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This article seeks further to systematize and develop some ideas from my earlier text "United Nations 'Earth jurisprudence', its Golden Rule, the 'refugee problem' and urban safety". In: Kury, H, & Redo, S. Refugees and Migrants in Law and Policy – Challenges and Opportunities for Global Civic Education. Springer: Berlin- Heidelberg- New York (2018). The author thanks Prof. Dr., Dr. h.c. mult. Helmut Kury (Germany), Tamara Mitrofanenko (Consultant, United Nations Environmental Programme, Vienna), and Margaret Shaw (Crime and Social Policy Consulting, Montreal, QC, Canada) for their comments on an earlier draft of this text. ; This public policy essay discusses the various criminological facets of the Golden Rule in the context of urban stewardship – the concept which emphasizes the role of the protection of the environment as a part of people's natural habitat. Among these facets the right to safety in the Global North cities experiencing the influx of refugees and other migrants from the Global South deserves critical attention. It invites the question how to operationalize that right to the mutual advantage of such newcomers and native residents. In a broader socio-economic context of reducing inequalities promoted by the 2016-2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Agenda, the findings which suggest that both groups of residents appreciate a clean and safe habitat, and, finally, against the background of terrorist attacks in the Global North cities, the author of the essay advances the thesis that urban stewardship programmes/projects embracing concerned residents may be helpful to strengthen the feeling of safety in the cities. ; slawomir@redo.net ; Dr. hab. (Law/Criminology); Senior Adviser, Academic Council on the United Nations System (Vienna, Austria); F. United Nations Senior Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Expert and staff of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (ret.). ; Academic Council on the United Nations System ; A/42/187 (Annex). Our common future. From one earth to one world. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. 11 December 1987. Retrieved from http://www.un-documents.net/ocf-ov.htm. ; A/70/268. Harmony with nature. Report of the Secretary-General. 4 August 2015. Retrieved from http://www.un.org. ; A/71/266. Harmony with nature. Note by the Secretary-General. 1 August 2016. Retrieved from http://www.un.org. ; A/RES/64/196. Harmony with nature. 21 December 2009. Retrieved from http://www.un.org. ; A/RES/70/1. Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. 25 September 2015. Retrieved from http://www.un.org. ; Allison, S. (2015, November 18). Senegal considers burqa ban to stop terrorists disguising in Islamic dress. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world. ; AP/The Associated Press. (2017, May 24). Poland critical of EU policy on taking in migrants, Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com. ; Beatty, D. M. (2004). The Ultimate rule of law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Berman, H. J. (1983), Law and revolution. The formation of the Western legal tradition. Cambridge, Mass., London, England: Harvard University Press. ; Berman, H, J. (2003). Law and revolution. The impact of the Protestant reformations on the Western legal traditions. Cambridge, Mass., London, England: Harvard University Press. ; Bell, M. (2003). Thomas Berry and an Earth Jurisprudence: An exploratory essay. The Trumpeter, 19 (1), 69-79. ; Braga, A. A., Welsh, B. C., & Schnell, C. (2015). Can policing disorder reduce crime? A systematic review and meta-analysis, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(4), 567-588. ; Castles, S., De Haas, H., & Miller M., J. (2014). The Age of migration. International population movements in the modern world. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ; Constable, G. (2016). Crusaders and crusading in the twelfth century, London: Routledge. ; Corte di Cassazione (24084/2017). Re. Singh Jatinder. Prima Sezione Penale. Retrieved from http://www.giurisprudenzapenale.com/2017/05/16/una-recente-sentenza-della-cassazione-in-tema-di-scriminanti-culturali/. ; Dearden, L. (2016, December 6). Burqa bans: After Angela Merkel calls for prohibition on full veils, what is the situation in other European countries?, The Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk. ; Ellis, L., Beaver. K & Wright, J. (2009). Handbook of crime correlates. Elsevier/Academic Press: Oxford. ; GDI/German Development Institute. (2015). Translating an ambitious vision into global transformation. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Loewe, M. & Rippin, N. (Eds.), 7, Bonn: German Development Institute. ; ICCT/International Center for Counter-terrorism. (2016). The foreign fighters phenomenon in the European Union. Profiles, threats & policies. Prepared for the Netherlands National Coordinator for Security and Counter-terrorism on the occasion of the Dutch Presidency of the Council of the European Union. Drafted by Boutin, B., Chauzal, G., Dorsey, J., Jegerings, M., Paulussen, Ch., Pohl, J., Reed, A., Zavagli, S., doi:10.19165/2016.1.02. Retrieved from https://www.icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ICCT-Report_Foreign-Fighters-Phenomenon-in-the-EU_1-April-2016_including-AnnexesLinks.pdf. ; ICJ/International Court of Justice (92/1997). Report. Gabčikovo-Nagymaros Project, Hungary v Slovakia, Judgment, Merits, 7:110. ; ICPC/International Centre for the Prevention of Crime (2014). 4th international report. Crime prevention and community safety: Trends and perspectives. ICPC: Montreal. ; Leiserovitz, A. A., Kates R.W., Parris, T. M. (2005). Do global attitudes and behaviors support sustainable development?. Environment 47 (9), 22-38. ; Multani v Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys (2006, 1 S.C.R. 256, 2006 SCC 6). Judgments of the Supreme Court of Canada. Retrieved from https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/15/index.do. ; Nanwani, S. (2011). The burqa ban: An unreasonable limitation on religious freedom or a justifiable restriction, Emory International Law Journal, 25,1431-1475. ; Press release. (2017, February 14). Bart Somers. Mayor of Mechelen, Belgium. Winner of the 2016 World Mayor Prize. Retrieved from http://www.worldmayor.com/contest_2016/profile-mechelen-mayor.html. ; Redo, S. (2012). Blue criminology. The power of the United Nations ideas to counter crime globally. Helsinki: Helsinki Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. ; Reuters. (2017, June 4). Text-UK Prime Minister May's statement following London attack. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-security-may-statement-idUSL8N1J10GH. ; Romolini, M, Brinkley, W. & Wolf, K. L. (2012). What is urban environmental stewardship? Constructing a practitioner-derived framework. Research Note PNW-RN-566, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265622255. ; Rommen, H. A. (1947/1998). The natural law. A study in legal and social history and philosophy. : Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. ; Somers, B. (2017). Statement by Mayor Bart Somers (Mechelen, Belgium) at the side event "The role of the criminal justice system in prevention violent extremism leading to terrorism" at the twenty-sixth session of the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (Vienna, Austria, 22-26 May 2017). ; Steenbeek, W., & Kreis, Ch. (2015). Where Broken Windows should be fixed: Toward identification of areas at the tipping point. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(4), 511-533. ; The JM Kaplan Fund. (2009, October 14). The immigrants & parks collaborative. Urban Omnibus. Retrieved http://urbanomnibus.net/2009/10/the-immigrants-and-parks-collaborative/. ; UNEP/United Nations Environmental Programme. (2016). Environment, religion and culture in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Nairobi: United Nations ; Welsh, B. C., Braga, A. A., Bruinsma, G. J. N. (2015). Reimagining Broken Windows: From theory to policy. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(4), 447-463. ; WICI/Women in Cities International. (2010). Creating Safer Communities for Marginalized women and everyone. Montreal. ; WICI/Women in Cities International. (2014). Reflecting on and acting for public spaces in Parc-Extension: Improving the safety of women and girls. Where are the women and girls?, Montreal. ; Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. L. (1982). Broken Windows: The police and neighborhood safety. The Atlantic Monthly, 211, 29-38. ; Zimbardo, P. (1973). A field experiment in autoshaping. In C. Ward (Ed.), Vandalism (pp. 85-90). London, UK: Architectural Press. ; Zimbardo, P. (2007). The Lucifer Effect – Understanding how good people turn evil. New York: Random House Trade Papersbacks. ; 2 ; 1 ; 53 ; 70

Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin naisten naisille patriarkaalisissa kuria- ja kereweyhteisöissä luoteis-Tansaniassa tekemän väkivallan mekanismeja ja syitä. Afrikassa monet patriarkaaliset yhteisöt ovat perinteisesti kontrolloineet naisten kehoja erilaisin kulttuurisin käytännöin. Tyttöjen ja naisten odotetaan osallistuvan näihin käytäntöihin ja olevan vastustamatta niitä silloinkin, kun ne ovat vaaraksi heidän terveydelleen ja elämälleen. Käytännössä naisia ja heidän kehojaan kontrolloivien käytäntöjen toimeenpano on usein yhteisöjen iäkkäämpien naisten tehtävä. Yhteisöissä naisia kontrolloivat perinteiset käytännöt nähdään tutkimuksissa yhteiskunnan poliittisen ja taloudellisen tasapainon ja sosiaalisen järjestyksen ylläpitona. Tutkimus pyrki vastaamaan kolmeen kysymykseen: Miten naisten toisille naisille tekemä väkivalta jatkuu? Mitkä mekanismit mahdollistavat naisten alistavan vallan toisia naisia kohtaan? Mitkä tekijät ylläpitävät naisten toisiin naisiin kohdistavaa väkivaltaa? Tutkimus kohdistuu kolmeen perinteiseen käytäntöön: naisten sukupuolielinten silpominen, naisleskien puhdistusrituaali ja naisten välinen avioliitto. Tutkituissa yhteisöissä Tansanian järvialueilla naisten sukupuolielinten silpominen joko kokonaan tai osin on siirtymäriitti lapsuudesta aikuisuuteen. Lesken puhdistus on kulttuurinen käytäntö, jonka jotkut naiset läpikäyvät aviomiehensä kuoleman jälkeen. Siihen kuuluu, että leski on sukupuoliyhteydessä niin sanotun puhdistajan kanssa. Puhdistusrituaalin myötä lesken ajatellaan puhdistuvan edesmenneen puolisonsa kummittelusta (ja todentavansa syyttömyytensä tämän kuolemaan), jolloin hänet voidaan jälleen hyväksyä osaksi perhettä ja yhteisöä. Naisten välinen avioliitto on paikallinen käytäntö, jossa lapseton nainen tai nainen, jolla on vain tyttölapsia, maksaa morsiusmaksut nuoremmasta naisesta ja tulee näin ikään kuin hänen aviopuolisokseen saaden vallan häneen ja hänen jälkikasvuunsa. Tällaisissa suhteissa nuoremmat naiset ovat yleensä vanhempien puolisoidensa reproduktio-instrumentteja: järjestelyn tarkoitus on että he synnyttäisivät lapsia vanhemmalle naiselle. Nämä käytännöt jatkuvat Tansanian järvialueilla, vaikka niitä on pyritty poistamaan monin kansallisin ja kansainvälisin toimin. Tutkimus nojautuu kriittiseen sosiaalityön teoriaan, jossa kysymykset vallasta, vallan puutteesta, sorrosta, etuoikeuksista, sosiaalisten rakenteiden vaikutuksista ihmisten elämään, tietoisuuden lisäämisestä ja ihmisten vapauttamisesta ovat keskeisiä. Laadullisen tutkimusorientaation mukaisesti tutkimuksessa kerättiin elämänkerrallinen haastatteluaineisto edellä mainittuihin perinteisiin käytäntöihin sidoksissa olevien naisten parissa. Haastattelut (n=26) ja fokusryhmähaastattelut (n=6) muodostivat empiirisen aineiston. Aineisto kerättiin yhteistyössä tutkimusalueella toimivan kansalaisjärjestön kanssa (Kivulini Women's Rights Organisation). Aineisto tallennettiin kiswahiliksi ja käännettiin myöhemmin englanniksi ja puhtaaksikirjoitettiin. Aineisto analysoitiin temaattisen analyysin menetelmällä. Tutkimuksessa todetaan ensinnäkin, että tutkitut naisten identiteettiä ja sosiaalista hyvinvointia vahvistaviksi tarkoitetut käytännöt vaurioittavat naisten ja tyttöjen seksuaalisuutta ja terveyttä monin eri tavoin. Vaikka vanhemmat naiset tunnistavat perinteisten käytäntöjen naisille aiheuttamat haitat, he näkevät rituaalien käytäntöönpanon ja ylläpidon velvollisuutenaan. Koska teot motivoituvat vahvasti kulttuuristen ja perinteisten uskomusten pohjalta, niitä toteuttavat naiset eivät tunnista osallistuvansa väkivallantekoihin. Toiseksi tutkimuksessa todettiin, että lainsäädäntö tunnistaa olemassa olevan niin sanotun perinteisen oikeuden, jonka piiriin naisten silpominen, leskien puhdistus, naisten väliset avioliitot ja muut yhteisöjen sisäisiksi ajatellut kulttuuriset käytännöt kuuluvat. Vaikka laki kieltää naisten oikeuksien loukkaamisen ja heidän vahingoittamisensa myös perinteisten käytäntöjen osalta, laki ja vallitsevat oikeuskäytännöt eivät onnistu riittävästi sääntelemään konflikteja, jotka syntyvät sosio-kulttuuristen käytäntöjen ja ihmisoikeusnormien välille. Siksi tutkituissa yhteisöissä naisten oikeuksia loukataan toistuvasti. Kolmanneksi tutkimus tuo näkyviin patriarkaalisessa yhteisössä vallitsevaa tutkittuja käytäntöjä koskevaa hiljaisuuden kulttuuria. Tutkimuksen johtopäätös on, että naisten kokema pelko pahoja enteitä, aiempien sukupolvien kirousta ja yhteisöstä poissulkemista kohtaan pitää käytäntöjä niin vahvasti yllä, että viranomaissanktiot eivät vaikuta niihin. Käytäntöihin on kuitenkin mahdollista vaikuttaa sosiaalityön keinoin. Tutkimuksessa suositellaan, että sosiaalityöntekijöiden tulisi aktivoida ja koordinoida lähiyhteisöjen, valtion ja kansalaisjärjestöjen verkostoja muutoksen aikaansaamiseksi. Lisäksi sosiaalityöntekijöiden tulisi vahvistaa ihmisten tietoisuutta yhteisöjen alistavista käytännöistä ja rohkaista heitä korvaamaan terveydelle vaaralliset ja muuten haitalliset käytännöt muilla yhteisöissä merkityksellisillä symbolisilla käytännöillä. ; This study explored the mechanisms that sustain the phenomenon of women-to-women violence in the patriarchal communities of the Kuria and the Kerewe ethnic groups located in the north-western part of Tanzania. Most cultures in the patriarchal communities have traditionally exercised strict control over the female bodies in a wide range of cultural practices in Africa. Women and girls in these communities are made to undergo and are unable to oppose certain traditional practices even when these practices have adverse consequences on their health and lives. Studies in this field have indicated that elderly women in Africa are implicated in ensuring the implementation of the gender roles for the political and economic stability for the social order. This study attempted to answer three research questions: How is the phenomenon of "women-to-women" violence perpetuated over time? What are the mechanisms in which women establish domination and power over fellow women? What are the driving force feeding continual women-to-women violence? The focus of the study was on three traditional practices: female genital cutting (FGC), widow cleansing rituals, and woman-to-woman marriage, which are examples of subtle cultural violence perpetuated by women on women. FGC is the removal of part or all the female genitalia as a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood. Widow cleansing ritual is a cultural practice some women undergo after the death of their husband. It requires the widow to have sex with a village cleanser to be purified from the haunted spirit of her deceased husband. Woman-to-woman marriage (Nyumba Ntobhu) refers to the institution whereby a barren woman or a woman who have only girl children pay a dowry to marry another woman (very often a younger woman) and assumes control over her and her offspring. These three practices continue to exist in communities along the Lake Zone regions of Tanzania despite efforts made to address and curb them through various initiatives nationally and internationally. This study was guided by critical social work theory, which deals with issues of power and powerlessness, oppression, privilege, the impacts of structural issues on peoples' lives, empowerment, consciousness raising and liberation of people. The study adopted a qualitative approach, where data were gathered via interviews, which drew on the biographical narratives of a selected group of women who were subjects to the traditional practices examined. Interviews (n=26) and focus group discussions (n=6) were conducted to collect the empirical data. The narratives were collected in collaboration with the "Kivulini Women's Rights Organisation," (NGO) that works in the targeted area. Interviews and discussions were recorded in Kiswahili, which were later translated into English and transcribed. Thematic analyses were used to analyze the data. The study found, firstly, that the traditional practices that are intended to give identity and shape the social well-being of the women and girls also harm their sexuality and affect their health in various ways. While the senior women acknowledged the harm done to women's bodies through the traditional practices, they perceived their role in promoting the rituals as a duty. However, they do not recognise their involvement as perpetuating violence due to the societal demand of cultural and traditional beliefs. Secondly, this study discovered that the state laws recognise the application of the customary laws related to female genital cutting, and widow cleansing rituals. However, where the customary laws violated the rights of the women, the state laws fall short to provide the mechanism for the resolutions of the conflict that arose between the norms of the studied socio-cultural practices and the human rights norms. The woman-to-woman marriage is neither mentioned nor recognised in the state law. Hence, women in the studied communities continue to be discriminated against and their rights violated. Thirdly, the study highlighted that there is a culture of silence in the patriarchal society about the types of violence that is intertwined with traditional practices. The study concludes that the women's fear of bad omen, the curse of the ancestral spirits and community ostracisation or isolation rather than government sanctions had kept the practice alive and on-going. These findings give certain tasks for social work. Hence, the study recommends that social workers need to coordinate as facilitators to network with all the entities such as local community members and organisations (both government and NGOs) who are involved in community building in bringing about the needed change. In addition, social workers need to conscientise the locals to address the perceived oppressive practices in their communities and encourage them to replace the harm-inducing cultural and traditional practices with symbolic rituals that are meaningful in their own context.

For the last two decades Guatemala has developed an educational assessment system for accountability purposes following a continuous improvement cycle. The system is nowadays led by the Ministry of Education's Dirección General de Evaluación e Investigación Educativa [General Directorate for Evaluation and Educational Research] (DIGEDUCA). There are data available now to analyze whether current assessment practices provide necessary information for effective policy decisions. The set of studies in this thesis explores the aforementioned issues with the aim to achieve three objectives: 1) Using data obtained from national assessment projects of elementary grades in Guatemala to answer questions with direct implications for the management of the education system; 2) Conducting up-to-date statistical analyses to ensure that comparisons between groups that differ in background characteristics have a solid psychometric foundation; 3) Providing recommendations as a way to move national assessment forward. To meet the objectives, four studies were developed based on DIGEDUCA's experience taking into consideration substantive factors known to be relevant in Guatemala: ethnicity, language, socio-economic conditions, gender, and the urban-rural divide. The first study reviews the assessment experience in Guatemala exploring the country's context and the logistic and technical demands of educational testing. The paper describes how assessment units in heterogeneous contexts needs to develop valid information that is free of bias to orient and support the decisions made by policy administrators. However, local stakeholders (especially parents and teachers) and policy administrators will interpret assessment results according to their own background, experience, and needs. The policy administrator will seek to adhere to political and budgetary calendars, adopt procedures with low costs and aggregate data. At the local level, teachers and parents will prefer results that provide information for individuals and that are easily aligned to teaching and learning activities. As a result of the divergent demands on assessment, tensions may emerge between consumers and producers of assessment information. Psychometricians and test-developers will have to negotiate quality considerations in the design of the assessment that will affect the interpretation of the data (such as sampling strata) from those that will invalidate them (such as administering tools that have not been appropriately piloted). The outcome could alter the scope of the assessment, but should not alter its scientific approach. A common perspective is required to link the underlying assumptions that justify the policy with the psychometric and theoretical characteristics of the assessment. The second paper is the first of three empirical studies (all of which use secondary data from large-scale educational testing). It explores Differential Item Functioning (DIF) and educational risk factors in Guatemalan reading tests. Different DIF estimation methods and effect size measures are used to identify patterns in the data (chi-square, Rasch, and logistic regression). There is evidence of substantial DIF, but purification (i.e., removal of items flagged for DIF) may not change the conclusions from group comparisons. Differences remain between groups with different values in four risk factors (over-age, urban/rural area of residence, ethnicity, and gender) and this highlights the impact that factors of exclusion bring into the education system. Risk factors act in concert to create sources of bias, but the differences in test scores between the "privileged" and "underprivileged" cannot be explained in terms of item bias. The second of the empirical studies investigates the relationship of exposure to Spanish and socioeconomic status (SES) with reading and math achievement in third and sixth grade. The results of a multigroup structural equation model (SEM) and multivariate analysis of covariance lead to the conclusion that SES and exposure to Spanish are associated with achievement across grades, ethnicity, and area of residence. Exposure to Spanish is more relevant in lower grades, whereas area of residence is a consistent predictor across grades. An analysis of the invariance of the associations across the various groups suggests that background factors and educational achievement are linked in the same way across ethno-linguistic groups. These results confirm previous research indicating that socioeconomic status is a positive predictor of school achievement and that the pupils' familiarity with the language in which they are tested is positively related to their achievement results. The third empirical study employed data from the Second Regional Comparative and Explanatory Study of the Latin American Laboratory of Evaluation of Educational Quality (SERCE of LLECE). An analysis was conducted of the role that reading, tested in Spanish, plays in the relationship of the mother language of pupils and the area of residence (urban or rural) with math tested in Spanish in four Latin American countries with sizable indigenous populations: Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru. Findings indicate that non-indigenous pupils in urban and rural areas outperform indigenous pupils in urban and rural areas, that reading plays a mediation role between language and math and between area and math, and that this pattern is constant across countries. These findings stress the need for early literacy instruction of pupils to ensure good results in other curriculum areas (math in this case). Since contemporary research supports the relevance of mother language in literacy acquisition, it is advisable that this early reading instruction take place in the mother language of pupils (i.e., the most dominant language of pupils). The findings also suggest that measures of heterogeneous linguistic competency need to be introduced in large-scale standardized testing of bilingual populations. Together, the studies suggest that Guatemalan elementary level assessment meets basic psychometric standards; there is significant item bias, but this bias does not change the conclusions about group differences that have been drawn because socioeconomic factors exert a very large influence which is not eliminated by removing item bias. Indigenous, rural pupils who have low exposure to Spanish exhibit lower performance in achievement results, even when item bias is reduced. Reading instruction in the most dominant language of pupils should be a priority and testing, when possible, should be carried out in the same language. However, since instruction in the most dominant language is not always possible due to financial and practical reasons, control measure of competency in the language of assessment should be developed to have a clearer picture of pupils' achievement. In terms of the assessment projects, the findings indicate that Guatemalan national assessment has followed a consistent path of development. The particular tests included in this set of studies seem close to reaching Pareto efficiency in terms of item bias, i.e., a level where the costs of further improvements would not translate into commensurate improvements in quality of results. However, there is still significant room to work on background information of pupils, their families, their schools and the processes taking place in their classrooms. Concrete examples from the empirical studies are the poor scales on socioeconomic status and the lack of linguistic competency scales. In terms of the alignment to national policy the tests seem to meet the requirements set in its "quality assurance" framework. However, given the state of affairs in research on the background variables and their links to achievement results, the assessment is not yet ready to provide the evidence on which a wider scope of policies can be based. These conclusions lead to four recommendations: (1) To continue collecting and improve the data on risk factors; (2) To develop measures of linguistic competence; (3) To develop links between assessment and multiple policy initiatives; (4) To inform stakeholders about the technical issues of the assessment in a way that is attuned to their policies.

This short paper reports from ongoing research at the National Centre for Research Methods into the pedagogy of advanced methods teaching. This work widens the focus of research from individual experiences of methods teaching to empirical evidence that bridges disciplines, schools of method and international contexts. Here we consider the relationship between pedagogic language and pedagogic competence, and how these relate to the development of pedagogical culture in methods teaching. Across Europe increasing attention is being paid to the development of research capacity in Universities, government and industry. Spurred by the challenges posed by new forms of data, multiple archival digitization projects, central investments (such as Big Data Europe1) and a push towards professionalization, the need to equip researchers with advanced (post graduate/postdoctoral) methods competencies is felt as never before. In practice, this places emphasis on doctoral and postdoctoral training that focusses on the acquisition, maintenance and continuing development of transferable skills necessary for effective research across different contexts, rather than within the discrete boundaries of (for example) the doctoral project. This takes the form of the formalization of doctoral training connected to the Salzburg Principles (Kottmann, 2011) and short courses, high-profile international summer and winter schools2 and online learning. In the UK, these efforts are supported by large government investments, such as the National Centre for Research Methods (funded by the Economic and Social Research Council). Methods demand a unique mix of technical skills, procedural knowledge and conceptual understanding (Kilburn et al, 2015). However, despite seismic developments in doctoral training and capacity building, pedagogical content knowledge (PCK, Shulman, 1986) concerning how teachers answer the specific challenges of methods teaching is limited. This is exacerbated by a lack of pedagogical culture (Earley, 2014; Wagner et al, 2011) evidenced by lack of pedagogical research, networks and dialogue within the field (for example, expressed in cross-citation, events and other markers indicative of the exchange and development and critique of ideas). As a result, new methods teachers must rely on trial-and-error and immediate peers to develop their practice (Earley, 2014). To address these gaps, our ESRC-funded research at NCRM asks: How are advanced social research methods taught and learned? This invokes a central concern with making pedagogy visible. We contend that 'pedagogy is hard to know' (Nind et al., 2016), but that developing knowledge of how pedagogy is specified, enacted and experienced in practice (Nind et al., 2016) is essential developing PCK (Shulman, 1986) and with it, pedagogic culture. To advance these goals our research is built upon four underlying principles. First that there is a need to develop the pedagogical culture around research methods. Second that there is benefit in identifying and deepening pedagogic content knowledge. Third that dialogue represents a particular pedagogic and methodological asset in the furthering of our research aims. Fourth that there is value in the use of explicit, shared pedagogy. To this end, we have established meta-themes from our analysis that characterise methods teaching activities. In this paper we explore two key aspects of the research. Firstly, insights into methods teaching and pedagogy from the first wave of our analysis. Second, what these insights into methods teaching have to tell us about language and competence in the development of research methods more broadly. Our research design incorporates four strands, expressing a commitment to dialogic methods that build pedagogic knowledge with participants, by deepening conceptual exchange rather than judging or evaluating. Methods used include expert panel; video stimulated recall, reflection and dialogue (VSRR); online learning diaries; and case studies. The results and conceptual work discussed here flow from expert panel and VSRR research and our analysis on the role and use of pedagogic language within expert methodologist/teacher talk. Expert panel research (after Galliers and Huang, 2012) has been completed in two stages. The first, with eight experts in methods and teaching in the UK (2012-13), the second with an international focus (2015-16). In this second panel of 13 experts, we purposefully targeted international experts across Europe (comprising academics from the Netherlands and Switzerland), the Americas, Africa and Australasia, to provide a nuanced account of pedagogical expertise in a socio-cultural frame. These 'pedagogic leaders' (Lucas and Claxon, 2013) were interviewed on the basis of methodological excellence, landmark publications, editorial roles in international journals and learned societies, and significant teaching experience at a postgraduate level. Following transcription, an initial thematic analysis was conducted independently by two researchers. Emergent findings were then discussed among the experts in an online forum and by seven focus groups with experienced methods teachers, and an online forum of 18 early career and PhD researchers. In this way, dialogue was instigated across various groups involved in teaching research methods, to understand the resonance of the identified themes, and how these are realised and expressed in different contexts. The second component involved observing and video-recording six days of short-course methods teaching and using video to stimulate recall, reflection and dialogue with teachers and learners in focus groups immediately after each event. This work engages learners and teachers in co-constructive dialogue about the learning process that is elicited by, and deeply referent to, tangible events within the classroom (Nind et al., 2015). Again, data was coded independently by two researchers and interpretations shared, where possible, with participants. Subsequent analysis related to our research questions, and focussed on pedagogic themes associated with methods teaching, as well as understanding how learning theory and pedagogy and research have informed this process. We coded for typologies of talk, to recognise both the explicit and named pedagogies extant in the data, and the un-named, implicit pedagogies that teachers were also found to use. Findings and Conclusions Experts recognised the need to build spaces for dialogue, to share resources, ideas and 'to continue to foster a kind of interdisciplinary pedagogical culture'. They observed a lack of 'occasion to engage' and a need 'to look at various perspectives and exercises … used successfully in classes'. In lieu of this, the majority of teachers are found to build teaching expertise over the course of a life-time responding directly to the challenges of methods learners, content and context, rather than, for example, formal teacher training. Approaches to teaching are built upon pedagogic roots: experiences of learning and being taught, methodological experiences, early teaching experiences as well as beliefs and values. Experts and teachers with educational backgrounds and developed pedagogical interests demonstrate developed pedagogical vocabulary that enabled them to articulate their approaches and strategies. As a result, typologies of talk available in our data range from named and explicit pedagogies, where teachers and experts are able to talk about learning theory or pedagogy, alongside unnamed/implicit pedagogies that, with the dialogic methods we are using, can be made visible as teachers discuss their teaching repertoire and reflect on approaches pedagogically in new ways. Named and explicit pedagogies were found to cluster around three themes: active learning – which connects learners to research through hands-on activities; and other more experiential approaches; and the pedagogies associated with engaging multiple perspectives, critical standpoints and reflexivity (see also, Lewthwaite & Nind, 2016). However, a substantial body of implicit and unnamed pedagogies identified in the data remain, raising interrelated questions going forward: Does pedagogic development require specialist language? Is pedagogic vocabulary necessary for the development of pedagogical competencies? It is hoped that findings addressing these key questions will help to bridge methodological and pedagogical divides to build methodological capacity across Europe and beyond.

En las últimas décadas se ha asistido a un proceso centralizador en la gestión de pesquerías, de forma que las regulaciones que consideraban con frecuencia las especificidades de la zona y flotas implicadas han sido sustituidas por sofisticados regímenes estatales de gestión que, a pesar de que estos se sustentan en una base científica cada vez más fiable, se están mostrando ineficaces para detener el deterioro de los caladeros. La evaluación de los recursos y el asesoramiento científico, así como el establecimiento de medidas técnicas, la fijación de los totales admisibles de capturas (TACs), cuotas nacionales, etc., no han hecho sino alejar el proceso de decisión de los pescadores. Esta dicotomía existente, entre los usuarios del recurso y el ámbito en el que se determina el sistema de gestión pesquera, constituye una de las principales causas de la propensión de los pescadores a no respetar las medidas impuestas, haciendo fracasar cualquier intento de imponer un sistema racional de explotación pesquera. De hecho, los sistemas de gestión convencionales no solo mantienen la carrera competitiva entre los pescadores sino que les impulsan a no respetar las normas y conducen, con frecuencia, a un proceso de ocultamiento de capturas. El pescador no es propietario del recurso, ni siquiera tiene un uso exclusivo del mismo, sino que, en realidad, la caracterización del recurso pesquero como bien de propiedad pública, ni frena la carrera competitiva ni induce al pescador a abandonar su miopía sobre el futuro (1). La búsqueda de soluciones a la gestión de pesquerías, basada en la moderación o reconducción del comportamiento de los pescadores, no debe sustentarse en medidas normativas (sistemas centralizados) o en liberalización de la transmisión de derechos de pesca (sistemas ITQ), sino en la percepción por parte de los pescadores de que pueden intervenir sobre el futuro de su actividad, de que son parte activa del proceso decisional y de que, en definitiva, la "inversión" en recurso que acuerden en el presente, les beneficiará, sin duda, en el futuro. Desde esta perspectiva, la Gestión Conjunta o Compartida, situación en la que los usuarios del recurso, en un grado mayor o menor, establecen sus propias normas, constituye una alternativa razonable a la propuesta de creación de un mercado de derechos de pesca. La participación activa de los pescadores en el proceso de toma de decisiones favorece la aceptabilidad de las normas. Además, puede mejorar la disponibilidad y calidad de la información utilizada para la elaboración de las mismas y, lo que es más importante, favorece la colaboración de los pescadores en el control de cuotas o de esfuerzo. En este trabajo de investigación se propone una metodología para el diseño de sistema de gestión compartida basado en técnicas de decisión multicriterio que garantice la explotación sostenible de la chirla (Chamelea gallina) en la costa de Huelva y de Cádiz (región IXa) del ICES). El análisis multicriterio facilita la toma de decisión y aproxima esta lo más posible a la realidad. Con este fin, se utiliza un modelo de programación por metas sujeto a restricciones asociadas a objetivos de carácter biológico, socioeconómico y político, frecuentemente contradictorios, y cuya consecución simultánea resulta imposible. De igual manera, los intereses de los distintos grupos que participan en la gestión de dicha pesquería han sido evaluados en base a encuestas diseñadas y analizados con el método de las jerarquías analíticas (AHP), e incorporados en el proceso de cuantificación de las soluciones óptimas. Los resultados obtenidos de la programación por metas se contrastan a través de algunos análisis de sensibilidad en el modelo. Todos los resultados obtenidos muestran la utilidad de estos métodos en el diseño de políticas de gestión de pesquerías y evidencian las diversas jerarquías de objetivos mantenidas por los diferentes grupos implicados en los procesos de toma de decisiones. (1) En palabras de Gordon (1954, p. 132), "el único pescador que se hace rico es el que participa en una pesquería que está puesta bajo alguna forma de control social que transforma el libre acceso al recurso en derechos de propiedad". ; In the last decades there has been a centralization process in fisheries management. Therefore, the regulations that frequently considered the characteristics of the area and fleets involved have been replaced by sophisticated state management regimes. Despite the fact that regimes are based on more reliable scientific aspects, they are proving to be ineffective to stop the deterioration of fish stocks. Resource assessment and scientific advice, establishing technical measures, setting total allowable catches (TACs) and national quotas, etc., have produced that fishermen are less involved in the decision-making process. This dichotomy between resource users and the level, in which the fisheries management system is determined, is one of the main causes of the fishermen tendency to disregard measures imposed, and, as a result, it makes any attempt to impose a rational fishing system fail. In fact, conventional management systems not only maintain the competitive race among fishermen but also lead them to disregard the rules and to conceal catches. Fishermen are not the resource owners and they have not its exclusive use. Actually, if fishing resource is considered as a publicly owned good, it will not slow the competitive race or lead fishermen to consider the negative future consequences of current decisions (1). The search for solutions to fisheries management, which is based on fishermen's behavior moderation, should not be based on legislative measures (centralized systems) or the liberalisation of the sale of fishing rights (ITQ systems). On the other hand, they should consider that fishermen should be involved in the future of their business and the decision-making process. In other words, the "investment" in resource which is agreed at present, will benefit them in the future. From this point of view, co-management, which is a situation in which resource users, to a greater or lesser extent, establish their own rules, is a reasonable alternative to the neoliberal proposal to set up a market for fishing rights. If fishermen are involved in the decision-making process, it will make them to accept rules more easily, it will improve the availability and quality of the information used to make decisions and, above all, it will promote the collaboration of fishermen to monitor quotas or effort. In this research we suggest a methodology for the design of a co-management system which is based on multicriteria decision-making techniques to ensure sustainable exploitation of the Striped Venus (Chamelea Gallina) on the coast of Huelva and Cadiz (ICES region IXa)). Multicriteria analysis makes decision making easier and approaches it to reality as much as possible. To do it, a goal programming model is used. This model includes restrictions associated with biological, socio-economic and political objectives. They are often contradictory and achieving them simultaneously is impossible. Similarly, interests of the various stakeholders involved in the fishery management have been evaluated through surveys designed and analyzed using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). Then, they have been included in the process to determine the optimal solutions. The results of the goal programming model have been verified through sensitivity analysis on the model. All results show the usefulness of these methods in the design of fisheries management policies and the various stakeholders' hierarchies of objectives involved in the decision-making process. (1) According to Gordon (1954, p. 132), "the only fisherman who becomes rich is one who makes a lucky catch or one who participates in a fishery that is put under a form of social control that turns the open resource into property rights".

[spa] Cuando se presentan años de sequía, los campesinos de temporal son los primeros en resentir pérdidas en sus cosechas obligándoles a buscar nuevas alternativas de sustento para adquirir en el mercado los granos que no pudieron producir para su consumo. La baja pluviosidad de los años 2009-2012 −y la declaratoria de desastre natural en 2011− llevan a formular las siguientes preguntas: ¿cómo los campesinos de temporal percibieron y resolvieron la insuficiente producción del maíz necesario a la alimentación de su familia y de sus animales? ¿Se han modificado los patrones migratorios a raíz de este fenómeno climatológico adverso? Formular esta posible estrategia de adaptación responde a la larga historia migratoria prevaleciente en la región desde varias décadas y al incentivo a migrar que representan las redes migratorias preexistentes. El texto inicia con una revisión de los diferentes tipos de sequía y sus efectos; también examina y discute la complejidad del concepto de migración ambiental: sus dimensiones, aspectos legales y proyecciones numéricas ante la mayor frecuencia de los eventos naturales extremos y el crecimiento demográfico. Los estudios de caso realizados en diversos contextos de sequía permiten identificar, en la decisión de migrar, un mayor peso de las variables políticas, socioeconómicas, culturales y demográficas que de las variables ambientales. Por este motivo, las diferentes dimensiones de contexto del área de estudio son ampliamente descritas en el trabajo. La presente tesis da cuenta del estudio realizado en 11 localidades de la cuenca del río Silao (estado de Guanajuato, México) situadas entre 2400 y 1830 msnm; dichas localidades están interconectadas por el río en un territorio natural y socialmente articulado aunque diverso en cuanto a sus características naturales y sociales. Al abarcar una reducida extensión territorial, el estudio privilegia la observación detallada de una realidad que es acercada desde la interdisciplinariedad. Con ello, las ciencias naturales y sociales, sus datos e instrumentos de investigación propios, permitieron identificar y analizar la relación entre los cambios ambientales –la baja pluviosidad y sus efectos− y las respuestas sociales aportadas por la población. Mediante la aplicación de entrevistas semi estructuradas y visitas a campo, se ha documentado que las transformaciones ambientales que obligan los campesinos de temporal a buscar otras formas de sustento, no resultan de la variabilidad climática natural sino que responden ante todo a modificaciones antrópicas del medio natural. En otras palabras, la reducida capacidad productiva de las tierras sembradas de maíz y de las huertas frutales resulta más del empobrecimiento progresivo del suelo (por el uso de fertilizantes químicos) y de la alteración de la dinámica hidrológica (a consecuencia de la deforestación y de la extracción de arena del río), que de la baja pluviosidad percibida y asumida por los campesinos como una constante inevitable de la agricultura de temporal. El reducido rendimiento agrícola y la consecuente necesidad de diversificar las fuentes de ingresos dan lugar a una creciente sobreexplotación de los recursos naturales (mayor extracción de leña, carbón y humus en la cuenca alta) y motivan la incorporación laboral de las mujeres y de los jóvenes de la cuenca media y baja a las empresas del sector industrial −agro y automotriz− instaladas en áreas cercanas. En cuanto a la eventual respuesta migratoria, las conclusiones del trabajo plantean que la migración interna es considerada como poco atractiva porque los bajos salarios pagados no permiten realizar proyectos personales fuertes como la construcción de vivienda y la compra de camioneta; estas adquisiciones, que llaman la atención en las localidades de la cuenca media y baja, han sido posibilitadas por la intensa migración internacional de estas partes de la cuenca. El estudio concluye que la migración internacional sigue alentada más por los factores estructurales y la fuerte tradición migratoria regional que por los factores ambientales. En conclusión, el fenómeno climático considerado en el estudio de caso no parece haber influido en la reorganización espacial y sectorial de las actividades de sustento de los habitantes de la cuenca ni en una modificación de su dinámica migratoria la cual sigue siendo más económica que ambiental. ; [eng] n times of recurring drought, the peasants practicing rainfed agriculture are the first to suffer the consequences, and are forced to look for alternative means of acquiring the grains they have not been able to produce for their own consumption. The scarce rains of 2009-2012 – and the 2011 declaration of natural disaster – invite the following questions: · How did rainfed agriculture peasants perceive and resolve the insufficient production of maize needed to sustain their families and farming animals? · Have migratory patterns been modified by these adverse meteorological circumstances? This hypothesis has been put forward due to the long-standing history of migration prevalent in the region, which could favour future migration, facilitated by the existing migrant networks. This work begins with a review of various types of droughts and their implications. It also examines and discusses the complexity of environmental migration: its dimensions, legal aspects and numerical predictions in light of the increasing frequency of extreme natural phenomena and population growth. The case studies that have been undertaken in various drought contexts have identified, in relation to the decision to migrate, the importance of political, socio-economical, cultural and demographical variables, rather than environmental causes. Therefore, these non-environmental factors, which affect the area of study, are described in detail in this paper. This thesis accounts for a study carried out in 11 small rural areas of the Silao Basin (State of Guanajuato, Mexico), located between 1830 and 2400m above sea level. These sites, despite the diversity in their natural and social characteristics, are connected through the river, forming an articulated territory. Given that this study focuses on a small geographical area, this has allowed for detailed observations and has facilitated an interdisciplinary approach. Therefore, the natural and social sciences, with their respective data and research instruments, have helped identify and analyze the relationship between environmental changes – the low rainfall and its consequences – and the social responses brought forward by the population. Semi-structured interviews and fieldwork have revealed that the environmental changes that force rainfed agriculture peasants to seek other means of survival do not result from climatic changes, but rather are the consequences of anthropic changes to the natural environment. In other words, the relatively low production of corn fields and fruit orchards are a consequence of the progressive impoverishment of the soil caused by a continuous use of chemical fertilizers. Likewise, the alteration of the hydraulic dynamic caused by deforestation and the extraction of sand from the river bed are having a greater impact on the crop than the decreasing rainfall that the peasants consider inevitable. As for the eventual migratory response, this paper comes to the conclusion that internal migration is considered less attractive because the low salaries do not allow for the completion of personal projects, such as building a home or acquiring a van, something that international migration is able to provide, as seen in the middle and lower basins. In addition, this study concludes that this international migration is driven to a greater extent by structural factors and the strong tradition of migration, rather than by environmental factors. In sum, the climatic phenomenon considered by this study does not seem to have affected the spatial and sectorial reorganization of the subsistence activities of the rainfed farming communities, nor did it modify the migratory dynamic that remains more economic than environmental

The warming of the climate system is unequivocal according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and will have a strong impact on the security of humans and states alike. In the past half-century the climate system has changed in unprecedented ways and future climate change and variability will include long-lasting alterations to all components of the climate system. With the warming of the climate system and the recognition of the implications that this has for the availability and quality of renewable natural resources, scholars and policy-makers fear that the impacts of climate change will also increase the risk of violent conflict and affect their dynamics. However, despite the rather large amount of studies in the field, scholars have yet to move beyond a number of interesting patterns to establish results that remain robust across studies. While this is partly a reflection of the inherent challenge of observing links between uncertain structural factors such as climate change and rare social outcomes such as violent conflict, the field has also been repeatedly criticised for a lack of sound theoretical development. This has been exacerbated by the practice of excluding qualitative research from state of the art reviews. The purpose of this report is to fill this gap by contributing to a better theoretical understanding of the linkages between climate change and violent conflict through consulting the combined quantitative-qualitative literature. In this report, we seek to answer the question of how, and under what circumstances, climate change influences the risk of violent conflict in East Africa. We specifically focus on the pathways to violence – explanations that link various phenomena – in this case climate change and variability, and violent conflict – through a continuous and contiguous chain of links. We explore the research question through a systematic review of the climate- conflict literature on East Africa, hence obtaining a manageable amount of relevant studies and ensuring some minimal cross-study comparability. East Africa was chosen because of the frequency of violent conflict in the region, its high livelihood dependence on natural resources, high levels of poverty and limited capacity for climate change adaptation. The region is also especially relevant from a Swedish policy perspective, since Sweden has considerable development cooperation engagements in East Africa, for example in assisting climate change adaptation and peacebuilding. The present analysis builds on 44 peer-reviewed articles published between 1989-2015 that examine the relationship between climate-related environmental change and violent conflict. By focusing on climate-related environmental change, that is a change in biophysical conditions that are or will be affected by a change in the state of the climate or by variations in the mean state of the climate, we widened our analysis beyond climate change to encompass both short- and long-term environmental change. The analysis is summarised in a conceptual framework that identifies five types of pathways from climate-related environmental change to violent conflict in East Africa. In particular, the negative impact of climate-related environmental change on the availability of natural resources can lead to conflict by worsening livelihood conditions, by increasing migration or by changing pastoral mobility patterns. Taken together, these three types of pathways lead to or exacerbate local resource conflicts that sometimes turn violent. Weather conditions and climate variability can also affect the tactical considerations of armed groups and hence contribute to intensified fighting during certain periods. Finally, the analysis shows that local resource conflicts are susceptible to elite exploitation that often significantly increases the risk and intensity of violent conflict. This highlights the critical role of political and economic elites in explaining how local resource conflicts relate to larger processes of civil war, ethnic cleansing and insecurity. In the discussion, we deepen the analysis by underlining three critical dimensions inherent in the literature: the temporal, spatial and political dimensions. First, the analysis shows that it is essential to reflect on the temporal dimensions of a climate-conflict link, both with regard to temporal scale of the environmental change in question and the expected time lag from that change to the outbreak of violent conflict. There is no reason to believe that all climate-related environmental changes at different time scales generate the same social outcomes. The bulk of the quantitative literature on East Africa measures conflict onset or intensity as an immediate reaction to climate variability, thus studying the implications of climate variability rather than of climate change. To capture the full spectrum, investigations of a climate-conflict link also need to consider the implications of long-term changes in altered livelihood conditions and rapid- onset disasters such as extreme weather events, as these pose a different kind of challenge for societies to mitigate and respond to. Second, the analysis shows the importance of accounting for the spatial dimension. The impacts of climate-related environmental change are unevenly distributed across space and altered livelihood conditions can offset population movements. There is therefore often no merit in assuming that climate-related environmental change will lead to violence in a certain area without considering how people move between areas characterised by resource scarcity and resource abundance. Third, the analysis emphasises that climate-related environmental change and violent conflict cannot be understood in an apolitical vacuum, since socio-political processes affect the relative distribution of natural resources, the adaptive capacity of individuals, groups and societies, and the risk of violent conflict. For example, absent, corrupt or non-functional political institutions often increase the risk of local resource conflicts turning violent. Thus, while climate-related environmental change in itself has not precipitated an East African anarchy so far, it has already played a role in the dynamics of violent conflict and will probably continue to do so, even though the consequences are ultimately mediated by human behaviour. Regarding the implications for policy and future research, three strands of policy implications follow from the analysis. First, since a central claim in the literature is that worsening livelihood conditions make people more likely to engage in violence, efforts that mitigate the impact of climate- related environmental change and that build resilience may also contribute to resilience to violent conflicts. Examples include weather insurance schemes and improved access to markets for pastoralists, income diversification and efforts that improve livelihood conditions. Second, movements across space are a crucial adaptation mechanism for populations affected by climate- related environmental change, particularly for pastoralist groups. This means that efforts that enable and support adaptation to population movements may increase both human security and lower the risk of violent conflict. One example relates to efforts that enable pastoral mobility while providing channels to solve resulting conflicts between pastoralists and farmers. Finally, the analysis shows that institutions, both formal and informal, are crucial for mediating conflicts. Since most communities already have some conflict resolution mechanisms, outside actors should focus on how such local knowledge can be adapted to meet new demands and increased pressure, rather than trying to introduce entirely new mechanisms. Future scholarship should examine the challenges relating to the temporal and spatial dimensions of climate-conflict research by studying the impacts of long-term environmental change rather than climate variability and by accounting for how populations move across space. Future research should also seek to improve data quality, while considering the importance of matching data and methods with the underlying theoretical expectations. ; Finansiär: Utrikesdepartementet ; Climate change and security

Lake Hawassa is a topographically closed lake in the Central Main Ethiopian Rift Valley. The water level of this lake has been rising significantly with an average rate of 4.9 cm/year over the study period (1970-2010). The cause of this rise is not yet sufficiently investigated. The main target of this study is to investigate causal variables for lake level variability in general, and its resultant rise in particular. The study is based on two main hypotheses. The first is concerned with the effect of climate variability on the lake level variability; and the second is related to the effect of sedimentation on the storage capacity of the lake. The first hypothesis (the effect of climate variability) was investigated through the application of diverse statistical techniques. It comprises the coherence analysis to study the linear relationship between the 3.4 ENSO index and lake level changes. A sequential regime shift algorithm was employed to investigate the variations in the mean values of some selected hydro-climatic variables. Trend test was also used to investigate the variability of the hydro-climatic variables overtime. A simple water balance approach was applied to simulate the lake level variability so as to examine how the model behaves throughout the study period. The second hypothesis (the effect of sedimentation) was approached by conducting a new bathymetric survey. The result of the new survey was compared with the existing bathymetric map of 1999. The Pacific-Southwest Inter-Agency Committee (PSIAC) model was also employed to identify the "hot-spots" of sediment production in the watershed. In this semi-quantitative model, nine factors affecting sediment yielding the watershed were characterized, rated, and an overlay analysis was performed. Participatory assessment of anthropogenic factors that affect the hydrological status of the lake was conducted through the application of DPSIR (Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) analytical framework. The result of the coherence analysis between the monthly lake level changes and the corresponding changes in the ENSO index reveals that the two variables have significant linear relationship over frequencies ranging from 0.13 to 0.14 cycles/month or 1.56 to 1.68 cycles/year. This corresponds to a dominant average periodicity (coincident cycle) of about 7.4 months. Furthermore, the result of sequential regime shift detections show that most of the significant change points coincide with the occurrences of ENSO events and climate shifts. Generally, the lake level tends to be high during El Niño and low during La Niña years. The typical example is the coincidence of extreme historical maximum lake level to the strongest El Niño event of the century that occurred in 1997/98. The coincidence of climate regime shift in the Pacific Ocean in 1976/77 with an equivalent regime shift in the lake level and rainfall records of this period is considered as additional evidence. The study further reveals the existence of sequential regime shifts in stream flow, runoff coefficient, and lake evaporation which clearly coincide with the occurrences of ENSO phenomena. Results of the Mann-Kendall trend analyses also reveal the significant increasing trend of the lake level and streamflow. On the contrary, decreasing trend of evaporation was observed while rainfall exhibits no trend over the study period. The long-term increasing trend of streamflow from Tikur Wuha sub-watershed without the corresponding increment in rainfall is found to explain the role of land use/cover changes at least in modifying the impact of climate. The application of simple spreadsheet water balance model estimates the long-term (1986-2006) average annual magnitudes of the water balance components as follows: over-lake precipitation (89 Mm3), evaporation from the lake surface (132 Mm3), streamflow from the Tikur Wuha sub-watershed (94 Mm3), and streamflow from the un-gauged sub-watershed (77 Mm3) and storage changes (3 Mm3). Comparison of the two bathymetric maps shows that the average accumulated sediment between the years 1999 and 2010 was estimated as 14 ± 5cm or 13.3 x106 m3. Assuming a constant rate, the mean annual average rate of sedimentation in the lake is about 1.2 cm/year or 1.1 x106 m3. Accordingly, the mean annual reduction in storage capacity of the lake due to siltation is 0.08 %. The attempt to link sediment yield estimate of the bathymetric approach with the estimates of the PSIAC model results in a considerable disagreement as the former estimates 967 m3/km2/year whereas the latter estimates the sediment yield to be in the range of 95-250 m3/km2/yr. The result of participatory assessment of anthropogenic factors and review of previous studies shows that anthropogenic factors show considerable impact on the hydrological status of the lake. Sedimentation and increased runoff are perceived as pressures (immediate causes) for the lake level rise (state). These pressures are perceived to arise from drivers (land use changes, deforestation and misuse/mistreatment of land resources). These drivers in turn had resulted from indirect drivers that comprised population growth and density, agricultural development, the use of wood as fuel, socio-economic changes, and the existing land tenure system. The interesting finding of this assessment of anthropogenic factors is the presence of promising policy instruments (responses) that support the integrated management of the lake and the watershed. The failure of implementation of these policy instruments is the commonly complained issues among the stakeholders. ; Der Einfluss von Sedimentation und Klimavariabilität auf die Hydrologie des Hawassa-Sees, Südäthiopien Der Hawassa-See ist ein Endsee im afrikanischen Grabenbruch, dessen Wasserstand im Zeitraum dieser Studie (1970-2010) jährlich im Durchschnitt um 4,9 cm gestiegen ist. Der Grund für diesen Anstieg ist noch nicht ausreichend erforscht. Das Hauptziel dieser Studie ist die Untersuchung der Ursachen für die Variabilität des Seewasserstandes im Allgemeinen und für den beobachteten Anstieg insbesondere. Dieser Arbeit liegen zwei Hypothesen zugrunde. Die erste bezieht sich auf die Auswirkungen der Klimavariabilität und die zweite auf die Auswirkung der Sedimentation auf die Speicherkapazität des Hawassa-Sees. Für die Untersuchung der ersten Hypothese (Auswirkung der Klimavariabilität) wurden verschiedene statistische Verfahren eingesetzt, darunter die Kohärenzanalyse, um die lineare Beziehung zwischen dem 3.4 ENSO-Index und der Wasserstandsänderung zu prüfen. Der sequential regime shift algorithm wurde verwendet, um zu untersuchen, ob die Kipppunkte der Mittelwerte ausgewählter hydro-klimatischer Variablen mit dem Auftreten bzw. der Intensität der ENSO-Ereignisse übereinstimmen. Weiterhin wurde eine Trendanalyse durchgeführt, um die zeitliche Variabilität klimatischer Parameter zu bestimmen. Mittels eines einfachen Wasserbilanzverfahrens wurden die Wasserstandsänderungen simuliert, um das Modellverhalten im Untersuchungszeitraum zu analysieren. Für die Analyse der zweiten Hypothese (Sedimentationseffekt) wurde eine neue bathymetrische Untersuchung durchgeführt und mit einer existierenden Bathymetrie aus dem Jahr 1999 verglichen. Das Pacific-Southwest Inter-Agency-Committee-Modell (PSIAC) wurde für die Bestimmung von "Hot-Spots" der Sedimentproduktion eingesetzt. In diesem Modell werden neun Faktoren der Erosion und Sedimentation im Einzugsgebiet berücksichtigt, flächenhaft berechnet und überlagert. Abschließend wurde eine partizipative Bewertung der beeinflussenden anthropogenen Faktoren im Rahmen der DPSIR-Methode (Drivers-Pressures-State-Impact-Response) durchgeführt. Das Ergebnis der Kohärenzanalyse zwischen monatlichen Wasserstandsänderungen und den entsprechenden ENSO-Indices zeigt, dass die beiden Variablen eine signifikante lineare Beziehung im Frequenzbereich von 0,13 bis 0,14 Zyklen/Monat bzw. 1,56 bis 1,68 Zyklen/Jahr aufweisen. Dies entspricht einer dominierenden mittleren Periodizität von ca. 7,4 Monaten. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse der sequential regime shift detection, dass die überwiegenden Kipppunkte der ENSO-Ereignisse und der Klimaparameter übereinstimmen. Der Seewasserstand tendiert in El Niño-Jahren zu höheren und in La Niña-Jahren zu niedrigeren Werten. Ein typisches Beispiel ist die Übereinstimmung des historisch höchsten Seewasserstandes mit dem stärksten El Niño-Ereignis des letzten Jahrhunderts im Winter 1997/1998. Eine weitere Evidenz ist die Übereinstimmung der Verschiebung des Klimaregimes im pazifischen Ozean 1976/1977 mit einer entsprechenden Verschiebung des Seewasserstände und der Niederschläge im gleichen Zeitraum. Die Untersuchung zeigt auch die Existenz von weiteren Regimeverschiebungen in Abfluss, Abflussbeiwert und Evaporation in Übereinstimmung mit ENSO-Ereignissen. Die Ergebnisse der Mann-Kendall-Trendanalyse zeigen eine Übereinstimmung zwischen Seewasserstand und gemessenem Zufluss, wohingegen die Evaporation abnimmt und der Niederschlag keinen Trend zeigt. Die langfristige Zunahme der beobachteten Zuflüsse am Pegel Tikur-Wuha ohne Änderung des Niederschlags ist ein Hinweis auf die Bedeutung von Landnutzungs- und Landbedeckungsänderungen im Einzugsgebiet. Die Anwendung einer einfachen Tabellenkalkulation ergibt die langfristigen (1986-2006) mittleren Jahresbilanzen: Niederschlag über dem See (89 Mm 3 ), Evaporation des Sees (132 Mm 3 ), Zufluss des Tikur-Wuha Einzugsgebietes (94 Mm 3 ), und Zufluss des nicht instrumentierten Einzugsgebietes (77 Mm 3 ) sowie Speicheränderung (3 Mm 3 ). Der Vergleich der beiden Bathymetrien ergibt eine Sedimentakkumulation in der Zeit von 1999 bis 2010 in Höhe von 14 ± 5cm oder 13.3 x10 6 m 3 , was einem mittleren Wert von 1.2 cm/a oder 1.1x10 6 m 3 entspricht. Dies bedeutet einen Verlust an Speichervolumen in Höhe von 0.08% pro Jahr. Beim Versuch, die Ergebnisse der Bathymetrie (967 m 3 /km 2 /a) mit denen des PSIAC Modells (95-250 m 3 /km 2 /a) zu vergleichen, werden klare Unterschiede deutlich. Die Analyse vorheriger Studien und die teilnehmende Bewertung der anthropogenen Einflussfaktoren zeigen einen deutlichen Einfluss derselben auf die Hydrologie des Sees. Sedimentation und zunehmender Gebietsabfluss werden als Belastung (pressure) für den Seewasserstand (Status, state) angesehen. Diese Belastung ist eine Folge verschiedener Treiber (drivers: Landnutzungsänderung, Abholzung, unangemessene Nutzung der Landressourcen). Diese direkten Treiber werden von indirekten Treibern wie Bevölkerungswachstum, landwirtschaftliche Entwicklungen, Feuerholznutzung, sozio-ökonomische Änderungen sowie den existierenden Besitzverhältnissen beeinflusst. Interessanterweise existieren vielversprechende politische Instrumente (response), die das integrierte Management des Sees und seines Einzugsgebietes unterstützen. Das Versagen der Implementierung dieser politischen Instrumente wird von den betroffenen Stakeholdern beklagt.

背景:中國在發展城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療的過程中,基於當地經濟社會發展情況和特點,主要形成了政府辦政府管、院辦院管、以及私營三種模式。近年來中國學者對大陸社區衞生服務/基層醫療的研究主要關注于服務的基本現狀與功能的描述性研究,以及患者主觀層面的滿意度調查等,對城市社區衞生/基層醫療組織形式與服務模式建設的研究相對缺乏。初級衞生評價工具( Primary Care Assessment Tool, PCAT) 由美國約翰霍普金斯大學初級衞生保健政策中心開發,將初級醫療的五個核心方面進行量化,從患者對社區衞生服務/層醫療服務的客觀體驗角度出發,客觀評價醫療服務品質。本研究關注於基層醫療服務的過程層面,作為珠江三角洲六城市基層醫療研究項目的一部分,聯合廣州醫學院公共衛生與全科醫學學院,在廣東省衞生署以及香港智經研究中心的大力支持下,其他學者將研究基層醫療服務的結構和結果層面。 ; 目的:本研究關注從病人體驗角度出發,在城市社區衞生/基層醫療服務的過程層面,評價和比較三種不同的社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式,以及不同地區在實施國家初級衞生政策時的不同策略所導致的在初級醫療五個核心方面的差異。 ; 方法:首先,本研究進行了全面的文獻檢索,回顧了PCAT工具在全球和地區的應用。其次,本研究根據國際上認可的跨文化翻譯過程將PCAT(成人簡化版)翻譯成中文官方語言(普通話)並使其與中國國情相適應,並通過問卷的信度和效度分析,證明中文PCAT成人簡化版在評價社區衞生服務/基層醫療的過程層面方面具有較高的可靠性和有效性。進而,本研究採用多階段整群抽樣方法,在珠江三角洲六個城市的社區衞生中心,由訓練有素的調查員進行現場訪談。最後,本研究採用多元線性回歸和多元方差分析統計分析,評估和比較了不同城市和不同模式下,社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務五個核心方面的PCAT分數的差異。 ; 結果:中文PCAT(成人簡化版)包含了九個不同維度,從五個方面評價初級保健服務過程,具有良好的結構效度。克隆巴赫係數反映了問卷具有良好的內部一致性。本研究共調查了3,360名在社區衞生服務中心接受基層醫療服務的成人患者,問卷整體回收率達86.1。本研究基於PCAT 分數從不同城市和不同服務模式角度分別評價和比較了社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務的過程。研究發現,與院辦院管及私營模式相比,政府主導模式下的社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務使用者具有更好的病人體驗,主要是因為政府主導模式下,社區衞生服務在首診利用及基層醫療服務協調統籌維度層面達到更高的水準。 ; 結論:本博士論文研究確立了中文PCAT(成人簡化版)在評價社區衞生服務/基層醫療服務過程的可靠性和有效性。本研究率先在中國大陸採用PCAT 工具對廣東省珠江三角洲地區城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式開展了大規模調查。該項研究可以填補目前中國大陸在PCAT應用以及城市社區衞生服務/基層醫療模式研究方面的空白,探索適合中國國情的社區衞生/基層醫療服務發展道路,為中國大陸進一步發展及完善初級衞生體系提供翔實的政策依據。 ; Backgrounds: China's current healthcare reform has an overall goal towards re-strengthening primary care. Establishment and expansion of primary care network based on community health centres (CHCs) in urban areas has been prioritized. Due to various socio-economic status of local population and policy context across urban areas in mainland China, primary care is delivered by three main organisational models: government-owned CHCs, hospital-owned CHCs, and privately-owned CHCs with each model being adopted in various localities. This PhD study focuses on studying the process of primary care provided under different CHC models in the six cities of Pearl River Delta (PRD) and it is part of a larger study entitled "A Study of Comparing Primary Care Services among ...

Исследования российской академической диаспоры получили сегодня значительное развитие. Вместе с тем обращает на себя внимание тот факт, что большинство работ в этой области направлены на исследование той части диаспоры, которая связана с точными техническими науками, биологией и химией. При этом экономисты, социологи и другие обществоведы остаются «за кадром». На наш взгляд это несправедливо по ряду причин. Российские экономические, социальные и гуманитарные науки находятся в значительно более тяжелой ситуации, нежели науки точные. Развивавшиеся в советские годы в изоляции, эти дисциплины пытаются наверстать упущенное, но отставание от западных исследователей остается катастрофическим. Привлечение к развитию российской науки специалистов с опытом работы в ведущих международных университетах могло бы дать заметный импульс укреплению этих дисциплин. Вместе с тем, исследователям, работающим в этом поле для научной работы, не требуется ни дорогостоящих оборудования, ни создания отдельной инфраструктуры, что облегчает задачу привлечения специалистов. Возможно, этой ситуацией стоило бы воспользоваться для отработки пилотных моделей взаимодействия между учеными из российских ВУЗов, НИИ и представителями диаспоры. В фокусе настоящего исследования находятся исследователи, представляющие социально-экономические науки: экономику, историю, социологию, политологию, психологию, менеджмент (включая логистику), право, философию, образование, коммуникации, международные отношения. Спрос на эти направления подготовки в России остается высоким. Однако не вполне ясно, как наладить международное сотрудничество в условиях ограниченных ресурсов и высокой конкуренции за квалифицированные кадры. В этом отношении изучение возможностей сотрудничества с теми, кто предрасположен к совместной работе с российскими организациями, представляется вполне обоснованным ; Migrants' flows and diasporas have become important phenomenon in the modern world. Although diasporas differ in their scales, they definitely demonstrate the potential for being an important and often underestimated policy tool. This paper reviews the opportunities for cooperation with homeland, considering the example of the Russian academic diaspora in social sciences (the data from a descriptive pilot study, competed in autumn-winter 2008). The chosen focus is interesting because a) the studied community is small and questions its own attribution to diaspora, b) highly skilled professionals seem to present a special case for all diaspora studies, tend to be more independent from the rest of their compatriots, and to integrate closer into the host culture, c) social science was underdeveloped in the Soviet Union and remains rather isolated from the general flow of studies in nowadays Russia, thus limiting the attractiveness of return option. While some countries are competing for the highly skilled migrants, others either try to regulate emigration flows or develop the policies, enabling to turn the brain drain into the brain gain. The latter became a popular topic, also because of its relevance to the agenda of so many countries all over the world, including the most developed. Whether Russian academic diaspora in socio-economic field could be a noticeable change agent in developing Russian research and education; what are these people, are they interested in having more cooperation with Russia; how it could be stimulated that was the overall perspective of the study, and it defined the logic of the following text. High-skilled migration became a popular phenomenon in both reality and academic studies. If the normal migrants need an identity in a host society, the professionals get it with their job affiliation, thus do not need to seek or create one. Also the use of term 'minority' is often inadequate while describing Babylonian crowd, which forms many departments or laboratories in the developed countries thus the very essence of diaspora phenomenon is questioned by this category of people. Instead of solving the problem of adaptation to the new society, the migrants of this type seem to maximize the professional opportunities, which are often better in the host, than in home countries. Thus they often do not demonstrate most of the attributes, expected from a migrant sticking together with the other people of the same origin, supporting ethnic networks, etc. they do not need that assistance, as they get it through the job. A situation that stimulates emergence of networks: a migrant needs to find the ways in the society is substituted by much more individualistic perspective: 'the society (through the host institutions) assists the specialists to be integrated' or at least does not create any additional obstacles and provides the necessary support (e.g. visa support, insurance, housing, etc.). Integration through professional networks is often easier, as they are already established and recognized in the host society, such networks are often dense enough to provide the necessary support, and the colleagues help to integrate also psychologically and culturally. Diaspora could also be seen as a resource, opening additional opportunities in social or political space for its members: through creating own associations immigrants establish many contacts, at least with other immigrant associations, third-sector organizations, and the local authorities. Again high-skilled migrants might find integration into professional community more beneficial than addressing the diaspora as a tool for establishing themselves in the host society. Some studies suggest that as long as the migrant researchers are familiar with the social systems in both the host and the home country, they could serve as a special link between both, stimulating the circulation of intellectual resources. Thus it could be also expected to find a well-integrated community, sharing the same or close values and interests, and searching for the ways for further expansion ready to integrate the new members, etc. Finally, one should expect to find the Russian community abroad as fairly heterogeneous: complicated history of Russia in the 20th century has created different identities for 'Russians', meaning both geographical and cultural diversity. The definition 'Russian' could be attributed to those, associated with the Russian empire, its huge territories and mixed history, thus covering most of the so-called 'Russian-speakers'. It could also deal with the 'Russian-Soviet' divide, and the different views on country's past and future it is creating. Each definition of 'a Russian' in a mixed social environment of a host country loosens the diaspora tights further. Several key findings are discussed in the article. Those include: Heterogeneity of the category in question. Internationally integrated social researchers of widely defined Russian origin make a mixed group with very different background, different relations to Russia and its academic community, and presumably different identities (the question, which was not addressed in the study). Globalised logic of career-making dominates over any ethnic identity. The researchers have positive feelings about Russia, often are interested in the social processes there as a real or potential subject for their research, but it does not mean their readiness to move to Russia, neither their preference to cooperation with other researchers of the same origin in or outside the country. Career considerations define the further move of the well-integrated researchers. The origin does not play an important role, because the community is too small and the research topics are too diverse. Thus the term diaspora in its standard meaning is not fully applicable to the category in question these people form a special professional community, where work identity and work-related networking dominate. Broader focus is possible, while looking for the ways to attract internationally recognized researchers. Smaller importance of ethnic identity however broadens the pool of researchers, who might be interested in cooperation with their Russian counterparts. In the case of large country with many special processes, interesting for social researchers, there is a good chance of attracting not only those, related to the country by the background, but also those, looking for interesting data and good research opportunities. A number of suggestions on the formats and conditions of cooperation between internationally recognized and local researchers is made these schemes could be applied in different countries, not only in Russia

When taking into consideration the demographic and socio-economic trends in most European countries, the demand for domestic services will be increasing in the next decades. This development could be used for creating formal employment opportunities in private households for unskilled and low-skilled labour. However, it is not an easy task since it entails devising a strategy for reducing the high share of informal labour in as well as overcoming the current fragmentation of the domestic services sector. Both on the national and EU level there is a need for policy advice on how to best integrate the diverse but yet interrelated needs and interests of the households, the employees and the firms as providers of domestic services into one coherent strategy. So far, such a comprehensive strategy can be found only in France where the BorlooPlan systematically integrated measures and tools from all relevant fields of politics. Thus it led to a significant growth of the domestic services sector and a substantial increase of formal employment. This brochure presents the Generalised Model, a tool for devising a similarly comprehensive and coherent strategy. It was constructed by drawing on the successful French strategy of creating more formal employment relationships through the systematic development of the domestic services sector. The brochure demonstrates how other countries can learn from the French experience by analysing their current situation and using the Generalised Model to create a strategy fitting their specific circumstances. By studying the situations in Germany, Austria, Italy and Poland and considering how to create strategies fitting the different national settings in these countries it is shown how the Generalised Model can put into practice. These case studies were conducted in the EU Project "Labour Market Instruments for Reducing Illegal Employment in Private Households of the Elderly", supported by DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. The brochure intends to initiate and stimulate discourses on fostering the creation of formal employment in EU Member States. Therefore, it addresses different stakeholders such as policymakers on the national, regional and EU level, representatives of local administrations, providers of domestic services, domestic workers, trade unions or welfare associations, labour administration, placement services as well as providers of education and training. ; Demografische und sozio-ökonomische Trends in den meisten europäischen Ländern legen es nahe, von einem Anstieg der Nachfrage nach haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen in den nächsten Jahrzehnten auszugehen. Diese Entwicklung bietet die Chance, formale Beschäftigung für Un- und Angelernte in Privathaushalten deutlich auszuweiten. Gelingen kann dies jedoch nur, wenn der hohe hohen Anteil an illegaler Beschäftigung und Schwarzarbeit im Bereich haushaltsnaher Dienstleistungen reduziert und zudem eine Überwindung der aktuellen Fragmentierung dieses Sektors erreicht werden kann. Sowohl auf der nationalen als auch auf der EU-Ebene besteht daher Bedarf nach Politikberatung, wie die vielfältigen, aber dennoch zusammenhängenden Bedarfe und Interessen der Haushalte, der Beschäftigten und der Firmen als Anbieter von haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen in einer kohärenten Strategie integriert werden können. Bislang gibt es eine solche umfassende Strategie nur in Frankreich, wo die systematisch integrierten Maßnahmen und Instrumente aus allen relevanten Politikbereichen zu einem bedeutenden Wachstum des Sektors der haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen und einem beträchtlichen Anstieg formaler Beschäftigung geführt haben. Die vorliegende Broschüre präsentiert ein Konzept für das Aufstellen einer ähnlich umfassenden Strategie: Das Generalisierte Modell zur Förderung der Entwicklung des Sektors für haushaltsnahe Dienstleistungen und Schaffung formaler Beschäftigungsverhältnisse. Das Modell basiert auf den erfolgreichen französischen Erfahrungen bei der Schaffung einer zusammenhängenden Strategie für den Sektor der haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen. Die Broschüre zeigt auf, wie andere Länder von den französischen Erfahrungen lernen können, indem sie ihre aktuelle Situation analysieren und das Generalisierte Modell für die Schaffung einer Strategie benutzen, die ihre nationenspezifischen Verhältnisse berücksichtigt. Die Vorgehensweise wird veranschaulicht durch Fallstudien, die auf der Situationsanalyse in Deutschland, Österreich, Italien und Polen basieren. Diese wurden im Rahmen des EU-Projektes "Arbeitsmarktpolitische Maßnahmen zu Reduzierung von Schwarzarbeit und illegaler Beschäftigung in Privathaushalten Älterer" durchgeführt. Unterstützt wurde das Projekt durch DG Beschäftigung, Soziales und Inklusion. Ziel der Broschüre ist, Diskurse über die Förderung der Entwicklung des Sektors für haushaltsnahe Dienstleistungen in den EU Mitgliedsstaaten anzustoßen und anzuregen. Hierfür spricht sie verschiedene Stakeholder an: Politische Entscheidungsträger auf der nationalen, regionalen und EU-Ebene, Vertreter der Anbieter von haushaltsnahen Dienstleistungen, der Haushaltshilfen, der Gewerkschaften, der Wohlfahrtsverbände, der Arbeitsverwaltung und -vermittlung sowie der Anbieter von Fort- und Weiterbildungen in diesem Bereich. ; Se si considera la tendenza demografica e socioeconomica nella maggior parte dei paesi europei, la domanda di servizi domestici sarà in aumento nei prossimi decenni. Questo trend potrebbe portare alla creazione di opportunità di lavoro regolare nei domicili privati per manodopera scarsamente qualificata o non qualificata. Tuttavia, non si tratta di un compito facile, dato che ciò implicherebbe delineare una strategia per contrastare l'elevata quota di lavoro informale così come l´attuale frammentazione del settore dei servizi domestici. Sia a livello nazionale sia a livello comunitario, sono necessari suggerimenti di policy su come integrare nel miglior modo possibile i diversi ma correlati bisogni ed interessi delle famiglie, degli operai e delle ditte fornitrici dei servizi di cura nel quadro di una strategia coerente. Finora, una strategia di questo tipo si può trovare solamente in Francia, dove il Piano Borloo ha integrato sistematicamente misure e strumenti da tutti i settori politici rilevanti e ha portato ad una significativa crescita del settore dei servizi domestici. Questa brochure presenta uno strumento per sviluppare una strategia simile a quella francese: il Modello Generalizzato per favorire lo sviluppo del settore dei servizi domestici. Il modello è stato costruito prendendo spunto dalla riuscita esperienza francese di creare di una strategia integrata e coerente per il settore in questione. La brochure dimostra come anche altri Paesi possano apprendere dall'esperienza francese, attraverso l'analisi della loro situazione corrente e l'utilizzo del Modello Generalizzato per creare una strategia adatta alle loro specificità. I casi studio sono basati sull'analisi delle situazioni in Germania, Austria, Italia e Polonia nel quadro del progetto "Labour Market Instruments for Reducing Illegal Employment in Private Households of the Elderly", finanziato dalla DG Occupazione, affari sociali e inclusione. Attraverso la brochure, si intende dar vita e stimolare un dibattito su come sostenere lo sviluppo del settore dei servizi domestici negli Stati Membri dell'UE. Quindi, questo strumento è indirizzato a diversi stakeholders come: policy-makers a livello regionale, nazionale e comunitario, amministratori locali, fornitori di servizi domestici, lavoratori domestici, sindacati e associazioni di welfare, uffici del lavoro, centri per l'impiego ed anche società di formazione. ; Biorąc pod uwagę procesy demograficzne i społeczno-ekonomiczne w większości krajów europejskich, w następnych dziesięcioleciach można oczekiwać rosnącego popytu na usługi domowe, świadczone bezpośrednio u klienta. To z kolei stwarza szansę na tworzenie możliwości legalnego zatrudnienia pracowników niewykwalifikowanych lub o niskim poziomie kwalifikacji w prywatnych gospodarstwach domowych. Nie jest to jednak łatwe zadanie, ponieważ wymaga przezwyciężenia tradycyjnej tendencji do nieformalnego zatrudniania pracowników tego sektora. Przeszkodą w dalszym rozwoju jest również olbrzymia fragmentacja usług domowych. Dlatego też na poziomie narodowym, jak i unijnym występuje wyraźna potrzeba wykazania dobrych praktyk dla decydentów politycznych, pokazujących jak najlepiej pogodzić różnorodne, ale powiązane ze sobą potrzeby i interesy gospodarstw domowych, pracowników i firm świadczących usługi w ramach jednej, spójnej strategii. Do tej pory taka kompleksowa i koherentna strategia występuje jedynie we Francji, gdzie Plan Borloo doprowadził do znaczącego rozwoju sektora usług domowych. Zaprezentowany raport proponuje narzędzie umożliwiające skonstruowanie równie spójnej i kompleksowej strategii – tzw. uogólniony model wspierania rozwoju usług domowych. Model został zbudowany na podstawie sprawdzonych i skutecznych doświadczeń francuskich. Raport pokazuje jak inne kraje mogą wykorzystać doświadczenia francuskie poprzez analizę ich obecnej sytuacji i wykorzystanie uogólnionego modelu do stworzenia strategii odpowiadającej ich specyficznym warunkom i potrzebom. Studia przypadków obejmują analizę sytuacji w Niemczech, Austrii, Włoch i Polski. Analizy te zrealizowano w ramach projektu "Polityki rynku pracy w zakresie redukcji nielegalnego zatrudnienia w gospodarstwach domowych u osób starszych", który uzyskał wsparcie finansowe Komisji Europejskiej - Dyrekcji Generalnej ds. Zatrudnienia, Spraw Społecznych i Równości Szans. Zadaniem raportu jest rozpoczęcie lub też stymulowanie już rozpoczętej dyskusji nad możliwymi metodami wspierania rozwoju usług domowych w krajach członkowskich UE. W związku z tym potencjalnymi odbiorcami tego opracowania są politycy na poziomie regionalnym, narodowym i unijnym, przedstawiciele lokalnej administracji, dostawcy usług domowych, pracownicy świadczący te usługi, związki zawodowe, urzędy pracy, firmy zajmujące się pośrednictwem i doradztwem zawodowym, a także podmioty zajmujące się edukacją i szkoleniem zawodowym.

Executive summary Introduction CTA works primarily through intermediary organisations and partners (non-governmental organisations, farmers' organisations, regional organisations) to promote agriculture and rural development and to deliver its various information products and capacity building services. By partnering with these organisations, CTA seeks to increase the number of ACP organisations capable of generating and managing information and developing their own information and communication management strategies. This study is one of six country assessment studies of needs for agricultural information needs in countries emerging from prolonged conflict situations in Africa. Objectives The objectives of this study are to develop a strategy for CTA's approach to post-conflict countries, to improve the effectiveness of CTA's support for post-conflict countries and to compile baseline data on the status of ICM and ICTs in agriculture and rural development in Angola. Methodology The country profile was produced through a desktop study that relied heavily on information available on the Internet. Additional information was obtained from informants through e-mail contacts. Using the desktop study we compiled a list of key institutions to interview. This list was discussed via e-mail with CTA and informants in Angola. Informants of nine key institutions were then interviewed face-to-face. Expected results This study will provide: 1) an inventory of the status of agricultural information services, institutions and other actors and their needs as their relate to physical infrastructure, information availability and access and human capacity development; 2) an assessment of the current and / or planned interventions of the government and bi- or multilateral agencies in the field of information for agriculture and rural development; 3) an overview of the needs of potential partners for CTA activities and services in terms of building capacity for information and communication management; 4) a short-list of potential partners / beneficiaries for CTA activities and services; 5) baseline data to facilitate subsequent monitoring activities. The study will also provide a framework for CTA to develop a framework for action and fashion a strategy aimed at institutions in countries emerging from conflict situations and provide input into its 2006 – 2010 strategic plan. Findings During the civil war between UNITA and the Angolan Government that lasted until 2002, the infrastructure in Angola, especially in rural areas, was almost completely destroyed. Since 2002, up to 4.5 million displaced people were resettled in their area of origin or preference and received emergency support. About 2.2 million households (75% of the population) are engaged in subsistence agriculture. Agricultural production is still low but growing rapidly. Since 2002 the area under cultivation has increased with 50 % to 3.2 million hectare but that represents still only 5% of all arable land and Angola still imports about half of its cereal requirements. The main export crops are coffee and palm oil. Livestock numbers are also increasing rapidly since 2002. The production is concentrated in the southern provinces. Access to water is the main constraint for livestock holders in these areas. Fisheries are an important sector, providing direct employment to 35,000 people. Firewood and charcoal are an important source of income for up to 18% of the rural households and the only source of energy to almost all rural households. Timber production is concentrated in Cabinda province. Agriculture, forestry and fisheries contribute 8% to the GNP. Because of the weak infrastructure and the focus on emergency projects, which spent only the minimum on obtaining information and ICM, there is limited information available about the situation in rural areas. The information that is available is fragmented and scattered in many project evaluation reports. To cope with this situation, an informal network of information exchange has developed between NGOs, GoA and bi- and multilateral agencies in Angola over the last four years. The language barrier and outdated libraries are the main obstacles encountered by organisations searching for technical information on agriculture. Limited access to mass media and weak infrastructure are the main obstacles encountered in extension activities. There is currently no national strategy on information management and none of the organisations interviewed had an organisational strategy on information management. Organisations working in the area of agriculture and rural development are now changing to development activities and this change is accompanied by some important changes in information demands. Firstly, there is an increased need for active participation in the planning and implementation of activities by the target group. Secondly, new actors are coming in, while present ones are leaving. Thirdly, it is expected that rural households in Angola will increase production above subsistence level in the near future and will be looking for opportunities to market excess production or divert resources to cash crops. Fourthly, the government is relaxing media controls, allowing freer communication between all stakeholders and a potential increase in the use of media by NGOs. Conclusions Most respondents need information on the actual situation on the ground. Existing information produced between 2002 and 2006 is scattered over many organisations and reports. This information must be consolidated in a data-base before the main implementers leave Angola. Respondents also need information about developments in thinking on food security, rural livelihoods, participatory approaches to resource management and rural development preferably in the form of reference books. Furthermore, information is needed on micro credit and support to associations. This information should be in the form of manuals and exchange visits to successful projects, preferably in Portuguese speaking and/or African countries. Finally, technical information on food crops and fisheries is needed. Respondents need capacity building in information management to increase the effectiveness of the organisation. Especially government officials requested training in the analysis of socio-economic data. Training in the design of questionnaires and in training the interviewers is also necessary. Furthermore, respondents wanted training in the use of the Internet to obtain information and in the design and development of websites, in effective writing and the development of extension materials, in the use of participatory methods and in demand driven extension. Finally, some respondents wanted training in the use of mass media, especially radio and in the production and use of audio-visual training material. Recommendations We recommend that CTA support IDA with the development of a national IMC strategy for agricultural information that will encourage a pro-poor and gender sensitive development strategy. CTA should also supports IDA, FONGA and ADRA with the establishment of an institutional ICM. This would include building a data-base with all information produced to date. Additionally CTA should support a policy for the use of mass media, especially community radio in extension programmes. Simultaneously, the most needed information will have to be made available at central level for ongoing work. Small libraries can be set up for this at IDA and FONGA. Second, a programme of capacity building is needed to enable all actors to implement the policies formulated in the first phase. This programme should be accompanied by a limited provision of resources (Internet access, increased libraries). Trained personnel musts have the resources to use their new skills to implement activities. Successful approaches used at central level can be replicated at provincial level during this stage. Care must be taken that the information system remains pro-poor and gender sensitive. Possibly, specific actions to help prevent the spread of HIV and mitigate its effects should be taken during this phase. Finally, in the long term, specific technical information will need to be supplied for specific target groups such as fish breeders and farmers specialising in niche markets. ; The objectives of this study are to develop a strategy for CTA's approach to post-conflict countries, to improve the effectiveness of CTA's support for post-conflict countries and to compile baseline data on the status of ICM and ICTs in agriculture.

An unambiguous assessment of the results of changes in the post-communist political regime of Ukraine is hardly possible. The political system of this country has experienced both periods of democratic expectations & democratic setbacks during the last fifteen years. For example, in 1990-1994, before the first competitive parliamentary elections, there was a clear fragmentation among the old (communist) political elite in Ukraine; the country's first democratic constitution was adopted in 1996. However, after Leonid Kuchma was elected President in 1994, authoritarian tendencies gradually recrudesced, "oligarchic" clans took hold of the country's political system, & the elections were increasingly blatantly manipulated & rigged to the advantage of the ruling elite. This cycle of political development recurred ten years later. Manipulations of the results of the 2004 presidential election raised a massive protest among the inhabitants of Ukraine, which was symbolically dubbed the "Orange Revolution." A new influx of democratic expectations forced the ruling elite to concede to re-running the second round of Ukraine's presidential election, which was won by the opposition. However, the political crisis which struck the new government in September 2005 & the mutual accusations of corruption raised by the former "revolutionary" comrades-in-arms -- President Viktor Yushchenko & former Prime Minister Yuliya Tymoshenko -- raised new questions regarding the vitality of the democratic processes in Ukraine. The main question examined in this article is therefore whether the vacillation of Ukraine's political regime is not a regular, permanent condition. Having two main aims -- (1) to construct a theory of Ukraine's post-soviet political transformation, & (2) to disclose the possibilities of democracy consolidation in this country -- the article starts with making some "corrections" to the transitologist approach to regime change. Firstly, it is argued that political transformation theories should have a shared concept of democracy, irrespective of the number or type of the stages of democratization distinguished. The experience of post-communist countries shows that formal procedural democratic criteria are insufficient in order to characterize a political system as democratic. Secondly, traditional theories of regime change focus mostly on the analysis of the behavior of the main political actors (the political elite) & their decisions (agreements). The structural conditions (eg., the characteristics of socio-economic development) should be also included into theoretical thinking about regime change. Thirdly, the analysis of elites & their agreements is sufficiently developed to explain how & when the transition to democracy occurs. However, the democratic consolidation stage has remained somewhat mystified by 'transitologists.' The article argues that an assumption should probably be made that the behavior of political elite factions competing in the political system is always rational & self-interested, ie., democracy (or any other form of political regime) becomes "the only game in town" only if & when it is mostly advantageous for the political elite functioning in that system. Taking into account the above mentioned "corrections" to the transitologist approach, in the article, there is produced a model for analyzing post-soviet regime transformations. The model consists of three main explanatory variables: (1) the structure of political elite, (2) the 'rules of game' prevalent in the system, & (3) the strategies of political elite aiming at gaining business and/or mass support. Consequently, various interrelations of these variables may produce four possible ideal-type outcomes of regime change -- (1) democracy, (2) 'democracy with adjectives,' (3) zero-sum game (a very unstable option when political regime may be temporarily democratic but is at a huge risk of downfall), (4) authoritarianism. In post-soviet countries, it is not enough to examine the structure of political elite & the institutions in order to predict the consolidation of one or another form of political regime. 'Building politicians' "alliances" with business & (or) mobilizing mass support may negate any such predictions & produce additional (regressive, in terms of democratization) impulses to further regime change. The very possibilities of the political elite to form "alliances" with business & (or) to mobilize the masses are mostly determined by the structural characteristics of the country. Thus, the analysis of the latter may not also be omitted in examining post-soviet transitions. Political regime in Ukraine, which beginning of 1990s started evolving as a probable liberal democracy or at least 'democracy with adjectives,' after 1998 Verkhovna Rada elections moved to the situation of the zero-sum game. Such transition was conditioned by two factors. First, the changes within political elite structure -- the communist camp, which occupied an important, although not the most important place in the pluralist political elite structure in 1994-1998, became an anti-systemic political force after the adoption of the 1996 Constitution. For these reasons, only two opposing elite factions (oligarchs-"centrists" vs. national democrats) remained in the political system of Ukraine after the 1998 elections, the ideological confrontation of which was constantly increasing & became particularly acute at the outset of the "Orange Revolution" in 2004. Second, the fact that the business class in Ukraine was forming with the "assistance" of politicians allowed the political elite to build an alliance with business community already in 1994-1996 & maintain these tight clientelist relations even after the privatization period was over. When at the end of 2004 the national democrats gathered mass support & became virtually equal or even more influential than the so-called "centrists," who traditionally draw support from business structures, the zero-sum game in Ukraine became especially acute. Such it remains by now, even after the Orange revolution is over. In more than ten years of independence the business community of Ukraine has consolidated its positions in the Verkhovna Rada & accumulated control over almost all national TV channels & other media outlets, as well as separate industrial regions. Therefore even anti-oligarchically disposed government cannot ignore this power. The ruling elite that cares about its survival & political success is forced to co-ordinate its decisions with the interests of various business clans. On the other hand, since Ukraine's business class consists of several competing clans, any government decisions that seek to limit the political influence of business groups immediately affect the interests of competing business clans. The government cannot remain neutral in principal. Any attempts of the supposed "deoligarchisation" will only result in provoking sharper disagreements between business groups because the curtailment of the positions of one clan will open new prospects for the strengthening of the influence of its competitors. It may be argued that for these reasons there will always be at least one (and, most likely, the strongest one) oligarchic political camp supported by an "alliance" with business. In other words, Ukraine's political regime does not have any chance to be consolidated in the liberal democracy perspective. Another structural characteristic of Ukraine is the politically unorganized working class. At least several competing political forces claim to represent the workers' interests -- the Communist Party of Ukraine, the Socialist Party of Ukraine, & the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine. The internal competition among the left-wing forces encourages at least one of them (the Communist Party of Ukraine, the Progressive Socialist Party) to take a radical, anti-systemic position in order that potential supporters may distinguish it from other leftist parties. Therefore, it is likely that the political system of Ukraine will preserve a left-wing segment that will not wield much power but will propagate an anti-systemic ideology without "communicating" with other political forces. Due to its anti-systemic nature it will not be able to participate in the government of the state & the votes of the left-wing voters (comprising the basis for mass support) will probably be collected by the national democrats. This circumstance enables predicting that the zero-sum game will remain very intensive in Ukraine in the future as well. Thus, the permanent instability of the state & both -- democracy & authoritarianism -- in Ukraine (a zero-sum game) may actually be considered to be its consolidated political regime form. Adapted from the source document.

Using a data set covering about 277,000 firms across 79 countries over the period 2004-11, this paper examines the evolution of firms capital structure during the global financial crisis and its aftermath in 2010-11. The study finds that firm leverage and debt maturity declined in advanced economies and developing countries, even in countries that did not experience a crisis. The deleveraging and maturity reduction were particularly significant for privately held firms, including small and medium enterprises. For small and medium-size enterprises, these effects were larger in countries with less efficient legal systems, weaker information-sharing mechanisms, shallower banking systems, and more restrictions on bank entry. In contrast, there is weaker evidence of a significant decline of leverage and debt maturity among firms listed on a stock exchange, which are typically much larger than other firms and likely benefit from the spare tire of easier access to capital market financing.

Author's introductionThis review of recent feminist analyses and theorizing of labor markets uses a global lens to reveal the forces shaping gender inequality. The first section introduces the key words of globalization, gender and work organization. Next, I examine gender as embodied labor activity in globalized worksites, and the effects of globalization on gendered patterns of work and life. Putting gender at the center of globalization discourses highlights the historical and cultural variability of gender relations intersecting with class, race and nationality, and highlights the impact of restructuring on workers, organizations and institutions at the local, national and regional as well as transnational levels. Then I turn to look at labor market restructuring through commodification of care, outsourcing of household tasks and informalization of employment to show how these processes shape the complexity of relationships between and the interconnectedness of social inequalities transnationally and in global cities. Place matters when analyzing how service employment alters divisions of labor and how these labor market changes are gendered. Global restructuring not only poses new challenges but also creates new opportunities for mobilization around a more robust notion of equality. The final section explores the development of spaces for collective action and the rise of new women's and feminist movements (e.g., transnational networks, non‐governmental agencies). The study of globalization, gender and employment has broad importance for understanding not only the social causes but also the social consequences of the shift to a post‐industrial society.Author recommendsAcker, Joan 2004. 'Gender, Capitalism and Globalization.'Critical Sociology 30, 1: 17–41.Feminist scholarship both critiques gender‐blind globalization discourses and an older generation of women and development theories. By tracing the lineage of current feminist literature on globalization to women and development research, Joan Acker shows both the continuities and distance traveled from the previous terrain of debate. New feminist scholarship on globalization owes a debt to these important, albeit limited, studies of women at work in Latin America, Africa and Asia, but acknowledges the need to go beyond the category of women to analyze specific forms and cultural expressions of gendered power in relationship to class and other hierarchies. One of the major advances in feminist theory comes under the microscope of Acker's keen analysis when she excavates how gender is both embodied and embedded in the logic and structuring of globalizing capitalism. This extends the case she made in her earlier pioneering research on gender relations being embedded in the organization of major institutions. For the study of globalization, Acker posits that the gendered construction (and cultural coding) of capitalist production separated from human reproduction has resulted in subordination of women in both domains. Acker uncovers the historical legacy of a masculine‐form of dominance associated with production in the money economy that was exported to and embedded in colonialist installation of large‐scale institutions. By the late 20th Century large‐scale institutions promoted images and emotions that expressed economic and political power in terms of new articulations of hegemonic masculinity. As an article outlining debates on the nature of globalization and of gender, it serves as a good introduction to the topic.Chow, Esther Ngan‐Ling 2003. 'Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century.'International Sociology 18, 3: 443–460.Chow's introduction to the special issue on 'Gender, Globalization and Social Change in the 21st Century' in International Sociology (2003) reviews the literature on gender and globalization and provides an excellent overview of 'gender matters.' Her definition of globalization captures salient features of the current era. This definition encompasses the economic, political cultural and social dimensions of globalization. Further, she offers a framework for studying the 'dialectics of globalization', as 'results of conflicting interaction between the global and local political economies and socio‐cultural conditions…' A dialectics of globalization is a fruitful approach for studying transformative possibilities. This article could serve as background reading or as part of an introductory section.Arlie Russell Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2003. 'Love and Gold.' Pp. 15–30 in Global Women: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. Metropolitan Books.Hochschild's chapter in Global Women examines the transfer of traditional women's work to migrant women. Women in rich countries are turning over care work (nannies, maids, elder care) to female migrant workers who can be paid lower wages with few or no benefits and minimal legal protections. This global transfer of services associated with a wife's traditional role extracts a different kind of labor than in prior migrations based on agricultural and industrial production. Emotional, sexual as well as physical labor is extracted in this current phase of globalization; in particular, emotional labor and 'love is the new gold'. Women migrate not only to escape poverty, but also to escape patriarchy in their home countries by earning an independent income and by physical autonomy from patriarchal obligations and expectations. Many female migrants who leave poor countries can earn more money as nannies and maids in the First World than in occupations (nurses, teachers, clerical workers) if they remained in their own country. Thus, migration can be seen as having contradictory effects on women's well‐being and autonomy. This chapter can be used in a section dealing with the specific topic of globalization and care work or in a section introducing the topic of gendered labor activities.McDowell, Linda, Diane Perrons, Colette Fagan, Kath Ray and Kevin Ward. 2005. 'The Contradictions and Intersections of Class and Gender in a Global City: Placing Working Women's Lives on the Research Agenda.'Environment and Planning A 37, 441–461.This group of prominent social geographers from the UK collaborates to great effect in a welcome addition to the literature theorizing the complex articulations of gender and class in global cities. Their detailed research comparing three localities in Greater London is a corrective to the oft‐cited multi‐site study of global cities by Saskia Sassen. They find that Sassen underestimates gains and losses for both men and women in the 'new' economy. Place makes a difference when assessing the impact of women's increased rates of labor market participation on income inequality and patterns of childcare. The article outlines a new research agenda by 'placing' working women's lives at the center of analysis.Parrenas, Rhacel Salazar 2008. The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization. New York: New York University Press.Rhacel Salazar Parrenas brings together her influential research on Filipina migrants and extends her path‐breaking ethnographic analysis to include Filipina domestic workers in Rome and Los Angeles and entertainers in Tokyo. David Eng incisively captures the importance of Parrenas's analysis when he states, 'Extracted from home and homeland only to be reinserted into the domestic spaces of the global north, these servants of globalization exemplify an ever‐increasing international gendered division of labor, one compelling us to reexamine the neo‐liberal coupling of freedom and opportunity with mobility and migration'. The book is well suited to illuminate discussions of domesticity and migration, transnational migrant families, the impact of migration laws in 'home' and 'host' countries, and transnational movements among migrant women.Walby, Sylvia. 2009. Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modernities. London: Sage.This book introduces new theoretical concepts and tests alternative hypotheses to explain variation in trajectories of gender relations cross‐nationally. It synthesizes and reviews a vast literature, ranging from the social sciences to the natural sciences to construct a new approach to theorizing the development of gender regimes in comparative perspective. Sylvia Walby seeks to explain the different patterns of inequalities across a large number of countries. The analysis differentiates between neo‐liberal and social democratic varieties of political economy, and makes explicit the gender component of institutions and their consequences. The project builds on Walby's pioneering work on comparative gender regimes, and extends the research by operationalizing empirical indicators for a range of key concepts, and by analyzing links between a wide set of institutions (including economy, polity, education and violence) and how these are gendered in specific ways. As in the past, Walby is not afraid to tackle big questions and to offer new answers. Throughout the book, like in her previous body of research, Walby takes on the question of social inclusion/exclusion and critically interrogates concepts of democracy, political participation, equality and rights. Walby uses a comparative lens to examine the democratic 'deficit' in liberal and social democratic countries, and how migration restructures patterns of inequality and the consequent reconstitution of national and ethnic relations within countries. There is more to the book than abstract theoretical debates. Walby poses and assesses alternative political projects for achieving equality. The book is an original contribution that will likely influence sociology in general and theories of social change in particular.Online resourcesStatus of women in the world: United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) http://www.unifem.orgUNIFEM was established at the United Nations in order to foster women's empowerment through innovative programs and strategies. Its mission statement summarizes UNIFEM's goals as follows: 'Placing the advancement of women's human rights at the center of all of its efforts, UNIFEM focuses on reducing feminized poverty, ending violence against women; reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS among women and girls; and achieving gender equality in democratic governance in times of peace as well as war'. The website includes information on global initiatives such as zero tolerance of violence against women, the impact of the economic crisis on women migrant workers, and strategizing for gender proportionate representation in Nigeria. Primary documents relevant to women's advancement appear on the website; these include the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security. UNIFEM publishes monographs assessing the progress of women around the world. One notable example is the 2005 publication on Women, Work & Poverty by Martha Chen, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heintz with Renana Jhabvala and Christine Bonner. http://www.unifem.org/attachments/products/PoWW2005_eng.pdf Gender equity index http://www.socialwatch.org/en/avancesyRetrocesos/IEG_2008/tablas/valoresdelIEG2008.htm Social Watch produces an up‐to‐date gender equity index composed of three dimensions and indicators: empowerment (% of women in technical positions, % of women in management and government positions, % of women in parliaments, % of women in ministerial posts); economic activity (income gap, activity rate gap); and education (literacy rate gap, primary school enrollment rate gap, secondary school enrollment gap, and tertiary education enrollment gap). These separate indicators in addition to the gender equity index are arrayed by country. There are 157 countries, representing 94% of the world's population, in the sample. Mapping these indicators across countries presents a comparative picture of the absolute and relative standing of women and gender equity in the world.Focus QuestionsKey words: Globalization1. What is meant by globalization?

   a. To what extent is globalization new? Or is globalization another phase of a long historical process?
   b. Can we differentiate inter‐national (connections between) from the global (inter‐penetrations)?

Feminism and globalization

 How do feminist interventions challenge globalization theories (for example the presumed relationship between globalization and homogenization and individualization)?
 How do different feminisms frame and assess the conditions of globalization around the world?

Gender and globalization

 What role do women, and different women, play in the global economy?
 Are patriarchal arrangements changing as a result of greater economic integration at the world level?

Migration and mobilities

 What does Parrenas mean by partial citizenship?



 How does it relate to the case of Philippine migrant workers?
 What is the relationship between 'home' and 'host' nations?
 How important is a vehicle like the Tinig Filipino in forging 'imagined communities' and new realities?



 What is the mix of choice and compulsion in the different migrations mobilities of men and women?

Globalization and politics

 Are women subject to the same kinds of legal protections (and regulations) that evolved in earlier periods?
 Do new flexible production processes and flexible work arrangements undercut such legal protections?

Globalization and collective mobilization

 Does globalization open spaces for new women's movements, new solidarities, new subjectivities and new forms of organizing?

Sample syllabusCourse outline and reading assignments Conceptualizing the 'Global' and 'Globalization' Dicken, Peter, Jamie Peck and Adam Tickell. 1997. 'Unpacking the Global.' Pp. 158–166 in Geographies of Economies, edited by Roger Lee and Jane Willis. London: Arnold.Amin, Ash and Nigel Thrift. 1996. 'Holding Down the Global.' Pp. 257–260 in Globalization, Institutions, and Regional Development in Europe, edited by Ash Amin and Nigel Thrift. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Acker, Joan. 2004. 'Feminism, Gender and Globalization.'Critical Sociology 30: 17–42.Background Reading:Gottfried, Heidi. 2006. 'Feminist Theories of Work.' Pp. 121–154 in Social Theory at Work, edited by Marek Korczynski, Randy Hodson, Paul Edwards. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Peterson, V. Spike. 2008. 'Intersectional Analytics in Global Political Economy.' in UberKeruszungen, edited Cornelia Klinger and Gudrun‐Axeli Knapp. Munster: Wesfalisches Dmpfboot.Chow, Esther Ngan‐Ling. 2003. 'Gender Matters: Studying Globalization and Social change in the 21st Century.'International Sociology 18 (3): 443–460.Walby, Sylvia. 2009. Globalization and Inequalities: Complexity and Contested Modemities. London: Sage. Gender and Globalization Gottfried, Heidi. Forthcoming. 'Gender and Employment: A Global Lens on Feminist Analyses and Theorizing of Labor Markets.'Sociology CompassFernandez‐Kelly, Patricia and Diane Wolf. 2001. 'Dialogue on Globalization.'Signs 26: 1243–1249.Bergeron, Suzanne. 2001. 'Political Economy Discourses of Globalization and Feminist Politics.'Signs 26: 983–1006.Freeman, Carla. 2001. 'Is Local: Global as Feminine: Masculine? Rethinking the Gender of Globalization.'Signs 26:1007–1037. Theorizing Politics and Globalization Sassen, Saskia. 1996. 'Toward a Feminist Analytics of the Global Economy.'Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 4: 7–41.Parrenas, Rhacel Salazer. 2001. 'Transgressing the Nation‐State: The Partial Citizenship and 'Imagined (Global) Community' of Migrant Filipina Domestic Workers.'Signs 26:1129–1154.Bosniak, Linda. 2009. 'Citizenship, Noncitizenship, and the Transnationalization of Domestic Work.' Pp. 127–156 in Migrations and Mobilities: Citizenship, Borders, and Gender, edited by Seyla Benhabib and Judith Resnik. New York: New York University Press.Background Reading:Benhabib, Seyla and Judith Resnik. 2009. 'Introduction: Citizenship and Migration Theory Engendered.' Pp. 1–46 in Migrations and Mobilities: Citizenship, Borders, and Gender, edited by Seyla Benhabib and Judith Resnik. New York: New York University Press. Migrations, Mobilities and Care Hochschild, Arlie Russell. 2003. 'Love and Gold.' Pp. 15–30 in Global Women: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy, edited by Barbara Ehrenreich and Arlie Russell Hochschild. Metropolitan Books.Hondagneu‐Sotelo, Pierrette. 2001. Domestica: Immigrant Workers Cleaning and Caring the Shadows of Affluence. Berkeley: University of California Press.Parrenas, Richard Salazar. 2008. The Force of Domesticity: Filipina Migrants and Globalization. New York: New York University Press.Pyle, Jean 2006. 'Globalizations, Transnational Migration, and Gendered Care Work.'Globalizations 3(3): 283–295.Qayum, Seemin and Raka Ray. 2003. 'Grappling with Modernity: India's Respectable Classes and the Culture of Domestic Servitude.'Ethnography 4: 520–555. Restructuring and Gender Inequality in Global Cities McDowell, Linda, Diane Perrons, Colette Fagan, Kath Ray and Kevin Ward. 2005. 'The Contradictions and Intersections of Class and Gender in a Global City: Placing Working Women's Lives on the Research Agenda.'Environment and Planning A 37: 441–461.McDowell, Linda. 1997. 'A Tale of Two Cities? Embedded Organizations and Embodied Workers in the City of London.' Pp. 118–129 in Geographies of Economies, edited by Roger Lee and Jane Willis. London: Arnold.Bruegel, Irene. 1999. 'Globalization, Feminization and Pay Inequalities in London and the UK.' Pp. 73–93 in Women, Work and Inequality, edited by Jeanne Gregory, Rosemary Sales and Ariane Hegewisch. New York: St. Martin's Press. Embodiment and Restructuring Halford, Susan and Mike Savage. 1997. 'Rethinking Restructuring: Embodiment, Agency and Identity in Organizational Change.' Pp. 108–117 in Geographies of Economies, edited by Roger Lee and Jane Willis. London: Arnold.Gottfried, Heidi. 2003 'Temp(t)ing Bodies: Shaping Bodies at Work in Japan.'Sociology 37: 257–276. Gender in the Global Economy: Post‐Socialist and Emerging Economies Salzinger, Leslie. 2004. 'Trope Chasing: Engendering Global Labor Markets.'Critical Sociology 30: 43–62.Kathryn Ward, Fahmida Rahman, AKM Saiful Islam, Rifat Akhter and Nashid Kama. 2004. 'The Nari Jibon Project: Effects on Global Structuring on University Women's Work and Empowerment In Bangladesh.'Critical Sociology 30: 63–102Otis, Eileen. 2007. 'Virtual Personalism in Beijing: Learning Deference and Femininity at a Global Luxury Hotel. Pp. 101–123 in Working in China: Ethnographies of Labor and Workplace Transformation, edited by Ching Kwan Lee. Routledge.Background Reading:Ferguson and Monique Mironesco (eds.). 2008. Gender and Globalization in Asia and the Pactific: Method, Practice, Theory. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Globalization and Policy Developments Lenz, Ilse. 2004. 'Globalization, Gender and Work: Perspectives on Global Regulation.' Pp. 29–52 in Equity in the Workplace: Gendering Workplace Policy Analysis, edited by Heidi Gottfried and Laura Reese. Lexington Press.Woodward, Alison. 2004. 'European Gender Mainstreaming: Promises and Pitfalls of Transformative Policy.' Pp. 77–100 in Equity in the Workplace: Gendering Workplace Policy Analysis, edited by Heidi Gottfried and Laura Reese, Lexington Press.Fraser, Nancy. 2007. 'Reframing Justice in a Globalizing World.' in Global Inequality, edited by David Held and Ayse Kaya. Polity. Gender and the New Economy Walby, Sylvia, Heidi Gottfried, Karin Gottschall and Mari Osawa. 2006. Gendering and the Knowledge Economy: Comparative Perspectives, Palgrave, See chapters by Sylvia Walby, Mari Osawa, and Diane Perrons.Ng, Cecelia. 2004. 'Globalization and Regulation: The New Economy, Gender and Labor Regimes.'Critical Sociology 30: 103–108. Globalization and Transnational Organizing Ferree, Myra Marx. 2006. 'Globalization and Feminism: Opportunities and Obstacles for Activism in the Global Area.' Pp. 3–23 in Global Feminism: Transnational Women's Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights, edited by Myra Marx Ferree and Aili Mari Tripp. New York: New York University Press.Yuval‐Davis, Nira. 2006. 'Human/Women's Rights and Feminist Transversal Politics.' Pp. 275–295 in Global Feminism: Transnational Women's Activism, Organizing, and Human Rights, Myra Marx Ferree and Aili Mari Tripp. New York: New York University Press.Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 2006. "Under Western Eyes" Revisited: Feminist Solidarity Through Anti‐Capitalist Struggles.' Pp. 17–42 in Feminism without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity, edited by Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.