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This study aims to identify the ongoing physical and psychological health vulnerabilities of the readymade garment (RMG) factory workers involved in the Rana Plaza building collapse in 2013, along with their experiences within the current socioeconomic and political contexts of Bangladesh. Seventeen Rana Plaza survivors participated in unstructured, face-to-face, in-depth interviews. Interviews were thematically analyzed using Haddon's matrix to examine pre-event, event, and post-event injury experiences. The collapse of the Rana Plaza building resulted in significant physical and emotional trauma for those who survived the event. The majority of the participants were forced to attend work on the day of the collapse. Participants reported physical health complaints related to bone injuries/fractures and amputation, severe headache, kidney problems, and functional difficulties. In addition to the reported physical health issues, the participants revealed psychological health issues including trauma, depression and suicidal ideation, sleep disorders, anxiety, and sudden anger. Participants described barriers to their potential for re-employment in the RMG sector and outlined their limited access to free healthcare for follow-up treatment. Those who survived the collapse of the Rana Plaza building continue to experience significant adverse physical and emotional outcomes related to the disaster. Yet, they have little recourse to ensure the availability of adequate health care and rehabilitation. Given the international reliance on the Bangladeshi RMG industry, continued pressure to ensure care is provided for these survivors, and to reduce the risk of future disasters, is necessary.

1. Population numbers of Kordofan giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis antiquorum) have declined throughout its range by more than 85% in the last three decades, including in the isolated easternmost population found in the Garamba National Park (NP) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2. We provide new data on the conservation status and ecology of Kordofan giraffe in Garamba NP, specifically on the current population dynamics, distribution patterns, and spatial ecology for informed conservation management decisions. 3. Data were gathered between September 26, 2016, and August 17, 2017, through direct observation and from eight GPS satellite collars deployed in early 2016. Movements, distribution patterns, and autocorrelated kernel density home ranges were estimated using the Continuous‐Time Movement Modeling (CTMM) framework. We then compared results with home ranges calculated using the kernel density estimation (95% KDE) method. 4. The Garamba NP population was estimated to be 45 giraffe with a female‐dominated sex ratio (35% males; 65% females), and adult‐dominated age class ratio (11.2% juveniles; 17.7% subadults; 71.1% adults). The giraffe's distribution was limited to the south‐central sector of the Park, and giraffe were divided over different areas with some degree of connectivity. The average giraffe home range size was 934.3 km(2) using AKDE and 268.8 km(2) using KDE. Both methods have shown surprisingly large home ranges despite of the relatively high humidity of Garamba NP. 5. Based on the outcomes of this research, urgent conservation action is needed to protect Garamba's remaining giraffe population.

BACKGROUND: This study is aimed to analyse the availability, prices and affordability of medicines for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. METHODS: A quantitative research was carried out using the methodology developed by the World Health Organization and Health Action International (WHO/HAI). The prices were compared with international reference prices (IRPs) to obtain a median price ratio. The daily wage of the lowest paid unskilled government worker was used as the standard of the affordability for the medicines. In this study, ten medicines of the IHD were included. The data were collected from 10 private medicine outlets for both originator brand (OB) and lowest-priced generic brand (LPG) in Bangi, Selangor. RESULTS: From the results, the mean availability of OB and LPG were 30% and 42%, respectively. Final patient prices for LPG and OB were about 10.77 and 24.09 times their IRPs, respectively. Medicines that consumes more than a day's wage are considered unaffordable. Almost half of the IHD medications cost more than one day's wage. For example, the lowest paid unskilled government worker would need 1.4 days' wage for captopril, while 1.2 days' wage to purchase enalapril for LPG. Meanwhile, for OB, the costs rise to 3.4 days' wage for amlodipine and 3.3 days' wage for simvastatin. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study emphasise the need of focusing and financing, particularly in the private sector, on making chronic disease medicines accessible. This requires multi-faceted interventions, as well as the review of policies and regulations.

New plant breeding technologies (NPBTs) are increasingly used for developing new plants with novel traits. The science tells us that those plants in general are as safe as than those once developed using "conventional" plant breeding methods. The knowledge about the induced changes and properties of the new plants by using NPBTs is more precise. This should lead to the conclusion that plants developed using NPBTs should not be regulated differently than those developed using "conventional" plant breeding methods. This contribution discusses the economics of regulating new plant breeding technologies. We first develop the theoretical model and elaborate on the different regulatory approaches being used and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Then we provide a perspectives on EU regulation around mutagenesis-based New Plant Breeding Techniques (NPBT), formed by new insights from a survey among Dutch plant breeding companies. The survey measures the attitude of breeding companies towards the ruling of the EU Court of Justice that subjected the use of CRISPR-Cas in the development of new plant varieties under the general EU regulations around GMOs. The results show that plant breeders experience a financial barrier because of the ruling, with perceived negative impact on competitiveness and investments in CRISPR-Cas as a result. The degree of negative impact differs however significantly among seed-sectors and company sizes. One of the most striking results was the relative optimism of companies in the sector about more lenient legislation in the next five years, despite the stated negative effects.

Immunisation is a cornerstone to primary health care and is an exceptionally good value. The 14 low-income and middle-income countries in the Middle East and North Africa region make up 88% of the region's population and 92% of its births. Many of these countries have maintained high immunisation coverage even during periods of low or negative economic growth. However, coverage has sharply deteriorated in countries directly impacted by conflict and political unrest. Approximately 1.3 million children were not completely vaccinated in 2017, as measured by third dose of diphtheria–pertussis–tetanus vaccine. Most of the countries have been slow to adopt the newer, more expensive life-saving vaccines mainly because of financial constraints and the socioeconomic context. Apart from the three countries that have had long-standing assistance from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, most countries have not benefited appreciably from donor and partner activities in supporting their health sector and in achieving their national and subnational immunisation targets. Looking forward, development partners will have an important role in helping reconstruct health systems in conflict-affected countries. They can also help with generating evidence and strategic advocacy for high-priority and cost-effective services, including immunisation. Governments and ministries of health would ensure important benefits to their populations by investing further in their immunisation programmes. Where possible, the health system can create and expand fiscal space from efficiency gains in harmonising vaccine procurement mechanisms and service integration; broader revenue generation from economic growth; and reallocation of government budgets to health, and from within health, to immunization.

In Tunisia, during the initial years of the democratic transition, the number of registered associations has doubled. The few studies available point out that a significant proportion of the new associations? membership is made up of young people. This specific participation of young people in the network of associations that emerged from 2011 onwards is not very well-known either. In this article, we wish to contribute primarily to providing information that facilitates understanding of the changes that have taken place in the associative sector and in the participation of young people in it. Furthermore, we believe that Tunisia is, in a way, a "laboratory" in which civic participation in contexts of democratic consolidation can be explored. Specifically, using data obtained from two surveys conducted in 2015 and 2016 we propose, first, to examine the profile of the young people active in the associations and the areas in which their associations intervene, in order to see to what extent the argument regarding the plural representation of the heterogeneity of young people can be verified through the network of associations. Second, we aim to evaluate the contribution of socialisation through associations to the inculcation of a democratic culture that would be verified in the electoral behaviour of young association activists. Third, we aim to open a debate about the possible ?macro? or systemic effects of these data; that is to say, about the representation of pluralism and diversity in Tunisian society, as well as the legitimation of democratic institutions.

The consequence of tourist village is the community's psychology and environmental carrying capacity. Good strategy will be able to realize the welfare of the village community. The purpose of this study is to make a tourism development strategy in the Namu Village. Methods of data collection using sampling techniques through interviews and questionnaires with a total samples of 70 respondents. Characteristics of tourism conditions and potential are analyzed by supply-demand. While demand analysis is used to recognize the pattern of visitor demand. Both of these analyzes are used as reference materials for development strategies by strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats SWOT analyzed. Furthermore, based on the Internal Factor Analysis Summary (IFAS), the beauty of Namu and the waterfall become the main attraction for tourist destination. On the other side the disadvantage is the unpreparedness of the Namu village community make them not enough in economically. External Factor Analysis Summary (EFAS), partisanship of the government enable for Namu to be developing in marine tourism. However the threats was come from outside investor which can reduce the role of the community to improve their economy. Based on the analysis of IFAS and EFAS, the Namu Village's tourism development strategy is to improve the quality of tourism objects, increasing the role of the government, looking for investors especially in the transportation sector, improve community capacity. For instance manufacture of fishery products, souvenirs, and culinary. Finally safeguard ecosystems through waste management

What is the role of political representation by ethnic parties in a multi-ethnic state that has undergone a transition from military rule, and is seeking to resolve protracted intrastate conflicts? The present article examines this question through a contextual case study of ethnic parties in Myanmar – a state that is characterised by unresolved ethnic grievances and conflicts; a political transition that has created new opportunities for ethnic representation; and multiple ethnic parties making representative claims on behalf of ethnic groups. Based on a mixed methods approach, the article documents that ethnic parties have been relatively ineffective in ensuring formal and descriptive representation and have had limited possibilities for substantive representation of ethnic interests. The article also identifies key explanations for the weak electoral performance of ethnic parties, emphasising party fragmentation and vote-splitting as well as weak party institutionalisation and limited capacity to make representative claims. Finally, the article analyses strategies for party-building, in preparation for the 2020 election. Based on the common emphasis on vote-splitting, most ethnic states have seen initiatives to merge parties, while a few parties have also sought to develop their political platform and sector policies. The article concludes that ethnic parties may gain improved formal representation after the next election but questions about the parties' capacity for substantive representation remains. The 2020 election will thus be a new test for how ethnic voters see themselves best represented, in the light of competing representative claims and past experiences: by ethnic parties or non-ethnic democracy parties?

The main concern of this research is the conflict between technology and society. It concentrates on the in the Israeli society, which is split in half: on the one hand it is in the information era, with highly advanced technology sector, while on the other hand it is still considered a developing country in terms of social development among large segments of society. The dual structure of the economy means that despite being known as the "Start-Up Nation", Israel has one of the highest poverty rates with the gap between the rich and the poor is widening. The research argues that the problem is the dual structure: the nation is leading the world in technological development, but the services provided to its citizens are limited to the extent that poverty is high. The research further claims that the solution is technology: the technological advantage of Israel promoted its economy, which has grown more rapidly than most other advanced economies, after the government made a strategic decision to promote technology by providing financial support for in research and development. The rise in social and sectorial media allows the poorest parts of society—the Ultra-Orthodox and the Israeli-Arabs—to adopt technology and benefit from the leading role of the country in technological development and global competition. This means that while technology created the problem of dual structure—it also allows the segments of society that are considered poor and underdeveloped to use advanced media services within their communities.

The purpose of this research study was to investigate methods of prevention and problem solutions caused by Cambodian illegal immigration. The qualitative research method was designed. Key informants included administrators working on prevention of illegal immigration. The research instrument for data collection was the interview form. Data collection was done by the researchers. Individual key informants were contacted; scheduled for date, time and place; and in-depth interviewed. The information gained from the interview was concluded and analyzed for several main issues. Finally, the findings were presented in an essay form composed and organized relevant to the research purpose. The major finding revealed that Cambodian illegal immigration could be divided into two major forms. First, legal Cambodian migrants ignored to renew their work permits after expiration. Second, Cambodians migrated illegally. Despite Thai officials' various prevention methods were practiced - setting permanent border crossing, setting check points, patrolling, and utilizing of technology to prevent Cambodian illegal migrants; illegal immigration still occurs. As a result, responsible offices seek for various methods of problem solutions: mass relation practicing both at Thai and Cambodian borders, assisting illegal labor into a legal system, increasing penalties for entrepreneur and traders, for example. The results performed by the Thai government sector decreased illegal immigration. ; การวิจัยนี้ มีวัตถุประสงค์ 1) เพื่อศึกษาวิธีการป้องกันปัญหาแรงงานข้ามชาติชาวกัมพูชาเข้าเมืองผิดกฎหมายของหน่วยงานภาครัฐ ด้านจังหวัดสระแก้ว 2) เพื่อศึกษาการแก้ไขปัญหาแรงงานข้ามชาติชาวกัมพูชาเข้าเมืองผิดกฎหมายของหน่วยงานภาครัฐ ด้านจังหวัดสระแก้ว เป็นการวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพ ผู้ให้ข้อมูลสำคัญได้แก่ ผู้บังคับบัญชาหน่วยงานที่ปฏิบัติงานด้านการป้องกันการเข้าเมืองผิดกฎหมาย เครื่องมือที่ใช้ในการเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลแบบสัมภาษณ์ การเก็บข้อมูลผู้วิจัยทำการติดต่อประสานงานกับผู้ให้ข้อมูลสำคัญและทำการนัดหมายผู้ให้ข้อมูลสำคัญแต่ละคนโดยจัดทำเป็นตารางนัดหมาย ระบุวัน เวลาและสถานที่หลังจากนั้นทำการสัมภาษณ์แบบเจาะลึก และทำการสรุปวิเคราะห์ผลตามประเด็น ต่าง ๆ และนำเสนอข้อมูลในรูปความเรียงตามวัตถุประสงค์ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า รูปแบบการลักลอบของแรงงานข้ามชาติชาวกัมพูชาสามารถจำแนกได้ 2 รูปแบบ คือรูปแบบแรก แรงงานข้ามชาติชาวกัมพูชามีใบอนุญาตที่ถูกกฎหมายแล้วทิ้งเอกสารในภายหลัง รูปแบบที่สองคือการลักลอบหลบหนีเข้าเมืองผิดกฎหมาย ถึงแม้เจ้าหน้าที่รัฐจะมีวิธีการในการป้องกันรูปแบบต่างๆ เช่น การกำหนดจุดผ่านแดนถาวร การตั้งด่านตรวจ การลาดตระเวนและ การใช้เทคโนโลยีช่วยในการป้องกันการเข้ามาของแรงงานชาวกัมพูชาแล้วก็ตาม แต่การลักลอบก็ยังเกิดขึ้น ดังนั้นหน่วยงานที่รับผิดชอบจึงค้นหาวิธีการแก้ไขปัญหาด้วยวิธีการต่างๆ เช่น การทำมวลชนสัมพันธ์ทั้งฝั่งประเทศไทยและฝั่งกัมพูชาที่มีพื้นที่ติดแนวชาวแดน การนำแรงงานผิดกฎหมายเข้าสู่ระบบ การเพิ่มโทษสำหรับผู้ประกอบการเป็นต้น ผลจากการดำเนินการของภาครัฐไทยดังกล่าวส่งผลให้ปริมาณการลักลอบลดน้อยลง

El estudio presentado aborda el teatro de agitación y propaganda en España entre los años 1931-1934 en los escenarios madrileños, modelo también presente en Barcelona por las mismas fechas. Surgido en la Rusia soviética y desarrollado durante la República de Weimar, la vinculación de esta modalidad teatral a la propaganda política en España lo sitúa en clara dependencia del PCE. Este partido, de la mano de César e Irene de Falcón, puso en marcha en Madrid diferentes compañías teatrales enfocadas a la puesta en escena del llamado teatro proletario, una forma de representación dramática con presencia minoritaria en el teatro madrileño, e influencia cultural y artística muy limitada. El teatro proletario era utilizado por el PCE de manera preferente, con la intención de ampliar su influencia entre los sectores juveniles, donde la organización aspiraba a extender su presencia social durante esta etapa. ; This study addresses agit-prop theatre in Spain between 1931 and 1934, in Madrid, albeit it was also rolled out in Barcelona. Born in the soviet Russia and developed during the Weimar Republic, its links to Spanish political propaganda tie proletarian theater to the PCE. In Madrid, the Spanish Communist Party, by the hand of César and Irene de Falcón, launched several theater companies in order to put on display agit-prop theater. This artistic expression was still minority, and its cultural and artistic influence was limited. Proletarian theater was preferentially used by the PCE in order to widen its influence among its young groups, as a way to reinforce the social presence during this age.

The scope of this study is to assess how different energy efficient renovation strategies affect the environmental impacts of a multi-family house in a Nordic climate within district heating systems. The European Union has set ambitious targets to reduce energy use and greenhouse gas emissions by the year 2030. There is special attention on reducing the life cycle emissions in the buildings sector. However, the focus has often been on new buildings, although existing buildings represent great potential within the building stock in Europe. In this study, four different renovation scenarios were analyzed with the commercially available life cycle assessment software that follows the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) standard. This study covers all life cycle steps from the cradle to the grave for a residential building in Borlänge, Sweden, where renewable energy dominates. The four scenarios included reduced indoor temperature, improved thermal properties of building material components and heat recovery for the ventilation system. One finding is that changing installations gives an environmental impact comparable to renovations that include both ventilation and building facilities. In addition, the life cycle steps that have the greatest environmental impact in all scenarios are the operational energy use and the building and installation processes. Renovation measures had a major impact on energy use due to the cold climate and low solar irradiation in the heating season. An interesting aspect, however, is that the building materials and the construction processes gave a significant amount of environmental impact.

The olive oil industry is a significant productive sector in the European Union and the related production process is characterised by practices and techniques associated with several adverse effects on the environment. In the literature, many works on the environmental impact assessment of the olive oil chain have been carried out but the effects of the analytical analyses procedures were considered to be negligible. Currently, the reduction of solvents and of energy consumption in the laboratory has become a crucial aspect to be investigated. In this scenario, non-destructive optical methods based on visible/near-infrared (vis/NIR) spectroscopy represent a simple, rapid, and easy-to-use method to predict olive and olive oil quality parameters. Therefore, the aim of the work was to evaluate the environmental impact of the use of optical vis/NIR technologies for analytical assessment in comparison to chemical analyses on olive oil. The life cycle assessment method (LCA) was used. The functional unit defined for this study was the analysis and a "from cradle to grave" approach was applied. The vis/NIR technology results were distinctly better, by 36 times on average, than the chemical methods. Attention must be paid to the calibration phase of the vis/NIR instrumentation: In this case, the two methods must coexist for this initial procedure to obtain the required reference data for a reliable chemometric model. In conclusion, the vis/NIR spectroscopy gives very reliable results and can be considered a green technology, representing a choice among applications of low environmental impact analytical technologies

Abstract—Plastic as an environmental burden is a well-rehearsed topic in the research area. This is due to its global demand and destructive impacts on the environment, which has been a significant concern to the governments. Typically, the use of plastic in the construction industry is seen across low-density, non-structural applications due to its diverse range of benefits including high strength-to-weight ratios, manipulability and durability. It can be said that with the level of plastic consumption experienced in the construction industry, an ongoing responsibility is shown for this sector to continually innovate alternatives for application of recycled plastic waste such as using plastic made replacement from polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl and polypropylene in the concrete mix design. In this study, the impact of partially replaced fine aggregate with polypropylene in the concrete mix design was investigated to evaluate the concrete's compressive strength by conducting an experimental work which comprises of six concrete mix batches with polypropylene replacements ranging from 0.5 to 3.0%. The results demonstrated a typical decline in the compressive strength with the addition of plastic aggregate, despite this reduction generally mitigated as the level of plastic in the concrete mix increased. Furthermore, two of the six plastic-containing concrete mixes tested in the current study exceeded the ST5 standardised prescribed concrete mix compressive strength requirement at 28-days containing 1.50% and 2.50% plastic aggregates, which demonstrated the potential for use of recycled polypropylene in structural applications, as a partial by mass, fine aggregate replacement in the concrete mix.

The objective of this work was to analyze the legal arrangements on a very complex theme in the forest sector: the use of a species threatened with extinction, araucaria. After years of intense deforestation, linked to the country's economic growth, after 1960 decade, it was edited an array of regulations aimed to control the forest use through strict laws and expansion of the environmental bureaucracy. In 2014, MMA Decree 443, araucaria was included in the danger category, restricting any timber use, including the ones gathered under forest management. The justification for this inclusion comes from the population reduction, deforestation and logging. Regarding the justification of its inclusion, it is important to note the non-disclosure of official data, an obligation of the State, on the remaining area and number of individuals. Decree 443 collides with the Brazilian forest low removing rights, as forest management, not established by Law number 12.651 of 2012. It also defies the Complementary Law 140 which establishes reports and technical-scientific studies for framing the listed species. Nor does it comply with the steps required in article 5º MMA Decree 43, which precedes Decree 443. By analyzing the regulations regarding the araucaria and its commercial use: there is no law prohibiting the use, through management and planting; what exists are Decrees and resolutions. Whoever is in the messianic right to forbid the cutting of the species, subsidizes itself in Decrees and resolutions. Moreover, who believes they have the right to cut it, is not aware of the legislation.