher of plants and animals of Eastern Galicia, a connoisseur of insects, especially butterflies, the author of the first school textbooks on natural science written in Ukrainian. A new emerging field that has seen the application of the drone technology is the healthcare sector. Over the years, the health sector has increasingly relied on the device for timely transportation of essential articles across the globe. Since its introduction in health, scholars have attempted to address the impact of drones on healthcare across Africa and the world at large. Among other things, it has been reported by scholars that the device has the ability to overcome the menace of weather constraints, inadequate personnel and inaccessible roads within the healthcare sector. This notwithstanding, data on drones and drone application in Ghana and her healthcare sector in particular appears to be little within the drone literature. Also, little attempt has been made by scholars to highlight the use of drones in African countries. By using a narrative review approach, the current study attempts to address the gap above. By this approach, a thorough literature search was performed to locate and assess scientific materials involving the application of drones in the military field and in the medical systems of Africans and Ghanaians in particular. The paper by Artemii Bernatskyi and Vladyslav Khaskin is devoted to the analysis of the history of the laser creation as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the "patent wars" that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. Nineteenth-century world exhibitions were platforms to demonstrate technical and technological changes that witnessed the modernization and industrialization of the world. World exhibitions have contributed to the promotion of new inventions and the popularization of already known, as well as the emergence of art objects of world importance. One of the most important world events at the turn of the century was the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Thus, the author has tried to analyze the participation of representatives of the sugar industry in the World's Fair in 1900 and to define the role of exhibitions as indicators of economic development, to show the importance and influence of private entrepreneurs, especially from Ukraine, on the sugar industry and international contacts. The article by Viktor Verhunov highlights the life and creative path of the outstanding domestic scientist, theorist, methodologist and practitioner of agricultural engineering K.G.Schindler, associated with the formation of agricultural mechanics in Ukraine. The methodological foundation of the research is the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity in reproducing the phenomena of the past based on the complex use of general scientific, special, interdisciplinary methods. For the first time a number of documents from Russian and Ukrainian archives, which reflect some facts of the professional biography of the scientist, were introduced into scientific circulation. The authors from Kremenchuk National University named after Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi presented a fascinating study of a bayonet fragment with severe damages of metal found in the city Kremenchuk (Ukraine) in one of the canals on the outskirts of the city, near the Dnipro River. Theoretical research to study blade weapons of the World War I period and the typology of the bayonets of that period, which made it possible to put forward an assumption about the possible identification of the object as a modified bayonet to the Mauser rifle has been carried out. Metal science expert examination was based on X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determine the concentration of elements in the sample from the cleaned part of the blade. In the article by Mykola Ruban and Vadym Ponomarenko on the basis of the complex analysis of sources and scientific literature the attempt to investigate historical circumstances of development and construction of shunting electric locomotives at the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant has been made. The next scientific article continues the series of publications devoted to the assessment of activities of the heads of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Empire. In this article, the authors have attempted to systematize and analyze historical data on the activities of Klavdii Semyonovych Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire. The article also assesses the development and construction of railway network in the Russian Empire during Nemeshaev's office, in particular, of the Amur Line and Moscow Encircle Railway, as well as the increase in the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The article discusses K.S.Nemeshaev's contribution to the development of technology and the introduction of a new type of freight steam locomotive for state-owned railways. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions.

In the article the regularities of the international migration processes of human resources are revealed, the methodological principles of the formation of the regulation system such processes in the conditions of geo-economic transformations are theoretically grounded and developed, in particular through the development of a model and mechanism for the formation and implementation of regional migration policy as a result of substantiation of the preconditions and socio-economic consequences of international migration in conditions of geo-economic transformations.The concept of "migration pair" (a combination of the country of origin and the country of destination of migrants, between which historically formed a migration corridor with specific quantitative and structural parameters, characterized by a special institutional, socio-demographic, financial and economic, ethno and cultural as well as other environment of migration processes). The introduction of this imperative into the conceptual apparatus of the study of the international migration process makes it possible to distinguish migration flows taking into account the spatial and institutional aspects of migration corridors, to identify the peculiarities and changes in the environment of the countries of different migration pairs, and to record the trends of migration flows.The work defines the concept of "migration flow", "migration corridor", "migration motive" and "migration attractiveness", as well as the interrelationship between them, that allowed positioning these concepts as objects of study of migration processes. In addition, the interpretation and use of the principles of studying the processes of international migration (temporality, spatiality, communication, mobility) are presented. This allows us to streamline the methodological tools of scientific research and defines the vectors for constructing a classification of international migration taking into account the magnitude and multidimensional nature of migration processes.The classification of international migration has been improved by its systematization and addition by groups of features and types: spatial-temporal, institutional parameters as well as parameters of human resources. Such composition of classification features is achieved through the use of an institutional approach and takes into account the outlined importance of gender-age and educational and professional affiliation of migrants for the formation of human resources and their redistribution in the course of certain types of migration.The trends of geo-economic transformations were identified and their influence on the international migration of human resources was highlighted (regionalization and globalization of geo-economic space, strengthening of geo-economic risks, transformation of TNCs into supranational centers of economic development, transformation of geoeconomic space, structural changes in the world economy, virtualization of economic and other processes). This allowed formulating options for countries to join the processes of international migration on the basis of countries belonging to the centers of economic development, the general features of their migration policy, the places of countries in the composition of the migration pair, the level of development of the institutional environment for the regulation of migration processes, the availability of certain types of migration.The influence of the ecological and natural type of geo-economic risk on the formation of repulsive factors, as well as the mechanisms of its formalization, has been characterized by substantiating the clustering methodology of regional integration associations at the risk of extreme climatic events as a component of the specified type of risk. This allows to taken into account it when assessing the country's migration attractiveness and forecasting the formation of migratory motives of the population, as well as formulating the task of regulating migration processes under extreme climatic events.In addition, the influence of the politico-security type of geo-economic risk as a precondition for the formation of migration flows from countries where military and political conflicts and other threats of military and political instability are recorded, are determined. This allows identifying the components of this type of risk in assessing the country's migration attractiveness and migratory motives of the population, as well as formulating the task of regulating international migration of refugees in conditions of military conflicts and post-conflict situations.The study formulates the tasks of regulating international migration in the countries of migration, which should be implemented in employment policy, educational, social, informational, fiscal, monetary, investment and other policies and aimed at the integration of migrants and overcoming socio-economic issues associated with migration. This was done on the basis of the justification of the impact of international migration and remittances on economic development of the countries in the conditions of geo-economic transformations, human resources formation and poverty reduction, which included: 1) the formation of risks and opportunities for countries to join the processes of international migration of human resources taking into account the role of the country in the migration pair; 2) the outline of the environmental factors of the implementation of remittances according to the suggested stages, which determine the parameters of remittances; 3) identification of economic, social and demographic consequences of migration based on the stratification of human resources.The system of determinants of the formation of migration motives consisting of economic, socio-demographic, political-security, language and cultural, as well as ecological and natural determinants is suggested. They are formed by taking into account the influence of institutional factors in the relevant environment of countries and the manifestation of personal perception of the factors of pushing out. This made it possible to determine the factors that should be taken into account when studying and formalizing the preconditions of migration processes.In this paper an approach to assessing geo-economic risks of countries is formed, which involves determining the corresponding integral indicator of the country. This allows countries to be positioned on specific types of geo-economic risk and integral indicators, as well as clustering countries according to the level of geoeconomic risk and the intensity of the use of migration human resources. This approach will help to determine the vectors of the elements of the migration policies of the countries, based on the cluster to which they belong, to perform their comparative analysis, as well as outline the implementation of other policies governing the processes of migration and the integration of migrants.A tool for identifying the connection of international migration of human resources with geo-economic risks is suggested, which is represented by the formation of an indicator of migration attractiveness, which allows to explain migration flows between countries based on their level of migration attractiveness. The approach to assessing the attractiveness of migration through the formation of its integral indicator and the approach to the normalization of the partial indicators enable to adapt the model and use it to assess the migration attractiveness of the countries in the comparative aspect.The information support of the regulation of international migration processes at the international, regional and national levels is developed, based on which the model of the multilevel information field is formed, which includes the following systems: 1) monitoring of the change of determinants of the formation of migration motives according to the determined indicators; 2) monitoring of potential and actual migration flows by stratification groups; 3) monitoring the risks of institutional breaks and institutional conflicts; 4) dissemination of information on the state and issues of international migration of human resources. It allows to build communication links between subjects of regulation of processes of international migration of human resources and improve its institutional environment.As a result, the conceptual principles of the institutional model of regional regulation of migration processes have been theoretically substantiated and developed, in which the subjects of the formal and informal institutional environment of regional regulation of international migration are structured, the functions of regional migration policy (regulatory, diversification, integration, mobilization) are highlighted, directions of its implementation are formulated for the country to benefit from international migration and reduction of geo-economic risks. This allows on the basis of decomposition of the provisions of such a policy as well as its coordination with other policies to solve regional issues of migration of human resources, outlined on the basis of analysis of cause-effect relations of migration in the course of geo-economic transformations and established issues of regulation of migration flows in selected regional integration associations. ; В роботі виявлені закономірностей процесів міжнародної міграції людських ресурсів, теоретично обґрунтовано та розроблено методологічні засади формування системи регулювання таких процесів в умовах геоекономічних трансформацій, зокрема через розробку моделі та механізму формування та реалізації регіональної міграційної політики у результаті обґрунтування передумов та соціально-економічних наслідків міжнародної міграції в умовах геоекономічних трансформацій.В роботі введено поняття «міграційна пара» (комбінація країни походження та країни призначення мігрантів, між якими історично сформувався міграційний коридор зі специфічними кількісними та структурними параметрами, що характеризується особливим інституційним, соціо-демографічним, фінансово-економічним, етнічно-культурним та іншим середовищем міграційних процесів). Введення даного імперативу в понятійний апарат дослідження процесу міжнародної міграції дозволяє виокремлювати міграційні потоки з урахуванням просторового та інституційного аспектів міграційних коридорів, ідентифікувати особливості та зміну середовища країн різних міграційних пар, а також фіксувати тенденції міграційних потоків.В роботі визначено поняття «міграційний потік», «міграційний коридор», «міграційний мотив» та «міграційна привабливість», а також взаємозв'язків між ними, що дозволило позиціонувати дані поняття як об'єкти дослідження міграційних процесів. Крім того, дано трактування та конкретизовано використання принципів дослідження процесів міжнародної міграції (темпоральності, просторовості, комунікації, мобільності). Це дозволяє упорядкувати методичний інструментарій наукового дослідження та визначає вектори побудови класифікації міжнародної міграції з урахуванням масштабності та багатоаспектності міграційних процесів.Удосконалено класифікацію міжнародної міграції шляхом її систематизації та доповнення за групами ознак та видами: просторовочасовими, інституційними параметрами та параметрами людських ресурсів. Така композиція класифікаційних ознак досягнута завдяки використанню інституційного підходу та враховує окреслене значення статево-вікової та освітньо-професійної приналежності мігрантів для формування людських ресурсів, їх перерозподілу в ході окремих видів міграції.Ідентифіковано тенденції геоекономічних трансформацій та окреслено їх вплив на міжнародну міграцію людських ресурсів (регіоналізація та глокалізація геоекономічного простору, посилення геоекономічних ризиків, трансформація ТНК у наднаціональні центри економічного розвитку, трансформація геоекономічного простору, структурні зміни у світовому господарстві, віртуалізація економічних та інших процесів). Це дозволило сформулювати варіанти долучення країн до процесів міжнародної міграції на основі приналежності країн до центрів економічного розвитку, загальні риси їх міграційної політики, місця країн у складі міграційної пари, рівня розвитку інституційного середовища регулювання міграційних процесів, наявності окремих видів міграції.Охарактеризовано вплив еколого-природничого типу геоекономічного ризику на формування факторів виштовхування, а також механізми його формалізації через обґрунтування методики кластеризації регіональних інтеграційних об'єднань за ризиком екстремальних кліматичних подій як складової вказаного типу ризику. Це дозволяє врахувати його при оцінці міграційної привабливості країни та прогнозуванні формування міграційних мотивів населення, а також сформувати завдання регулювання міграційних процесів в умовах екстремальних кліматичних подій.Крім того, визначено вплив політико-безпекового типу геоекономічного ризику як передумови формування міграційних потоків з країн, де зафіксовано військово-політичні конфлікти та інші загрози військово-політичної нестабільності. Це дає змогу визначити складові даного типу ризику при оцінці міграційної привабливості країни та міграційних мотивів населення, а також сформулювати завдання регулювання міжнародної міграції біженців в умовах військових конфліктів та постконфліктного стану.В дослідженні сформульовано завдання регулювання міжнародної міграції в країнах міграційної пари, які повинні бути імплементовані у політику зайнятості, освітню, соціальну, інформаційну, фіскальну, монетарну, інвестиційну та інші політики та спрямовані на інтеграцію мігрантів та подолання соціально-економічних проблем, пов'язаних з міграцією. Це здійснено на основі обґрунтування впливу міжнародної міграції та грошових переказів на економічний розвиток країн в умовах геоекономічних трансформацій, формування людських ресурсів та подолання бідності, що включало: 1) формування ризиків та можливостей долучення країн до процесів міжнародної міграції людських ресурсів з урахуванням ролі країни у міграційній парі; 2) окреслення факторів середовища здійснення грошових переказів за запропонованими етапами, що визначають параметри грошових переказів; 3) визначення економічних, соціальних, демографічних наслідків міграції виходячи зі стратифікації людських ресурсів.Запропоновано систему детермінантів формування міграційних мотивів, що складаються з економічних, соціо-демографічних, політико-безпекових, мовно-культурних та еколого-природничих детермінантів. Вони сформовані шляхом врахування дії інституційних факторів у відповідному середовищі країн та прояву особистісного сприйняття факторів виштовхування. Це дозволило визначити фактори, які слід враховувати при вивченні та формалізації передумов міграційних процесів.В роботі сформовано підхід до оцінки геоекономічних ризиків країн, який полягає у визначенні відповідного інтегрального показника країни. Це дозволяє позиціонувати країни за окремими типами геоекономічного ризику та інтегральним показником, а також кластеризувати їх країн за рівнем геоекономічного ризику та інтенсивністю використання міграційних людських ресурсів. Такий підхід сприятиме визначенню векторів елементів міграційних політик країн, виходячи з кластеру, до якого вони належать, здійснювати їх компаративний аналіз, а також окреслювати напрями реалізації інших політик, що регулюють процеси руху та інтеграції мігрантів.Запропоновано інструмент ідентифікації зв'язку міжнародної міграції людських ресурсів з геоекономічними ризиками, що представлено через формування показника міграційної привабливості, що дозволяє пояснювати міграційні потоки між країнами виходячи з рівня їх міграційної привабливості. Підхід до оцінки міграційної привабливості через формування її інтегрального показника та підхід до нормалізації часткових показників дають змогу адаптувати модель та використовувати її для оцінки міграційної привабливості країн у компаративному аспекті.Розроблено інформаційне забезпечення регулювання процесів міжнародної міграції на міжнародному, регіональному та національному рівнях, базисом якого є сформована модель багаторівневого інформаційного поля, яке включає системи: 1) моніторингу зміни детермінантів формування міграційних мотивів за визначеними індикаторами; 2) моніторингу потенційних та фактичних міграційних потоків за стратифікаційними групами; 3) моніторингу ризиків інституційних розривів та інституційних конфліктів; 4) поширення інформації про стан та проблеми міжнародної міграції людських ресурсів. Це дозволяє будувати комунікаційні зв'язки між суб'єктами регулювання процесів міжнародної міграції людських ресурсів та удосконалити його інституційне середовище.У результаті теоретично обґрунтовано та розроблено концептуальні засади інституційної моделі регіонального регулювання міграційних процесів, у якій структуровано суб'єктів формального та неформального інституційного середовища регіонального регулювання міжнародної міграції, виділено функції регіональної міграційної політики (регуляторна, диверсифікаційна, інтеграційна, мобілізаційна), сформульовано напрями її реалізації для отримання країною переваг від міжнародної міграції та зниження геоекономічних ризиків. Це дозволяє на основі декомпозиції положень такої політики та її узгодження з іншими політиками вирішувати регіональні проблеми міграції людських ресурсів, окреслені на основі аналізу причиннонаслідкових зв'язків міграції в ході геоекономічних трансформацій та встановлених проблем регулювання міграційних потоків у обраних регіональних інтеграційних об'єднаннях.

[spa] Los territorios cambian en forma constante y sistemática, impulsados por la influencia antropogénica y alentados o limitados por entorno biofísico. Los factores que dieron origen a la expresión espacial particular de los cantones Otavalo, Pujilí y Guamote, se relacionan con el arraigo cultural diferenciado, producto de su herencia histórica en donde los pueblos indígenas que se asientan en el área de estudio y conviven con habitantes de otras etnias han marcado las pautas de comportamiento, en especial en el cantón Otavalo. En esta investigación se comprobó que los impactos y consecuencias sociales, culturales, ambientales y económicas de las dinámicas territoriales biofísicas y antropogénicas son disímiles en los cantones en estudio, a pesar de que la densidad poblacional rural y la presencia indígena mayoritaria son similares en los tres cantones. Se evidenció mayor pobreza en los cantones Pujilí y Guamote en comparación con el cantón Otavalo; a pesar de que su superficie constituye la tercera parte de los otros dos cantones y supera a éstos con el triple de población. Se pudo inferir que la poca disponibilidad de tierra y la alta población contribuyeron para que los indígenas del cantón Otavalo incursionen en otras actividades económicas que no dependen del recurso tierra; en cambio en Pujilí y Guamote la disponibilidad de mayor superficie de territorio, ha coadyuvado para que su población vea como opción productiva la producción agropecuaria. Una consecuencia de estas dinámicas diferenciadas es la generación de conflictos de uso del suelo, cuya expresión más visible es la transgresión de la aptitud natural de uso del suelo para hacer agricultura en suelos cuya aptitud es la conservación. Las políticas públicas diferenciadas que toman en cuenta aspectos ambientales, socioculturales y económicos, vistos desde una óptica integradora por unidad territorial,-el cantón-, harían la diferencia, especialmente en Guamote y Otavalo, en donde los indígenas se han tomado el control político local, desde hace algunas décadas, por la vía de elecciones populares; mientras que en Pujilí, todavía el poder político local está en manos de la etnia mestiza. Con la finalidad de medir la pobreza, como consecuencia de las dinámicas territoriales y sociodemográficas disímiles en el área de estudio, se aplicó el Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional, IPM, que permite identificar de manera integral las carencias de los habitantes de una determinada unidad territorial. De los resultados, se encontró que Otavalo tiene las mejores condiciones, con un IPM de sólo el 43%, frente a Guamote con un IPM del 50% y Pujilí con un IPM de 53%; lo que significa que la población de Otavalo se encuentra en mejores condiciones que la de los otros dos cantones, a pesar de que es el cantón más densamente poblado. En este contexto, la principal conclusión del estudio fue que los impactos y consecuencias sociales, culturales, ambientales y económicas de las dinámicas territoriales biofísicas y antropogénicas disimiles, en los cantones Otavalo, Guamote y Pujilí, han dado como resultado una configuración territorial diferenciada en donde se evidencia mayor pobreza en los cantones Pujilí y Guamote, en comparación con Otavalo. La existencia de mayor porcentaje de personas que viven en hogares multidimensionalmente pobres, hace pensar que la incursión en otras actividades que no dependan del cultivo de la tierra como único sustento, debería ser una opción para disminuir la pobreza, en Pujilí y Guamote, acompañado de políticas públicas diferenciadas que tomen en cuenta aspectos ambientales, socioculturales y económicos, vistos desde una óptica integradora por unidad territorial, en este caso el cantón. ; [eng] Territories change constantly and systematically, driven by anthropogenic influence and encouraged or limited by a biophysical environment. The factors that gave rise to the particular spatial expression of the cantons Otavalo, Pujilí and Guamote, are related to the differentiated cultural roots, product of their historical inheritance in which the indigenous peoples who settle in the study area and live with inhabitants of other ethnic groups have marked the patterns of behaviour, especially in the Otavalo canton. In this research it was found that the social, cultural, environmental and economic impacts and consequences of the biophysical and anthropogenic territorial dynamics are dissimilar in the cantons under study, despite the fact that the rural population density and the majority indigenous presence are similar in the three cantons. Greater poverty was evident in the Pujilí and Guamote cantons compared to the Otavalo canton; although its surface constitutes the third part of the other two cantons and exceeds these with three times the population. It could be inferred that the scarce availability of land and the high population contributed to the indigenous people of the Otavalo canton entering other economic activities that do not depend on the land resource; On the other hand, in Pujilí and Guamote, the availability of a larger area of land has helped the population to see agricultural production as a productive option. A consequence of these differentiated dynamics is the generation of conflicts of land use, whose most visible expression is the transgression of the natural aptitude of land use to make agriculture in soils whose aptitude is conservation. Differentiated public policies that take into account environmental, sociocultural and economic aspects, viewed from an integrating perspective by territorial unit, -the canton-, would make a difference, especially in Guamote and Otavalo, where indigenous people have taken over local political control, for a few decades, through popular elections; while in Pujilí, local political power is still in the hands of the mestizo ethnic group. In order to measure poverty, as a consequence of the territorial and sociodemographic dynamics dissimilar in the study area, the Multidimensional Poverty Index, IPM, was applied, which allows to comprehensively identify the shortcomings of the inhabitants of a given territorial unit. From the results, it was found that Otavalo has the best conditions, with an IPM of only 43%, compared to Guamote with an MPI of 50% and Pujilí with an IPM of 53%; which means that the population of Otavalo is in better conditions than that of the other two cantons, even though it is the most densely populated canton. In this context, the main conclusion of the study was that the social, cultural, environmental and economic impacts and impacts of the dissimilar biophysical and anthropogenic territorial dynamics in the Otavalo, Guamote and Pujilí cantons have resulted in a differentiated territorial configuration where there is evidence of greater poverty in the Pujilí and Guamote cantons, in comparison with Otavalo. The existence of a greater percentage of people living in multidimensionally poor households, suggests that the incursion into other activities that do not depend on the cultivation of the land as the sole sustenance, should be an option to reduce poverty, in Pujilí and Guamote, accompanied by differentiated public policies that take into account environmental, socio-cultural and economic aspects, viewed from an integrating perspective by territorial unit, in this case the canton. ; [cat] Els territoris canvien en forma constant i sistemàtica, impulsats per la influència antropogènica i encoratjats o limitats per l'entorn biofísic. Els factors que van donar origen a l'expressió espacial particular dels cantons Otavalo, Pujilí i Guamote, es relacionen amb l'arrelament cultural diferenciat, producte de la seva herència històrica on els pobles indígenes que s'assenten en l'àrea d'estudi i conviuen amb habitants de altres ètnies han marcat les pautes de comportament, especialment al cantó Otavalo. En aquesta investigació es va comprovar que els impactes i conseqüències socials, culturals, ambientals i econòmiques de les dinàmiques territorials biofísiques i antropogèniques són dissímils en els cantons en estudi, tot i que la densitat poblacional rural i la presència indígena majoritària són similars en els tres cantons. Es va evidenciar major pobresa en els cantons Pujilí i Guamote en comparació amb el cantó Otavalo; tot i que la seva superfície constitueix la tercera part dels altres dos cantons i supera aquests amb el triple de població. Es va poder inferir que la poca disponibilitat de terra i l'elevada població van contribuir a qué els indígenes del cantó Otavalo s'endinsin en altres activitats econòmiques que no depenen del recurs terra; en canvi en Pujilí i Guamote la disponibilitat de major superfície territorial, ha coadjuvat perquè la seva població vegi com a opció productiva la producció agropecuària. Una conseqüència d'aquestes dinàmiques diferenciades és la generació de conflictes d'ús del sòl, l'expressió més visible és la transgressió de l'aptitud natural d'ús del sòl per fer agricultura en sòls on la aptitud és la conservació. Les polítiques públiques diferenciades que tenen en compte aspectes ambientals, socioculturals i econòmics, vistos des d'una òptica integradora per unitat territorial, -el cantón-, farien la diferència, especialment en Guamote i Otavalo, on els indígenes han près el control polític local, des de fa algunes dècades, per la via d'eleccions populars; mentre que a Pujilí, encara el poder polític local està en mans de l'ètnia mestissa. Amb la finalitat de mesurar la pobresa, com a conseqüència de les dinàmiques territorials i sociodemogràfiques dissímils en l'àrea d'estudi, es va aplicar l'Índex de Pobresa Multidimensional, IPM, que permet identificar de manera integral les mancances dels habitants d'una determinada unitat territorial. Dels resultats, es va trobar que Otavalo té les millors condicions, amb un IPM de només el 43%, enfront de Guamote amb un IPM del 50% i Pujilí amb un IPM de 53%; el que significa que la població d'Otavalo es troba en millors condicions que la dels altres dos cantons, tot i que és el cantó més densament poblat. En aquest context, la principal conclusió de l'estudi va ser que els impactes i conseqüències socials, culturals, ambientals i econòmiques de les dinàmiques territorials biofísiques i antropogèniques dissimils, en els cantons Otavalo, Guamote i Pujilí, han donat com a resultat una configuració territorial diferenciada on s'evidencia major pobresa en els cantons Pujilí i Guamote, en comparació amb Otavalo. L'existència de major percentatge de persones que viuen en llars multidimensionalment pobres, fa pensar que la incursió en altres activitats que no depenguin del cultiu de la terra com a únic suport, hauria de ser una opció per a disminuir la pobresa, en Pujilí i Guamote, acompanyat de polítiques públiques diferenciades que tinguin en compte aspectes ambientals, socioculturals i econòmics, vistos des d'una òptica integradora per unitat territorial, en aquest cas el cantó.

Dottorato di ricerca in Ecologia forestale ; The official development assistance funding for forestry can be estimated at least at US$ 1.1 billion per year. Forestry is crucial for the development cooperation sector as it combines ecological and socio-economic concerns. Accordingly, forestry projects can have multiple objectives and tend to apply integrated approaches to reverse detrimental agro-pastoral and extraction practices. Yet, understanding the long-term impacts of these interventions can be tricky. Following the standard Project Cycle Management (PCM), Multilateral and Bilateral Organizations do not conduct as normal procedure Impact Evaluations (IE) of development projects. Nonetheless, IE methodologies do exist and are consolidated, always implying experimental or quasi-experimental designs. Most commonly, two distinct methodologies are adopted in IE studies: randomized control trials and baseline monitoring. This research had the twofold objective to a) contribute to developing PCM procedure by setting up an appropriate project baseline and b) contribute to IE methodological advancement by testing a "no control trial" and "no baseline" methodology. It aimed to understand attributable impacts on beneficiaries – and relevant drivers – in relation to the core objective of forestry interventions: an increased awareness of the importance of forest resources and of their sustainable use and conservation through sound practices. Field research was conducted in the Fouta Djallon Highlands (FDH), a series of high plateaus concentrated in the central part of Guinea where the Gambia, Niger, Senegal and Konkouré Rivers take birth. In the '80s, thanks to the support from Specialized Agencies of the United Nations, the Government of Guinea, under the aegis of the Organization of African Unity (now African Union), engaged in the first stage of implementation of the Regional Programme for the Integrated Development of the FDH. Twelve pilot watersheds were identified and different donors from the International Community started field work in each of the identified sites. In 2009, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations started executing a ten-year capitalization project – EP/INT/503/GEF – inheriting the twelve original pilot sites plus two new ones. Data collection was carried out in three of the old sites: the source of the Senegal River, the source of the Guétoya (Konkouré watershed), and the source of the Gambia River. Although applying slightly different approaches, the three past initiatives active in the sites focused on reforestation and had the same overall objective: the conservation and sustainable use of the natural resources affecting the regimes of water courses originating in the area. Field investigation tools included questionnaires administered to household chiefs and adapted Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques and were designed to integrate with qualitative information the statistical analysis of the household survey data. Questionnaires were structured after the five livelihood assets of the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital and financial capital) and the activity clusters of past projects, which respondents might have participated in. Total households surveyed were 296. Subsequent analysis focused on data collected in Tolo (Senegal River) and Bantignel (Guétoya). Impact drivers were searched in the livelihood assets and in the kind and level of participation in project activities. In order to organize and impose a structure on data obtained, Principal Components Analysis was implemented on six domains of independent variables – five livelihood assets plus participation in project activities – and on the dependant variable domain – observed and expected primary and secondary project impacts. Multiple linear regression was implemented between each of the most representative components of the independent variables on one side and the principal components of the dependent variable on the other, with the aim to extrapolate the drivers able to determine, increment and decrement project impacts. 2 The methodology allowed to identify the impacts occurred in the investigation sites and pointed out the kind and level of participation as well as the socio-economic and environmental factors able to determine and enhance the identified impacts. The analysis provided guidance on four topics key to the conceiving of future forestry projects with similar aims and in comparable contexts: participation, target beneficiaries, project focus and interest-generating assets. It also helped understand the behavior of the different livelihood assets within project dynamics. The social and natural capital were found to be the most influential. The richer the social capital is, the better people that hold it respond to project input. The natural capital is less linear. Either healthy natural resources or vulnerable ones – water in particular – whose weakness is understood and properly addressed, can be positive drivers of project impacts: the direction of the influence depends on how the natural capital interacts with project focus and activities. Human and financial capital are positively influential in the middle part of the range and become negative drivers in the lower part. An average physical capital is a driver of increase of project impacts, provided that sufficient water supply infrastructure is in place. A rich physical capital was found to decrease interest in project activities. ; I finanziamenti annui ai progetti di sviluppo in ambito forestale possono essere stimati ad almeno 1,1 miliardi di dollari. Il settore forestale è fondamentale per la cooperazione allo sviluppo, in quanto combina aspetta ecologici e socio-economici. Di conseguenza, i progetti forestali possono avere obiettivi multipli e tendono ad attuare approcci integrati al fine di invertire pratiche lesive agropastorali e di estrazione. Tuttavia rilevare gli impatti a lungo termine di questi interventi può essere problematico. Seguendo il quadro standard della gestione del ciclo di progetto, le organizzazioni multilaterali e bilaterali non conducono per passi valutazioni di impatto dei progetti di sviluppo. Nonostante ciò, le metodologie per la valutazione di impatto esistono e sono consolidate, ed implicano sempre studi con formulazioni sperimentali o quasi-sperimentali. Comunemente due distinte metodologie vengono adottate negli studi di impatto: siti di controllo e monitoraggio di dati di base. Questa ricerca ha assunto il duplice obiettivo di a) contribuire allo sviluppo della prassi del quadro di gestione del ciclo di progetto impostando una modalità appropriata di raccolta di dati di base e b) contribuire all'avanzamento metodologico degli studi di impatto testando una metodologia alternativa a quelle dei siti di controllo e dei dati di base. Lo studio ha mirato a comprendere gli impatti sui beneficiari – ed i relativi fattori di impatto – riconducibili a specifici progetti forestali e relativamente all'obiettivo principale di tali interventi: una maggiore consapevolezza dell'importanza delle risorse forestali, della loro conservazione e sfruttamento sostenibile attraverso pratiche idonee. La ricerca di campo è stata condotta nel Massiccio del Fouta Djallon, una serie di altipiani concentrati in Guinea, dove si originano i fiumi Gambia, Niger, Senegal e Konkouré. Negli anni '80, grazie al supporto di agenzie specializzate delle Nazioni Unite, il governo della Guinea, sotto l'egida dell'Organizzazione per l'Unità Africana (oggi Unione Africana), si impegnò nella realizzazione della prima fase del Programma Regionale per lo Sviluppo Integrato del Massiccio del Fouta Djallon. Vennero identificati dodici bacini idrografici pilota e diversi donatori della comunità internazionale iniziarono l'implementazione di progetti di terreno in ognuno dei siti identificati. Nel 2009, l'Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'Alimentazione e l'Agricoltura (FAO) ha iniziato l'esecuzione di un progetto di capitalizzazione delle esperienze passate della durata di dieci anni (EP/INT/503/GEF) ereditando i dodici siti pilota originali ed aggiungendone due nuovi. La raccolta dei dati è stata condotta in tre dei vecchi siti: la sorgente del fiume Senegal, la sorgente del Guétoya (bacino idrografico del Konkouré) e la sorgente del fiume Gambia. Nonostante l'adozione di approcci leggermente diversi, le iniziative passate attive nei tre siti, erano incentrate sulla riforestazione e avevano lo stesso obiettivo generale: la conservazione e l'uso sostenibile delle risorse naturali che incidono sui regimi dei corsi d'acqua che si originano nella zona. Gli strumenti di indagine di campo hanno incluso questionari somministrati a capifamiglia e tecniche di valutazione rurale partecipativa adattate al contesto e sono stati progettati per integrare con informazioni qualitative l'analisi statistica dei dati dell'indagine sulle famiglie. I questionari sono stati strutturati sulla base dei cinque domini delle risorse di sussistenza del quadro dei mezzi di sussistenza sostenibili della Cooperazione Britannica (capitale umano, capitale sociale, capitale naturale, capitale fisico e capitale finanziario) e sulla base delle attività dei tre progetti passati, a cui gli intervistati avrebbero potuto partecipare. Il totale delle famiglie intervistate ammonta a 296. L' analisi statistica si è concentrata sui dati raccolti a Tolo (fiume Senegal) e Bantignel (Guétoya). I fattori di impatto sono stati ricercati nelle risorse di sussistenza e nel tipo e livello di partecipazione alle attività di progetto. Al fine di organizzare ed imporre una struttura ai dati ottenuti, è stata utilizzata l'analisi per componenti principali dei sei domini delle variabili indipendenti – le cinque risorse di sussistenza e la partecipazione alle attività di progetto – e sul dominio della variabile dipendente – impatti di progetto osservati e attesi, primari e secondari. E' stata successivamente eseguita la regressione lineare multipla tra ciascuna delle componenti più rappresentative delle variabili indipendenti da un lato, e le componenti principali della variabile dipendente dall'altro, con l'obiettivo di estrapolare i fattori in grado di determinare, incrementare e decrementare gli impatti di progetto. La metodologia ha permesso di identificare gli impatti verificatisi nei siti di indagine e di rilevare il tipo e il livello di partecipazione, così come i fattori socio-economici e ambientali, in grado di determinare e rafforzare gli impatti individuati. L'analisi ha fornito indicazioni su quattro temi chiave per la formulazione di progetti forestali futuri con finalità analoghe ed in contesti simili: modalità di partecipazione, selezione dei beneficiari, fuoco del progetto e risorse in grado di generare interesse. L'analisi ha altresì aiutato a comprendere il comportamento delle diverse risorse di sussistenza all'interno delle dinamiche di progetto. Il capitale sociale e quello naturale sono risultati essere i più influenti. Più il capitale sociale è ricco e meglio le persone che lo posseggono rispondono alle attività progetto. Il capitale naturale ha un comportamento meno lineare. Sia risorse naturali intatte che vulnerabili – in particolare l'acqua – la cui vulnerabilità sia compresa e adeguatamente indirizzata, possono costituire dei fattori di impatto positivi: la direzione dell'influenza dipende dall'interazione del capitale naturale con il fuoco e le attività di progetto. Il capitale umano e quello finanziario sono positivamente influenti nella parte centrale della scala e diventano fattori negativi nella parte inferiore. Un capitale fisico medio è un fattore di crescita di impatti, ammesso che siano disponibili sufficienti infrastrutture di approvvigionamento idrico. L'analisi ha evidenziato che un ricco capitale fisico diminuisce l'interesse nelle attività di progetto.

The focus of the thesis is on the policy changes at the public universities in Croatia in 2001-2013 time period. The topic is approached from historical institutionalism theoretical framework and managed through specific policy change model. The main goal is to explain the policy change in six sub-policies (structure and curriculum, mobility, quality assurance, social dimension, enrollment policy and tuition fees policy) at seven public universities in Croatia after the introduction of the Bologna Process. The model of policy change takes into account institutional framework of the higher education system and policy-actors' characteristics (strategic interests, beliefs and capacities) in order to explain the process of policy change. Also, the goal is to improve the policy change model in order to make it applicable on other levels of higher education policy and in other public policies. Methodology includes process tracing, directed content analysis (strategic documents of universities, universities' minutes, Rectors' Conference minutes, newspaper interviews) and semi-structured interviews. Results indicate that particularly worrisome was the institutional organization. Namely, even when there were suitable actors' characteristics, it was not possible to conduct changes since the institutional non-integration was disabling bringing and conducting of decisions that would enable the policy change.Also, mere existence of an integrated structure did not prove to be a sufficient condition for change and it was necessary to fulfill the condition of compatibility of actors' characteristics with surrounding contexts (European and national). On the other hand, the example of the UNIRI revealed that the strive to establish integration, insisting on functional integration on the level of the University, the decreased influence of constituent units and compatibility of actors' characteristics with surrounding contexts ensured foundation for changes. ; Bavljenje istraživačkim radom, barem u društvenim znanostima, pretpostavlja nastojanje ispitivanja tema koje su velikim dijelom neistražene ili ih se smatra društveno važnima. Iz moje perspektive takav pristup znanosti opravdava i znanstveni i društveni doprinos. Zbog toga smatram da tema Komparativna analiza promjena politika visokog obrazovanja na javnim sveučilištima u Hrvatskoj od 2001. do 2013. godine donosi doprinos u različitim istraživačkim aspektima, a to u ovom radu nastojim i pokazati. Istraživanje obuhvaća sedam javnih sveučilišta – Sveučilište u Zagrebu, Sveučilište u Splitu, Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Sveučilište u Rijeci, Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli, Sveučilište u Zadru i Sveučilište u Dubrovniku te šest politika visokog obrazovanja – strukturu i kurikulum, mobilnost, osiguravanje kvalitete, socijalnu dimenziju, upisnu politiku i školarine. Prije svega, bavljenje pitanjem promjene politike je kompleksan i zahtjevan pristup koji pretpostavlja detaljan i iscrpan istraživački rad. U radu se posebna pažnja posvećuje epistemološkim i teorijskim pitanjima promjene politike, a zatim i razradi modela promjene politike. Upravo je razrada modela promjene politike unutar teorije historijskog institucionalizma glavna tema s teorijskog aspekta ovog rada. Razmatranje specifičnog odnosa institucionalnog uređenja i uloge aktera u promjeni politike smatram glavnim teorijskim doprinosom ovog rada. Nadalje, ovaj rad je fokusiran na primjenu modela promjene politike u svrhu testiranja modela i objašnjavanja promjene u politikama visokog obrazovanja na javnim sveučilištima u Hrvatskoj. Fokus na politike visokog obrazovanja proizlazi iz nekoliko motiva. Kao prvo, istraživanja ovog podsustava javnih politika u Hrvatskoj su uglavnom usmjerena na razmatranje sustava na nacionalnoj razini i to prvenstveno na razini pojedine politike. Stoga, rad cijelu priču razmatranja politika visokog obrazovanja spušta na razinu javnih sveučilišta i šest specifičnih politika visokog obrazovanja. Nadalje, obuhvatnost istraživanog perioda je usmjerena na vremensko razdoblje ulaska Hrvatske u Bolonjski proces i promjene koje su slijedile nakon toga, odnosno obuhvaćen je period od početka 2001. godine do 1. srpnja 2013. godine. S obzirom da se predviđa da je za promjene potrebno minimalno deset godina (Sabatier 1999) tako i ovo istraživanje obuhvaća duži vremenski period kroz koji je moguće promatrati taj proces. Konačno, istraživanje politika visokog obrazovanja na razini javnih sveučilišta predstavljalo je i istraživački izazov po pitanju dostupnih podataka. Naime, cijeli sustav je obilježen nedovoljno sustavnim pristupom u osiguravanju podataka i njihovom javnošću. S obzirom na specifičnost istraživanja i nedostupnost kvantitativnih pokazatelja za pojedine politike visokog obrazovanja u cjelokupnom promatranom razdoblju i za svako pojedino sveučilište, odlučio sam se za kvalitativni pristup istraživačkom problemu. Ovo je također bilo izazovno iz razloga što su sveučilišta prilično zatvorene institucije te je pojedine dokumente bilo iznimno teško ili nemoguće dobiti na uvid. Prikupljeni korpus dokumenata predstavlja značajan istraživački poduhvat i daje dodatnu vrijednost ovom radu. Rad se sastoji od šest cjelina, uz kratki uvod i zaključak. U prvom dijelu je naglasak stavljen na teorijski pristup historijskog institucionalizma. Kroz tu raspravu pokazuje se glavno razlikovanje historijskog institucionalizma u odnosu na druge varijante unutar škole novog institucionalizma poput institucionalizam racionalnog izbora, sociološkog institucionalizma i diskurzivnog institucionalizma. Osim toga, izdvojena je i povezanost pristupa historijskog institucionalizma i razmatranja promjene politike, kritike koje se odnose na ovaj pristup te njegovu primjenu u području javnih politika. Nadalje, idući dio rada koncentriran je na raspravu o pristupima i modelima promjene politike. Tu je stavljen naglasak na epistemološka i teorijska pitanja promjene politike koji pokazuju kompleksnost ovog problema. Ovaj dio se nastavlja na raspravu o historijskom institucionalizmu te su predstavljene razlike pristupu promjeni u vidu isprekidane ravnoteže i ovisnosti o prijeđenom putu. Isto tako, nastavljajući se na argumente iz dijela o historijskom institucionalizmu, autor je usmjeren na restrukturiranje modela promjene politike kojeg predstavlja Witte (2006) i to posebno u dijelu koji se odnosi na aktere. Sami model je kreiran unutar teorijskih pretpostavki historijskog institucionalizma te se pretpostavlja djelovanje organizacijskih aktera s obzirom na njihove karakteristike (strateške interese, uvjerenja i kapacitete). Nakon dvaju poglavlja usmjerenih na teoretske pretpostavke i razradu modela promjene politike slijedi dio koji se odnosi na metodološki pristup promjeni politike. Uvodno su objašnjena polazišta kvalitativnog istraživanja, postavljene su hipoteze istraživanja (glavna, pomoćna i tri alternativne) i odnosi pojedinih koncepta. Glavna hipoteza (H1) glasi – Promjena politika visokog obrazovanja na javnim sveučilištima u Hrvatskoj je povezana s razinom integracije i posredovana sukladnošću karakteristika aktera s nacionalnim i europskim institucionalnim kontekstom visokog obrazovanja. Pomoćna hipoteza (Hs) – Sukladnost uvjerenja aktera s nacionalnim kontekstom visokog obrazovanja, sukladnost strateških interesa aktera s europskim institucionalnim kontekstom visokog obrazovanja i snažniji kapaciteti aktera koji zagovaraju promjene doprinose promjeni javnih politika. Nadalje, u skladu s postavkama praćenja procesa postavljenu su i alternativne hipoteze kako bi se provjerila druga objašnjenja promjene politika. HA1 – Promjena politika visokog obrazovanja na javnim sveučilištima u Hrvatskoj proizlazi iz razine institucionalne integracije sveučilišta. HA2 – Promjena politika visokog obrazovanja na javnim sveučilištima u Hrvatskoj proizlazi iz karakteristika aktera (njihovih kapaciteta, uvjerenja i strateških interesa). HA3 – Promjena politika visokog obrazovanja na javnim sveučilištima u Hrvatskoj proizlazi iz promjene stranke na vlasti, odnosno, pri tome politika (politics) određuje promjenu javne politike (policy change). Pri tome je moguće krenuti od pretpostavke koja proizlazi iz klasičnog institucionalizma (HA1), prema kojemu isključivo institucije određuju djelovanje aktera i samim time promjenu politike tj. da promjena ovisi isključivo o institucionalnom uređenju. Odnosno, u ovom slučaju, da će se na integriranijim i mlađim sveučilištima na lakši način donositi odluke te da će zbog toga ona biti pogodnija za promjenu politike. S druge strane, manje integrirana sveučilišta i starija sveučilišta će biti otpornija na promjenu politike. Osim toga, moguće je krenuti i od pretpostavke (HA2) da će se promjene politika odvijati samo zbog karakteristike aktera. Odnosno, da će akteri sa snažnijim kapacitetima, jasno usmjerenim strateškim interesima i uvjerenjima provesti promjene politika bez obzira na institucionalno okruženje u kojem se nalazili. Tako s tom pretpostavkom objašnjenje promjene ne bi bilo vezano uz razinu integracije sveučilišta nego uz karakteristike koje akterima omogućuju promjenu u onom smjeru u kojem su usmjereni s obzirom na svoje strateške interese pomoću alata koje zagovaraju. Nadalje, moguće je i objašnjenje (HA3) da politika (politics) oblikuje javne politike (policy) te bi pod tom pretpostavkom promjena stranke na vlasti donijela i promjenu politike visokog obrazovanja na sveučilištima. Nakon toga slijedi objašnjenje pojedinih metoda istraživanja – praćenje procesa (process tracing), kvalitativni intervjui s ekspertima iz područja visokog obrazovanja, usmjerena analiza sadržaja te korištenje sekundarnih izvora podataka. Uz to, predstavljena je metoda triangulacija koja se koristi za povezivanje metoda istraživanja kako bi se dobio uvid u istraživačko pitanje iz različitih kutova. Ovaj dio objašnjava glavne metodološke alate koji se koriste u radu s ciljem objašnjavanja promjene politike, preciznije govoreći kako bi se pokazalo koji uvjeti pogoduju promjeni politike, a koji onemogućavaju promjenu. Analiza obuhvaća sve zapisnike sjednica senata javnih sveučilišta u Hrvatskoj u promatranom razdoblju, zatim zapisnike sjednica Rektorskog zbora i Saborskog odbora za obrazovanje, znanost i kulturu, strateške dokumente sveučilišta, 510 intervjua iz novina koji su omogućeni kroz bazu agencije Presscut, devet polu-strukturiranih intervjua s ekspertima za politike visokog obrazovanja te sekundarne izvore podataka.

This edited collection is a result of the scientific project Identities of Serbian Music Within the Local and Global Framework: Traditions, Changes, Challenges (No. 177004, 2011–2019), funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, and implemented by the Institute of Musicology SASA (Belgrade, Serbia). It is also a result of work on the bilateral project carried out by the Center for International Relations (Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana) and the Institute of Musicology SASA (Belgrade, Serbia) entitled Music as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy of Small Transition Countries: The Cases of Slovenia and Serbia (with financial support of ARRS). The process of its publishing was financially supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. ; Culture and cultural artefacts have been an important instrument of establishing and maintaining political relations between different peoples and states since the emergence of diplomatic practice in the 17th century, and some authors date this practice as far back as the period of ancient civilizations. Despite the long history of using culture for different political purposes and interests, particularly in relation to bonding peoples and states or increasing their influence, it was not until the creation of nation-states and, above all, the development of modern mass media such as widespread newspapers and journals, and regional and national radio and TV stations that this practice flourished and gained prominence. Therefore, it is no coincidence that researchers of this topic mainly on the last two centuries, particularly the Cold War era as one of the peak moments when it comes to creatively employing cultural products to achieve an array of nationally and internationally oriented political goals. Apart from revealing how diverse cultural actions contributed to the promotion of the countries of both the Western and the Eastern Bloc, along with their dominant values and ideology, a large number of studies published in the recent decades have also served to indirectly point to the necessity of thorough examination of the cultural part of foreign policy making and international relations, to providing it a stronger theoretical foundation and to the importance of including in the analyses different cases from different periods. Academics active in this area emphasize the need for greater clarity in defining key concepts and classificatory schemes in the analysis of cultural segments of international relations. For instance, Ang, Isar Ray and Mar highlight the popularity and, at the same time, the obscurity of the concept of cultural diplomacy, which has been given a dominant place in debates starting from the beginning of the 21st century. As these authors observe, the semantic field of this term has "broadened considerably over the years," making it applicable to "pretty much any practice that is related to purposeful cultural cooperation between nations or group of nations." This tendency not only contributed to a blurring of the lines between the concept of cultural diplomacy and other concepts that evolved prior to its expansion, including international cultural relations, public diplomacy and soft power, but also undermined the efforts to create a more coherent approach to the research of cultural phenomena in the domain of international relations. The issue is exacerbated by the heterogeneous disciplinary framing of this topic. Although it is mainly explored in the areas of political sciences and history, interest in researching the phenomenon also appears in other fields, including sociology, art history, musicology, ethnomusicology, etc. Apart from the fact that uncritical use of the concept of cultural diplomacy has made it "a floating signifier," an even more challenging consequence, in our opinion, is the inability to properly link the research results to already produced knowledge on the one hand and on the other to systematically compare cases from different historical and geopolitical settings. Notwithstanding certain difficulties that manifest in exploring the cultural part of international relations in the recent decades, the abundant and steadily growing collection of studies created after the fall of the Berlin Wall indicates that researchers are recognizing the importance and relevance of this topic along with its multifaceted potential. It is the potential that this research area offers for a broader and more nuanced understanding of the sphere of international affairs, along with capturing the complexities of the process of constructing a national culture and national cultural policy-making, that served as the primary motive for the preparation of this collection. Another very important aspect was that cultural phenomena have been on the margin in the research of the foreign policies of countries of Southeast Europe—including the countries that belonged to the Eastern Bloc—and have not been given much attention in discussions. Moreover, the presence of music in the conducting of international relations of the peoples and states of this part of Europe in modern history is almost completely neglected in existing publications. Encouraged by the growing interest in the examination of the role of music in the sphere of international affairs from the 17th century on, which has become evident in the last decade, and intrigued by the possibilities it brings for gaining new insights into cultural and musical phenomena both in the national and international context, we decided to gather scholars from different fields (history, musicology) from Southeast and Central Europe who are familiar with different historical periods. The intended focus was the era of nation-states, particularly from the 18th to 20th century, but above all after World War I. In geographical terms, we focused on the peoples and countries of Southeast Europe, particularly those that were part of former Yugoslavia, together with parts of Central Europe that belonged to the Eastern Bloc (Czechoslovakia). The main aim was not to give final and axiomatic answers to issues concerning the employment of music and musical activities in international relations in the given period and geopolitical settings, but to point to the diversity of interconnections between the spheres of music, culture, international relations and politics as well as their outcomes. Our starting point was the assumption that culture serves as one of the sources for international relations, and that its relevance is determined by the historical circumstances and dominant tendencies in the national and international settings (development of states' cultural sphere, their economic and political power, power relations on the international scene, etc.). Apart from that, it is also important to create a clear conceptual distinction between the more general contexts of the use of culture and music in the sphere of international affairs, where not only the state and its bodies but also non-state actors have a crucial contribution (international cultural relations) through formal and informal occasions, and the more specific contexts where the primary role is statecraft (cultural diplomacy). As a result, fourteen studies were prepared and divided into three sections. The first part, entitled "Diplomacy Behind the Scenes: Musicians' Contact With the Diplomatic Sphere" comprises of three chapters focusing on different phenomena—the intensive political and intellectual networking of a circle of 18th-century Croatian diplomats, composers and polymaths (Luka and Miho Sorkočević, Julije Bajamonti and Ruđer Bošković) with their European fellows and the resulting intercultural exchanges (Ivana Tomić Ferić); the influence of the political and diplomatic engagement of the Serbian Metropolitan in the Habsburg Monarchy, Josif Rajačić, in creating the project of Serbian national music (Vesna Peno and Goran Vasin); the particularities of the diplomatic career of one of the most notable 20th-century Serbian and Yugoslav music scholars, Petar Bingulac (Ratomir Milikić). Besides revealing previously less known or completely unknown facts, these studies indicate the relevance of considering different types of international contacts of individuals and groups in the process of establishing national (and regional) policies, as well as highlight the role of cultural and social capital in the activities of state diplomats. The second part, entitled "Reflections of Foreign Policies in National Music Spheres," contains six chapters dedicated to discussing how the established foreign policies of selected states, including interwar Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, and post-WWII Romania and Czechoslovakia, affected music production, distribution, consumption and research. Among other issues, attention was given to the power struggles between Great Britain and the Third Reich in the 1930s and the way they manifested in the musical life of Belgrade, at the time the capital of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Ranka Gašić); the influence of Yugoslavia's political alliance with France between the two world wars on the cultural and music production of some of the most prestigious artistic circles in Belgrade (Srđan Atanasovski); the Yugoslav–Bulgarian diplomatic disputes after the Great War over the territory and peoples of Vardar Macedonia and their impact on the research of the folk music of that region (Ivana Vesić), as well as the outcomes of rapprochement between the two countries after 1937 in the domain of cultural exchange (Stefanka Georgieva). Moreover, this section presents the different stages of foreign policy of Communist Romania from 1948 to 1989 and how they marked music production and distribution in this country along with the reception of foreign musical works (Florinela Popa); the effects of the political turn in Czechoslovakia in 1948 and its adherence to the policies of the Eastern Bloc on the transforming the dominant views on music aesthetics, poetics and national music production (Lenka Křupková). These chapters convincingly point to the significance of power relations in the international arena in the shaping of (national) cultural and music spheres, as well as the existence of a correlation between activities in the national and international settings, and the resulting necessity of simultaneously observing two different levels—national and international—due to their close intertwining. The third part, entitled "Music as a Means of Cultural Diplomacy," consists of five chapters offering a detailed insight into the strategies and programming of cultural cooperation and exchange of socialist Yugoslavia in different phases of its existence. Among other issues, the chapters explore how cultural and musical activities abroad followed the efforts of Yugoslav authorities to establish closer ties with certain countries, to promote Yugoslavia's achievements, values and ideology, and to counter negative representations. Apart from the in-depth scrutiny of Yugoslav foreign policy towards France (Aleksandra Kolaković) and Finland (Maja Vasiljević), where the general tendencies and turns were brought to light through the extent and prestige of the cultural and musical undertakings prepared, another very comprehensive and illuminative study is the examination of how international tours of professional folk dance ensembles were employed for the purpose of realizing the country's various political goals in the international framework (Ivan Hofman), as well as the study on the tours of popular bands and folk music performers (Julijana Papazova). The Yugoslav political shift in the late 1940s and its ramifications particularly in connection to exporting its musical products and accomplishments to the Western Bloc were also thoroughly examined (Biljana Milanović).