Suchergebnisse

Books reviewed in this article:GREAT BRITAINJ. M. Holden. The History of Negotiable Instruments in English Law.W. G. Hoskins. The Midland Peasant: The Economic and Social History of a Leicestershire Village.H. R. Schubert. History of the British Iron and Steel Industry from c. 450 B.C. to A.D. 1775.N. J. M. Kerling. Commercial Relations of Holland and Zeeland with England from the late Thirteenth Century to the close of the Middle Ages.G. R. Elton. England Under the Tudors.Joan Thirsk. English Peasant Farming. The Agrarian History of Lincolnshire from Tudor to Recent Times.M. W. Beresford. History on the Ground.G. D. Ramsay. English Foreign Trade During the Centuries of Emergence.L. Stone. An Elizabethan: Sir Horatio Palavicino.M. E. Finch. The Wealth of Five Northamptonshire Families 1540–1640.StephenB. Baxter. The Development of the Treasury 1660–1702.K. G. Davies. The Royal African Company.Hudson's Bay Copy Booke of Letters Commissions Instructions Outward 1688–1696. Edited by E. E. Rich, assisted by Miss A. M. Johnson, with an introduction by K. G. Davies.Joseph Stassert. Malthus et la Population.L. Radzinowicz. A History of English Criminal Law and its Administration from 1750.Leslie Jones. Shipbuilding in Britain, Mainly Between the two World Wars.A History of the County of Oxford. Ed. Mary D. Lobel. Vol. V, Bullingdon Hundred.B. Wilkinson. Constitutional History of Medieval England 1216–1399, vol. III, The Development of the Constitution 1216–1399.J. Conway Davies (Ed.). Studies presented to Sir Hilary Jenkinson.Frank W. Jessup. A History of Kent.H. P. R. Finberg (Ed.). Gloucestershire Studies.E. W. W. Veale (Ed.). The Great Red Book of Bristol. Text (Part III).Calendar of Kent Feet of Fines to the end of Henry III's reign. Prepared by Irene J. Churchill, R. Griffin and F. W. Hardman, with an introduction by F. W. Tessup.H. J. Hewitt. The Black Prince's Expedition of 1355–1357.A. F. Cirket (Ed.). English Wills, 1408–1526; and Bette Stitt (Ed.). Diana Astry's Recipe Book, c. 1700.K. L. Wood‐Legh (Ed.). A Small Household of the XVth Century.W. G. Hoskins (Ed.). Exeter in the Seventeenth Century: Tax and Rate Assessments, 1602–1699.J. P. M. Fowle (Ed.). Wiltshire Quarter Sessions and Assizes, 1736.F. H. Maud. The Hockerill Highway: the story of the origin and growth of a stretch of the Norwich road.T. Balston. James Whatman, Father and Son.Kurt Samuelsson. Ekonomi och religion.Birgitta Odén. Rikets uppbörd och utgift. Statsfinanser och finansjorvaltning under senate 1500‐talet.Ingrid Hammarstrom. Finansförvaltning och varuhandel 1504–1540. Studier i de yngre Sturarnas och Gustav Vasas statshushdllning.Gunnar Fridlizius. Swedish Corn Export in the Free Trade Area. Patterns in the Oats Trade 1850–1880.H. van der Linden. De Cope, Bijdrage tot de Rechtsgesckiedenis van de openlegging der Hollands‐Utrecktse Laagvlakte.Christiane Pierard. Les douaires de Jeanne de Brabant en Hainaut.Lewis Hanke. The imperial city of Potosi. An unwritten chapter in the history of Spanish America.The short but excellent study by L. Hanke on Potosi, which has already become a classic in the Spanish edition (Sucre, 1954), has at last been published in English with all the desirable wealth of illustrations.Rudolf Rezsohazy. Histoire du Mouvement Mutualiste Chrétien en Belgique.J. A. P. G. Boot and A. Blonk. Van smiet‐ tot snelspoel. De opkomst van de Twents‐Gelderse textielindusirie in het begin van de negentiende eeuw.Gedenkboek 150 jaren Hollandsche Sociëteit van Levensverztkeringen, N.V., 1807–1957.E. A. B. J. Ten Brink. De Rotterdamsche Telegraafmaatschappij 1854–1884. Een episode uit de begintijd van de electrische telegrqfie in Nederland.Ger. H. Knap. Gekroonde Koopvaart. Reisresultaat van honderd jaar zeevaart door de Koninklijke Nederlandsche Stoombootmaatschappij, 1856–1956.Compagnie du Ckemin de Far du Bas–Congo au Katanga, 1906–1956.R. B. Harteveld and H. R. Wortman under the editorial supervision of Prof. H. J. Keuning. Gedenkboek De Vries Robbé, N.V., Gorimhem, 1881–1956.Jean Stengers. Combien le Congo a‐t‐il coûtéà la Belgique? (Académie royale des Sciences coloniales. Classe des Sciences morales et politiques. Mémoires in‐8o, nouvelle série, t.XI, fasc. 1. Brussels, 1957. Pp. 394. B.frs. 525.)J. A. Sporck. Ľactivité industrielle dans la région liegeoise. Étude de géographic économique.W. Kloosterboer. Bibliografie van Nederlandse publicaties over Portugal en zijn overzeese gebiedsdelen. Taal, Literatuur, Geschiedenis, Land en Volk.Donald Creighton. Harold Adam Innis. Portrait of a Scholar.E. C. Kirkiand. Dream and Thought in the Business Community 186–1900.Samuel P. Hays. The Response to Industrialism: 1885–1914.T. C. Cochran. The American Business System: A Historical Perspective 1900–1955.M. R. Benedict. Can We Solve the Farm Problem? An Analysis of Federal Aid to Agriculture with the Report and Recommendations of the Committee on Agricultural Policy.W. J. Easterbrook and H. J. G. Aitken. Canadian Economic History.John H. Dales. Hydroelectricity and Industrial Development–Quebec 1898–1940.E. P. Neufeld. Bank of Canada Operations, 1935–54.David C. Corbett. Canada's Immigration Policy, a critique.R. F. Willetts. Aristocratic Society in Ancient Crete.R. S. Lopez and I. W. Raymond (Eds.). Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World. Illustrative Documents Translated with Introductions and Notes.Michel Mollat and Olivier de Prat (Eds.). Le Ntwire et ľEconomie Maritime du XVe au XVlIIe siécles.J. M. Wallace‐Hadrill and J. McManners (Eds.). France, Government and Society.L. F. Haber. The Chemical Industry in the Nineteenth Century. A Study of the Economic Aspects of Applied Chemistry in Europe and North America.S. L. Sharma. Some Trends of Capitalist Concentration in India.B. H. Farmer. Pioneer Peasant Colonization in Ceylon.

Article in the Arkansas Baptist about Hays' Congressional wartime visit to England and France ; Brooks Hays Reports . ARKANSAS BAPTIST OCTOBER 25. 1944 A VISIT TO THE BATTLE FRONTS "The Destruction Was Apalling [sic] " [photograph caption] When Congressman Judd and I took off in the palatial flying boat of the British airways on September 2, I hadn't been so excited since Ringling Brothers came to Russellville in 1911. We occupied the "tail cabin" which was as large as some hotel rooms I have seen. The first night we flew to a North Atlantic base, and the second lap required just 13 1/2 hours to get us into the harbor of Foynes, Ireland. The last lap of the trip was in a land plane, completely blacked out, and we landed near London in a driving rain-I had only expected fog. London covers a tremendous space-perhaps 30 miles across-and we drove through several areas where the air raids and the robot bombs had done their worst damage. The destruction was apalling [sic]. The Government recently revealed that more than a million [sic] homes had been damaged, perhaps a fifth completely destroyed, but to me the amazing thing is that so many buildings remain undamaged. As one man said, "You can see the Gerries missed more places than they hit." Getting Acquainted It was late in the afternoon when we registered at the hotel, but we did not wait to eat. We wanted to see the Parliament buildings and Westminster Abbey, so we started out without a map or guide. Suddenly we came upon an imposing building and I asked a guard what the building was "Buckingham Palace," he said disgustedly, and I resolved immediately not to ridicule again about the two ladies who stopped me in front of our own capitol in Washington to ask "What can this building be?" We had been told to carry our flashlights ("torches,' the British say) but we had not realized how badly we would need them. The London blackout is no sham. The spirit of the people of Britain is magnificent. They had suffered really beyond the power of visitors to describe, but they have an amazing ability to take it without complaint. Underneath the calm exterior, however, I think there is a feeling of righteous wrath that such barbarities should have been practiced. A few of the flying bombs came over while I was there, and I learned that they are terrifying things. It is like being in a dark room with rattlesnakes, not knowing when one will strike you and realizing that people are dying on the next block. Praise for Home Life London newspapers reported one day that 13 children had been killed by a single bomb -and speaking of children, nothing impressed me more than Britain's care of her children in wartime. It is in keeping with the tradition of Britain concerning family life. I once heard Dr. Len Broughton, the Georgia Baptist pastor, who occupied a London pulpit for many years, say that that England's greatness lies in this tremendous concern for its homes. That is something to think about, because it seems to me it was a part of our own heritage and that we have nourished the idea as the English have, and the Scots, too. One of our first visits was with the American Ambassador, Mr. Winant, the modest, but interesting Republican from New Hampshire. He had impressed me previously in America by his quiet manner and profound philosophy. One time I heard him say in conversation that a man's life should be full of intelligent and energetic action but that the chief quality of life is "devoted self sacrifice." I recommend that to anyone who might be surrendering hope that modern politicians can cultivate ideas. The British Foreign Secretary, Mr. Eden, was a guest at Mr. Winant's luncheon and we liked him. Visits Parliament We had an opportunity later to see how Parliament functions, having seats in the gallery at the opening on September 26. We had expected only short formalities and quick adjournment but found quite a lot of business to be conducted, including a personal appearance by Mr. Churchill who answered a number of questions from critical members. Our own Congress has nothing resembling the questioning of the ministers and I was convinced from observation that the practice has real merit. We saw a lot of American soldiers in London, though they told us it was nothing to compare to conditions before D-Day. The first Arkansawyer to stop me was Lt. Col. Graham Hall of Little Rock, member of the Judge Advocate's office. Later I was able to contact many more from Arkansas. Air Operations Observed One day we rode to a bomber base in North England, arriving there just before a mission of a hundred planes was to return. The general in charge took us to "the tower." When we went into the room we sensed an obvious anxiety and tension which we were told is always evident when the planes are coining in. The ambulances were at their stations and the chaplain walked back and forth in front of them to see if any men were wounded. A major identified him. "A fine lot of men," he said of the chaplains. The ground crew gazed nervously at the flecks in the sky. The officer near us counted the planes-two missing. "Maybe they're safe," he hoped aloud. He called to one of his staff, "Check with the captain"-and in a moment he was told the pilots had telephoned from France that they had made forced landings but were all right. We ate with the officers, but the fare is substantially the same for all the troops, and it is excellent. None of the men I talked with during the entire trip had any serious complaints about the food, except on the boats, and after our week on the British civilian diet it looked like Utopia to us. Orange for Dr. Rushbrooke Civilians have almost forgotten what oranges look like, and I saved two which an officer gave me to serve Dr. J. H. Rushbrooke, president of the Baptist World Alliance, at breakfast the morning I left London. It was the first he had tasted in months, he told me. I saw luscious peaches in a window in Glasgow and received the shock of my life when the clerk told me they were eight shillings apiece ($1.60). The grapes lying in the next basket were priced at $6 a pound. On the whole the English farmers have done a grand job of stepping up food production. They are quick to give credit to the United States however for the farm machinery and fertilizer without which their marvelous record would not have been possible. The Minister of Agriculture said last year's production in most of the essential crops showed an 80 percent increase over previous years. Food importations will be necessary, however, for an indefinite period, which explains the desire of British statesmen to establish satisfactory economic ties with the continental countries whose productive capacity is great. France, if provided a stable government and balanced economy, can supply some of the food requirements. Buzz-Bombed at Dover Something must be said, too, for the women's land army. It was a novelty to see the women pitching hay and gathering crops in Kent County, east of London, and we were told that the farmers could never have met the demands upon them except for these women workers. Women are serving as farm (CONTINUED ON PAGE EIGHT) Mr. Hays, a Baptist layman and Congressman from Arkansas' Fifth District, has just returned from Europe where he visited with our troops and viewed the battlefields of World War II. He also was privileged to have several conferences with leaders of the British, government. Mr. Hays was accompanied on the trip by Congressman Walter Judd, a former medical missionary to China, and was joined in London by ten other American Congressmen. In this installment, Mr. Hays tells of his trip in a manner of interest to all readers. Next week he will delve into the war's effect on religion in Europe and look toward, prospects for a Christian order after the guns cease firing. - Editor.

R. S. Fitton and A. P. Wadsworth. The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758‐1830: A Study of the Early Factory System. (Manchester University Press. 1958. Pp. xvii +361. 35s.)T. S. Willan. Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade. (Manchester University Press. 1959. Pp. x + 349. 35s.)R. S. Sayers. Lloyd's Bank in the History of English Banking. (Oxford University Press. 1957. Pp. xiv +381. 35s.)Charles Newman. The Evolution of Medical Education in the Nineteenth Century. (Oxford University Press. 1957. Pp. x + 340. 30 s.)Godfrey Davies. The Early Stuarts 1603‐1660. (Oxford University Press. 1959. 2nd Edition. Pp. xxiii + 458. 35s.)CHARLES HADFIELD. British Canals. An Illustrated History. (Phoenix House.'959‐ pP‐ 291‐ 36sT. W. Freeman. The Conurbations of Great Britain. (Manchester University Press. 1959. Pp. xii + 393. 37s. 6d.)Publications of the Bedfordshire Historical Record Society. Vol. XXXVIII. Ed. JOYCE GODBER. (Luton, Beds. 1958. Pp. 109. Price to non‐members, 25.1.)Enid M. Dance (Ed.). Guildford Borough Records 1514‐1546. (Surrey Record Society. 1958. Pp. xlvi + 153. 4 plates. 355.)William Letwin. Sir Josiah Child‐Merchant Economist, with a reprint of Brief Observations concerning trade, and interest of money (1668). (Publication Number 14 of the Kress Library of Business and Economics. Boston: Baker Library, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. 1959. Pp. vi + 76. $2.00.)A. L. POOLE (Ed.). Medieval England. Vols. I and II. (Oxford University Press. 1958. Pp. xxviii and xiii +661. 70s.)Joan Thirsk and Jean Imray. (Eds.). Suffolk Farming in the Nineteenth Century. (Suffolk Records Society. Vol. I. 1958. Pp. 178. 255.)J. H. Morris and L. J. Williams. The South Wales Coal Industry 1841‐1875. (Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 1958. Pp. xiv + 289. 255.)Wallace T. MacCaffrey. Exeter 1540‐1640. (Harvard University Press. 1959‐ PP‐ 310‐ 45sBasil, E. Cracknell. Canvey Island: The History of a Marshland Community. (Leicester University Press. Department of English Local History. Occasional Paper, no. 12. 1959. Pp. 48. 12s.)Richard Pankhurst. The Saint‐Simonians, Mill and Carlyle. (Sidgwick and Jackson. 1957. Pp. x + 154. 21s)André Gouron. La reglementation des metiers en Languedoc au Moyen dge. (Paris‐Geneva, Droz. 1959. Pp. 439).Le Mavire et I'economie maritime, du Moyen age au XVIIIe sikle, principalement en Mediterranee. (Travaux du 2me collogue international d'Histoire maritime, edited by Michel Mollat, assisted by Commandant Denoix and Olivier de Prat.) (Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N. 1958. Pp. xii + 220, ill.)Jan Craeybeckx. Un grand commerce d'importation: les vins de France aux anciens Pays Bos, XIIIe‐XVIe siècles. (Paris, S.E.V.P.E.N. 1958. Pp. xxxii +315, ill.)D. T. Pottinger. The French Book Trade in the Ancien Rigime 1500‐1791(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: Oxford University Press. 1958. Pp. xiv + 363. 60s.)Paul Adam. Etude nautique du problème du Vinland (Revue d'histoire kono‐tnique et sociale, XXXVII, 1959, 20‐42.)Paul Lemerle. Esquisse pour une histoire agraire de Byzance: les sources et les problemes (Revue Historique, 1958, CCXIX, 254‐284, et CCXX, 43‐94.)Maurice Lombard. Une carte du bois dans la Mediterranee musulmane, VIIe‐XIe siècle (Annales E.S.C. XIV, 1959, 234‐254.)Andre Dupont. Sexploitation du sel sur les 6tangs de Languedoc, IXe‐Xllle siècle (Annales du Midi, LXX, 1958, 7‐26.)Bernard Vigneron. La vente dans le Mâconnais du IXe au XIIe siècle (Revue historique de droit français et étranger, XXXVII, 1959, 17‐47.)Mireille Castaing‐Sicard. Donations toulousaines du Xe au XIIIe siècle (Annales du Midi, LXX, 1958, 27‐64.)Jean Combes. Les foires en Languedoc au moyen âge (Annales E.S.C. XIII, 1958, 231‐259.)Robert S. Lopez.Le marchand genois. Un profil collectif [Annales E.S.C. XIII, 1958, 501‐515.)Edouard Perroy et Etienne Fournial. Réalités monétaires et réalités économiques (Annales E.S.C. XIII, 1958, 533‐540.)Hans van Werveke. La famine de l'an 1316 en Flandre et dans les regions voisines (Revue du Nord, XLI, 1959, 5‐14.)Georges Duby. Techniques et rendements agricoles dans les Alpes du Sud en 1338 (Annales du Midi, LXX, 1958, 403‐ 414.)Pierre Tucoo‐Chala. Les relations economiques entre le Beam et les pays de la Couronne d'Aragon du milieu du XIIIe siècle au milieu du XVe (Bulletin philologique et historique …. du Comite des Travaux historiques et scientifiques, 1957, publie en 1958, pp. 115‐136.)Pierre J. Capra. Recherches sur la valeur des monnaies dans le Bordelais au temps de la lieutenance du Prince Noir, de 1354 a 1357 (Bulletin philologique et historique …. du Comite des Travaux historiques et scientifiques, 1957, publie en 1958, pp. 471‐563.)Robert Bautier. Feux, population et structure sociale au milieu du XVe siecle. L'exemple de Carpentras (Annales E.S.C. XIV, 1959, 255‐268.)Henri Lapeyre. Une lettre de change endossée en 1430 (Annales E.S.C. XIII, 1958, 260‐264, fac sim.)Jacques Heers. Le prix de l'assurance maritime a la fin du moyen age (Revue d'Histoire économique et sociale, XXXVII, 1959, 7‐19.)Constantin Marinesco. Les affaires commerciales en Flandre d'Alphonse V d'Aragon, roi de Naples, 1416‐1458 (Revue Historique, CCXXI, 1959, 33‐48.)Michel Mollat. Recherches sur les finances des dues Valois de Bourgogne (Revue Historique, CCXIX, 1958, 285‐321.)Max Weber. Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Abriss der universalen Sozial und Wirtschafts‐geschichte. (Ed. S. Hellmann and M. Palyi. Third edition, revised and supplemented by J. Winckelmann.) (Berlin: Duncker and Humblot. 1958. Pp. xxiii + 355. DM 28.80.)Ludwig Beutin. Einführung in die Wirtschaftsgeschichte. (Cologne and Graz: Bohlau. 1958. Pp. xii + 179. DM 9.8o.)Johannes Schildhauer. Soziale, politische und religiose Auseinandersetzungen in der Hansestadten Stralsund, Rostock und Wismar im ersten Drittel des 16. Jahrhunderts. (Abhandlungen zur Handels‐ und Sozialgeschichte, edited by the Hansischen Geschichtsverein. Vol 11. Weimar. 1959. Pp xii +282.)Rudolf Forberger. Die Manufaktur in Sachsen vom Ende des 16. bis mm Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Schriften des Instituts für Geschichte, Reihe 1: Allgemeine und deutsche Geschichte, Vol. 3. Akademie‐Verlag, Berlin. 1958. Pp. ix + 456 + 2 maps. DM 46.‐.)Ingomar Bog. Der Reichsmerkantilismus. Studien zur Wirtschaftspolitik des Heiligen Romischen Reiches im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert. (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer. 1959. Pp. 194. DM 29.50.)Theodore S. Hamerow. Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany, 1815‐1871. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1958. Pp. xi + 347. $6.00.)Gerhard Bondi. Deutschlands Aufienhandel 1815‐1870. (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Schriften des Instituts für Geschichte Reihe I, Band 5. Berlin: Akademie‐Verlag. 1958. Pp. viii + 156. DM (Ost) 8.‐.)Theodor Schieder. Staat und Gesellschaft im Wandel unserer Zjeit. Studien zur Geschichte des ig. und 20. Jahrhunderts. (Miinchen: Oldenbourg. 1958. Pp. 208. DM 18.50.)Adolf Trende. Geschichte der deutschen Sparkassen bis zum Anfang des 20. Jahr‐hunderts. (Stuttgart: Deutscher Sparkassenverlag. 1957. Pp. xii ‐f‐ 610. DM 34.50.)W. G. Hoffmann, J. H. Müller. Das deutsche Volkseinkommen, 1851‐1957. (Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck]. 1959. Pp. 162. DM 16.50.)Heinrich Benedikt. Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in der Franz‐Joseph‐eit. (Wiener Historische Studien, Vol. IV. Vienna, Munich: Herold. 1958. Pp. 200. DM 17.50.)Hans Georg Kirchhoff. Die staatliche Sozialpolitik im Ruhrbergbau, 1871‐1914. (Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung des Landes Nordrhein‐Westfalen, Vol. 4. Köln und Opladen: West‐deutscher Verlag. 1958. Pp. 179. DM 12.80.)Karl Erich Born. Staat und Sozialpolitik seit Bismarcks Sturz‐ Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der innenpolitischen Entwicklung des Deutschen Retches 1890‐1914. (Historische Forschungen im Auftrag der Historischen Kommission der Mainzer Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Hefraus‐gegeben von O. Brunner, P. Rassow, J. Vogt. Vol. I. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. 1957. Pp. 256. DM 24.‐.)Wilhelm Brepohl. Vom Industrievolk an der Ruhr. (Schriftenreihe Ruhr und Rhein, Ed. Fritz Pudor, Heft 4. Essen: West‐Verlag. 1957. Pp. 73. DM 3.30.)Gerhard Gebhardt (Ed.). Ruhrbergbau. Geschichte, Aufbau und Verflechtung seiner Gesellschqften und Organisationen. (Compiled in collaboration with the mining companies of the Ruhr.) (Essen: Verlag Glückauf. 1957. Pp. xvi + 580. DM 28.‐.)Heinz Haushofer. Ideengeschichte der Agrarwirtschqft und Agrarpolitik im deutschen Sprachgebiet. Vol. II. Vom ersten Weltkrieg bis zur Gegenwart. (Bonn, Munich, Vienna: Bayerischer Landwirtschaftsverlag. 1958. Pp. 439. 12 art prints. DM 54.‐.)Gerhard Kroll. Von der Weltwirtschaftskrise zur Staatskonjunktur. (Berlin: Duncker und Humblot. 1958. Pp. 743. DM 56.80.)Fritz Behrens. Einige Fragen der okonomischen Entwicklung im Lichte der Grqfien Sozialistischen Oktoberrevolution. (Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Vortrage und Schriften, Heft 63. East Berlin: Akademie‐Ver‐lag. 1958. Pp. 21. DM 1.40.)Hildebrandt‐Böhme. Die Schwerindustrie in der Sowjetunion. Entwicklung und Probleme. (Introduction and Comments by Walter Hildebrandt. Selection and Translation by Gisela Bohme.) (Bad Homburg, Berlin, Zurich: Max Gehlen. 1957. Pp. 520. DM48.50.)Helmut Croon, Kurt Utermann. Zeche und Gemeinde. Untersuchungen über den Strukturwandel einer Zechengemeinde im nördlichen Ruhrgebiet. (Soziale Forschung und Praxis. Ed. Sozialforschungsstelle an der Universität Minister, Dortmund. Vol. 19. Tübingen: J. C. B. Mohr [Paul Siebeck]. 1958. Pp. x + 305, 1 map. DM 25.60.)Max Silberschmidt. Amerikas industrielle Entwicklung. Von der Zeit der Pioniere zur Ara von Big Business. (Sammlung Dalp. Vol. 86. Berne: A. Francke. 1958. Pp. 240. S frs. 9.80; DM 9.40.)A. Hoffmann.'Die Grundherrschaft als Unternehmen', Zeitschrift für Agrar‐geschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VI (1958), 123‐131.H. ‐J. Stiebens.'Die Gehöferschaften des Trierer Bezirks und sonstige alt‐deutsche Gemeinschaften in Rheinland‐Pfalz', Zeitschrift für Agrarge‐schichte und Agrarsoziologie, VI (1958), 131‐143.K. Lippmann.'Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung der Landwirtschaft und der Wandel im Bereich des Bäuerlichen', zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VI (1958), 155‐176.I. Leister.'Zum Problem des "Keltischen Einzelhofs" in Irland', Zeitschrift für Asrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VII (1959), 3‐13W. Achilles.'Getreidepreise und Getreidehandelsbeziehungen europaischer Raume im 16. und 17. Jahrhundert', Zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VII (1959), 32‐55‐W. Schubring.'Betriebs‐ und Grundbesitzverhaltnisse der Agrarwirtschaft der Welt', Zeitschrift für Agrargeschichte und Agrarsoziologie, VII (1959), 56‐80.H. Kellenbenz.'Der italienische Grosskaufmann und die Renaissancé, Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, XXXXV (1958), 145‐167.M. Barkhausen. Staatliche Wirtschaftslenkung und freies Unternehmertum im westdeutschen und im nord‐ und sudniederlandischen Raum bei der Entstehung der neuzeitlichen Industrie im 18. Jahrhundert, Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschqftsgeschichte, XXXXV (1958), 168‐241.H. Stoob.'Minderstädte. Formen der Stadtentstehung im Spatmittel‐alter', Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschqftsgeschichte, XXXXVI (1959), 1‐28K. E. Born. 'Sozialpolitische Probleme und Bestrebungen in Deutschland von 1848 bis zur Bismarckschen Sozialgesetzgebung', Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschqftsgeschichte, XXXXVI (1959), 29‐44.W. Kollmann.'Industrialisierung, Binnenwanderung und "Soziale Frage". (Zur Entstehungsgeschichte der deutschen Industriegroßstadt im 19. Jahrhundert)', Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial‐ und Wirtschqftsgeschichte, XXXXVI (1959), 45‐70.W. Treue.'Die Ilseder Hütte und der Staat in den Jahren 1916 bis 1919′, Tradition, ZeitschriftfurFirmengeschichte und Untemehmerbiographie, III (1958), 129‐140.P. E. Schramm.'Kaufleute während Besatzung, Krieg und Belagerung (1806‐1815). Der Hamburger Handel in der Franzosenzeit, dargestellt an Hand von Firmen‐ und Familienpapieren', Tradition, Zeitschrift für Firmengeschichte und Untemehmerbiographie, IV (1959), 1‐22 and 88‐114.E. v. BÖVENTER.'Die wirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen amerikanischer Rezes‐sionen auf die iibrige Welt. Eine Untersuchung über die amerikanischen Konjunkturriickschlage, 1937/38, 1949 und 1953/54′, ‐zeitschrift für die p&amte Staatswissenschaft. CXIV (1958). 297‐330.H. Sperling.'Die wirtschaftliche Struktur des Erwerbslebens der Bundes‐republik im internationalen Vergleich', Schmollers Jahrbuch, LXXVIII (1958) 149‐166A. Hauser.'Die Schweiz und der Deutsche Zollverein, Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, XCIV (1958), 482‐494.Rosario Romeo. Risorgimento e Capitalismo. (Bari: Laterza. 1959. Pp. 209. Lire 1400.)L. Dal Pane. Storia del Lavoro in Italia. Vol IV. Dagli Inizi del secolo XVIII al 1815. (Milano: Giuffré. 1958 Pp. xx + 629.)R. P. Dore. Land Reform in Japan. (Royal Institute of International Affairs and Oxford University Press. 1959. Pp. xvii +510. 55J.)Albert Feuerwerker. China's Early Industrialization: Sheng Hsuan‐huai (1844‐1916) and Mandarin Enterprise. (Harvard University Press; Oxford University Press. 1958. Pp. xiii + 311+ xxxii. $ 6.50; 52s.)Sally Falk Moore. Power and Property in Inca Peru. (Columbia University Press. New York. 1958. Pp. 190. 405.)University Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Downing Street, CambridgeWoodrow Borah and Sherburne F. Cook. Price trends of some basic commodities in Centrpl Mexico, 1531‐1570. (Ibero‐Americana 40, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 1958. Pp. 89. $2.00.)Florian Paucke S.J. Zwettler Codex 420. Part 1, ed. Etta Becker‐Donner with the collaboration of Gustav Otruba. (Publications of the Archive for Ethnology, Vol. IV/i, Vienna. Wilhelm Braumuller Universitäts:Ver‐lagsbuchhandlung, 1959. Pp. 444 with 29 illustrations.)JOHN B. RAE. American Automobile Manufacturers. A History of the Automobile Industry: The First Forty Tears. (Philadelphia and New York: Chilton Company. 1959. Pp. 223. $6.00.)Russel Ward. The Australian Legend. (Melbourne University Press; London, Cambridge University Press. 1958. Pp. xii + 262. 45s.)Eric Stokes. The English Utilitarians and India. (Oxford University Press. 1959. Pp‐ 350‐ 45sF. Klemm. A History of Western Technology. (Translated by D. W. Singer. Allen and Unwin. 1959. Pp. 401. 32s.)W. G. Hoffmann. The Growth of Industrial Economics. (Translated from the German by W. O. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner.) (Manchester University Press. 1958. Pp. xiii + 183. 25J.)E.J. Hobsbawm. Primitive Rebels. (Manchester University Press. 1959. Pp. vii + 208. 25s.)

This guide accompanies the following article: The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature, Compass 6/2 (2012): pp. 166–181, 10.1111/j.1751‐9020.2011.00440.xAuthor's introductionThe animal rights movement has been described as one of the most neglected and misunderstood social movements of our era. However, social movement scholars are beginning to realise the political and moral significance of the world wide animal protection movement at a time when nature itself has been included in the specialist field of environmental sociology. Just as people are beginning to see that nature matters and is not separate from society, nonhuman animals (hereafter animals) too are increasingly perceived as worthy of our respect and consideration. The long‐running animal protection movement which began in England in the 18th century is today better known as the animal rights movement. It is the men and women of this movement who, atypically for a social movement, are campaigning for a species that is not their own. The movement's theories and practices are important for what they do for animals and also because of what the animal rights controversy reveals about human beings.Author recommendsGarner, Robert. 1998. Political Animals: Animal Protection Policies in Britain and the United States. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.The book describes the progress made by the animal protection movement in the two countries where animal rights protests have been most prominent. The author presents a comprehensive examination of animal welfare policies in Britain and the US thus providing an informative comparative study of the movement's relationship with the state in these two countries. Garner's focus on policy networks corresponds to the sociologist's concept of social movement organizations. More than fifty such organizations balanced evenly between animal protectionists and animal‐user industries are discussed in the book. Political Animals provides an excellent introduction to the politics of animal rights, although missing in the accounts are the voices of the animal activists and their opponents. In the final analysis, it is the meaning activists attribute to their cause that drives the movement, a fact which Garner tacitly acknowledges.Imhoff, Daniel (ed) 2010. The CAFO Reader: The Tragedy of Industrial Animal Factories. Published by the Foundation for Deep Ecology with Watershed Media, Berkeley, LA: University of California Press.The Reader's subject – concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFO) – covers most of the topics relevant to factory farmed animals and is divided into seven parts: (1) The pathological mindset of the CAFO; (2) Myths of the CAFO; (3) Inside the CAFO; (4) The loss of diversity; (5) Hidden costs of CAFO; (6) Technological takeover; (7) Putting the CAFO out to pasture. The acronym CAFO suggests a bland, mundane practice and is therefore a name which the editor believes should be replaced by the more accurate label "animal concentration camps". The chapter titles indicate what is in store for the reader but the content is perhaps less confronting than the book's companion photo‐format volume of the same name. The reader is a very comprehensive survey of how living creatures are subjected to inhumane practices for their body parts by "corporate food purveyors" and is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future survival of all of the earth's species.Kean, Hilda. 1998. Animal Rights: Political and Social Change in Britain since 1800. London: Reaktion Books Ltd.In this attractive book, the historian Hilda Kean provides one of the most comprehensive and interesting surveys of the early animal protection movement in England, the birthplace of animal rights. Kean tells a compelling story of how and why people's attitudes and practices involving animals changed over the past two centuries. She attributes these changes largely to the seemingly simple idea of "sight", or how people were influenced by seeing for themselves how animals such as horses and dogs were ill treated in public spaces such as in streets and markets. Animals "out of sight" in vivisection laboratories and in abattoirs also came to the attention of the early animal protectionists, most of whom were women. The sight and spectacle of animal abuse turned hearts and stomachs once a light was shone on these everyday cruelties by the pioneers of animal rights in England. Kean's book is nicely illustrated in keeping with the theme of seeing animals in their various relationships with humans.Munro, Lyle. 2005. Confronting Cruelty: Moral Orthodoxy and the Challenge of the Animal Rights Movement. Leiden & Boston: Brill.For most people animal cruelty is understood as unspeakable acts perpetrated by warped individuals mostly against dogs, cats, birds and sometimes horses. The animal rights movement seeks to broaden the issue of animal cruelty to include the vast numbers of animals that suffer and die in "the animal industrial complex" of intensive farming, recreational hunting and animal research and experimentation. The book draws on social movement theory to explain how and why an increasing number of people in the UK, US and Australia have taken up the cause of animals in campaigning against the exploitative practices of the animal‐user industries. Essentially, the thesis is that animal abuse is constructed by the animal rights movement as a social problem (speciesism) on a par with sexism and racism. This is the first book in the Human and Animal Studies Series which currently lists about a dozen monographs published by Brill under the editorship of Kenneth Shapiro of the Society & Animals Institute in the US.Noske, Barbara. 1989. Humans and Other Animals: Beyond the Boundaries of Anthropology. London: Pluto Press.As an anthropologist, Noske brings a different perspective to our relationship with nature, especially in the long process of animal domestication. Her chapter on "the animal industrial complex" shows how both human and nonhuman animals suffer within this structure of domination; for example, slaughterhouse work takes a heavy toll on the meat workers while the animals experience atrocious pain and misery on the assembly line of mass execution. Noske's book is valuable for its broad treatment of animal‐human relations in which she describes cultural, historical, structural and sociological aspects of these relations particularly in America and Australia.Wilkie, Rhoda and Inglis David (eds.) 2007. The Social Scientific Study of Nonhuman Animals: A Five‐volume Collection–Animals and Society: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences. (Vols 1–5), London: Routledge.This is a collection of 90 previously published articles and book chapters in approximately 2,000 pages on the social‐scientific study of animals. The papers range from the earliest in 1928 on "the culture of canines" to the latest in 2006 on "religion and animals." Three quarters of the papers were published in the last two decades and are derived from anthropology, sociology, psychology, geography, philosophy and feminist studies.Because Animals and Society is based mostly on work derived from more than 12 different specialist journals, it has a claim to comprehensiveness; however, the editors mention topics that are not covered in the collection:
 Ethical issues;
 Animal welfare;
 The characteristics of animal protectionists;
 "Wilderness";
 The role of animals in the lives of children; and
 The animal rights movement.
The main topics included in the collection provide a hint of its value to researchers:Vol I. Representing the animal (Introduction and critical concepts in the social sciences)Vol II. Social science perspectives on human‐animal interactions (I):
 Anthropology.
 Geography.
 Feminist studies.
Vol III. Social science perspectives on human‐animal interactions (II):
 Sociology.
 Psychology.
Vol IV. Forms of human‐animal relations and animal death – the dynamics of domestication:
 Human‐pet relationships.
 Human‐livestock relations.
 Animal abuse and animal death.
Vol V. Boundaries and quandaries in human‐animal relations:
 Border troubles: are humans unique and what is an animal?
 The legal, ethical and moral status of animals.
 "The Frankenstein syndrome": animals, genetic engineering, and ethical dilemmas.
NB. The above is a shorter version of my review in Society & Animals, 16. 91–93, 2008. I thank the journal for publishing the original review and for permission to include the above version in Sociology Compass.Online materialshttp://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s2159904.htmThis is the story of a protest against the live animal export trade from Australia to the Middle East. The 7.30 Report of 11 February 2008, was one of several media stories on the cruelty involved in the transport and slaughter of cattle, goats and sheep which outraged thousands of Australians when they witnessed footage shot by animal activists. The four minute video recording provides commentary and images that explain why the live animal export trade is a "hot cognition" issue in Australia and the UK. More recently, in June 2012, the callous treatment of cattle in a number of Indonesian abattoirs became a major media story that prompted public outrage and calls for an immediate and permanent ban on the trade.http://www.sharkwater.com/For many people, sharks are the most feared of all creatures and also the most misunderstood. They have been called "the mother of otherness" and as a result when they are hunted and killed there is very little concern for their welfare. This groundbreaking film explains the importance of sharks to the ocean and seeks to dispel the main stereotype of the shark as the creature from hell. The film is the work of Rob Stewart whose lifelong fascination with sharks was the catalyst for his mission to save the great predator from extinction.http://www.wspa‐international.org/Regular internet users will probably have come across the advertisements from the World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA), particularly its campaign against the cruelty involved in bear dancing. The WSPA, as an international animal welfare organization, is one of a very select few animal and environmental organizations recognized by the United Nations. Another campaign which is featured on their website is "The Red Collar Campaign", the motto for which is "Collars not Cruelty". Viewers are warned that the two and a half minute video clip contains some confronting images of cruelty to dogs suspected of being infected by rabies. WSPA's objective is to end the brutality inflicted unnecessarily on thousands of dogs perceived as a human health and safety risk; its solution to the problem of rabies is simple, cheap and effective.http://www.awionline.orgThe Animal Welfare Institute (AWI) is one of the most effective animal protection societies in the US. Its founder, the late Christine Stevens, worked most of her life as an advocate and lobbyist for animals. The AWI's attractive website provides many useful features such as the AWI Quarterly and details of its seminal campaigns which include research animals, companion animals, farm animals, marine animals and wildlife. Since it was established in 1951, the AWI has had access to the US Congress and in gaining the attention of powerbrokers, the organization has succeeded in securing animal welfare improvements that are legislated in law, which owes much to the work of Christine Stevens.http://www.league.org.ukHunting is a controversial issue in England which has developed into what is actually a class war between the aristocratic class and the "great unwashed". Founded in 1924, the League is virtually a household name in England. Its website contains some revealing film clips about the cruelty involved in the hunting of foxes, deer, rabbits and other animals in the English countryside. There is a great deal of information contained in the blogs and its FAQs as well as elsewhere on its website. Mention is also made of one of the latest hunting fads, "trophy hunting" which is apparently gaining popularity in some parts of the USA.Topics for lectures & discussionPart I: introduction and overviewWhat is the animal rights movement? Why do people campaign on behalf of a species that is not their own? How do individuals and social movements make their claims on behalf of nonhuman animals? These are some of the questions that would traditionally be posed in introducing the animal rights movement.ReadingMunro, Lyle. 2012. 'The Animal Rights Movement in Theory and Practice: A Review of the Sociological Literature'. Sociology Compass6(2): 166–81.Waldau's recent book is a good introduction to what the movement is all about:Waldau, Paul. 2011. Animal Rights: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.There are three main discourses on animal rights which provide insights into our constructions of "the animal": (1) Animals in this discourse are constructed as social problems (see Irvine, 2003 below for an example); (2) in this second discourse, animal defenders are demonised with labels ranging from "sentimental animal lovers" to "extremists" and even "terrorists" (see Munro, 1999 below for an example); (3) finally, the animal rights movement constructs our cruel treatment of animals as morally wrong and therefore deserving of the strongest condemnation (see Shapiro, 1994 below for an example). How and why people campaign against the exploitation of animals are issues explored in the following papers:Irvine, Leslie. 2003. 'The Problem of Unwanted Pets; A Case Study in How Institutions 'Think' About Clients' Needs'. Social Problems50: 550–66.Munro, Lyle. 1999. 'Contesting Moral Capital in Campaigns Against Animal Liberation'. Society & Animals7: 35–53.Shapiro, Kenneth. 1994. 'The Caring Sleuth: Portrait of an Animal Rights Activist'. Society & Animals2: 145–65.Part II: animal crueltyThis section includes some important contributions to explaining cruelty to animals.Agnew, Robert. 1998. 'The Causes of Animal Abuse: A Social‐psychological Analysis'. Theoretical Criminology2: 177–209.Munro, Lyle. 1997. 'Framing Cruelty: The Construction of Duck‐Shooting as a Social Problem'. Society & Animals5: 137–54.D'Silva, Joyce and John Webster. 2010. The Meat Crisis: Developing More Sustainable Production and Consumption. London and Washington: Earthscan.Merz‐Perez, Linda and Kathleen Heide. 2004. Animal Cruelty: Pathway to Violence Against People. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Ltd.Ascione, Frank. 2008. 'Children Who Are Cruel to Animals: A Survey of Research and Implications for Developmental Psychology.' Pp. 171–89 in Social Creatures: A Human‐Animals Studies Reader, edited by Clifton, Flynn. New York: Lantern Books.Winders, Bill and David Nibert. 2009. 'Expanding "Meat" Consumption and Animal Oppression.' Pp. 183–9 in Between the Species: Readings in Human‐Animal Relations, edited by Arnold, Arluke and Clinton Sanders. Boston, MA: Pearson Education Inc.Part III: social movement theory and animalsThere is a large literature on social movement theory with relatively little that refers to nonhuman animals. Some of those which do take up the issue are included below along with the following books that provide a general introduction to the study of social movements.Lowe, Brian and Caryn Ginsberg. 2002. 'Animal Rights as a Post‐Citizenship Movement'. Society & Animals10: 203–15.Jasper, James. 2007. 'The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements.' Volume 4 Pp. 585–612 in Social Movements: Critical Concepts in Sociology Volumes 1–4, edited by Jeff, Goodwin and James Jasper. London and New York: Routledge.Buechler, Steven. 2011. Understanding Social Movements: Theories from the Classical Era to the Present. Boulder and London: Paradigm Publishers.Cochrane, Alasdair. 2010. Chapter 6 'Marxism and Animals.' Pp. 93–114 in An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, edited by Cochrane's. Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.Einwohner, Rachel. 2002. 'Bringing the Outsiders in: Opponents' Claims and the Construction of Animal Rights Activists' Identity'. Mobilization7: 253–68.Part IV: animal advocacy and activism: strategy and tacticsThe above readings reveal to some extent at least why people campaign against animal cruelty. In this section's readings, the focus is on how animal activists run their campaigns in the streets (grassroots activism) and in the suites (organizational advocacy).Carrie Freeman Packwood. 2010. 'Framing Animal Rights in the "Go Veg" Campaigns of US Animal Rights Organizations'. Society & Animals18: 163–82.Paul, Elizabeth. 1995. 'Scientists' and Animal Rights Campaigners' Views of the Animal Experimentation Debate'. Society & Animals3: 1–21.Upton, Andrew. 2010. 'Contingent Communication in a Hybrid Multi‐Media World: Analysing the Campaigning Strategies of SHAC'. New Media & Society13: 96–113.Munro, Lyle. 2001. Compassionate Beasts: The Quest for Animal Rights. Westport, CT: Praeger.Munro, Lyle. 2002. 'The Animal Activism of Henry Spira (1927–1998).'Society & Animals10: 173–91.Munro, Lyle. 2005. 'Strategies, Action Repertoires and DIY Activism in the Animal Rights Movement.'Social Movement Studies4: 75–94.Jasper, James. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Singer, Peter. 1998. Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement. Lanham MD: Rowan & Littlefield Publishers Inc.Part V: academic/activist collaborationShould academic teachers collaborate with activists in their campaigns? Like the church/state relations debate this is a controversial question since there are arguments both for and against academic involvement in political and social movements. Most of the readings in the original Compass article and below tend to see more benefits than costs to collaboration; however, higher education administrators don't like dissent and it is hard to imagine an academic holding down his or her job if they were seen to be working with animal activists on a particularly controversial campaign. It might be seen as acceptable if the collaboration was with the SPCA in the US or the RSPCA in Britain but not if the activists were affiliated with members of a radical animal liberation group. Furthermore, an academic‐animal activist who campaigned say against the practice of animal experimentation at his or her university would surely be dismissed or at least threatened with dismissal unless they cut their ties with outside activists.Burnett, Cathleen. 2003. 'Passion through the Profession: Being Both Activist and Academic.'Social Justice30: 135–50.Kleidman, Robert. 1994. 'Volunteer Activism and Professionalism in Social Movement Organizations.'Social Problems41: 257–76.Focus questions
 Is the animal rights movement a genuine social movement when nonhuman animals are widely understood not to belong to society as it is generally understood?
 How would you respond to the claim that cruelty to animals is our worst vice.
 From your experience of seeing animal rights protests either on television or as the real thing, what do you think are the dominant emotions exhibited by the campaigners and their opponents?
 From what you've read or heard or seen of social movement protests, do you believe the most effective strategy is non‐violence or violence; and which of these two strategies do you think is more acceptable for the animal protection movement to follow and why?
 Should academics who lecture on social movements practice what they preach? What are some of the main benefits and problems associated with academic analysts of social movements collaborating with grassroots activists?
 The animal rights movement has been described as one of the fastest‐growing social movements in the West – and one of the most controversial. What evidence is there for these claims?
Seminar/project ideaPlease suggest an exercise to help bring the subject to life, appropriate either for undergraduate or graduate students, e.g. an assessment, a presentation, or other practical assignment.Project idea or presentation
 Compare and contrast the website of an animal welfare organization and an animal rights group in relation to (a) their objectives; (b) their most important campaign; and (c) their preferred overall strategies and tactics. Which of these organizations has the most potential in attracting new supporters and why? What advice would you give to these two organizations on how they might enhance their communicative effectiveness with the general public? (see Munro's Compass article for some clues).
 Do an oral presentation on a radical animal liberation group such as the Animal Liberation Front or SHAC in which you describe its stated objectives, its seminal campaigns, its preferred tactics and its communication strategy as indicated by the group's website. Explain how effective the group is in terms of improving the lives of animals and how the activists justify the use of violence in their campaigns.

The Mercury November. 1908 HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume, Cotrell & Leonard, ALBANY, N. Y. ™?j£r^2l CAPS AND GOWNS lo (Gettysburg Coilege. Lafayette. Lehigh. Dickinson. State College. Univ. of Penn sylvi.ii", Harvard. Tale. Princeton, Wellesley, Bryn Mawr and tho others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods _. Degrees. Mr. College Man We are already lining up our clients for next Spring. With our National Organization of 12 offices we will need over 2000 college men ror technical, office, sales and teaching positions throughout the United States. We can also use at any time college men who are in the market for a position. Let us explain to you NOW. Write for the "College Mau's Opportunity." It tells how Hapgoods, a great organization built up by college men has placed many thousand youngmen, has raised the standard of college men as a business factor throughout the world. (State age, education, location desired. THE JVATMOJYAL ORGJJVIZJTMOJV' Of Hlt.il.V BROKERS. Commonwealth Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Headquarters for BANQUETS. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, All Conveniences. Free Bus to and. from station. Convenient for Commencement Visitors. BATES $2.00 PER DAY. .Eiver-y G.itae'kecl. Jotin P. Ivfqr'tiri, Proprietor. BECKER & CO., DEALERS IN All kinds of Fresh and Smoked Meats Chambersburg St., Gettysburg, Pa. I GETTYSBURG COLLtlit Gettysburg, Pa. LIBRARY - WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. ALLEN K. WALTON, Pres. and Treas. ROBT. J. WALTON, Supt. Hummelstown Brown Stone Companv, QUARRYMEN and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING and TILE. Wa.l-bo-n.VT.lle, 13a.TJ.pT-i-In. "&o., Pa. CONTRACTORS FOR ALL KINDS OF CUT STONE WORK. Telegrapn and Express Address, Brownstone, Pa. Parties visit-ing- quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station on the P. & R. R.'R. For Artistic Photographs Go To TjPTON The Leader in PHOTO FASHIONS Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. PATRONISE) OUR ADVERTISERS Come and Have a Good Shave or Hair Cut -AT-Harry B. Sefton's. BARBER SHOP. 35 Baltimore St. Barber's Supplies a Specialty. Also choice line of Cigars. SHOES REPAIRED —BY— Charles Hartdagen, Middle St., Opp. Court House, GUARANTEE ALL WORK. GETTYSBURG DEPARTMENT STORE, Successors to the L. M. Alleman Hardware Co., Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of HARDWARE, OILS, PAINTS AND QUEENSWARE, GETTYSBURG, PA. The only Jobbing House in Adams County. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. ••,«»»#***« »*»»£»»#»»#*####-G&S&ifitl PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. Weaver Pianos and Organs Essentially the instruments for criti-cal and discriminating' buyers. Super-ior in every detail of construction and superb instruments for the production of a great variety of musical effects and the finest shades of expression. Close Prices. Easy Terms. Old Instruments Exchanged. WEAVER ORGAN AND PIAN ) CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA , U S A. H^^i^S$g;^oKMCSK&t^KC^C^!^S4$^9Ki^^MC;^;^^ ■ I '•t 'V. IT I\v f ■£■ h '■)/ 1\ I•V Students' Headquarters —FOR— HATS, SHOES, AND GENT'S FURNISHING. Sole Agent for WALK-OVER SHOE ECKERT'S STORE. Prices Always Eight lite Lutheran PuMicfltioii Society No 1424 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything and everything in the way of Books for Churches, Colleges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up and develop one of the church in-stitutions with pecuniary ad-vantage to yourself. Address HENRY 8. BONER, Supt, THE M ERCURY The Literary Journal of Gettysburg College. Voi. XVI GETTYSBURG, PA., NOVEMBER, 1908 No. G CONTENTS. THE SPIRIT OF SELF-SACRIFICE, 2 S. SNYDER, '09. I A DEFENSE OF FOOTBALL, 7 H. DOLLMAN, '08. THE IDEAL AMERICAN GOVERNMENT, 10 G. L. KIEFFER, '09. THE DANCE OF DEATH, 11 S. BOWER, '10. OUR LITERARY SOCIETIES—I. PHILO, 16 FRIENDSHIP AND THE STRENUOUS LIFE, 18 PAUL M. MARSHAL, '10. OUR TREATMENT OF AN INFERIOR RACE, SO R. E. BOWERS, '10. THE POWER OF PUBLIC OPINION, 22 MISS VIRGINIA BEARD, '09. WHAT KNOWLEDGE IS BEST FOR CULTURE, 25 O. D. MOSSER, '09. EDITORIALS, 27 BOOK REVIEWS, 29 EXCHANGES, 31 THE MEFCUKY THE SPIRIT OF SELF-SACRIFICE. S. SNYDER, '09. N this age of commercialism and industrialism every man is striving for a position in the world. His high-est aim seems to be that this position should make him prominent in the eyes of his fellow-men. The spirit of the age tends somewhat towards selfishness. Man seems to have lost the dee]) meaning of the term sacrifice. Webster de-fines the term, in the light we wish to consider it, as surrender, or suffer to be lost, for the sake of obtaining some thing; to give up in favor of a higher or more imperative object of duty. Self-sacrifice is then, the sacrificing of one's self, one's interest, for others. Such a spirit we all admire. Every nation immortalizes her heroes and her martyrs. Why is this? Why does the spirit of self-sacrifice fill our minds with the greatest admiration and gratitude? Admiration, because the man who sacrifices is worthy to be admired. Gratitude, because through the efforts and sacrifices of men from age to age, the world stands at the present time more nearly perfect than ever before. Self-sacrifice is an unchangeable law. All around us are il-lustrations of this. It may be traced from man to the far dis-tant beginnings of life in its lowest forms. Below even the or-ganic we find the atom giving itself to the molecule and the molecule giving itself to the crystal, it is prevalent throughout the vegetable and animal kingdoms. In these the weaker are sacrificed to the stronger. It is very evident then, that in the plan of nature the lower was intended as a means to the higher. Naturally then the question arises, if this is an unchangeable law in all the lower ranks of nature, where everything is sacrificed unconsciously or unwillingly, does it stop when it reaches man, the very point when the beauty of morality and the glory of heroism becomes possible? Nay, rather the reverse. Sacrifice in the lower forms simply fortells what it should be when it reaches man, something higher and nobler, because man ] - sesses an intellect—a will. It is then no longer a fixed law. • It-is in the power of the individual to use at bis will. THE MEROUEY. Man realizes the importance and the joyful reward of a life infused with this noble spirit, but in this like many of his other activities, he is unwilling to pay the price. He too willingly gives up his high and noble ideals of self-advancement to his baser and more ignoble passions. As a country grows richer the sacrificial spirit naturally de-clines, but never should it be forgotten. For this spirit has made history. Progress of any kind can be attained only through sacrifice. AVhatever vocation in life one aspires to is attained only by a certain amount of sacrifice upon the part of the aspirant. (Glory and renown will be brought to the seeker and his vocation in proportion as his life is filled with the spirit of sacrifice.) The story of individuals is precisely the same as that of na-tions, it was not an easy task to found the great empires of Greece and Rome. Not simply one sacrifice but a series of sac-rifices accomplished these two great tasks. Greece, lovely Greece, the land of poets, the mother of art and philosophy! How proud she can feel of her illustrious men! Men whose works are still alive and helping to mark destinies. Her governmental found-ers who were so filled with that high sense of honor and right that her history became famous! Her citizens in general, how brave and noble! They were willing to sacrifice their very lives in the pass of Thermopylae and on the plains of Marathon that the honor of their nation might survive. They fondly hoped her influence should go on forever. But alas! All her glory suddenly turned to shame and she fell. Rome, the city of the seven hills, was likewise the seat of a e mighty nation. She was invincible on land and sea. She ruled the world. Her list of illustrious men how wonderful! The very founders of law and government which today we fol-low. But alas! Her death knell, too, was sounded and she fell. "Why did these great nations fall? Simply because they ne-glected to carry out the fundamental principles on which they were founded. Jealous}-, avarice, and debauchery virtually : • ?ed their ruin. Is this not the story of many a lost life? The downfall of Greece and Borne remain a message to every republic in every time. The same enemies of Greece are at WOTk todav. Every nation should be on her guard lest these -4 THE MERCURY, same enemies gnaw at her vitals and place her honored name among the nations that were, but are no more. What is true of nations is likewise true of individuals, because a nation is nothing more than an aggregation of individuals. Who can read the history of that little country, the Nether-lands, that so valiantly defended its religious and civil liberties, without regarding it as one of the noblest examples of self-sac-rifice in all history? Think of the little children crying in the streets at the death of her noble leader, William the Silent. How many children cried in the streets at the news of Napoleon's death? The lives of truly great men are measured by the sac-rifices wherewith they have lifted humanity to a higher stand-ing. Away with the person whose motives are merely for the grati-fication of self. Scott points out the destiny of such an ideal in these words:— "The wretch concentered all in self, Living shall forfeit fair renown, And, doubly dying shall go down To the vile dust from which he sprung Unwept, unhonored, and unsung." Our own country, today the head of all nations, was establish-ed through the glorious spirit of sacrifice. Queen Isabella of Spain gave Columbus her jewels that he might plough through the mighty waters of the untried sea and discover the shores of an unknown world. After the discovery came the colonization of America, and we can but faintly picture the hardships endured by emigrants com-ing to strange shores. Yet they passed through all these trials cheerfully in the hopes that their posterity would fare better. The Revolutionary War which secured national independence to the colonies, shone brilliantly with the noble spirit of self-sacrifice. It was the spirit that moved Patrick Henry, in that memorable Virginia convention, to utter those inspiring words. "Give me liberty or give me death." It was this spirit that prompted Washington to leave his comfortable and peaceful THE JIERCUHY. home at Mt. Vernon to assume the cai-es and duties of command-er- in-chief of the Continental Army. It was this spirit that ciuised Lafayette to leave the sunny clime of France to fight for America's liberty. It was this spirit that caused Nathan Hale to utter those inspiring words, dear to the heart of every loyal American, "All that I regret is that I have but one life to give to my country." It was this spirit that possessed those three patriots, who refused to release their captive prisoner even though offered bribes of gold. Yea, it was this spirit that prompted the thousands of brave heroes to give the very best they had—their very lives—that their country might be free and independent of Great Britain to become the greatest repub-lic the world has ever known. But these are historical facts of many years past. Behold our present surroundings! All around us are the marks of a once bloody struggle. Here on this historic battlefield of Gettysburg-thousands of brave heroes gave their life-blood for the cause they thought to be right. But I woud not hold up before you such examples as those heroes of the Bevolution, nor would I hold before you the heroes of hard fought battlefields as the highest and only types of self- Bacrifice. There is one sacrifice of the battlefield and there is another not of the battlefield. The sacrifice of giving one's life on the battlefield simply shows what man will do when put to the test. In this there is an objective impulse impelling him on- • id. The other type of sacrifice is that type which is working ■secretly, the results of which come out before the world in deeds, not words. That type of sacrifice that sees in the future some noble purpose which will be a benefit to humanity and which dares to stand firm in the presence of opposition. That type which, when wrong is in its presence, dares to hurl against it all the powers of right. Such a spirit of sacrifice has recognized the mutual relations of Sacrifice and Service. True sacrifice should always serve. Patriotic self-sacrifice was known before Christ, and it is known outside of Christendom. That is but saying that Christi-anity interprets the sublime experiences as it supplies the deep-est needs of the human race. This it does by showing human. virtue to he a manifestation of the divine life. 6 THE MERCURY. But sacrifice has done more than mould great nations given to man eternal life. The stories of ancient struggles assume a new significance when read in the light of Christ's life and death. They are but revelations of that life of God in the soul of man which is as universal as humanity. Remove from the Bible the historical interpretation of sacri-fice, and from the Christian hymns the expression of the Chris-tian faith in divine sacrifice; and by that very act the inspiration to self-sacrifice as the consummate flower of the divinity in man and the supreme ethical expression of the highest life is taken away. it has The life of Christ was one of contin-uous sacrifice but the sacrifice of giving His life on the cross that man might be saved far eclipsed all others. But there is another type of sacrifice which is seldom men-tioned and it has done and is still doing more than any other, humanly speaking, to mould characters and to shape destinies. This is the sacrifice of the mother in the home. Of all earth's sacred shrines the home is supreme. What is home without a mother? The sacrifices of a mother are unparalleled. Words can paint no picture of them. To realize their deep significance they must be experienced. We are in a sense what our mothers make us. How many of us would be compelled to write shame upon our foreheads were it not for the sacrifices and guiding hand of mother? She is the colossal figure that towers above •all others. She is the one who solves the many perplexities of the home and radiates it with a brightness and sacredness inde-scribable. She is the essence of love divine. THE MERCURY. A DEFENSE OF FOOTBALL. HARRY DOLLMAN, '08. j OOTBALL has been condemned by many, but mostly by those who know little or nothing about the game itself and the real merits of the game. Now, it is only rea-sonable and fair that football should be judged from an unprejudiced and unbiased point of view. Man is not only unfair to himself, when he forms hasty opinions without having weighed all the facts in the case, but his actions become very ignoble when he endeavors to enforce his ungrounded con-clusions upon others. We will admit that there are some marked evils attached to the game, but we do not believe they belong to the main body of football any more than a wart or a mole is a part of the nor-mal physical organism. They are mere accidents. If we elimi-nate from our sports, which are so essential to keep the body and mind in a normal healthy state, every game that bears some evil fruit, we will be compelled to do away with athletics alto-gether and possibly with all forms of recreation. There is a well-grounded sociological principle which bids us to substitute something positive when we wish to eliminate an evil tendency. This is especially true when the evil tendency attracts the attention of the young. Since the hostile football critics have not been able to offer a substitute, the wise course is not extermination but rather a readjustment of the game so as to suppress the evil effects. Do away with football in college life and you will introduce a series of escapades. Do away with athletics altogether and you will usher in a chaotic state of disorder. All the penned up pas-sions of youth would then be let loose to work havoc and destruc-tion. Football is an exhaust valve through which all the super-fluous energy of mob violence escapes by means of a natural and harmless outlet. You never hear of college eruptions during the football season. College strikes, raids, and the like are un-known when the student body has a common interest at stake in the success of their team. This branch of athletics has also a harmonizing effect upon. 8 THE MERCURY. the students. They gather in mass meetings to arouse enthu-siasm for a common cause. There are no class distinctions. There is no fraternity prejudice. The faculty, the college men. the preparatorians, and the seminarians are on the same level. All have come together in a common hond of fellowship, that each one may contribute his part to the athletic success of ! i - Alma Mater. If this great American game touches I lie emotions of the soul and causes it to overflow with enthusiasm, will these same emo-tions lie dormant when the student goes out in active life? No, he will undertake the great tasks before him with that enthusi-asm which he developed and fostered in college. He will ac-quire that unerring confidence which will enable him to tackle every obstacle and to press forward towards the goal of his life's ambition. Injury of body, a sluggish intellect, and immorality have been associated with football. But here again, the critic is laboring under a false impression. He is judging rather from the excep-tions and not from the broad general effects. Football develops the physical, quickens the intellectual, and disciplines the moral side of man. It only requires a little direct observation to determine how quickly football transforms a slow, awkward, round-shouldered,, anatomy into a spry, supple, square-shouldered organism. It produces in a player a firmness and alertness of step, a strong, graceful movement of the body, and above all, it is the best ex-ercise known to increase the amount of chest expansion. On the other hand, football teaches the participant to think quickly and act quickly. He must be able to comprehend and interpret signals and act instantly. He must learn to size up his opponents' strength, to take into account his own position on the gridiron, to strike the right blow at the right time and at the right place. Many brawny men stand along the side lines because they are not able to use their heads while in a game. Generalship is more important than avoirdupois in gaining a victory on the gridiron. There is no other game in the curriculum of athletics that tones down an explosive temper so well as football. The univer-sal testimony of football men bear witness to this fact. A playeY THK MLERCtniY. ■will very soon learn that be must respect the rights of others. Clean playing wins, while Foul playing carries the ball towards the enemy's go.il. Apart, from all this, the host moral benefit a player receives is the discipline he derives from careful training. I take the liberty of quoting the pledge which forty-three football candi-dates in Gettysburg College have signed: "1st. I do hereby pledge upon my honor to abstain-from the use of tobacco in any form, intoxicating liquors of any kind, to indulge in no licentious acts or conversation, nor willingly listen to or observe the same, to observe proper sleeping hours as or-dered, to lake no part in any gambling (including betting on any contest), to attend promptly every game and practice (un-less excused in advance by the coach), to do all in my power to promote harmony and good feeling among the members of the team, and cheerfully to obey all rules and regulations which may be adopted in the future. "2nd. The fact that I do not win a position on the team will not absolve me from this pledge." Does it mean anything to the moral life of a small institu-tion to have forty-three men adopt such principles in their every day life as are embodied in this document? Does it not also .strengthen the individual to observe these rules rigidly when he is tempted to break them ? Will men be disposed to ignore these principles when.they get out into the real contests of life? There is a price put upon a clean moral life that his mind may be free to act and his body quick to respond. 10 THE MEKCUUY. THE IDEAL AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. Q. L. KIEFFEK, '09. |HEN our forefathers left the sovereign dominions of Europe and settled on the American shores, they sought a tolerance of thought and action. And when the hand of tyranny still persisted in reaching across the seas mi (I grasping them in its despotism, they arose with one accord and declared themselves free and equal. They then set up upon this earth a form of government which they meant to be ideal. Yea, it has even modified the form of every existing government. But its firm establishment was not without a price. The welding of the nation as a world power was amid the din of battle. But not alone by din of battle was this accomplished. Her illustrious sons in her halls of state during peace, also won for her eternal fame. What would she have been but for a Jef-ferson, a John Sherman, a John Hay, or a Boosevelt? Surely their achievements added to those of a Washington, a Lincoln, and a McKinley. But did the establishment of this government alone require the coping with an external world? Ah, no! Internal foes had to be met. There was a time when the curse of slavery threatened the disunion and annihilation of the nation itself. She had met her external foes and had conquered. Was she to perish by her own hand? No. Again mid the din of battle and in her halls of state victories were won. Upon the heights of Gettysburg it was decreed the nation should live. From her halls of state came forth the Emancipation Proclamation and the immortal words of Lincoln at Gettysburg. Such in brief has been our nation's historic past. But let us examine whether the ideal government, of our forefathers' con-ception is today firmly established. Is this ideal being correctly interpreted when it is necessary for the cry to go forth through-out the land : "Shall the people rale?" Is this cry, if the ideal is being correctly carried out, not tautological? Evidently an apathy exists among the American people which necessitates such a cry. The nation is not thinking of her historic past and high ideals. She has permitted her leaders to become the asso- THE MERCURY. 11 ciates of a corrupted few, and the legalizers of a despot which: corrupts her sons and daughters. But this shall not continue. The American people have not forgotten the ideals of their forefathers. They will rule su-preme. From north, from south, from east, from west, there-comes the rumor of her sons uprising to their might of self-gov-ernment. . Down with the betrayers of your confidence and: blighters of your homes. Arise ye true sons of America and save-her from the hands of her enemy. Let the righteous and just rule. God grant that the emblem of our nation shall no longer be a misnomer. May the time come when its stars in the held of" blue shall brightly be the symbol of ripening fields and happy homes; its red, the symbol of the valor and heroism of her sons not vainly manifested; its white, the undeniable symbol of the purity and the true faith of her people. And as the sun makes his daily circuit may this emblem even be found waving before-his path—a symbol of "a government of the people, by the peo-ple and for the people"—which "shall not perish from the earth." A THE DAHCE OF DEATH. S. E. BOWER, '10. T was midnight in the little Canadian town of St Francis. The continuous rattle of many shuttles and. the steady grind of factory wheels had long since died, away. Only the echo of a foot-fall on the stone pave-ment, or the distant barking of a dog across the Walloostook broke the profound silence. Probably none of the villagers were conscious of the superb, beauty of this night. All of them had long since retired—save one man. John Maynard, a bachelor, lived in the upper story of an old mansion which, divested of its former glory, was now used as a kind of apartment house. The court was to meet the-following week and he had been working for several hours on his briefs. His work finished, be folded his papers, and leaned back 12 lUE 11EKCCKY. to relax in his chair. He contemplated retiring but his atten-tion was suddely attracted by the light of the clear moon. He stepped to the window to drink in the beauty of this night. From his position he could look down upon the Walloostook as her shining waters moved along silently. On the ridge yon-der his eye beheld an oak standing in profile against the sky. and near it one pale star caught in the upper branches of a dead pine. On the opposite ridge but a short distance away, the little graveyard stood out in full view where tops of the pine trees were rocking to and fro' in the night breeze and the white stones shone in the moonlight and the long shadows crept silently o • this dwelling place of the dead. For some time Maynard stood silently musing upon the see] '•This is the very witching time of night when the spirits stalk abroad," said he to himself, startled by the sound of his owi voice. Suddenly it flashed through mind that this was the eve of All Saints' Day, the night on which the disembodied spirits returned to visit the scenes of their life on this earth. Just then the town clock struck the half hour after eleven. He hastily threw on his coat, reached for his hat and betook himself to the graveyard. He was a venturesome fellow and de-termined to find out for himself whether this superstition had any foundation in fact. He hurried along at a breathless pace and was soon at the entrance of the cemetery where the rusty gate created an unwelcome greeting as he passed within. For a moment he stood still, hesitating to pursue this adventure, but the sound of the midnight hour from the distant clock spurred him on to quick action. He rushed to a secluded corner of the graveyard and concealed himself beneath a grave-stone. "This is indeed a ghostly scene," thought he, "and I wonder whether my foolhardiness will be rewarded." The echoing ring had not yet died away when the graves be-gan to yawn forth their dead. One after another opened and there floated majestically forth all that was left of that frail form which men and women so often worship here on earth. Others came more slowly as though reluctant to be aroused from their peaceful slumber. Some had but one leg, others but one-arm. Some forms were bowed with a ripe old age, others had' THE MERCURY. 13 the bearing of a knight. Some jaws were set with teeth of gold,. while others had no teeth at all. At first there was heard not a sound to break the awful still-ness, but as the assembly increased in number the spirits began. to seek out each his own friend or relative and soon the conver-sation became general. '"How are you, Brown, I'm glad to see you out again." ■•Hello, Smith, where've you been keeping yourself?" •'And here's our old friend Jones. Jones, we're mighty glad-to see you." "Well, just think of it," grumbled poor old Mrs. Black, "if my old man didn't go and git married again, and buried his second wife within two feet of me. I won't lie there, so I won't. No, I won't." "Oh, dear," sighed old maid Perkins, "nary a hand has teched my grave in twenty years, by the look of it, an' think of the money I had." And thus it continued. Here a young fellow muttering male-diction on a certain young doctor who had made an unsuccessful attempt to remove his appendix; and there an old miser griping two rusty pennies—sole remnants of his earthly store. At length a huge and bony frame, more stately than his fellows, mounted a tomb-stone and addressed the assembly: "My clear fellow spirits: Some of you have been rather tardy in coming forth but I guess we are about all here at last. And now what shall be the manner of our celebration ? You remem-ber last year we scattered about the town on a visit to our old homes and friends; shall we do that again? "Yes, let's us visit the town," said one, "I have but one living relative and I must call on him." "No, let's stay here and have a dance," said another, "I want to get limbered up." "Let's have a good old experience meeting," said a third. "Not much. I had enough of them on earth to satisfy me." A sudden whiff of smoke hid the little assembly for an in-stant and when it cleared away Herr Teufel himself was stand-ing in their midst. He was greeted with an enthusiasm which carried Maynard back to his college days in which he figured in 8 football star and his comment was,. '^^tWB«i^a^tJji(.|§.,mjti 1 GETTYSBURG COLLEGE Gettysburg, Pa. LIBRARY - 14 THE MERCURY. confined to earth."' .Now the devil persuaded them to celebrate with a dance, explaining that if any relative needed attention he would be glad to look after the matter himself. "We have no instrument," objected one spirit. "Give me a fiddle," shouted the devil. An old musician came forth, through iho crowd and produced a violin which had been buried with him at his request. "This instrument has suffered somewhat from neglect," ob-served his Satanic Majesty, "it has only two strings." But that, however, is not of any circumstance to a good musician. This,. in fact, gives me an opportunity to prove to you thai ! can w\ a bow as expertly as that form of intra-mundane trident that is peculiar to my lordly office. Let's see. Two strings. A and G. "Why, that makes a discord.*' The assembled spirits laughed a hollow laugh at this remark. "Yes, a discord," continued the devil, "the sort of progression not without canon in my tin of music. But enough of this palaver. I'll show you that if necessity is the mother of invention I'm its father." In a I ri he pulled up the A string a half tone to B fiat and began a stir-ring dance in G minor. As the strains of music began to sound shrill and clear on the night air, the shadowy forms snatched each one his partner, whether man or woman, old or young. The many joints, stiff from non-use, began to creak and grind together till the music itself was almost drowned. The practiced violinist became warmed to the fray and brought forth such magical strains that one was reminded of the sacred cremona in the hands of the master. The steps and swing of the dancers increased to the rythm of the music till the dry bones rattled and clattered aa only dry bones can. "They glided past, they glided fast Like travelers through a mist. They mocked the moon in a rigadoon Of delicate turn and tryst. "With mop and mow we saw them go Slim shadows—hand in hand. About, about, in ghostly rout They trod a savaband. THE MERCURY. 21 would require too much space. Let us limit ourselves to the manner in which the American negroes are treated by the people ef the United States, and show why they are considered so in-ferior, how they are treated and the possible remedy for closing the breach between the two races. The negro is here'to stay. It is a case of "visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth gener-ation,'' in a magnified sense. When the old slave-traders were conveying thousands of human beings across the waters, so as to make the men of another race rich and prosperous, little did they think that they would be as free and independent by law as the masters themselves. They brought them here to serve, and they thought that they would naturally serve to the end of time. Born and reared ignorant, degraded, and illiterate, they were brought to this country, where they were often treated as brutes. They were ranked as animals. As animals they received no edu-cation; they had no social intercourse with intelligent people; the}- had no chance for intellectual development, and if they would have had, they did not have the time. As a result, we have the negro of today on our hands. While they receive a much, more human treatment than they did fifty years ago, yet they are counted socially, mentally, morally, and racially inferior to the white man. There are nine millions of negroes in the United States at present. This great mass of humanity must live in some man-ner. As it is now, they must live by serving. They are not per-mitted to hold great social and political positions. They even are not permitted to earn a living as carpenters, plumbers, ma-sons, painters, and the hundred other mechanical trades. A negro can be a fireman on a locomotive, but when he is fit to be an engineer he is turned back. That position is reserved for whitemen only, although a negro may be more capable than many a white engineer. The most responsible positions that the great majority of negroes may hold is to be a bootblack, a barber, a servant, or perhaps a teamster. A great crime has been commit-ted if he becomes a prosperous farmer, or banker, or prosperous-business man. In the South he is even treated more harshly than in the North. There race prejudice exists so firmly that special schools, special hotels, and special conveyances, besides a. THE MERCURY. host of other specials, are required so that th uiv be no ming-ling of the races. We all recognize the fact that the negro is as free as we but when it comes to the point we can never admit him as an equal. Even a negro who stands at the head of his race, and who really is our equal, and possibly superior, is still held, as our inferior. Negroes are undoubtedly advancing in civilization and culture. But the very thought that they may some day be our equals, or even our superiors, is a disagreeable and repulsive thought, I dare say, to every white man and woman in the United States. To remedy these conditions a co-operation of white and I must be formed. Surely we must not retire into the old sysi of the feudalism of the Middle Ages, having the white man as the employer, and the negro as the servant. So in order not to have the feudalism of the races, the negro must be changed and become an equal of the white man. The white man should give the negro the rights of common humanity, the right to better himself, socially and economieallj'. Booker T. Washington sums up very clearly the negro's part in the following statement: "The more I study our conditions and needs, the more I am con-vinced that there is no surer road by which we can reach civic, moral, educational, and religious development, than by laying the foundation in the ownership and cultivation of the soil, the saving of money, commercial growth, and the skillful and con-scientious performance of any duty with which we are intrusted.'" THE POWER OF PUBLIC OPINION. MISS VIRGINIA BEARD, '09. |NE of the most potent factors in the direction or forma-tion of a business enterprise, political campaign, social reform and in many eases even the selection of a life course, is found to be the great motor power of public opinion. Consciously or unconsciously we hold up to this light our undertakings and their possible or probable results, and BR, IMJLLF.U IJV IPTTH.ITITTTS.IIS PICTURE FRAMES 0F AU S0RTS M W ft** * A W «h4U, REPA|R woa|( DQNE pROlwpTLY I WILL ALSO BUY OR EXCHANGE ANY SECOND-HAND FURNITURE NO. 4 CHAMBERSBURG STREET, GETTYSBURG, PA D. J. SWARTZ DEALER IN COUNTRY PRODUCE, GROCERIES, CIGARS AND TOBACCO. GETTYSBURG. SHOES REPAIRED —BY— J. ff. QoHep, 115 Baltimore St., near Court House. GOOD WORK GUARANTEED. —TS— J. I JVfUJVTPEfi Your Photographer ? If not, why not? 41 BALTIMORE ST., GETTYSBURG, PA. 8EFT0N I FLEMING'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Filbert St. A convenient and homelike place tostay while in the city shopping. An excellent restaurant where good service combines with low prices. BOOMS $1.00 PER DAY AND UP. The only moderate priced hotel of reputation and consequence in 3Pla.ilad.elplaj.a, ModgnLSteamu^dry . . OF YORK . . Offers the COLLEGE STUDENTS first-class work at Special Low Prices. E, C. STOUFFER, Local Agt. C. D. SMITH, Prop. COMPILER IMPRINT ON JOB WORK MEANS TASTY WORK CAREFULLY DONE. MENU CARDS, LETTER HEADS, WINDOW POSTERS. ENVELOPES, PANCE CARDS TICKETS, Programs of all kinds. Everything the College Man wants in Paper and Ink. Specially designed work. Latest Effects in Paper, done in Colors along lines of College Men's Associations. Catalog and Book work. The Gettysburg Compiler will keep old and new students in touch with town and college life.

THE USE OF MIND MAPPING TECHNIQUE TO TEACH WRITING OF NARRATIVE TEXT TO THE ELEVENTH GRADE Enty Novilasari English Departement, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya ndtired@gmail.com Himmawan Adi Nugroho, S.Pd., M.Pd English Departement, Languages and Arts Faculty, State University of Surabaya himmawan_95@yahoo.co.id Abstrak Bahasa Inggris adalah salah satu bahasa penting di dunia ini . Ini adalah salah satu dari banyak alasan mengapa kita harus belajar bahasa Inggris dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita adalah untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang baik karena banyak perusahaan raksasa berasal dari negara-negara asing . Ini berarti salah satu persyaratan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan yang baik adalah menguasai bahasa Inggris yang dianggap sebagai bahasa internasional . Ada empat dasar-dasar keterampilan bagi kita untuk menguasai bahasa Inggris. Salah satu keterampilan penting adalah menulis. Menulis dianggap sebagai keterampilan yang sulit , terutama bagi siswa yang belajar bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa kedua. Hal ini didukung oleh Richard dan Renandya ( 2002) yang menyatakan bahwa menulis adalah keterampilan yang paling sulit bagi pembelajar bahasa kedua. Oleh karena itu guru harus memberikan teknik alternatif untuk membantu siswa dalam menulis. Karena kasus itu, teknik pemetaan pikiran dapat menjadi alat untuk membantu siswa mengatur ide-ide sebelum mereka melakukan proses penulisan mereka. Mind Mapping adalah sebuah organizer yang merupakan representasi visual dengan tema sentral dikelilingi oleh cabang , tema , gambar , gambar , pikiran , pola , dan ide-ide yang diambil dari informasi yang diberikan selama kuliah kelas ( Trevino , 2005). Dalam penulisan mengajar ada empat langkah yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan pemetaan pikiran : penjelasan guru , memberikan topik ; membuat pemetaan pikiran ; dan proses menulis . Dan langkah-langkah yang diterapkan dalam kegiatan siswa selama proses belajar-mengajar . Penelitian ini dilakukan di MAN 2 Gresik . Subyek penelitian ini adalah 25 siswa kelas XI - A1 . Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang menggambarkan pelaksanaan pemetaan pikiran untuk mengajar menulis teks narasi Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini , penggunaan teknik pemetaan pikiran adalah sebagai bantuan untuk mengatur ide-ide siswa sebelum melakukan proses penulisan . Guru menjelaskan bagaimana menggunakan pemetaan pikiran sebelum kegiatan . Para siswa menggunakannya dalam kelompok dan secara individu sebelum proses penulisan mereka . Guru telah mengingatkan siswa struktur generik dan fitur bahasa teks narasi tetapi tampak beberapa siswa lupa itu . Kemudian , ia mencoba menjelaskan lagi . Selama proses belajar-mengajar , para siswa tampak aktif dan antusias . Berdasarkan karya siswa , setelah peneliti menganalisis menggunakan Jacob Profil komposisi ESL . Hal ini diketahui bahwa sebagian besar siswa dalam kriteria baik . Ini berarti bahwa mereka dapat membuat se narasi dengan baik . Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemetaan pikiran adalah efektif sebagai teknik untuk membantu siswa mengatur dan menghasilkan ide-ide mereka . Para guru masih harus memperhatikan kemampuan menulis siswa selama proses belajar-mengajar . Kata kunci : Menulis , Mind Mapping dan teks Narrative Abstract English is one of the important languages in this world. It is one of many reasons why we must learn English in our daily life is to get a good job because many giant companies come from foreign countries. It means one of requirements to get a good job is mastering English which is considered as an international language. There is four basics skills for us to master an English. One of the important skills is writing. Writing is considered as a difficult skill, especially for students who learn English as a second language. It is supported by Richard and Renandya (2002) who stated that writing is the most difficult skill for second language learners. Therefore the teacher should give an alternative technique to help students in their writing. Due to that case, mind mapping technique can be a tool to help students organize the ideas before they do their writing process. Mind Mapping is an organizer that is a visual representation with a central theme surrounded by branches, themes, images, pictures, thoughts, patterns, and ideas taken from information given during a class lecture (Trevino, 2005). In teaching writing there are four steps those are used in the implementation of mind mapping: teachers' explanation, giving the topic; making a mind mapping; and writing process. And those steps are implemented in the students' activities during the teaching-learning process. This research was conducted in MAN 2 Gresik. The subjects of this research were 25 students of class XI-A1. It was a descriptive qualitative research which described the implementation of mind mapping to teach writing of narrative text Based on the result of this research, the use of mind mapping technique is as a help to organize the students' ideas before doing the writing process. The teacher explained how to use mind mapping before the activity. The students using it in group and individually before their writing process. The teacher had reminded the students the generic structures and language feature of narrative text but seemed some of the students forgot it. Then, he tried to explain it again. During the teaching-learning process, the students looked active and enthusiastic. Based on the students' work, after the researcher analyzes using Jacob composition ESL Profile. It is known that most of students are in good criteria. It means that they can compose se narrative well. It can be concluded that a mind mapping was effective as a technique to help students organize and generate their ideas. The teachers still have to pay attention in students' writing ability during teaching-learning process. Keywords: Writing, Mind Mapping and Narrative text INTRODUCTION As we all know, in globalization era today, English is one of the important languages in this world. It can be seen from the great enthusiasm of Indonesian in learning English as a second language. One of the reasons why we must learn English in our daily life is to get a good job. Many giant companies come from foreign countries. It means one of requirements to get a good job is mastering English which is considered as an international language. Based on the explanation above, Indonesian government through the national education has determined that English must be taught from the elementary schools until senior high schools. By mastering English, it is easier for us to make a good relationship with other countries. In education context, English has function as a means to communicate in the daily communication, to get knowledge, to make interpersonal communication, to share information and to enjoy language lesson in English culture (Depdikbud, 2006). In Indonesia, English is taught in junior high school and senior high school, even in elementary school that is why studying English is not a new thing for the students of senior high school before. Although English is not the new thing for Senior high school students, in fact they still have many difficulties in studying English. In mastering a language, we have to pay attention to the important elements of the language. One of them is language skills including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. These four skills are really important. It can be concluded that in mastering English as a second language, we need these four skills in order to communicate by using this language. Based on the 2006 English standard competence, the purpose of English in literacy education is developing discourse competence. By improving four language skills (listening speaking, reading, and writing), students will be able to develop their discourse competence (Depdiknas, 2006). From the explanation above, writing is considered as one of language skills that has important role to help students develop their productive skill in English. Writing is a means of recording something, information, knowledge and history and express them in the form of written text. Writing is a personal act which writer draws on background knowledge and complex mental process in developing new insights (O' Malley, 1996:136). Writing is categorized as a productive skill because there is a process of creating something (Abbott et al, 1981: 143). From the explanation above we know that from this skill we get the product in the form of sentence, paragraph, and text. Productive skill consists of speaking and writing. Johnson (2001: 290), stated that writing and speaking are different. Everyone learns to speak but not everyone learns how to write. Writing is more organized and the reader cannot rely on repetition to clarify. Writing has an important role in human's activity. It creates ideas, information or something which can not be produced by spoken way. Writing also helps students to use language and to express what he wishes or needs to communicate. Furthermore, through writing ability, a student is guided to be an imaginative, creative and motivated person. In fact, writing is considered as the most difficult skill for students. It is supported by (Kroll, 1990) that writing in a second language is more complex, the act of writing in one's first language is not the same as the act of writing in one's second language. The difficulties come from the transformation of native language to foreign language. Bell and Burnabi (in Nunan,1991:6) stated that writing is an extremely complex cognitive activity that requires the writer to demonstrate control of several variables at once. At the sentences level, they include control of contents, format, sentence structure, the vocabulary, pronunciation, spelling, and letter formation. Beyond the sentence, the writer must be able to structure and integrate information into cohesive and coherent paragraphs and texts. From the explanation above, students have to think about many things in order to produce a good writing. They have to decide the ideas, vocabulary, and perhaps they worry about grammar and spelling. Those are problems that are faced by students in writing class. According to (Agustien, 2004) when the teachers teach English, their aim is to enable the students to create English sentence grammatically. It means that students who can arrangge sentence grammatically they will can create text in the english. As we know that there are many types of genres text. Agustien also added that every genre is characterized by orientation, complication and resolution. Therefore, when the teachers teach English, it is very important that they expose the learners to authentic English texts in the sense that the text contains grammatical sentences, acceptable expressions, and at the same time properly structured to serve the communicative purpose. The teachers also develop the learners' ability to write English texts in the way that is culturally acceptable in English culture. In spoken, there are also conversational moves that are common in English conversations. Those are reasons why the teachers need to address some English genres especially those that are often used in school contexts. Wells (1991) cited in Agustien (2004) explained that in teaching Senior High School students, the literacy target which is used is called informational level. It means that Senior High School graduates are expected to be able to access the accumulated knowledge because they are expected to communicate for academic purposes too. The learners are expected to be able to listen to short lectures, talk about serious matters, read popular and scientific texts, and write for different purposes. The kind of genre they learn should include those they are likely to encounter in their academic lives. According to NAEP (1987), the genre defines the style the writer will use and suggest choices about the language and structure of the composition. The text types (genre) which are taught to the Senior High School students are: recount, narrative, procedure, descriptive, news item, report, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, spoof, explanation, discussion and review. Those texts are differentiated based on their communicative purposes, generic structures and linguistic features. In writing a purposive text or an essay, students will search their memory and recall their knowledge and experience. The knowledge divided into four types; knowledge of generating idea, knowledge of organizing the content, knowledge of discourse structures, and knowledge for integrating all other types of knowledge (O'Malley, 1996: 136- 137). Those areas of knowledge lead problems to the students especially in generating ideas and constructing the generic structure of a purposive text. According to them, getting started to write is the most difficult task in writing activity. They often do not know how to write and what to write about when faced with a topic and a blank piece of paper. This facts show that student dislike writing. According to (Farrugia, 2008) one major factor that shall be tackled to contribute to good writing skills is planning. When attempting any writing task, some people tend to start directly without planning their thoughts. The repercussions when adopting such a hapzard approach is that some ideas are left out and clarity is not achieved. Sorenson (2010) explained that usually, the pre writing activities help us to find a good topic, narrow topics that are too broad, and look at purpose. Listing, free writing, brainstorming, using graphic organizer or mapping and questioning are kinds of technique that used for pre writing activity (Gatz, 2004). Graphic organizers sometimes are also called as concept-maps, entity relationship charts, or mind maps. As Chan (2004) stated mind mapping as a pre writing technique or strategy goes by a variety of names : "mind-mapping", "clustering", "bubbling", "clumping" or "webbing". They refer to the same concept. Here the researcher uses the term mind mapping. Mind mapping will be implemented in teaching writing to the eleventh grade students. Because in the eleventh grade, the students are learned by many kinds of genre. This study will take narrative text to be applied to mind mapping. By using mind mapping, the students will easier to organize and generate their ideas for four english skills, especially writing. There were studies which conducted by (Umi nadifah, 2007) which analysed mind mapping as a technique to teach speaking and (Vibriyanida Musdalifah,2008) which use mind mapping to read report text. Mind mapping not only to help them well organized and generate their ideas, but also to help their brain more concentrate to structure and arrange the ideas into cohesive and coherent paragraph. Another reason why the researcher chooses narrative text is due to its subjective and objective details to tell or retell a story, while mind mapping is a technique of arranging and exploring ideas. By using mind mapping to narrative writing, the students are directed to tell or retell story in details systematically. From all of those reason above, the researcher is interested in conducting a study entitled "The use of mind mapping as a technique to teach writing of narrative text to the eleventh grade". The purpose of this study to know the implementation of mind mapping in teaching and learning process and analyze students' work after the application of mind mapping. The subject of this reaserch are the the teacher and eleventh Graders of Senior High School students especially Eleventh science 1. METHODOLOGY The research design that used in this study is descriptive qualitative. The data would be presented and analyzed qualitatively without using any statistical instruments because there was no control and treatment group as it is found in the experimental research. The data also be presented in the form of sentences. Thirsterson (2004:359) stated that the descriptive qualitative study is a research relying on the collection of qualitative data and non numerical data such as words and pictures. It means that collecting the information by using descriptive qualitative study were observing, recognizing and understanding what was happened in the classroom. Moreover, Huda (1999) explained that qualitative research is frequently associated with the technique of analyzing data and writing research report. Thus, this research was qualitative because this study focused on describing the implementation of the technique and analyzing the students' writing composition. The researcher acted as an observer during the teaching-learning process. She only observed, described, and then reported, everything she heared and saw during the class. She evaluated the teaching-learning process and took students' writing work when the test has held. The subject of the study were the teacher who involve in the teaching and learning process and the eleventh grader students of MAN 2 Gresik. which consist of four science classes and four social. The data of this study is in form of information through observation checklist. Observation checklist described the implementation of mind mapping as a technique in teaching writing narratve texts. Then, the source of data is teacher and students' activities which happened during the teaching and learning process in the classroom which reported by the researcher using observation checklist. The data of this study also is in form of students' writing work. They was collected to know the students' writing ability after they taught using Mind mapping. And The source of the data is the students' narrative text writing work which the teacher had given in the classroom to the students in the third meeting. Then, the resarcher will analyze the composition of students' narrative writing work which consist of content, organization, vocabulary, language use and mechanic using ESL Jacob Composition Profile. The instruments which were used in doing this study were observation checklist and students' work. Observation Checklist is used to describe the implementation of the media and what kind of activities which happened during the teaching learning process in the classroom. In this case, to support the data from the observation, the researcher also used observation checklist as a guidance to know all aspect in the use of mind mapping in teaching narrative text. The students' work was used by the researcher to conduct this study was the work that given to the students to write a narrative text after the implementation of mind mapping. It was considered as an essential instrument because by giving work to the students, the researcher would know the students narrative writing ability and how mind mapping motivate the students to produce a good narrative text. To collect the data in qualitative research, there are some commonly methods which are used. Wiersman (1991) explained the methods which are used to collect the data in qualitative research are interview, observation, and document collection. In this study, the researcher got the data from the observation by using observation checklist and collected students' work. After the researcher collected all the data through observation and students' work then the writer analyzed these data in descriptive way. The way to analyze the data, the data will be collected from the observation checklist which will be described and explained based on the data noted in indicator column with "yes/no" answer. Then, the researcher will analyze the data of the students' composition from the students' work. The writer will use Holly Jacobs' Composition Profile (1981: 91) to analyze the students' writing work. According to Holly Jacobs' Composition Profile, there are five aspects which will be analyzed by the researcher to answer the research questions of the study. They are content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanic. The last, All of the data will be combined to make a conclusion and suggestion. The data which come from classroom observation will be analyzed by using descriptive analysis. Then, the researcher will analyze the students' writing work based on the rubric of ESL composition profile scoring by Jacob (1981). Finally, the researcher will describe the data by classifying them into parts based on the research questions. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS Based on the findings, the implementation of mind mapping was done in three meetings by the teacher. The use of mind mapping technique is as a help to organize the students' ideas before doing the writing process. The teacher explained how to use mind mapping before the activity. The students using it in group and individually before their writing process. The teacher had reminded the students the generic structures and language feature of narrative text but seemed some of the students forgot it. Then, he tried to explain it again During the teaching and learning process, the teacher used mind mapping as a technique to teach narrative text. The technique was given clear enough for students. In the first meeting, the teacher introduced mindmapping technique to the students. In the second and third meeting, the teacher asked students to compose narrative text using mind mapping in pre writing activity. There were three topics that were given by the teacher. They were Sangkuriang, Snow White and The 7 Dwarfs and Cinderella. In the process of writing, the teacher did not apply all the process, they are pre-writing, drafting, revising and editing. He just focused in pre writing which the implementation use mind mapping technique, Although all the process of writing were not applied, the students can compose narrative text well. Before the teacher asked students to compose narrative text, he asked them to complete mind mapping on the board which was given by the teacher, they were very active. Most of them very enthusiastic to participate complete it. It means the students understand how to use and apply mind mapping. Then, when they asked to compose narrative, they can compose well. It could be seen that by using mind mapping, it can help students to organize and generate their ideas and make them compose narrative well. This is in line with Davis (2003). He stated that mind mapping can be implemented during class to help students, individually or in groups, explore a concept or issue. Then, after the researcher analyzed the students' work. Most of students can organize and generate their ideas, so they can compose an narrative text well. But, although they could organize and generate their ideas into a narrative text, some of them still had some problems in writing activities. The researcher found the problems related the use of grammar, they had difficulties in constructing sentences to make their writing understandable. The grammar mistakes were in using simple past tense, articles, preposition and pronoun. Beside the grammar mistakes, the teacher also found the problem in choosing and using the words. Some of the students still confused to use appropriate words, so they used inappropriate words that sometimes made the reader difficult to understand the content of the story and there was content that had lack information. Some of them also could not developed well the conflict of the story, some of them also made errors of spelling and capitalization in their writing. However, after the teacher analysed the students' writing composition, most of students are good criteria in term of content (tells the idea that the writer want to share), organization (deals with the generic structure of the text), vocabulary (describes the students' knowledge in vocabulary mastery), language use (describes tenses,number, word order or function, articles and prepositions which are in supporting good writing) and mechanics (describes on spelling punctuation and capitalization of writing). It can be said that the mind mapping technique was an effective technique to teach writing narrative. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS Conclusion In conclusion, there were two things that were focused in this study. They were implementation of mind mapping to write a narrative text and the students' writing ability after being taught by using mind mapping. The implementation of mind mapping of narrative text has several steps; explanation of the technique, grouping and individual works. In each step, the students' are taught how to use mind mapping in pre-activity to help them organizing their ideas. After making mind mapping, there were students' works. The process of writing was not apllied completely by the teacher. He just focused in pre-writing activity. During the teaching-learning process, the students were very enthusiastic in making mind mapping. They also very active when the teacher asked them to complete the mind mapping on the board. It could be seen from their direct responses during the teaching-learning process. After analyzed the students' work, it is known that student's writing ability is good. Most of students are good in term of content, organization, vocabulary, language use and mechanics. It can be said that the mind mapping technique was an effective technique to teach writing narrative. It can help the students in organizing and generating their ideas in writing. So, they can compose a narrative text well Suggestions Here the researcher would like to propose some suggestions. In the process of teaching English, the teacher should be more creative and selective in choosing the technique which can help them to develop their English skills, especially writing. Mind mapping is one of the the technique. It is implemented in the pre writing activity to help the students to organize and explore their ideas also when they are lacking the ideas. On the other words, it can be said that the teacher should make variations and choose the appropriate and effective technique to teach English, such as by using Mind Mapping. By using this technique, it should encourage the students to be more active and creative and reflect students' interest, so that they can understand the lesson and get pleasure. Beside that, the teacher should understand the students's characteristic in order to make the situations of the teaching learning process more enjoyable and make them easier to understand. The teacher should asked the students to practice more using this technique in writing. It can develop their writing skill. For the further reading, the reasearcher believes that there are still many technique that can be used to teach writing narrative text which can make the students more understand the subject. Mind mapping technique is just one of the techniques that can be used to help the students to develop and explore their writing. However it also can be used to teach other skills, such as: speaking and reading. REFERENCES Abbot, et.al. 1981. The Teaching of English as an International Language; A Practical Guide. Great Britain: William Collins Sons and Co.Ltd. Buzan, Tony. (2001). Mind Map untuk meningkatkan kreativitas. Jakarta. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Buzan, Tony. (2006). How to mind map. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama Departemen Pendidikan Nasional. 2006. Standart isi dan Standart Kompetensi Lulusan: Mata Pelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Depdiknas. Gebhard, Jerry Greer. 1996. Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language. USA: The University of Michigan Press. Harmer, Jeremy. 1992. The Practice of English Language Teaching. England: Pearson Education Limited. Harmer, Jeremy. 2002. The Practice of English Language Teaching. New York: Longman Johnshon, Keith. 2001. An Introduction to Foreign Language Learning and Teaching. English: Pearson Education Limited. Kroll, Barbara. 1990. Consideration for Teaching an ESL/EFL Writing Course; Teaching English as A Second or Foreign Language. USA. Heinle and Heinle. Lado, Robert. 1977. Language Testing: The Construction and Use of Foreign Language Test. London: Longman Group, LTD. Langan, John. 2005. College Writing Skills, 6th Ed. New York: The McGraw-Hill,Inc. Lewin, L. 2003. Paving the way in reading and writing: Strategy to Support Struggling Students in Grade 6-12. San Frasisco. United of America Nunan, David.1991. Language Teaching Methodology: A Textbook for Teachers. Great Britain: Prentice Hall International Ltd. O'Malley, J. Michael. 1996. Authentic Assessment for English Language Learners. USA: Addison- Wesley Publishing Company. Richards, J.C and W.A Renandya. 2002. Methodology in Language Teaching: An Anthology of Current Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

The Mercury December, 1909 HELP THOSE WHO HELP US. The Intercollegiate Bureau of Academic Costume. Cotrell & Leonard ALBANY, N. Y. Makers of CAPS AND GOWNS To Gettysburg College. Lafayette, Lehigh. Dickinson. State College, Univ. of Penn sylvania, Harvard, Yale, Princeton. Wellesley, Bryn Mawrand the others. Class Contracts a Specialty. Correct Hoods of Degrees To The Class of '10. We have begun our college campaign for next Spring and Bummer. Over 25,000 employers look to Hapgoods for their men in sales, offices and technical positions in all departments. Most of these firms use college men. They arrange with us to cover the entire college world for them. We have a unique proposition o* immediate interest to any college man who will be open for a propo-sition. Let us tell you about it. Write to-day. !\\ITMOJVJMJ OttGJJVIZjlTlOJV UJf BltjiMJV ItUliKIillS. Commonwealth Trust Building, Philadelphia, Pa. THE) RIGHT TAILOR IN THE) WRONG LEGATION J. W. B^etim 2ND STORY iST NATIONAL BANK BUILDING After April ist will occupy room now occupied by Gettysburg National Bank WE RECOMMEND THESE FIRMS. Established 1867 by Allen Walton. ALLEN K. WALTON, Pres. and Treas. ROBT. J. WALTON, Supt. HUMMELSTOWN BROWN STONE COMPANY QUARRYMEN and Manufacturers of BUILDING STONE, SAWED FLAGGING and TILE. Waltonville, Duphin Co., Pa. CONTRACTORS FOR ALL KINDS OF CUT STONE WORK Telegraph and Express Address, Brownstone, Pa. Parties visiting quarries will leave cars at Brownstone Station on the P. & R. R. R. HOTEL GETTYSBURG, Headquarters for BANQUETS. Electric Lights, Steam Heat, All Conveniences. Free Bus to and from station. Convenient for Commencement Visitors. RATES $2.00 PER DAY. £iver-y Qitacruecl. D. R Gqtftfo.ll, Proprietor. EXPENSES IN COLLEGE $250 cash or a 3'ear in College cau be earned by one young man or young lady in each county in the United States. Plan easy and does not interfere with other occupation. No money required. For particulars address M. H. PEMBERTON, Columbia, Missouri. IWYSSfi iMMENl[STORE Successors to the E. M. Alleman Hardware Co., Manufacturer's Agent and Jobber of HARDWARE, OILS, PAINTS AND QUEENSWARE, GETTYSBURG, PA. The only Jobbing House in Adams County. ^^M PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. «««»*«#««*«»«»«»»«»««a«4He^»#«»««««#«««««#ftftft«« i • «* • « « «««« «* » »« » »» «« » « « ««« » « »»♦ * » « *«« ***« « **« ««« ** «« * **«««« Seligrqciri ARE GETTYSBURG'S MOST RELIABLE THJLO^S *£ And show their appreciation of your patronage by giving you full value for your money, and closest attention to the wants of every customer. <& Give Them Your Patronage ««« «« »• »«« « «« «««« * »«««« « «»» »*» »« ««»»««« »« ««*« »« « »««»*»««» » *«»«»«« *ft»«ft«»«tt*««#««aftfttf»ftft«»«»tt«ft«#«ft««*«««ftft«###« TATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. * innrFHS special I ^pasSS! ' i Is open for the fir I fe^ -- ^CsJJI munity who will * MUIS^SS^&I Piano or Organ. A Special Proposition rst person in an; com-deal with us for a WEAVER ORGANS AND PIANOS have no question mark to the quality. I I11I 1 I II 1 I MAIL THIS COUPON TO US. Send me special proposition for the purchase of a Piano. Name . Address WEAVER ORGAN AND PIANO CO., MANUFACTURERS, YORK, PA , U S A. ■j- "it ■I- "it *± nt 'M "it "it 't£it. w 'i- M/ tjt Wt * '•V 3t For Artistic Photographs Prices Always Right -GO TO— TjPTOjsr T|e Lutheran The Leader in PHOTO FASHIONS Frames and Passapartouts Made to Order. Come and Have a Good Shave or Hair Cut HARRY JL SEFTON'S BARBER SHOP 35 Baltimore St. Barbers Supplies a Specialty. \lso choice line of Cigars. Pulliciitioii Society No. 1424 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA, PA. Acknowledged Headquarters for anything' and everything' in the way of Books for Churches. Colleges, Families and Schools, and literature for Sunday Schools. PLEASE REMEMBER That by sending your orders to us you help build up ami develop one of the church in-stitutions with pecuniary ad-vantage to yourself. THE IUI ERCURV The Literar7 Journal of Gettysburg College. VOL. XVII GETTYSBURG, PA., DECEMBER, 1909 No. 7 CONTENTS. THE IMPORTANCE OP HEREDITY IN DECIDING A MAN'S OCCUPATION 2 WM. A. LOGAN, '10. THE FIRST CHRISTMAS.—Poem ' 5 NEWTON D. SWANK, '11. THE MUNICIPAL BATHING BEACH AT WASHING-TON G D. E. A. K. HER REASON 8 JI. IT. KRUMRINE, '11. ART. II.—TENNYSON'S CENTENARY, AUGUST 1809- 1909 12 REV. CHARLES WILLIAM HEATHCOTE, A.M., B.D. THE HONOR SYSTEM SHOULD PREVAIL AT PENN-SYLVANIA COLLEGE 15 MARY M. BAUSCH, '11. THE AMERICAN BUSINESS MAN 17 HARVEY W. STRAYER, '10. NEITHER PESSIMISM NOR OPTIMISM 20 FLORENCE G. HEATHCOTE, '10. DOES SMOKING AND DRINKING INTERFERE WITH INTELLECTUAL PROGRESS ? 22 H. F. BAUGHMAN, '10. SPAIN'S CRIME 24 EARL S. RUDISILL, '12. THE POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN GET-TYSBURG 26 HARVEY S. HOSIIOUR, '10. EDITORIALS 28 EXCHANGES 31 z. THE MERCURY. THE IMPORTANCE OF HEREDITY IN DECIDING A MAN'S OCCUPATION. WM. A. LOGAN, '10. jO consider the question of the importance of heredity in determining a man's occupation we must see what effect heredity has in general upon the life of a man, and since occupation is an outgrowth of imitation, we must determine the effect of heredity, in particular, upon imitation. But let us first see what heredity means in this connection. There are those who would tamper with the term "heredity" in its purity, corrupting it by making it cover its own natural ground and that-rightly belonging to "early environment." We prefer, and justifiably so, to look upon it in its own sphere and to exclude any contribution from this other factor. Hence, we define heredity as the name given to the transmission of gains or losses in organic development from parent to child. And upon this definition rests the solution of our question. Heredity, certainly, has importance, however limited, in de-termining a man's line of work—in fact it has importance as a determining factor in man's whole life. Taking our definition, we admit a transmission takes place in the generation of chil-dren, but note that it is a transmission of gains or losses in organic development, and hence, becomes a question of large or small capacity; for it is easy to understand that the parent who lias gained in organic development will transmit to the child an organism of superior development and therefore of greater ca-pacity. The reverse is also true of the parent who has lost in organic development. And now, although we admit this, at the same time we know from observation, that unless favorable con-ditions are brought to bear upon the life of that child of superior development, that superiority will be overcome, largely, by the lack of said conditions, and, by the time the person is ready for occupation the factor of superior development will be so subju-gated to the unfavorable conditions that it will be recognized as playing a very small part in determining the occupation which the person will take up. On the other hand, let the child of in-ferior organic development be surrounded by favorable condi- THE MERCURY. tions—what do we notice ? Simply this, that although it cannot exceed a certain limit of development, it can and will, by virtue of these favorable conditions, overcome its inferiority, and, again, we find it true that heredity plays a part, but a very small part, in determining the occupation the child will follow. This ex-plains the phenomenon of great, powerful men born of lowly and sometimes ignorant parents, yet by virtue of later environment they become the powers that they are. Now, that we may get the really vital factor which solves our question, we must consider the element, "conscious imitation." It is this, after all, which determines the occupation however true it is that it too, has its detriments. To be concise we shall quote Baldwin, who sets forth plainly the rise of conscious imi-tation, and heredity's part in this rise. He cites the fact of the late rise of conscious imitation: sixth or seventh month. This fact may be accounted for on the very evident ground of the distinction of congenital functions from the new accommo-dations of the individual child. The child's early months are taken up with its vegetative functions. The machinery of he-redity is working itself out in the new individual." And fur-ther: "In the main, therefore, there is instinctive tendency to functions of the imitative type, and to some direct organic imi-tations; but those clear conscious imitations which represent new accommodations and acquirement are not as such instinc-tive, but come later as individual acquirements." Here we see heredity limited to the determining of action in the early months of the individual's life, and giving way to that more potent fac-tor, conscious imitation which in turn is determined by environ-ment. But we have not said that heredity has no power in de-termining a man's occupation and it is for us to show now, how it limits environment. Tins has been indicated above, but not explained. Let us take the ease of transmission of losses. The parent is frail and weak and the child inherits a similar frame and weak-ness; then no amount of habit, custom or education will make that child capable to assume an occupation which requires a large, strong body. And so with the inheritance of weak organs of whatever name—a weak heart, brain, a diseased stomach, etc. —inheritance of any of these means that habit, custom or educa- THE MERCURY. tion, in a word, environment, can only succeed in making the individual fit for an occupation which will not involve any strains whatever upon the weak or diseased organs. On the side of the trasmission of gains environment docs not have this limiting influence, but, as was stated explicitly above, a favorable environment tends to produce further gains, while an unfavorable environment limits even the organism of su-perior development. To take a specific case, we know a man, born of strong, healthy, intellectual parents, whose life was somewhat in this order—school (where he ranked high) work, (first in a store then in a factory with his father, then at a trade); night school, college, seminary, and ministry. The observed facts show that the man was born with an organism of superior development which was favorably environed during his early years,—then a less favorable influence came to bear, and, (that he might have more money), he went to work. Here we see environment showing itself in two directions—from store down to factory, and from factory up to trade. But finally, en-vironment lets his organism work along favorable lines, giving him a continuous uplift through the stages from night school to college, to seminary, and to his occupation. To sum up briefly, then, we admit that a transmission of ca-pacity takes place in generation of children, but we contend that this capacity may be limited or increased according to the un-favorable or favorable environment of the individual. We say that heredity is replaced by conscious imitation, to a large de-gree and imitation is the performing of those things which we see being performed about us. And when it comes to the de-termination of an occupation wc, in choosing, imitate those whom we have found it pleasant to imitate in other matters, or we choose an occupation for which our habits, customs or educa-tion has made us adept. And all this leads to the truth: "Man is a creature of environment," however true it may be that lie himself determines largely, his environment. THE MERCURY. THE FIRST CHRISTMAS. NEWTON D. SWANK, '11. In snowy-white December's dreary days, There comes to mind that bright'ning tale of glory; Of how the angels chanted hymns of praise, And to the shepherds told the wondrous story. Good shepherds, keeping watch o'er flocks by night In that same country where the Christ was born, Were dazed as they beheld a glorious sight Ere they had caught a glimpse of waking morn. They, sore afraid, drew back with cries of fear From that great shining light sent by the Lord. Then God's own angel did to them appear; Above, in radiant brilliancy, he soared. The angel to the shepherds softly said: "Fear not, I bring you tidings of great joy, Which to all people shall be widely spread; For unto you the Christ, your king, is born! This new-born babe is Christ, the Lord of men; In manger lying wrapped in swaddling clothes, Him .you will find in David's Bethlehem"— Then suddenly a host of angels rose. They chanted soft in heavenly array, And then sang: "Glory be to God on high, And on earth peace, good-will toward men alway." The joyous shepherds were no longer shy. As these celestial angels went from them The shepherds spoke to one another thus: "Let us now even go to Bethlehem To see this Son that God hath sent to us." THE MEECUEY. They came with haste, and found sweet Mary mild, Good Joseph with the oxen standing by; Within the manger lay the Holy Child,— God's gift to man His Love doth verify. When they the babe had seen they spread abroad The saying, which was told to them about This child, the precious gift for man from God; And all who heard sent up a prayer devout. The shepherds, glorifying God, returned; With great rejoicing they left Bethlehem, Where they such wondrous things had seen and learned; But Mary kept these things and pondered them. THE MUNICIPAL BATHING BEACH AT WASHINGTON. D. E. A. K. |ASHIN"GT01ST, the city beautiful, home of great men and fair women, has like many other large cities come to realize that not only in the palaces of kings, but also in the homes of the poor, are brain and brawn, beauty and grace to be found, for although frequently styled, "the city of diplomats and politicians," she has within her confines many from the poorer classes to whom are denied many of the neces-sities, not to speak of the luxuries of life. The children of these poor, compelled to bear the sweltering heat of summer, suffered without any means of relief. Seaboard cities are fanned by cooling breezes and afford to the younger element all the bathing facilities the ocean allows. Country towns have woods and the inevitable swimming hole. Washington, although situated on the Potomac, is blessed with none of these natural bounties, for due to the depth of the water and the currents, the river has been shunned rather than sought. What was to be done in the face of such conditions? Action THE MERCURY. 7 followed swift on the heels of the realization of the necessity. The citizens of the district petitioned the commissioners and they readily granted to the committee appointed, the old Fish Commission pools and grounds and a money appropriation to make the necessary repairs and alterations. Thus one of the city's most beneficent charities had its beginning. It was but a beginning, and that only, for since this the labor expended has been almost herculean. Unused pools have been filled in, low ground has been graded, drainage has been put in, locker houses and office buildings have been provided and con-crete swimming pools built. Has it been worth while? For an answer I would ask you to go to the Bathing Beach grounds some afternoon about one o'clock. When one is a full half mile from the pools already the small boy with his bathing suit is in evidence. Although Wash-ington is a city of "magnificent distances," yet from the out-skirts they come, rich and poor, big and little, young and old, and all in a hurry. When they arrive at the grouds all willingly get in line to receive their free admission slips, for a record of the name, age and residence of all patrons is kept. At the small boys' hours the big fellow declares, "he's only a kid;" at the older boys' hours, the little one is a man grown, supports a family, "and has chewed tobacco for a year;" few such excuses however, are offered during the ladies' hours. If the troubled waters in the pools at Washington could work miraculous cures ,many would be the number healed, for from early morning to evening few are the minutes in which the pools are not "disturbed"—and not always by angels either. Splash! Splash! Splash ! All day long. One can see hundreds in the pools or waiting on the wharves. Here a senate page is having a game of tag with a "newsy" who for an hour has dropped his cry of "Sta'-Times- -Evenin' Pape," and is enjoying a dip; there "Tubby" Regan, winner of many races, paddles in his inevitable tub, joyfully ignorant of the fact that Johnny Shugrne is just ready to spill him from his slippery throne. There are shallow pools for waders, deep ones for swimmers,. "muddy" ones for the dusky patrons; all are accomodated, all are-happy, all are safe. Swimming instructors and life guards with 8 THE MERCURY. ceaseless vigil keep careful watch over the bathers, so accidents are few, fatalities none. And who is largely responsible for the instruction and con-tinuance of this factor which has proved to be an unspeakable blessing to many? Dr. Wm. B. Hudson, the present superin-tendent, "the swimmer's friend, looked Up to by the boys, re-spected by the men, asked for by the ladies; a "West Point man^ a University of Pennsylvania graduate who has entrusted to other hands his large profitable practice that he might for a mere pittance give his time and energy for the good of "the other man." All honor to such truly great men, who in a spirit of widest altruism forget self in their consideration for their fel-lows. ± ± HER REASON. M. H. KRUJIBIXE, '11. SJSPT this a grand night? Beyond description!" "It certainly is." "It is an ideal night to take a walk. Nothing would be quite as enjoyable to me as a walk. Will we take one?" Oh !— The t-t-ti—w-well! Let's take a walk." Such were the words exchanged between Jack Roberts, the big Sophomore class president and Miss Drew, the Freshman co-ed, respectively, as the former was leaving Miss Drew after having spent a most enjoyable evening in the company of the Fresh-man co-ed. It was at 11 o'clock and the walk came as a sur-prise to both. It was quite a novelty to these two representa-tives of hostile classes. True, Miss Drew had reflected on the time but the night was too grand to resist. Then, too, we must not forget that one was a class president and the other a class secretary and loyal Freshman co-ed. "Hustle on your wraps, Miss Drew, and we'll be out enjoying the glorious night," said Jack, his head in a whirl. The very fact that he had spent the evening with Miss Drew was enough THE MERCURY. to fluster him for a week and the walk in addition was enough to cause a brain-storm. He had eyed the Freshman co-ed with hungry eyes many a time as she appeared in chapel, on the campus, in dining hall or wherever she chanced to come within sight. Many a time had the rustle of her dress, the wave of her golden tresses or the sparkle of her beautiful, blue eyes caused his heart to take a sud-den leap and flutter beyond control. What this present occasion did we can only conjecture. Then, too, Mis Drew, the popidar and generally admired Freshman co-ed had not been entirely averse to the attentions paid her by the big Sophomore president. In fact, she had played several games of tennis with him, but never had Jack teen honored with her company as he was to-night. But the walk is not yet taken. "Oh! I am ready," was the quick reply, as Margaret, the co-ed, hastily donned her wraps. Soon they were off for a stroll in the country, under the open canopy of heaven, bestudded with countless stars. The silvery moon, too, was shedding its gor-geous light on the earth beneath. Thus they went forth to drink in the fresh air and beauties of the night. ISTor was their en-joyment of the walk unexpressed. "Isn't this evening perfectly charming. It is an ideal ni , I mean, it is an ideal evening. An evening such as poets love to describe. How grand it is and my enjoyment of it cannot be expressed." Such were the words of Margaret as they went along. "You have expressed my feelings exactly, Miss Drew," was the scant reply of Jack. He had other feelings to contend with. Feelings such as scarcely permitted him to open his mouth lest they give utterance,—to his sorrow—perhaps. He was perplexed and rather meditative. But he was well aware of all that hap-pened and was a very earnest audience to Margaret, reflecting carefully on all she said, which was much. Margaret apparently was enjoying the walk so much that she did not think of any-thing else. She was very talkative, as if for some specific pur-pose. As the walk was continued the perplexity of Jack did not cease, but rather increased. He was perturbed and it was only 10 THE MERCURY. a matter of time when it would become evident to his companion. '"Shall I say it ?—Will I tell her ?" mused the big class president. "How will she take it? No. I dare not, I must not, for when I mentioned Borneo and Juliet in connection with this night, she made a queer move and uttered an unexplainable sound. She objected to any such thought. Did she object? Perhaps she winced for another reason," mused Jack further. At this time the representatives of the two hostile classes were quite some distance from the college. It would take them about half an hour to get back and then they would have to walk briskly. Yet they kept on apparently unaware of the time and distance. All of a sudden an outrageous yell and din reached their ears. It was a din and it kept up for some time. Pres-ently Jack broke the silence caused by the din with the words, "What noise?" Margaret, innocent as a Freshman only can be, of course did not know. But all of a sudden, as if becoming suddenly aware of the time and distance from the college, she exclaimed rather excitedly, "Let's turn back. I fear the hour is growing late and we are some distance from the college—a good half hour's walk!" "Say a good hour's walk," said Jack as he turned to go back before he was aware of it. They journeyed back but the hideous noise and din marred their walk. How they did not know, but even Margaret was silent and Jack could not muse as before, with such an uproar going on. Furthermore he was afraid that he should be back at college, on the campus where the noise was made according to all indications. He was a class president and a Sophomore, too. What might not his class be doing. They were trained to "work" under him and without him they were as sheep without a shepherd. Perhaps the Freshmen are busy. He became alarmed the closer they came. His nerves were all a-tinkle. Just then they had come close enough to distinguish some words. "Sophomores! ""Sophomores!" "Freshmen!" "Freshmen!" "Freshmen!" burst upon their ears. "The Flagscrap!" burst forth Jack, as he made a sudden leap as if to run. THE MERCURY. 11 "Pardon me, Miss Drew, I—I forgot." "Merely class spirit," was the reply. The fact was only too well known to both now. The long looked for flag scrap had at last "come off." Then Jack did think. Here he was while the flag scrap was. going on, on the college campus. To him the walk ended in a tragedy, at least so he thought then. As they hastened back they wished their respective classes suc-cess as was only natural. Since the journey before them lasted about half an hour more, the former feelings of Jack came back. He had not said anything yet, but had come to the conclusion ihat Margaret was rather favorably inclined towards him. He gave that as her reason for taking a walk with him at such an hour. He could see no other reason. She surely must have had one and this to him seemed most plausible. Finally they reached their destination and in delicious pain Jack left the Freshman co-ed. He had not forgotten the class fight and so at the top of his speed he arrived on the college cam-pus. Yelling was at par now but it was all for the Freshmen for they had withstood the Sophomores for thirty-five minutes and their flag was still intact. Thus they had won the scrap since thirty minutes was the required time. The reason the Sophomores could not harm the Freshman flag-was because they lacked a leader—their president. No one knew where he was. That night Jack went to his room rather crestfallen. But then again he was happy for he had not forgotten the walk with one whom he idolized—yes that's what he really did. He still had hope, more strongly than ever, now, that he had left her and had time to reflect, that she had a good reason for taking the walk with him. "Yes, love was her reason" thought Jack. Next day one could see the Freshmen strutting about in high glee over the victory of the night before. After chapel, they all, at different times, and in small groups, congratulated Miss Drew, their secretary, on the noble part she had played in the flag scrap. Yes, the Freshman co-ed had a reason for taking a walk, at midnight, with the big, husky Sophomore president. 12 THE MERCURY. ART II.—TENNYSON CENTENARY AUGUST 1809-1909— Tennyson and In Memoriam. BY REV. CHARLES WILLIAM HEATHCOTE, A.M., Ji.U. IEOM the selections of Tennyson's poems you will notice his work is beautiful for its melody, and harmony. You notice that he possesses a true love for nature and has a noble Christian character. This is manifested in his friendship for Iiallam. There has been very few classic friendships in the history of the world that have come down to us. We know the story of the true friendship, Damon, a Pythago-rean, bore for Pythias. Pythias had been condemned to death by Dionysius I, of Syracuse. Pythias asked to be set at liberty for a short time to settle up his affairs. Damon pledged his own life for that of his friend, who he knew would return. Pythias did return before the day appointed for his execution. Diony-sius was so deeply impressed that he released Damon from his pledge and gave Pythias his freedom. Again we know the true friendship David bore toward Jona-than. In the account given in I Samuel, 23:17-18, we see this friendship manifested. "And he said unto him: Fear not for the hand of Saul my father shall not find thee; and thou shalt be king over Israel, and I shall be next unto thee; and that also Saul my father knoweth. And they two made a covenant before the Lord: and David abode in the woods, and Jonathan went to his house." Thus Tennyson had a true deep friendship founded on love for Arthur Henry Hallam. He reveals his friendship and love in "In Memoriam." Arthur Henry Hallam, the son of the historian Henry Hal-lam, was born Feb. 1, 1811, in London. At an early age he traveled with his parents in Italy and Switzerland. As a youth he was very precocious. After attending a private school, he was sent to Eton. Here he remained until 1827. In October, 1828, he matriculated at Trinity College, Cam-bridge. Here he became acquainted with Tennyson. There THE MERCURY. 13 was formed a friendship which was to iast forever and which was destined to be immortalized in literature. Thus should all friendships be made, not to be broken at will, but to last forever. Friendships should not be made with the purpose of using those friends for selfish motives, but that true communion of soul and spirit might exist here on earth and in the realms of eternal life. Thus the best friendships are made in mature years when one. understands the congenialities of human nature. Furthermore, the true friendships formed in college days last on through life. You know Cicero speaks of friendship thus: "Virtus, virtus inquam C. Fanni et tu Q Muci et conciliat amicitias et eonser-rat. C. De Amit XXVIII, 53 page. Emerson also says: "My careful heart was free again, 0 friend, my bosom said. Through thee alone the sky is arched, Through thee the rose is red; All things through thee take nobler form, And look beyond the earth, The mill—round of our fate appears A sim path in thy worth." Young Hallam did not distinguish himself in Greek, Latin or Mathematics while at college. His work in literature and essay writing was brilliant. He was an orator of strong ability, for he obtained a prize on declamation in 1831. He was well versed in history. He graduated from Trinity in 1832 and in October 1832, he took up the study of law. In August of 1833, Arthur accompanied his father on a trip to the continent from which he was not to return alive. He died at Vienna, Sept. 15, 1833, from an attack of intermittent fever. His remains were brought to England and interred on the 3rd of January, 1834, in Clevedin Church, Somersetshire. Hallam as a young man in his earlier college days wrote many poems which were graceful, and pleasing. We quote this one: 14 THE MERCURY. '"Alfred, I would that you beheld me now, Sitting beneath a mossy wild wall. On a quaint bench which to that structure old Winds an accordant curve." He also wrote several essays of a philosophic character, which show careful thought and preparation. Thus Tennyson as a tribute of honor to his beloved friend wrote "In Memoriam" which was first published in 1850. It is probable when Tennyson first wrote this poem that it was not his intention to publish it. There is no regular order in the poem. Tennyson wrote as his soul passed through its various states, conditions, and feelings. At one time Tennyson lost his note book. We can imagine the deep distress of the poet until it was recovered. Hallam had made a deep impression on Tennyson's life and character. He was a congenial, winsome fellow. Hallam's death was a double shock to Tennyson. In the first place his friendship was clear and indissoluble. In the second place Hal-lam was betrothed to the poet's sister Emily at the time of his death. Thus Tennyson depicts his sorrow, varied feelings, love, etc., in the poem. Prof. Genung says the theme of the poem is: "That love is intrinsically immortal." He also divides the poem thus: Prologue. Introductory Stage I—XXVII. First Cycle—XXVIII—LXXVI1. Second Cycle—LXXVIII—CIII. Third Cycle—CIV—CXXXI. Epilogue. Clianibersburg, Pa. THE 3IEKCU1SY. IB THE HONOR SYSTEM SHOULD PREVAIL AT PENNSYL-VANIA COLLEGE. MARY M. BAUSCH, '11. iX.tlic discussion of this subject, first it must be shown what is meant by the honor system. By this we mean that men and women are put on their honor, that they are pledged to perform all duties with truth, with hon-esty, and with, fairness. They are pledged not to cheat. When a man is put on his honor he is given an opportunity to prove himself a responsible being. The honor system should prevail at Pennsylvania College for two reasons. First, because the morality of the student body would be improved. Second, because the reputation of the institution would be raised in the eyes of the public. The question may be ashed, Is there any honor in our student body? The only way to prove that this exists is to have the honor system introduced into the college government. When once a student is placed on his honor he comes to realization of his position. He is no longer a mere high school boy. He is a man and must be responsible. If he is not responsible he must be taught to be. And the only way to teach responsibility is by placing the student in a responsible position. This in itself is Fufficient reason why the honor system should prevail. Our honor is our most highly prized possession. Can we en-trust our honor to another? Can we place it in the care of pro-fessors, while under his instructions and receive it at will when we pass through the portals of the institution? The four years passed here are to the average student the most formative period of his life. This is the time for you to learn to depend on your-self, to be a leader even if you have not acquired ability suffici-ent to do so. The honor system will help to accomplish these things. It will arouse in the student the desire to do right. The objection is raised that the honor system does not make all honest. This is true. No system can make a man do his work honestly if he is determined to cheat. But a public feeling is aroused against cheating, this public feeling has greater influ-ence than anything else in governing man's actions. 1G THE HEKCUKY. For the honor system to succeed at Pennsylvania College it is necessary for the student to be willing to undergo the conditions which the honor system demands. He must be ready to inform against anyone who cheats. The student must be wholly impar-tial. He cannot allow private friendships and claims to inter-fere with the discharge of his duty. This is one of the greatest principles in the training of the future citizens for our country. A keen sense of honor is especially in demand in piiblic and pri-vate life. It is even more important than education. The educated man who lacks high moral character is more at a disad-vantage than the honest man who is uneducated. The honor system is a stimulus to better work in general. It does not cover examinations only, but it also covers assigned tasks and private work. Besides the greatest cheating does not occur in examinations. It occurs more in written work done out of the class-room where the authority of the instructor does not extend. For example the writing of themes and in mathemati-cal problems. It has been said, "To cheat is one thing, to cheat a teacher is another." This especially applies to private work over which the instructor has no immediate authority. The only way to root out this fault is through the honor system. For only through the students themselves can any reform in this di-rection take place. I have said that the honor system would raise the reputation of the college in the eyes of the public. The most important part of the college is its student body. The student in a large sense makes the college. If he is dishonest, he causes a shadow of dishonesty to be cast over the institution from which he is graduated. The value of his diploma is lowered when the pub-lic once learns that by cheating he is able to pass his examina-tions. The standard of the college is made manifest by the standard of integrity and ability of its students and alumni. If the honor system prevailed at Pennsylvania College, the faculty, or rather the individual professors would be relieved of a very unpleasant duty. The duty of a spy. The imputation that the professor is a policeman would be removed. This is a very strong reason why the honor system should be adopted here. There are many students who have good impulses but lack moral strength. We all recognize the power, a strong personality . u THE MERCURY. 17 has over a group of minds. The boy upon entering college is most easily influenced by the older memebrs of the institution. Xow, if a high sense of honor were fostered in the college, the morals of the Freshman would be strengthened by the example of high honor existing among i\pperelassmen. The student who sees a high standard of honor in a fellow-student may in time be brought to adopt it for himself. Again, there are students who object to giving help, both in examinations and in private work from a sense of honesty to their professors and from principle. Consequently they are open to much criticism. If the honor system were established, they would be supported by the student body as a whole and freed from the charge of selfishness and stinginess. Finally the honor system would be the means for rooting out the idler, the man who will not work, the man who depends on getting through on somebody else's goods. Many of our institutions have established the honor system in all departments and a number of them in several departments. Among those institutions where the honor system has proven suc-cessful are Princeton, Cornell, Lehigh, Virginia, Washington and Jefferson, Washington and Lee, North Carolina, Williams, and Amherst. The methods of teaching at our college are simi-lar to those of the above named institutions, and since in general the character of students is much the same, there is no reason why the honor system should not be as successful here as in those institutions. The only to test its efficiency is to try it. THE AMERICAN BUSINESS MAN. HARVEY W. STRAYER, '10. HE American business man is one who makes an honest effort to earn a livelihood. He is the marvel of the world. He is the culmination of American industrial development. He is the one great, single, vital force responsible for America's supremacy in commerce and industry. To him we must bow our thanks for an hundred comforts which were but yesterday luxuries. 18 THE MERCURY. Through the energy, perseverance, imagination and ingenuity of the business man, feats can be performed undreamed of by the most optimistic ancestor. He has bound our country together by bands of steel; he has harnessed Niagara and a thousand other water-falls and lighted our cities with that indefinable something —electricity. He has laid the Atlantic cable and made Great Britain our own neighbor. He has united New York with San Francisco and made the State of the Golden Gate our door-mat to the Orient. He has braved the dangers of the subterranean depths and digs up for our use the precious stones and metals, and pipes to the surface the no less precious fluids. These things the American business man has done and more. He is no longer subject to nature's laws but defying even the power of gravity, sails through the air whither-so-ever he will. The American business man is above all a man of ingenuity. He harnesses nature and guides her in her own work of produc-tion. In our western country, the arid plains of yesterday are the gardens of to-day. By great engineering feats, water streams are coaxed from original courses and by proper care are made to make the parched and burned desert to bloom and blossom as the rose. In a word our business men have made living a pleasure when a century ago it was a positive pain. But our description of the business man lacks perfection until we see him in his home. See him there and you have the secret of his success. For it is there he receives encouragement and inspiration from that fount of American helpfulness—the American woman. To speak, further of the business man in his relation to the home is needless for an American reader. You may think my eulogy overdone, for I am painting the business man at his best in the home and in the industries. But even this superb creature has defects, the greatest of which it the utilization of ever moment of time for family and self at the expense of the State. For our business men too often neglect to give even a moment to the nation—to the State—to the city. They are pigmies in politics and state-craft and invite upon themselves the opprobium of the more patriotic citizens. Under these conditions of indifference the unscrupulous poli-tician springs up even as the mushroom in the night, but alas! his tenacity for life is a thousand times that of the tender and THE MERCURY. 19 short-lived mushroom. dies and never resigns. "The unscrupulous politician seldom This was the truism expressed by Jef-ferson and this fact makes it a double task to root out the American grafter, once he has attained his power. But let us thank Providence, the seat of the grafter is not al-ways unshaken. There are always some honest business men aware of the public dishonesties; always somebody ready to lead the people in their crusades against public evils; always some men ready with public confidence behind them to clean the legis-lative halls of their reeking political filth. Such men as Berry of Pennsylvania, Folk of Missouri, and Heney of California, are simply repaid for their herculean tasks by the public confidence—a thing not measured in dollars and cents. Yes, we want our business men to be honest and our honest business men to be politicians. Not until our business men be-come politicians and place politics on the high plane where it deserves to be, can we hope for continued good government. If our public officials are not honest and our business men not politicians enough to understand the public questions of the day, we tremble for the perpetuity of our country. But there is a better spirit abroad in the land. Politics is being cleansed and officials are learning the lesson that public office is a public trust. Slowly but surely we are evolving the American business man who finds time for his community and his country. This busi-ness man then, supreme in the commercial world; loving in the-home; and watchful in the State will be the hope of the future. Trusting in him in the days to come, we expect our offices to be filled with men of unimpeached integrity and the destiny of our country to be made secure. 20 THE SIEECURY. NEITHER PESSIMISM NOR OPTIMISM. FLORENCE G. HEATHCOTE '10. |MOJS"G the philosophers who have flourished during past ages the most varied theories of the universe have pre-vailed. Some have radically propounded the theory of optimism while others advocated that of pessimism. Schopenhauer's is a philosophy of despair. His belief was that the world, in which we live, with its social conditions, is the worst that ever could exist. Thus unhappiness was the inevi-table and moral rule of the human life. Leibniz's idea of this life was diametrically opposed to that of Schopenhauer's; for him happiness greatly overbalanced the pain of this world and the present world-order is the best possible. But these same two ideas exist among every class of men. The Europeans, as a whole, are rather pessimistic. This is probably on account of their less progressive condition. The Americans, on the other hand, are considered to be very optimistic on ac-count of being in a condition of prosperity. Yet America has to-day many "Schopenhauer's" as well as "Leibnizs" and their theories are just as radical as those of either of these philoso-phers. For the truly pessimistic man of to-day unhappiness is the prime element of life and the quicker death comes, the better for him. His religious, social, and business activities appear to him as only things of misery and torture. It is very evident that there is very little progress in anything a man undertakes when he upholds such a theory. "Despair is death," is a true saying. The pessimist can do very little, if anything, for the uplift of the human race, and especially for the progress of his country, with such a sombre view of life. His gloomy theory paralyzes effort. His theory, however, is only a misrepresentation, which is due to the magnifying of the various misfortunes and sorrows of this life which he has experienced. He sees no honor or justice in anything and thus he deliberately rales God out of his thoughts entirely. In such a state of mind no one is able to appreciate nature or to help others to see the right. On the other hand a radical optimist is just as far from real- THE MEitcuny. 21 izing what this life really is as the pessimist with his dark view of the universe. The optimist has, indeed, heen one of the main factors in the steady development of our land, but he, too often, forgets what true happiness really means. Everything is life and sunshine to him; misfortunes are immediately overlooked without affecting his character in the least, and thus he is car-ried on by the whirl of success, forgetting all and only looking for his own selfish joy and pleasure. Yet he is helping to pro-mote a rapid growth, perhaps, in the industrial world, but with no other thought in view except his own selfish end. Thus he has no sympathy for those who are his inferiors financially or socially and in the end he must discover that his is not the truly great happiness after all. "A man's lot is not really happy when all his desires are always and fully realized, but when he obtains a proper share of joy and sorrow, success and failure, plenty and want, straggle and peace, work and rest, and obtains it at the right time." But the truth is that there must be a blending of the opti-mistic and the pessimistic ideas, if life would appear to us reah There should be sufficient recognition of evil, so as not to ignore its presence, and a due appreciation of the good, to serve as an inspiration to high endeavor. "Life is hope" and what benefit can there be derived if one is continually in despair. The dangers and misunderstandings are well balanced by the numer-ous gifts in nature and the joy of good health. Our nation can advance only if its citizens have a "common-sense" view of life. It is by pain and persecution that their characters can be strengthened to fight the battles of life. Some great scholar has said, "This earth is dear to mortal men, not merely in spite of its tears and crosses, but also on account of them." It has been just through those men, who have held the "com-mon- sense" view that our nation is what it is to-day. Their foremost thought has been that the first thing to be done is to care for one's fellow-men. Through this noble thought there have been innumerable improvements along all lines. To make life pleasant and enjoyable for man, the construction of rail-roads, telephone, and telegraph lines have been accomplished. Useful arts and sciences have been inculcated; free schools and 22 I'll E .MI'.IICIJIIY. colleges have been opened; public libraries and churches have been erected all over the country. Even criminals of to-day are put into healthy and clean prisons where they are compelled :to do some work or to learn a trade. One of the great fruits of man's helping his fellow-men is very evident in the provision of free sanitoriums for curing various diseases and the preven-tion of epidemics. In a land where there is so much liberty offered to all and whose laws are so just, every citizen should endeavor to do his best for its welfare and advancement. To sit idly by and look at its darkest side or its brightest side will never be fruitful of any good, but let us be encouraged by the good and do our best in abolishing evil so that "this government of the people, for the people, and by the people may never perish from the earth." DOES SMOKING AND DRINKING INTERFERE WITH IN-TELLECTUAL PROGRESS. II. F. BAUGIIMAN, '10. NE of the most familiar terms used in athletic circles is the term "training." By it is expressed careful selec-tion of diet, early bed hours, clean morals and above all a strict abstinence from alcoholic beverages and to-bacco. The trainers and players all recognize the evil effects of these dissipations upon the physical system, so when football and track seasons at college come around, the candidates for these teams sign a pledge to "keep training." Perhaps after these di-versions have passed out of season, the same men who have trained faithfully for weeks may "break training" and drink and carouse as though attempting to make up for time lost. At least most men at college indulge in the use of tobacco, and a few in the use of intoxicants. 3Tow it is suggested that if such indulgences are not good for the physical system, are they not also detrimental to intellectual progress? From the statements given above it wovild appear that the majority of students think they are not, but we must remember that men do not always do THE MEBCUEY. 23 what is of the most advantage to them. We will consider the effects of each separately upon the mind, taking smoking first as it is most prevalent. Medical science shows us that smoking, especially cigarette smoking, is most injurious to the brain tissues. The smoker in-hales the poisonous nicotine and it is taken to the lungs where the blood is carried for purification, instead of receiving cleans-ing, it is acted upon by this freighted with poisonous matter. This blood is carried to the brain, there to feed the tissues with poison. Of course not all the poison is carried by the blood, be-cause the blood corpuscles and other scavengers act upon it to purify it, but they are taxed excessively by this extra task and sooner or later these organs lose part of their power and permit more poison to be carried to the brain to build up unhealthy tis-sues, which of course cannot perform their functions to any great degree, thus hindering intellectual progress. Men of experience have recognized the injurious effects of the poison, and legislators in many States are working for legisla-tion which will keep this cause of mental and physical degenera-tion from the boys in school; they recognize the fact that sound, healthy minds cannot develop in bodies that are poisoned by the same substance which must be carried also to the brain. Ke-cently in the "Philadelphia Press" there was an account of the case of a school boy whose excessive practice of the cigarette habit cost him his liberty. The account states that his mind was dulled and the boy was becoming incorrigible. This shows the effect of smoking upon one child, and its effects must be simi-lar, though not always to so great a degree, upon every smoker. Certainly the habit hinders greatly intellectual progress. Drinking is much more injurious and its effects are more plainly seen than the effects of smoking. Alcohol has a deaden-ing effect upon a man's mental powers which is well manifested while he is under the influence of liquor. He regains his pow-ers to a certain degree soon after the stimulant loses its power, hut he cannot forever do this. Gradually the brain must weaken, because a man cannot abuse any organ repeatedly without its having an evil effect upon that organ. I have seen performed an experiment with alcohol on the brain of a pigeon. When the alcohol came in contact with the tissues 24 THE MEIiCtfUY. the whole mass stiffened and congealed and remained so for quite a while. This is what happens to a less degree in a man's brain when he becomes subject to drink. The blood always carries the poison to the brain and there is does its harmful work. The ha-bitual drinker so impairs his mental powers that at last he loses 1hem entirely and becomes insane; there are perhaps more cases of insanity due to drink than to all other caiises combined. Now the liquor must have the same effect on every brain in propor-tion to the amount used and the strength of that organ for re-sisting, so no one can indulge in alcoholic beverages without im-paring his mind, and he must of necessity hinder his own men-tal progress. Smoking and drinking interfere most effectively with intel-lectual progress, and the man who wishes to always have a clear brain and do rational thinking to a point of supermacy must ab-stain from these indulgences. SPAIN'S CRIME. EARL S. RUDISILIi, '12. IING ALFONSO of Spain, in ten minutes rendered fruitless his country's ten-year diplomatic struggle for a place among the world powers when he permitted the execution of Professor Francisco Ferrer. Investiga-tions have shown that Ferrer was entirely innocent of the charge laid at his door and even if this had not been proven, the con-demnation of such a scholar against the will of all Europe, could not but reflect on the intelligence of the Spanish Government and impair its influence with the other powers. Professor Ferrer was a man of courage and great principles, a firm believer in democracy and the founder of the "Modern Schools" in Spain. It was his manly courage that spoke forth when he uttered his last words, "Aim straight; long live the Modern Schools." His democratic spirit was the indirect cause of his execution, for it was on account of this spirit that he was suspected of partaking in the outbreaks in Cataloma and Barce- THE MERCURY. lona. As the founder of schools, lie rendered the same service to Spain which our Thaddeus Stevens rendered to Pennsylva-nia and in both instances was it done in spite of strong opposi-tion. During the last decade Spain has been regaining much of the importance and influence which she seemed to have lost. Since she has been without colonial possessions she has been conserv-ing her resources for domestic improvements and great things have been accomplished. Railroads have been built, agriculture has become more important, commerce has increased and Span-ish influence at court has been doubled. Her relations with ■neighboring nations have become closer. The marriage of the king to the English Victoria has drawn England and Spain closer than ever while France also has become more closely con-nected with her. All this has taken place since the war with the United States and that conflict was largely responsible for it. Even Alfonso himself, has declared that the war was a blessing in disguise. ISTow in the midst of prosperity and improvement Spain has blighted her progress by a self-inflicted wound, and greatly im-paired her increasing prestige among the powers. Instead of friendly greetings she has received from all the world condemna-tion, and King Alfonso, who signed the death Avarrant, by shift-ing the blame on to his prime minister, caused the resignation of the entire cabinet. The government was demoralized. However, the king has appointed a new cabinet with Senor Moret at its head and it will act with a conciliatory policy but it cannot bring back to life the martyr.ed Ferrer, nor can it re-store the moral order of things so soon as it was broken. It will be an uphill struggle and one not soon over, for such a gross de-fiance of moral law will not soon be forgotten. May the future of Spain profit by the past. 26 THE MERCURY. THE POSSIBILITIES FOR IMPROVEMENTS IN GETTYSBURG. HARVEY S. HOSHOUR, "10. E it located where it may, there is no town in America which has been so honored and so revered, as Gettys-burg. This little village among the hills is known the world over. To the foreigner it is the scene of one of the world's most decisive battles; to the American it marks the turning point of the struggle which meant national life to our country; to the Gettysburg man it means all this and more. Four years' sojourn at Gettysburg cannot but add with a peculiar emphasis to our appreciation of the last full measure of devo-tion of those who fought here. But for us there is more than even this. Surrounded by the battlefield at the outskirts of town there is a little college which to every Gettysburg student is one of the dearest places on earth. This is our Alma Mater. It is a small college but there are those who love it. There is a certain atmosphere pervading the place, which seems to have taken the best from the ordinary college town life and happily blended it with the historical halo which surrounds all fields of battle. So far as the town is concerned there seem to be but few chances for improvements. It is not that the place is perfect, but it seems to me that development has already been made along the proper lines and that any departure from them in prin-ciple, would be detrimental. For example, the plan has been to make Gettysburg a residential place and not an industrial com-munity. Development along these lines is the thing needed, not any change in them. It may seem old-fashioned to argue in this strain and the objection would be justified in many places, but for Gettysburg there is a difference. Gettysburg may live behind the times of the modern factory community, but we live, not merely subsist, as is done in many such localities. To me it seems that residential growth is to be encouraged, the old tradi-tions preserved, and factory development discouraged, if Get-tysburg is to be really improved as a town. THE JIEKCUKY. 27 As a college the conditions are somewhat different. There are many radical improvements needed which do not seem to me to be a detriment to the spirit in which the institution has been fostered. The new science hall, the Y. M. C. A. building, the new gymnasium, and the newly arranged curriculum are all needed improvements. A better arrangement of the dormitory life should be attempted. The experience of other colleges seem to justify the efficacy of allowing the various fraternities to pro-vide their own sleeping departments. If this is not done, a new dormitory should be erected in the near future. While improvements in the college curriculum are strongly urged, a departure from the old classical standards is far from being desired. Gettysburg is first of all a school of classical traditions, which are too dear to every alumnus and undergradu-ate, to be discarded. We urge the addition of new courses, but not the abandonment of the old ones. This may seem to be an argument in favor of the life which lives behind the times and to a certain extent it is. Our traditions are dear to us and they last with a tenacity which only such a place as Gettysburg could develop. Every college man lores his Alma Mater, if he is worthy of her name, but the Gettysburg man has something more than this. With four years of such life as we live here, one forms a fabric-work of dreams so to speak, which, if it break or be shattered, was only an influence for good, and which if it lasts through one's lifetime is bound to be an acting force in every man's life. T^ ERCURV Entered fit the I'ostoffice at Gettysburg as second-class Matter. VOL. XVII GETTYSBURG, PA., DECEMBER, 1909 No. 7 Editor in-Chief SAMUEL FAUSOLD, 'IO. Exchange Editor G. E. BOWERSOX, 'io Business Manager PAUL S. MILLER, 'IO Ass't Bus. Managers C. M. ALLABACH, 'II S. T. BAKER, 'II Assistant Editor RALPH E. RUDISILL, 'IO Associate Editors E. J. BOWMAN, 'II C. M. DAVIS, 'II Advisory Board PROF. G. F. SANDERS, A. M. PROF. P. M. BIKXE, FH. D. PROF. C. J. GRIMM, Pit. D. Published each month, from October to June-inclusive, by the joint literary Societies of Pennsylvania (Gettysburg) College. Subscription price, one dollar a year in advance ; single copies 15 cents. Notice to discontinue sending THE MERCURY to any address must be ac-companied by all arrearages. Students, Professors and Alumni are cordially invited to contribute. All subscriptions and business matter should be addressed to the Business Manager. Articles for publication should be addressed to the Editor. Address THE MERCURY, GETTYSBURG, PA. EDITORIALS. OF tilings worth while, we often consider whether it is worth the time and money for women to re-ceive a college education. When we glance at the Greeks, we find it was the disgrace and finally the ruin of their civilization that their wives were uneducated. There vir-tue and ignorance, vice and culture were hand in hand, but America has always been distinguished for judgment and justice accorded THE MERCURY. 29 to the gentler sex. Although there is great antagonism as to the co-ed idea, yet we, being thrust into the environment of them and seeing their scholarship and influence, are convinced of their ability to successfully compete with their brothers in every field of study and research. The alumni of our colleges are seeing to it that their hoys are being educated and are urging them to work for greater college facilities. It is such spirit that has created such female institutions as Barnard, Wellesley, Smith and Vassar. Glancingatthe co-ed educational training at Cornell as to their effect on young men, we find that they have cultivated the best traits and most chivalric characteristics of manhood. Their am-bition and success have stimulated every department of college and university to a more earnest effort and higher ideal. Ignorance is no longer an excuse for keeping others ignorant, and to-day college education fits the female for the field which needs her labor, and the world is made richer for her skill and fidelity and better, too, for the independence, that we can do nothing better but quote the words of Pope: "Tis education forms the common mind, Just as the twig is bent, the tree inclined." THE TRUE To-day we hear much concerning the meeaninar PERSPEC- ° TIVE. of that modest word, "success." What constitutes success? It all depends upon the viewpoint, upon the perspec-tive. Hence at one glance, we obtain a realizing sense of the im-portance of perspective. No two persons have the same perspec-tive. The educational and hereditary traits are different for each of us. Hence our perspectives are affected differently. We all see tilings through glasses more or less colored by prejudice and bias. Although our perspectives are very different, they are not necessarily wrong. The farmer boy from Illinois will have an entirely different perspective from the son of a New York millionaire, and yet the two perspectives may be legitimate in every sense. But, that these young men should have the true perspectives of life, they must have a true sense of values. 30 THE MERCURY. It is the same with us all. We must spend a great part of out-lives in attaining the right perspective. The success of one's college career depends largely upon his sense of values. Shall the college student bend his energies in one direction or shall he aim at becoming the "all around man?" Shall he be a recluse, neglecting the social life entirely? Shall he be a social butter-fly, without intellectual ambitions? Shall he strike a happy medium between these extremes? The college student who thinks of nothing but football is a pitiable spectacle. That student is narrow—narrow in every sense, and yet the student who cannot enjoy a lively energetic football game is also to be pitied. The true perspective of life as the world sees it is to work hard, play hard, and at the same time to practice the simple life. This is the aim of the small college—to give one the right per-spective ; to give him lofty ideals, and to place in his hands the means of attaining them. Let us, therefore, second the college in her efforts: let us learn what is worth while and then go after it. GOOD The contention as to what constitutes good reading READING, is an old one. The idea that "No book is so bad but that there is some good in it," has few ardent supporters to-day. There may be something of value in every book but too often that thing of value is neutralized by the baneful. Tell me, good reader, how much of good there is in a novel such as that one en-titled, "A Woman's Temptation," by Bertha Clay. To see a col-lege man read such a book would be ludicrous, were it not that the waste of profitable time has a serious side to it. We admit that the so-called light reading may sometimes be justifiable as a temporary diversion, but let that light reading be from the more admirable writers. Why not read something from Washington Irving, Dickens, or even Jules Vernes in pref-erence to the silly, contemptible, sensational novels which flood our country. To possess a taste for really good literature is a mark of cul-ture, and true appreciation of the masters of our language is not ___^^__ THE MERCURY. 31 attained by the perusal of second-rate productions. No college man can afford to be lacking in intimacy with such men as Mil-ton, Shakespeare, Burns, Emerson and all the others who form that brilliant galaxy of pensmen that has given imperishable fame to the English language. j* EXCHANGES. IHE November exchanges are especially attractive, many being special Thanksgiving numbers, and containing essays and poems suitable to the great national holiday. We notice in reading the various papers that much of the material is contributed by alumni of the various schools. In some instances the entire literary section of the papers are given to alumni productions. What does this indicate ? In one respect it shows a healthy alumni spirit which is indeed com-mendable and in many respects desired. But on the other hand it displays a lack of literary interest on the part of the present generation of students or a disposition on the part of some edi-tors to sacrifice the best interests of their fellow-students in order to fill the magazine with articles having a higher degree of polish. After all the college paper is primarily the students' pa-per, and when it once loses the interest caused by the personal touch given by student articles, its time of service to the college community is ended. We must therefore conclude that when-ever possible literary departments should be filled with good, live articles by those in direct touch with the college life. The literary department of "The Western Maryland College Monthly" is again well filled with interesting articles, the ora-tion, "The Submerged Truth," deals in a broad and clear man-ner with the great problem of the poor in our industrial divi-sions. "The American Home" pictures in a pleasing style, and with patriotic light this greatest of American institutions. "How They Changed Their minds," and "The Eeturn of the Wan-derer" are hardly equal to the usual standard of short stories found in your magazine. We consider "The Haverfordian" as among the best exchanges we receive. Its literary tone and pleasing style are necessary 32 THE MERCURY. characteristics of a good college paper. The numerous short poems always found in its pages, shows that the love and appre-ciation of poetry still exists at Haverford. "The Albright Bulletin" contains some literary productions of high order. Its leading article, "Beacon Lights of American Poetry," is of high merit. Its author pays a glowing tribute to the world-honored Bryant. Yet we believe too much praise can-not be given a poet, who has painted pictures such as has Bryant, or who has moralized as he has in his immortal "Thanatopsis." The mild and gentle Longfellow is fairly dealt with. Oft times we are inclined to think slightingly of Longfellow because he lacks that profundity of thought found in Bryant, Lowell, and Emerson, but we must never forget that "his life and work stand as a true poem." In the article, "A Crisis in Great Britain," a powerful argument in favor of our protective system is pre-sented. A GLIMPSE OF MOONLIGHT. The moon comes up with sudden light, And each star fades to a distant spark, And from the valleys, the gloom of night, And from the hills the dark. The mountains slumber against the skies, And fade in the distance far away- Arid the wind weaves beaiitiful mysteries On the mist where the moonbeams play. And far away, in the moonlight fair, Runs the thread of a silver stream; And (lie white mists float on the soft night air, As tin angel floats through dream. —From the •'•'Southern Collegian." PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. I"N this Drama of Four Year's Course, Play your part without dad's horse ; This to do is up to you With just a little tact between each yearly act, In some domain take a stroll And sell ALUMINUM for next year's Me (roll). Every summer Uuudreds of students make BIG MONEY selliug Aluminum Cooking Uteusils. For particulars address LOUIS HETZEL, Gettysburg College, GETTYSBURG, PA. THE STEWART & STEEN CO., COLLEGE ENGRAVERS, 1024 Arch Street, PHILADELPHIA. MAKERS OF INVITATIONS, PROGBAMS, MENUS, VISITING CARDS, DANCE CARDS, MONOGRAMS, CLASS AND FRATERNITY STATIONERY. P. S. MILLER, 'to, Representative, Who has a full line of samples. (%;< 1 HI The times an ! the Schools demand that the best things shall be done and in the best manner. gai ±l\ accomplishes everything- that can be required of a good writing- in-strument. Made to last for years oJ service and give its owner the satisfaction which comes with owning "the best." From a31 dealers. TSie Globe trademark is our guarantee citco. 1.76 St. J«i 1 St., Monlrenl 12 I . I.0.I.1.' CRU- da Hi PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. FU^NTTl/fp Mattresses, Sed Springs, Iron Beds, Picture Frames, Repair Work done promptly. Under-taking a specialty. - Telephone No. 97. H. B. BENDER. 37 Baltimore Street, Gettysburg, Pa. EDGAR C. TAWNEY BAKER West Middle Street. J. B. WINEMAN, DEALER IN CHOICE FAMILY GROCERIES, PROVISIONS AND FRUITS, BOARDING CLUBS A SPECIALTY. L, WEIGAND, DEALER IN FRESH AND CURED MEATS OF ALL KINDS-Boarding Clubs a Specialty. Soul's f^estaupcmt, Ice (sPeaEQ. aiyiC (^uicl^ ISIAI^CII, No. 7 Chambersburg Street. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. EMIL ZOTHE, College Emblems, Engraver, Designer and Manufacturing Jeweler, 722 Chestnut St., Phildelphia. Specialti es: Masonic Marks, Society Badgs, College Buttons, Pi ns, Scarf Pins, Stick Pins and Atletic Prizes. All Goods ordered through E. J. Bowman. Charles S. Mumper, DEALS FURNITURE, DEALER IN PICTURE FRAMES OF ALL SORTS REPAIR WORK DONE PROMPTLY I will also BUY or EXCHANGE any SECOND-HAND FURNITURE No. 4 Charnbersburg street, Gettysburg, Pa. CULP'S RESTAURANT, First National Bank Bld'g. The place to eat the best Ice Cream. QUICK LUNCH and Oysters in season. D. J. Swartz, DEALER IN COUNTRY PRODUCE, GROCERIES, CIGARS AND TOBACCO. GETTYSBURG. —IS— J. I MUMPER Your Photographer, If not, why not? 41 Baltimore St., Gettysburg. FLEMMING X BAIR'S LIVERY, Baltimore Street, First Square, Gettysburg, Pa. Competent Guides for all parts of the Battlefield. Arrange-ments by telegram or letter. Lock Bock 257. PATRONIZE OUR ADVERTISERS. WINDSOR HOTEL, Midway between Broad St. Station and Reading Terminal on Filbert St. American Plan $2.50 per day- European Plan $1.00 per day The only moderate prieed hotel of reputation and consequence in PHILADELPHIA. The Modern Steam Laundry . . OF YORK . . Offers the COLLEGE STUDENTS first-class work at Special L,ow Prices. E. C. STOUFPER, Local Agt. C. D. SMITH, Prop. The Baltimore Medical College Preliminary Fall Course begins September ist. Regular Winter Course begins September 20th. Liberal teaching facilities ; Modern college buildings ; Comfortable lecture hall and amphitheatres ; Large and complete equipped laboratories; Capacious hospital and dispensary; Lying-in department for teaching clinical obstetrics ; Large clinics. Send for catalogue. Address DAVID STREETT, M. D., Dean, N. E. Cor. Madison St., and Linden Ave., Baltimore, Md. COMPILER IMPRINT ON JOB WORI MEANS TASTY WORK CAREFULLY LONE. MENU CARDS WINDOW POSTERS LETTER HEADS ENVELOPES DANCE CARDS TICKETS Programs of all kinds. Everything the College Man wants in lJaper and Ink. Specially designed work. Latest Effects in Paper done in Colors along lines of College Men's Associations. Catalog and Book work. The Cettysbuig Compiler will keep old and new students in touch with town and college life.

Koval I. M. FRANCIS BACON – AN EXCELLENT INNOVATOR AND PROPAGANDER OF SCIENCEThe article attempts to consider the philosophical-theoretical activity of F. Bacon aimed at revealing the roleand place of science and scientific knowledge in mastery of law by human and nature as an important factor of socialprogress.It has been established that F. Bacon was one of the first thinkers to understand the nature of the new era and theimportance of experimental scientific research for the socio-economic, political, legal, moral and cultural developmentof society. He has creatively articulated the idea of science as a force capable of equipping a man with knowledge and asan important factor in his self-improvement.The article focuses on F. Bacon's desire to actively pursue experimental research as a necessary condition forbroadening and deepening knowledge of the environment, Identification of the laws and patterns of development andfunctioning of natural phenomena, without which it is impossible for human to gain power over nature. The thinkerwas convinced that the mastery of nature and the exploitation of human beings could only be achieved through thecreation of new technologies and the constant improvement of scientific and technological inventions. The philosopherpoints out the need for a close creative link between science and technology.The paper argues that F. Bacon considered the development of a new method and methodology to be importantfor new scientific research. The philosopher declares the experimental exploration of nature as the basis for thedevelopment of scientific knowledge, and the logic behind this development should be the inductive generalization ofThe article noted that F. Bacon was an active supporter of British colonialism, and in science he had a special role toplay in his ambitions to make Britain a strong world state.The thinker was convinced that science could ensure not only economic development, but also the defensive capacityof the State, in which military science and the art of war play an important role, the expansion of trade relations withother countries, and the expansion of its territory and territory through the acquisition of new colonies.The article states that F. Bacon emphasized the close dialectic relationship between theory and practice. Anypractice, he said, could be successful if it was based on a scientifically based theory.It was found that the significant role of F. Bacon focused on experience and experimentation, focusing on carefulselection of facts. Thus, F. Bacon saw in science the great strength and social value of progressive development ofsociety.As a result of scientific research, the author of the article considers the analysis of the creativity of F. Bacon inscientific research and its evaluation. The philosophical-theoretical ideas of F. Bacon attracted the weight of WesternEuropean scientists B. Bykhovsky, T. Kotarbinsky, M. Melvil, B. Russell, L. Feyerbach, L. Feikhtanwerg, F. Fischerand others. Some aspects of the creative heritage of the English thinker were analyzed in their works by representativesof Soviet and Russian science G. Alexandrov, V. Asmus, A. Deborin, F. Kogan-Bernstein, O. Litvinova, A. Lunacharsky,Y. Mikhalenko, I. Narsky, V. Sokolov, A. Subbotin and others.Unfortunately, among the domestic researchers of scientific F. Bacon has not yet been given sufficient attention.the results of the study. ; У статті здійснено спробу розглянути філософсько-теоретичну діяльність Ф. Бекона, спрямовану на розкриттяролі і місця науки і наукових знань в опануванні людиною і законом природи як важливого чинника соціальногопрогресу.Установлено, що Ф. Бекон був одним із перших мислителів, хто усвідомив характер нової епохи і значення екс-периментальних наукових досліджень для соціально-економічного, політичного, правового, морально-етичногота культурного розвитку суспільства.Він творчо сформулював ідею щодо науки як сили, яка здатна озброїти людину знаннями, і як важливого чин-ника її самовдосконалення. У статті акцентується увага на прагненні Ф. Бекона до активного проведення експери-ментальних досліджень як необхідної умови розширення і поглиблення знань про навколишній світ, виявленнязаконів і закономірностей розвитку і функціонування природних явищ, без чого не можна заволодіти людиноювладою над природою. Мислитель був упевнений у тому, що опанувати природу і поставити її собі на службу люди-на може тільки за умови створення нової техніки, постійно вдосконалюючи науково-технічні винаходи. Філософнаголошує на необхідності тісного творчого зв'язку науки й техніки.У статті обґрунтовується, що важливим аспектом нових наукових досліджень Ф. Бекон уважав розробленнянового методу і методології дослідження. Основою розвитку наукових знань філософ оголошує експерименталь-не дослідження природи, а логікою, що забезпечує цей розвиток, має бути індуктивне узагальнення результатівдослідження.У статті наголошується, що Ф. Бекон був активним прихильником політики й ідеології британського коло-ніалізму. У науці він відводив особливу роль, мріючи тим самим перетворити Велику Британію в сильну світовудержаву.Мислитель був упевнений у тому, що наука здатна забезпечити не тільки економічний розвиток, а й обороноз-датність держави, в якій важливу роль відіграє військова наука і військове мистецтво, розширення торговельнихзв'язків з іншими країнами, а також розширення своєї території за рахунок придбання нових колоній.У статті вказується, що Ф. Бекон акцентував увагу на тісному діалектичному взаємозв'язку теорії і практики.Будь-яка практика, як заявляв він, може бути успішною, якщо вона спирається на науково обґрунтовану теорію.Установлено, що значну роль Ф. Бекон відводив досвіду й експерименту, зосереджуючи увагу на ґрунтовномувідборі фактів. Таким чином, Ф. Бекон у науці бачив велику силу і соціальну цінність прогресивного розвиткусуспільства.У результаті наукового дослідження автором статті розглядається аналіз творчості Ф. Бекона в науковихрозвідках та його оцінка. Філософські теоретичні ідеї Ф. Бекона привертали увагу західноєвропейських ученихБ. Биховського, Т. Котарбинського, М. Мелвиля, Б. Рассела, Л. Фейєрбаха,, Л. Фейхтанверга, Ф. Фішера та ін.Деякі аспекти творчої спадщини англійського мислителя аналізували у своїх працях представники радянської таросійської науки Г. Александров, В. Асмус, А. Деборин, Ф. Коган-Бернштейн, О. Литвинова, А. Луначарський,Ю. Михаленко, І. Нарський, В. Соколов, А. Субботін та ін.На жаль, серед вітчизняних дослідників Ф. Бекону дотепер не приділено достатньо уваги.

The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the effect of political marketing mix (product, price, promotion, place) and viral marketing to College student's decision on Voting West Borneo's Governor 2018-2023 period. This research is a causal quantitative research. Population on this research is college student who has suffrage on West Borneo's Governor Election 2018-2023 period. This research used purposive sampling technique with 150 samples. Data were collected by questionnaire method with likert scale 1 until 5. The analysis method used multiple linier regression analysis using SPSS V.23.0 software. The result showed that product, price and viral marketing have positive and significant effect, but promotion and place don't have significant effect on College student's voting decision on West Borneo's Governor Election 2018-2023 period. For the next research, researcher hope and suggest to add other variables that have not yet include in this research.Keywords: Political marketing mix, viral marketing, voting decision. DAFTAR PUSTAKAAlie, Marzuki. (2013). Pemasaran Politik Di Era Multi Partai. Jakarta: Ekspose.Amir, M. Taufiq. (2005). Dinamika Pemasaran: Jelajahi & Rasakan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.Azwar, Saifuddin. (2010). Metode Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.Bauer, Hans H. (1996). Political Marketing: An Information-Economic Analysis. European Journal of Marketing, 30 (10-11), 152-165.Buchari, Alma. (2011). Manajemen Pemasaran dan Pemasaran Jasa. Bandung: Alfabeta.Dajan, Anto. (1996). Pengantar Metode Statistik Jilid II. Cetakan kedelapanbelas. Jakarta: Penertbit LP3ES.Ferdinand, Augusty. (2006). Metode Penelitian Manajemen. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.Firmanzah. (2012). Marketing Politik: Antara Pemahaman dan Realitas. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.Ghozali, Imam. (2013). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan program IBM SPSS 21 Update PLS Regresi. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.Harris, Phil. (2001). To Spin or Not to Spin That is The Question, The Emergence of Modern Political Marketing. The Marketing Review 2, 35-53.Hasan, Ali. (2010). Marketing. Yogyakarta: Media Presindo.Hurlock, E.B. (1991). Psikologi Perkembangan Suatu Pendekatan Sepanjang Rentang Kehidupan (Terjemahan oleh Istiwidayanti dan Soedjarwo). Jakarta: Erlangga.Ikhsan, Ridho Bramulya dan Saggaff Shihab, Muchsin. (2010). Pengaruh Marketing Mix dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Keputusan Mahasiswa Universitas Lampung. Jurnal Manajeman dan Bisnis Sriwijaya, 08 (16).Kaplan, A. M. Haenlein, M. (2011). Two Hearts in Three-Quarter Time: How to Waltz The Social Media/Viral Marketing Dance. Business Horizons, (54), 253-263.Kotler, Phillip. (2004). Manajemen Pemasaran (edisi Bahasa Indonesia). Jakarta: PT Prenhalindo Indonesia.Kotler, Phillip dan Gary Amstrong. (2008). Dasar-Dasar Pemasaran. Alih Bahasa Alexander Sindoro, Penyunting Bahasa Bambang Sarwiji. Edisi Kesembilan. Jakarta: PT. Index.Kotler, Phillip dan Kevin L. Keller. (2009). Manajemen Pemasaran. Alih Bahasa Benyamin Mollan. Edisi Keduabelas. Jakarta: PT. Macanan Jaya Cemerlang.Kuncoro, Mudrajad. (2011). Metode Kuantitatif: Teori dan Aplikasi Untuk Bisnis & Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Manajemen YKPN.Lupiyohadi. (2001). Manajemen Pemasaran Jasa: Teori dan Praktek. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Marland, Alex dan Thierry Giasson. (2013). Investigating Political Marketing Using Mixed Method: The Case for Campaign Spending Data. Journal of Public Affairs, 13 (4), 391–402.Niffenegger. (1989). Strategies for Success From The Political Marketers. Journal of Services Marketing, 2, 15-21.Pemilihan umum Gubernur Kalimantan Barat 2018. Diakses dari https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_umum_Gubernur_Kalimantan_Barat_2018Purba, Rikki Surria. (2016). Pengaruh Viral Marketing Melalui Aplikasi Line Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian (Studi Kasus Mahasiswa Telkom University pada Tahun 2016), e-Proceeding of Applied Science, 2 (2).Puspitaningtyas. (2014). PERAN KONSULTAN POLITIK DALAM PILKADA Strategi Marketing Politik PolMark Indonesia dalam Memenangkan Joko Widodo-Basuki Tjahaja Purnama pada Pilkada Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2012. Skripsi thesis, UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA.Putra, Yanuar Surya. (2016). Theoritical Review: Teori Perbedaan Generasi. Jurnal Among Makarti, 9 (18), 123-134.Priyatno, Duwi. (2014). SPSS 22 Pengolah Data Terpraktis. Yogyakarta: ANDIPratama, Restu Dwi. (2015). Pengaruh political marketing mix terhadap keputusan memilih mahasiswa dalam pemilihan umum calon presiden dan calon wakil presiden 2014. Skripsi UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.Ristania, Novia & Jerry S. J. (2013). Analisa Pengaruh Harga, Promosi Dan Viral Marketing Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Pada "Online Shop" S-Nexian Melalui Facebook, Journal of Business Strategy and Execution, 5 (2), 131-161.Sekaran, Uma., &Bougie, R. (2017). Metode Penelitian untuk Bisnis. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.Setiyawan, Hari. (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Political Marketing Mix (Bauran Pemasaran Politik) Terhadap Keputusan Masyarakat Kota Pontianak Memilih Wali Kota Pontianak Periode 2013-2018. Jurnal Mahasiswa Manajemen, 6 (2).Selamat Tinggal Generasi Milenial, Selamat Datang Generasi Z. Retrieved from https://tirto.id/selamat-tinggal-generasi-milenial-selamat-datang-generasi-z-cnzXSiregar, Reiza J. (2019). Analisis Kemenangan Donald Trump Dalam Pemilihan Presiden Amerika Serikat Tahun 2016 (Figur Politik Donald Trump). Skripsi Reporsitori Institusi USU. Universitas Sumatera Utara.Shaughnessy. (2001). The Marketing of Political Marketing, European Journal of Marketing, 35 (9-10), 1047-1057.Situmorang, James. R. (2010). Pemasaran Viral. Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 6 (1), 59-71.Solimun et al. (2017). Metode Statistika Multivariat: Pemodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM). Malang: UB Press.Stanton, William J. (2012). Prinsip Pemasaran. Jakarta: Erlangga.Strauss, William; Howe, Neil (2000). Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation. New York, NY: Vintage Original.Sugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian Bisnis. Bandung: Alfabeta.Sugiyono. (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.Sugiyono. (2017). Metode Penelitian Bisnis: Pendekatan Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, Kombinasi, dan R&D. Bandung: AlfabetaSunyoto, Danang. (2011). Metode Penelitian Ekonomi: Alat Statistik & Analisis Output Komputer untuk Mahasiswa dan Praktisi. Yogyakarta: Caps.Swasta, Basu dan Hani Handoko. (2008). Manajemen Pemasaran: Analisis Perilaku Konsumen. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.Usia Produktif Mendominasi Pengguna Internet. Retrieved from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2018/02/23/usia-produktif-mendominasi-pengguna-internet.Williams, Christine B. (2017). Introduction: Social Media, Political Marketing and the 2016 U.S. Election. Journal of Political Marketing, doi:10.1080/15377857.2017.1345828.Wring, D. (1996). Political marketing and Party development in Britain: a `secret' history. European Journal of Marketing, 30 (10-11), 92-103.Wring, D. (1997). Reconciling Marketing with Political Science, Theories of Political Marketing. Journal of Marketing Management, 13, 651-663.

Book review in this article:GENERAL Robert Schnerb. Le XIX siècle. L'apogée de l'expansion européenne (1815‐1914). Vol. vi of Histoire Générate des Civilisations.J. H. Mundy, R. W. Emery and B. N. Nelson. Essays in Medieval Life and Thought.Hans Nabholz. Ausgewählte Aufsätze zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte.Milton Gilbert and Richard Stone (eds.). Income and Wealth, Series rv. International Association for Research in Income and Wealth.G. H. Martin. The Early Court Rolls of the Borough of Ipswich.A. R. Bridbury. England and the Salt Trade in the Later Middle Ages.Elisabeth G. Kimball (ed.). Some Sessions of the Peace in Lincolnshire, 1381‐1396, vol. 1.J. S. Roskell. The Commons in the Parliament of 1422. English Society and Parliamentary Representation under the Lancastrians.A. L. Merson (ed.). The Third Book of Remembrance of Southampton 1514‐1602. Vol. 11 (1540‐73).Barbara Winchester. Tudor Family Portrait.Royal Tyler (ed.). Calendar of State Papers, Spanish, vol. xiii, 1554‐8.G. D. Ramsay (ed.). Two Sixteenth‐Century Taxation Lists, 1545 and 1576.M. E. James (ed.). Estate Accounts of the Earls of Northumberland 1562‐1637.Allen French. Charles I and the Puritan Upheaval: a Study of the Causes of the Great Migration.Brian Frith (ed.). Gloucestershire Marriage Allegations 1637‐1680. General Editor of the Series–Patrick McGrath.David Ogg. England in the Reigns of James II and William III.Emmanuel Coppieters. English Bank Note Circulation 1694‐1954.John Rowe. Cornwall in the Age of the Industrial Revolution.Thomas Balston. William Balston, Paper‐Maker, 1759‐1849.David Williams. The Rebecca Riots: A study in Agrarian Unrest.Kenneth D. Buckley. Trade Unionism in Aberdeen, 1878 to 1900.Charles Loch Mowat. Britain Between the Wars.Edward Nevin. The Mechanics of Cheap Money.H. Duncan Hall. North American Supply.C. B. A. Behrens. Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War.R. Delatouche. 'Agriculture médiévale et population.'Marc Bloch. Les caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française, vol. II, Supplément établi par R. Dauvergne d'après les travaux de l'auteurGaston Roupnel. Histoire de la Campagne Française.M. Bloch. Esquisse d'une histoire monétaire de l'Europe.E. Dolleans AND G. Dehove. Histoire du travail en France. Vol. 1. Des origines à 1955. Vol.11. De 1919 à nos jours.M. Rey. 'Le ZIB 305 (Deuxieme partie), Étude d'histoire monétaire en France au début du XVe siècle.'Henri Lapeyre. Une famille de marchands: les Ruiz. Contribution à l'étude du commerce entre la France et l'Espagne au temps de Philippe II.H. Fréville. L'Intendance de Bretagne (1689‐1790), essai sur l'histoire d'une Intendance en Pays d'Etats au XVIIIe siécle.Pierre Dardel. Études d'histoire économique. IV: Importateurs et exportateurs rouennais au XVIIIe siécle. Antoine Guymonneau et ses opérations commerciales.Claude Fohlen. Une affaire defamille au XIXe siècle: Méquillet‐Noblot.Michel Augé‐Lartbé. La Révolution agricole.Paul Combe. Niveau de Vie et Progrès Technique en France depuis 1860.Claude Fohlen. L'Industrie textile au temps du Second Empire.Val R. Lorwin. The French Labor MovementM. Duverger. Partis politiques et classes sociales en France.Bijdragen voor de Geschiedenis der Nederlanden.René Evrard. Les artistes et les usines afer. Oeuvres d'art inspires par les usines afer.D. van Derveeghde. Le domaine du Val‐Saint‐Lambert de 1202 à 1387.F. Favresse. 'Les draperies bruxelloises en 1282′G. Doorman. De Middeleeuwse Brouwerij en de Gruit.L. Liagre. 'Le commerce de l'alum en Flandre'J. Maréchal. Bijdrage tot de Geschiedenis van het Bankwezen de Brugge.Bryce D. Lyon. 'Un compte de l'échiquier relatif aux relations d'Edouard Ier d'Angleterre avec le due Jean II de Brabant'M. K. E. Gottschalk. Historische geogrqfie van Westelijk eeuws Vlaanderen tot de Sint‐Elisabethsvloed van 1404.H. P. H. Jansen. Landbouwpacht in Brabant in de 14e en 15e eeuw.P. Jeannin. 'Anvers et la Baltique au XVIe siécle'Herman van der Wee. 'Sporen van Disconto te Antwerpen tijdens de 16e Eeuw'C. Verlinden, J. Craeybegkx and E. Scholliers. 'Mouvements des prix et des salaires en Belgique au XVIe siècle'E. Scholliers. 'De levensstandaard der arbeiders op het einde der XVIe eeuw te Antwerpen, Tijdschrift voor GeschiedenisB. H. Slicher van Bath. 'Agriculture in the Low Countries (c. 1600‐1800)'W. Brulez. 'De zoutinvoer in de Nederlanden in de i6e eeuw'H. van Werveke. 'Demografische problemen in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden (17e en 18e eeuw)',C. W. van Voorst van Beest. De Katholieke Armenz.org te Rotterdam in de 17e en 18e eeuw.J. Helsen. 'Oud grensrecht'J. A. van Houtte J. A. van Houtte, J. F. Niermeyer, J. Presser, J. Romein and H. VanWerveke (eds.)H. F. T. J. M. van den Eerenbeemt. 's‐Hertogenbosch in de Bataafse en Franse tijdP. B. A. Melief. De strijd om de armenzorg in Nederland, 1795‐1854.J. M. G. van der Poel. 'Mislukte codificatie van landbouwrecht: de Code rural'H. R. C. Wright. Free Trade and Protection in the Netherlands, 1816‐1830.J. A. van Houtte, J. F. Niermeyer, J. Presser, J.Max Suetens. Histoire de la politique commerciale de la Belgique depuis 1830 jusquà nos jours.M. van Grieken‐Taverniers. Inventaire des archives des Affaires étrangères de l'État Indépendant du Congo et du ministére des Colonies 1885‐1914.A. Huybrechts. 'La formation des prix du chemin de fer de Matadi à Léopold‐ville 1898‐1954′H. J. A. M. Schurink and J. H. van Mosselveld (eds.)J. Duffy. Shipwreck and Empire.Bernard Bailyn. The New England Merchants in the Seventeenth Century.Martha van Hoesen Taber. A History of the Cutlery Industry in the Connecticut Valley.David A. Shannon. The Socialist Party of America.E. E. Rich (ed.). A Journal of a Voyage from Rocky Mountain Portage in Peace River to the Sources of Finlays Branch and North West Ward in Summer 1824William W. Lockwood. The Economic Development of Japan: Growth and Structural Change 1868‐1938.Margaret Dewar. Labour Policy in the U.S.S.R., 1917‐1928.S. J. Butlin. War Economy 1939‐1942. [Australia in the War of 1939‐1945, Civil Series.)

The military situation in Ukraine is pushing the United States and NATO towards a fateful moment of decision — and it is doing so more quickly than most analysts predicted even a month ago.The Ukrainian defeat at Avdiivka is an indication of just how far the balance of forces has swung in Russia's favor. The collapse of an outnumbered, exhausted, and outgunned Ukrainian army is now a real possibility.In response to this looming threat, some NATO governments are now talking about the possibility of sending their own troops to Ukraine — something that all of them had previously ruled out. Speaking after a conference of European leaders in Paris on Monday, President Emmanuel Macron of France said that ground intervention was "one of the options" they had discussed. The Kremlin responded that this would "inevitably" mean war between NATO and Russia — as indeed it would, if Western forces went into action against Russian troops. To recognize the extent of the danger, it is important to understand the extent of the Ukrainian defeat at Avdiivka. This was not a planned and orderly retreat, like the Ukrainian withdrawal from Bakhmut in May 2023 or the Russian withdrawal from Kherson in November 2022. The Ukrainian forces had to leave behind their seriously wounded and much of their heavy weaponry. The Russians took hundreds of prisoners. Avdiivka, which is virtually a suburb of the Russian-occupied city of Donetsk, had also been fortified by the Ukrainians since 2014, and was one of the strongest points in their line.Of course, the Russians have also suffered very major defeats in this war: most notably, the rout of Russian forces in eastern Kharkiv in September 2022. The difference is that with more than four times Ukraine's population and 14 times its economy, Russia had the resources to recover from this defeat. Ukraine has no such resources of its own to draw on; and while the West can — up to a point — provide more weaponry, it cannot provide Ukraine with the troops to reinforce its severely depleted army — unless, as President Macron suggested, it sends its own troops into battle.Western supplies of weaponry on a sufficient scale to enable Ukraine to hold out are also now in doubt, with the U.S. aid package still held up in Congress, and European officials admitting that the EU can meet only half of its target of million artillery shells to Ukraine by this spring. As the Biden administration has stated, without continued U.S. military aid, the collapse of the Ukrainian army is a certainty.Part of the goal of the European discussions on Monday and Macron's statement about them does indeed seem to be to galvanize U.S. Republican congressmen into passing a long-delayed Ukraine aid package, and pressuring the German government into dropping its opposition to sending German long-range Taurus cruise missiles to Ukraine. The provision of these missiles would appear a safer way of helping Ukraine than sending NATO troops, and Chancellor Olaf Scholz in any case promptly ruled out sending soldiers to Ukraine, as did officials from other European NATO states, including Ukraine's strongest supporters, Poland and the United Kingdom.Safer however is not the same as safe. In the first place, if the Russians actually break through and advance rapidly, then long range missiles will not stop them and NATO will still be faced with pressure to send its own troops. If on the other hand the Ukrainians manage to hold out for months to come, then — based on their record so far — it seems certain that they would use these weapons (and the F-16 warplanes provided by NATO) to strike deep inside Russian territory, including probably Moscow itself.Of course, the Ukrainians have a perfect legal and moral right to do this, given two years of Russian missile strikes on Ukrainian cities, and there is a mood both in Ukraine and among some Western establishments that the Russian people should be given a taste of their own medicine. Indeed, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg and other Western officials have publicly encouraged the Ukrainians to do this. Legal and moral is however not the same thing as sensible and wise.In terms of practical economic effect, such Ukrainian strikes would be mere pinpricks, given Russia's huge size and resources. In terms of moral and political effect, we know from Russia's campaign against Ukrainian cities — and have known since the German bombing campaign against Britain in 1940-41 and the U.S. campaign against North Vietnam — that heavier attacks have the effect of infuriating the populations on the other side and strengthening their will to fight. Meanwhile, devastating the Russian economy would require bombardment on the scale of the campaigns against Germany and Japan in 1943-45, which is completely beyond NATO's means unless we simultaneously destroy ourselves by launching a nuclear war.The danger is, however, that if the Ukrainians managed to hit a very high profile target (like the Kremlin), or killed a large number of Russian civilians in a single strike, the Russian government might feel impelled to escalate quite radically in response. Already, many Russian hardliners are asking publicly how long Putin will tolerate NATO massively arming Ukraine without retaliating directly against NATO countries. The West could then find itself with the worst of all worlds: direct clashes with Russia (and a probable world economic crisis) that would not save Ukraine from defeat. In these circumstances, the pressure to dispatch NATO ground troops would return.It should be noted however that sending NATO troops to Ukraine does not inevitably mean sending them into battle with Russia. Should the Russians break through, it is possible to imagine NATO-nation troops being sent to preserve a rump Ukraine by holding Kyiv and a line well to the east of the Russian advance, as the basis for proposing a ceasefire and peace negotiations without preconditions. This would however imply the loss of much greater Ukrainian territories. To prevent an unintended battle with Russian forces would take extremely careful and transparent talks with Moscow. Western generals would be deeply unwilling to see their troops deployed without air cover, but with NATO and Russian air forces both operating over Ukraine the chances of an aerial clash would be very high indeed. To eliminate the risk of NATO being drawn into war with Russia, Western governments would not only have to compel Ukraine to accept a ceasefire, but most likely order the Ukrainian army to fall back to NATO lines (which many Ukrainian soldiers would probably be doing anyway). There would then have to be a wide demilitarized zone between the two sides, patrolled by United Nations troops.Should a limited NATO presence in fact lead to full-scale war with Russia and the intervention of the U.S. armed forces, then the danger of escalation to the use of (initially limited and tactical) nuclear weapons would grow immensely, bringing the world to the brink of Armageddon. One possible scenario is that after a demonstration nuclear explosion (for example, over the Black Sea), Russia would threaten to target not U.S. or European cities, but American military bases in Western Europe. How long would the nerves of European publics and governments hold out before they sued for peace?Faced with the alternative of Ukrainian defeat and running these literally existential risks, it is essential — as we have argued in a recent paper for the Quincy Institute — that pressure for continued aid to Ukraine, and statements like those of Macron, be accompanied by a serious and credible push for a compromise peace with Russia now, while we still have leverage to bring to talks. Complete victory for Ukraine is now an obvious impossibility. Any end to the fighting will therefore end in some form of compromise, and the longer we wait, the worse the terms of that compromise will be for Ukraine, and the greater the dangers will be for our countries and the world.

Article in the Arkansas Baptist about Hays' Congressional wartime visit to England and France ; A Visit to the Battle Fronts (CONTINUED FROM PAGE FIVE) "We Saw a Lot of American Soldiers in London" [photograph caption] workers, clerks, truck-drivers, nurses, and in every conveivable [sic] kind of auxiliary work. We were at Dover, observing the tunnels which had been carved out of the chalk cliffs, when we witnessed one of the last of the buzz bomb attacks. When the alarm sounded, Dr. Judd insisted that we stay above ground. We saw bright flashes across the channel, and a moment later-78 seconds, the guard said-the bombs went above us and landed a few hundred yards away. For four years now, the people of Dover have lived below ground. Army Hospitals Modern Another short trip to the coast included Southampton where we visited a Naval Hospital. I wish every mother and father of our wounded could see what we observed in these institutions. It is a beautiful site-overlooking the channel and as peaceful a spot as one could wish for. The equipment is the most complete and modern that can be procured. A doctor from America with us that day said, "I wish I could get equipment like this!" There were X-ray machines and operating tables and laboratory devices of the very latest type and every possible aid for reducing pain and discomfort, as well as hastening recovery. For entertainment there was a large library and several recreation rooms provided by the Red Cross. A splendid staff of workers has followed our men overseas and are rendering a highly important service in the war. We visited several other hospitals and in all of them there was highest praise for the work of the Red Cross. Many Churches Destroyed In Winchester, South of London, we sacrificed a tour of the gift shops to see England's oldest cathedral, the famous one which was completed in 170 A. D., and it is larger and more inspiring than any church structure I have seen in our country, though the National Cathedral at Washington, when completed, will exceed it in size. Charles Wesley was the organist at this place for 13 years, and composed some of his great hymns there. The story of England's cathedrals and church buildings is a very interesting one, especially since the blitz has damaged so many of the prominent ones. The government is prepared to bear the expense of rebuilding all wrecked church buildings, both the established and the free churches, but this aid will not extend to furnishings. When I asked some of the church leaders if help of American churches would be requested, it was indicated that aid along other lines would be lore urgently needed but that the rehabilitation of Christian churches on the continent should have priority. A gift of $15,000 which American Baptists had just sent to the denomination in Britain will be used to aid individuals who have suffered most severely from the bomb damages. Reflections at Normandy The great thrill of the trip came when General John C. H. Lee, who has distinguished himself as head of the Communications Division, sent word that General Eisenhower had said "yes' to our request to visit the Normandy battlefields and Paris, and invited us to have luncheon with the General at Allied Headquarters in France. We used air transportation and spent the busiest three days of our trip on the soil of France. The experience to be longest remembered was the view of the narrow beaches where our men held on for the first terrible hours of the invasion. After seeing that landscape and hearing eye witness accounts from the officers who guided us, I will never be lacking in appreciation of what our men accomplished on D-Day and in the bitter fighting for Normandy. Except for the precision bombing of our air forces, it would have been impossible to pierce the German defense. The Germans had held tremendous advantages in their position on hills overlooking the narrow beaches. As I surveyed that wreckage and contemplated the cost in American lives, I remembered that we in America had almost lightheartedly, though proudly, received the news of the battle last June. Now here we were-a dozen congressmen- silently looking at the place where our men had heroically begun the destruction of Fortress Europa. In clear view was the cemetery near Colleville, where thousands of those lads were buried and our own flag floated from a high pole in the center. It was hallowed soil, and everyone of us felt very reverent and we said nothing because the sentiment was so deep it defied expression. No Distincions [sic] in Rank Later in the day we visited another cemetery, at LeCande, on the road to Chebourg. Four thousand of our men were buried there, and we went inside and looked at the seemingly endless rows of white crosses, with here and there a Star of David. All of them Americans. No distinction was made as to rank. We paused a moment beside Lieutenant General McNair's grave which was marked like the others. There were flowers lying on some of the carefully tended graves and the guard told us that almost every day unknown French women walked into the cemetery and dropped the fresh bouquets. In Normandy we also visited a field hospital where we saw our doctors and nurses giving marvelous services to the wounded men under extreme conditions. We were surprised to find in the tents practically the same modern operating and laboratory equipment that we found in the base hospitals, and the staff carried on just as if they were in normal conditions. We found civilians there too-some of the French had been wounded in the fighting and they were receiving the same care and attention. Our group was greatly impressed by General Eisenhower's easy manner and obvious grasp of his tremendous responsibilities. It was an inspiring session for all of us and we reluctantly pulled ourselves away so he could go back to his work. Paris is almost gay-still displaying its joy over liberation. We saw little damage- only the leveling by the RAF of the Renault Plant, a German war factory, and slight damage to buildings where the last clashes of liberation took place. French morale is good and I have no doubt they will be able to establish a stable and democratic system. My previous fears of French deterioration proved groundless. Inflation has made the franc, once worth 25 cents, to be pegged at two cents. One of the high points of our return trip through Scotland was an evening with Sir Harry Lauder, who at 74 is in excellent health and has preserved his famed ability of entertaining with songs and stories from the last war. When Sir Harry saw me looking interestedly at a stained glass window at the stair landing inscribed "This House is God's Gift," he said, "I put it that way because it was built with the money I made from singing and acting, and you see those talents were given to me." The Trip Home We came home on the Queen Mary, which even under conditions of war travel is an indescribably beautiful and impressive vessel. Several thousand soldiers returned at the same time, and they were a happy lot. I went through the ship hospital one day- there were perhaps a thousand wounded- and one of our men who had lost an eye and still carried facial wounds said to the Colonel in charge, "Colonel, do you know why this is a good ship?" "No," said the Colonel. "Because it's taking me home," and that was speaking for all of us. The slow journey up New York harbor was interesting chiefly because of the antics of the soldiers. They made no attempt to disguise their pleasure. The band on the wharf was almost drowned out by their shouts. (Next week, Mr. Hays will tell of his visit with Baptists in England and how he was able to reestablish contact with the French Baptists who, had been stranded from others of the denomination since the fall of France.)

Das Modul wurde als Nachwahl-Befragung durchgeführt. Die daraus resultierenden
Daten werden mit Daten über das Abstimmungsverhalten, demographischen Daten, und Variablen auf Wahlkreis- und Länderebene in einem einzelnen Datensatz bereitgestellt.

CSES Variable List
Eine Liste aller Variablen wird auf der Webseite des CSES bereitgestellt. Sie verdeutlicht, welche Inhalte über das CSES verfügbar sind und erlaubt es die Inhalte über verschiedene Module des CSES zu vergleichen.

Themen:

INDIVIDUALDATEN:

Technische Variablen:
Gewichtungsvariablen; Art der Wahl; Erhebungsmodus; Geschlecht des Interviewers; Datum der Datenerhebung; Wahlkreis des Befragten; Anzahl der Tage zwischen Wahltag und Interview.

Demographie:
Alter; Geschlecht; Bildung; Familienstand; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft anderer Haushaltsmitglieder; Mitgliedschaft in einem Berufsverband; Erwerbsstatus; Beruf; sozioökonomischer Status; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor); Erwerbsstatus des Partners; Beruf des Partners; sozioökonomischer Status des Partners; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor) des Partners; Haushaltseinkommen; Anzahl Personen im Haushalt; Anzahl Kinder unter 18 im Haushalt; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Religiosität; Konfessionsmitgliedschaft; Haushaltssprache; Rasse; ethnische Zugehörigkeit; Wohnort; ländliches oder städtisches Wohnumfeld.

Befragungsvariablen:
Politische Partizipation während des letzten Wahlkampfes (Überzeugungsarbeit, Wahlkampfaktivitäten) und Häufigkeit politischer Partizipation; Kontakt zu einem Kandidaten oder einer Partei während des Wahlkampfes; Wahlbeteiligung bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Wahlentscheidung (Präsidentschafts-, Unterhaus und Oberhauswahlen ) in der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Befragter hat bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl Stimme für bevorzugten Kandidaten abgegeben; wichtigste Themen der Wahl; Beurteilung der Problemlösungskompetenz der Regierung; Demokratiezufriedenheit; Einstellung zu ausgewählten Aussagen: Es macht einen Unterschied, wer an der Macht ist und für wen die Menschen stimmen, Demokratie ist besser als andere Regierungsformen; Beurteilung der Leistung der vom Befragten bei der letzten Wahl gewählten Partei; Beurteilung der Vertretung von Wähleransichten bei den Wahlen; Partei und Spitzenpolitiker, die am besten für die Meinung des Befragten stehen; Parteiidentifikation; Intensität der Parteiidentifikation; Sympathie–Skalometer für ausgewählte Parteien; Einstufung von Parteien und Spitzenpolitikern auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politische Partizipation während der letzten fünf Jahre (Politikerkontakte, Teilnahme an einer Demonstration, Zusammenarbeit mit Gleichgesinnten); Respektieren von individueller Freiheit und Menschenrechten; Einschätzung der Verbreitung von Korruption im Land; Selbsteinstufung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politische Informiertheit.

WAHLKREISDATEN:
Anzahl der zu vergebenden Sitze im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Kandidaten im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Parteilisten; Prozentanteil der Parteien (Wahlergebnis); Wahlbeteiligung im Wahlkreis.

LÄNDERDATEN:

Wahlergebnisse der Parteien bei der aktuellen Parlamentswahl (Unterhaus / Oberhaus); Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Unterhaus; Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Oberhaus; Wahlbeteiligung; Anzahl der von jeder Partei gehalten Kabinettsposten vor und nach der letzten Wahl; Gründungsjahr der Parteien; ideologische Parteifamilien; Fraktionszugehörigkeit der Parteien im Europäischen Parlament und Zugehörigkeit zu einer internationalen Organisation; vor und nach der Wahl nicht repräsentierte bedeutende Parteien; Links-Rechts- Position der Parteien; durch Experten zugeordnete Links-Rechts-Position der Parteien und alternative Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; Konsens über Platzierung auf weiteren Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; bedeutendste Faktoren bei der Wahl; Konsens über das Ranking der Einflussfaktoren; Möglichkeit zu Wahlbündnissen im Wahlkampf; existierende Wahlbündnisse; Zahl der gewählten gesetzgebenden Kammern, für Unter- und Oberhäuser wurde codiert: Anzahl der Wahlsegmente, Anzahl der Hautwahlbezirke, Anzahl der Sitze, Größenordnung des Bezirks (Anzahl der aus jedem Bezirk gewählten Mitglieder), Anzahl der sekundären und tertiären Wahlkreise, Wahlpflicht; Anzahl abgegebener Stimmen; Abstimmungsverfahren; Stimmen übertragbar; Stimmen kumulierbar; Parteischwelle; Wahlformel; Parteilisten geschlossen, offen oder flexibel; Möglichkeit von Koalitionen; Mehrparteien-Vermerke auf Stimmzetteln; Unterstützung der verbündeten Partei; gemeinsame Parteilisten; Anforderungen für gemeinsame Parteilisten; Art der Koalitionsvereinbarungen; Staatsoberhaupt (Regimetyp); im Falle mehrerer Runden: Auswahl des Staatsoberhauptes; Direktwahl des Staatsoberhauptes und Verfahren der direkten Wahl; Schwelle für Erstrundensieg; Verfahren der Kandidatenauswahl in der Finalrunde; einfache Mehrheit oder absolute Mehrheit für den Wahlsieg in der 2. Runde; Jahr der Präsidentschaftswahl (vor oder nach den Parlamentswahlen); Prozess bei indirekter Wahl des Staatsoberhauptes; im Falle eines Wahlmänner-Gremiums: Auswahl der Wahlmänner, Beratungs- und Abstimmungsverfahren; wenn durch Gesetzgeber: gesetzgebende Kammern; Abstimmungsverfahren; verfassungsrechtliche Befugnisse des Staatoberhauptes; Stellung des Regierungsoberhauptes;
Befugnisse des Ministerpräsidenten; Methoden der Auflösung des Kabinetts; Auflösung der Legislative vor den planmäßigen Wahlen; Auflösung der Legislative durch: Staatsoberhaupt, Regierungschef, Mehrheit der Legislative, Kombination; Einschränkungen bei der Auflösung der Legislative; die zweite Kammer der Legislative (Wahlverfahren, Zusammensetzung, ausschließliche Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse, Machtbefugnisse über das Kabinett); föderale Verfassungsstruktur, zentralstaatliche Macht über Peripherie.

Das Modul wurde als Nachwahl-Befragung durchgeführt. Die daraus resultierenden Daten werden mit Daten über das Abstimmungsverhalten, demographischen Daten, und Variablen auf Wahlkreis- und Länderebene in einem einzelnen Datensatz bereitgestellt. CSES Variable List Eine Liste aller Variablen wird auf der Webseite des CSES bereitgestellt. Sie verdeutlicht, welche Inhalte über das CSES verfügbar sind und erlaubt es die Inhalte über verschiedene Module des CSES zu vergleichen. Themen: INDIVIDUALDATEN: Technische Variablen: Gewichtungsvariablen; Art der Wahl; Erhebungsmodus; Geschlecht des Interviewers; Datum der Datenerhebung; Wahlkreis des Befragten; Anzahl der Tage zwischen Wahltag und Interview. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Bildung; Familienstand; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft; Gewerkschaftsmitgliedschaft anderer Haushaltsmitglieder; Mitgliedschaft in einem Berufsverband; Erwerbsstatus; Beruf; sozioökonomischer Status; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor); Erwerbsstatus des Partners; Beruf des Partners; sozioökonomischer Status des Partners; Beschäftigungsform (öffentlicher oder privater Sektor, industrieller Sektor) des Partners; Haushaltseinkommen; Anzahl Personen im Haushalt; Anzahl Kinder unter 18 im Haushalt; Kirchgangshäufigkeit; Religiosität; Konfessionsmitgliedschaft; Haushaltssprache; Rasse; ethnische Zugehörigkeit; Wohnort; ländliches oder städtisches Wohnumfeld. Befragungsvariablen: Politische Partizipation während des letzten Wahlkampfes (Überzeugungsarbeit, Wahlkampfaktivitäten) und Häufigkeit politischer Partizipation; Kontakt zu einem Kandidaten oder einer Partei während des Wahlkampfes; Wahlbeteiligung bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Wahlentscheidung (Präsidentschafts-, Unterhaus und Oberhauswahlen ) in der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl; Befragter hat bei der aktuellen und der letzten Wahl Stimme für bevorzugten Kandidaten abgegeben; wichtigste Themen der Wahl; Beurteilung der Problemlösungskompetenz der Regierung; Demokratiezufriedenheit; Einstellung zu ausgewählten Aussagen: Es macht einen Unterschied, wer an der Macht ist und für wen die Menschen stimmen, Demokratie ist besser als andere Regierungsformen; Beurteilung der Leistung der vom Befragten bei der letzten Wahl gewählten Partei; Beurteilung der Vertretung von Wähleransichten bei den Wahlen; Partei und Spitzenpolitiker, die am besten für die Meinung des Befragten stehen; Parteiidentifikation; Intensität der Parteiidentifikation; Sympathie–Skalometer für ausgewählte Parteien; Einstufung von Parteien und Spitzenpolitikern auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politische Partizipation während der letzten fünf Jahre (Politikerkontakte, Teilnahme an einer Demonstration, Zusammenarbeit mit Gleichgesinnten); Respektieren von individueller Freiheit und Menschenrechten; Einschätzung der Verbreitung von Korruption im Land; Selbsteinstufung auf einem Links-Rechts-Kontinuum; politische Informiertheit. WAHLKREISDATEN: Anzahl der zu vergebenden Sitze im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Kandidaten im Wahlkreis; Anzahl der Parteilisten; Prozentanteil der Parteien (Wahlergebnis); Wahlbeteiligung im Wahlkreis. LÄNDERDATEN: Wahlergebnisse der Parteien bei der aktuellen Parlamentswahl (Unterhaus / Oberhaus); Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Unterhaus; Anteil der von den Parteien erhaltenen Sitze im Oberhaus; Wahlbeteiligung; Anzahl der von jeder Partei gehalten Kabinettsposten vor und nach der letzten Wahl; Gründungsjahr der Parteien; ideologische Parteifamilien; Fraktionszugehörigkeit der Parteien im Europäischen Parlament und Zugehörigkeit zu einer internationalen Organisation; vor und nach der Wahl nicht repräsentierte bedeutende Parteien; Links-Rechts- Position der Parteien; durch Experten zugeordnete Links-Rechts-Position der Parteien und alternative Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; Konsens über Platzierung auf weiteren Dimensionen des Parteienwettbewerbs; bedeutendste Faktoren bei der Wahl; Konsens über das Ranking der Einflussfaktoren; Möglichkeit zu Wahlbündnissen im Wahlkampf; existierende Wahlbündnisse; Zahl der gewählten gesetzgebenden Kammern, für Unter- und Oberhäuser wurde codiert: Anzahl der Wahlsegmente, Anzahl der Hautwahlbezirke, Anzahl der Sitze, Größenordnung des Bezirks (Anzahl der aus jedem Bezirk gewählten Mitglieder), Anzahl der sekundären und tertiären Wahlkreise, Wahlpflicht; Anzahl abgegebener Stimmen; Abstimmungsverfahren; Stimmen übertragbar; Stimmen kumulierbar; Parteischwelle; Wahlformel; Parteilisten geschlossen, offen oder flexibel; Möglichkeit von Koalitionen; Mehrparteien-Vermerke auf Stimmzetteln; Unterstützung der verbündeten Partei; gemeinsame Parteilisten; Anforderungen für gemeinsame Parteilisten; Art der Koalitionsvereinbarungen; Staatsoberhaupt (Regimetyp); im Falle mehrerer Runden: Auswahl des Staatsoberhauptes; Direktwahl des Staatsoberhauptes und Verfahren der direkten Wahl; Schwelle für Erstrundensieg; Verfahren der Kandidatenauswahl in der Finalrunde; einfache Mehrheit oder absolute Mehrheit für den Wahlsieg in der 2. Runde; Jahr der Präsidentschaftswahl (vor oder nach den Parlamentswahlen); Prozess bei indirekter Wahl des Staatsoberhauptes; im Falle eines Wahlmänner-Gremiums: Auswahl der Wahlmänner, Beratungs- und Abstimmungsverfahren; wenn durch Gesetzgeber: gesetzgebende Kammern; Abstimmungsverfahren; verfassungsrechtliche Befugnisse des Staatoberhauptes; Stellung des Regierungsoberhauptes; Befugnisse des Ministerpräsidenten; Methoden der Auflösung des Kabinetts; Auflösung der Legislative vor den planmäßigen Wahlen; Auflösung der Legislative durch: Staatsoberhaupt, Regierungschef, Mehrheit der Legislative, Kombination; Einschränkungen bei der Auflösung der Legislative; die zweite Kammer der Legislative (Wahlverfahren, Zusammensetzung, ausschließliche Gesetzgebungsbefugnisse, Machtbefugnisse über das Kabinett); föderale Verfassungsstruktur, zentralstaatliche Macht über Peripherie.