Suchergebnisse

Having water storage potential of about 88 billion cubic metre (bcm), Nepal, contributes more than 40% of the total flow and over 70% of the flow of the Ganges with the main feeders being- Mahakali, Karnali, Gandak and Koshi water basins. Regarding trans-boundary water resources management, cooperation between the riparian countries is a must. Nepal, being at the north, is the major controller of the headworks of the Ganges and bilateral agreements have been made by India separately with Nepal and Bangladesh through signing and ratification of different treaties. Hence, Nepal, India and Bangladesh are the main riparian countries among which cooperation is needed with regard to Ganges Basin. The trans-boundary water management principles and relevant articles of International Conventions/Agreements are the basic ground/footing for any bilateral/tripartite treaties. Till date, six bilateral agreements (treaties and three Memoranda of Understandings) have been signed between the riparian countries. Among these, Sharada Barage Treaty (1920), Koshi Treaty (1954 later amended on 1966), Gandak Treaty (1959 later amended on 1964), Mahakali Treaty (Tanakpur and Pancheswor, 1996) were signed between Nepal and India whereas Farakka Treaty (1977) for sharing of Ganges water at Farakka augmenting its flow and Farakka Treaty (1996) for sharing of Ganges water was signed between India and Bangladesh. The social, economic and environmental necessities of the riparian countries could be easily met vide the coordinated and collaborative development of Ganges Basin depending on the total volume of water that it has. Benefits to the river, benefits from the river, reduction of costs because of the river and benefits beyond the river are among those which could be beneficially achieved from the Ganges Basin. The sustainable management and development of the Ganges Basin's Resources is a must which has been presented in the paper within the boundary of 10 questions. Regarding Ganges Basin development, all three riparian countries have their own perspective. Bangladesh feels Ganges as the reliable source to bridge the gap of severe water shortage that has been her major excruciation in the past. India's diplomacy is in developing inter-basin transfer of water from Bhramaputra (having untapped abundant water) to the Ganges Basin through a link canal to minimize flood hazards. Nepal's first and foremost prospicience from the Ganges is harnessing the huge hydropower potential for fulfilling her domestic/industrial demands and selling the surplus energy to India and Bangladesh. Nepal have been struggling for her continued efforts for the lawful rights and benefits but yet unadmitted from the Ganges Basin is the fulfillment of her water demands, being at the upstream, with construction of large dam projects and share water resources from the snowcapped Himalayas for the collective benefit of all the people residing within the region. Another difficulty that Nepal is facing is the landlocked obligation for which she should have freely exercised the navigation rights but is deprived of. Barcelona Convention of 1921 and the United Nations Convention on Law of Seas (UNCLOS) clearly advert the navigation rights of landlocked country, according to which shall have right of access to and from the sea for the freedom of transit through the territory of transit state without any custom duties, taxes or other charges except those in connection with traffic. Hence, for the integrated balanced development of the Ganges Basin, trilateral dialogues/treaties involving Nepal, India and Bangladesh is a must which would inevitably cater for "win-win" situation to all the concerned stakeholders.

From an analytical and critical perspective of the environmental movement, which is composed of the environmental, indigenous and human rights movements, study is intended to identify contradictions and the high social and environmental costs of the developmentalist and extractive" economic model posed by the 21st Century Socialism in Venezuela to guide the post-neo-liberal transition during the period 1999-2013. Such contradictions are related to the following factors: a) the lack of coherence between the accentuation of the extractive model imposed from above, which is the financial support of the political model, and the discourse of participative democracy and sustainable endogenous development implicit in the nation's development plans and agendas defended by the Venezuelan Government in international forums; b) the inability of the Government to control the strong negative impacts deriving from the application of this model of development in indigenous communities and the areas of greatest biodiversity and ecological vulnerability and, c) the fact that development policies and plans have been designed without taking into account neither the environmental and indigenous constitutional rights nor expectations and demands of the environmental movement so they have generated strong resistance. In addition, in a rentier economy based on the exploitation of hydrocarbons such as the Venezuelan, the need for revenues to feed the social missions which are essential to reduce poverty and achieve social inclusion, has prevented transcend globalizing capitalism. In this context, the environmental movement is threatened, not by the political model which share in the majority of cases, but by the logic underlying the extractive economic model which originates high social and environmental costs. ; A partir de una perspectiva analítica y crítica del movimiento socio-ambiental -el cual está compuesto por la articulación entre el movimiento ambientalista, de derechos humanos e indígena-, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar las contradicciones y los altos costos sociales y ambientales del modelo "desarrollista-extractivista" planteado por el Socialismo del Siglo XXI en Venezuela para orientar la transición post-neoliberal durante el periodo 1999-2013. Dichas contradicciones se relacionan con los factores siguientes: a) la falta de coherencia entre la acentuación del el modelo extractivista impuesto desde arriba, que es el soporte económico del modelo político, y el discurso de la democracia participativa y del desarrollo endógeno sustentable implícitos en los planes de desarrollo de la nación y en las agendas defendidas por el gobierno venezolano en los foros internacionales; b) la incapacidad del gobierno para controlar los fuertes impactos negativos que se desprenden de la aplicación de dicho modelo de desarrollo en las comunidades indígenas y en las zonas de mayor biodiversidad y vulnerabilidad ecológica y c) el hecho que los planes y políticas de desarrollo se han diseñado sin tomar en cuenta ni los derechos constitucionales en materia ambiental e indígena ni las expectativas y demandas del movimiento socio-ambiental por lo que se generado una fuerte resistencia contra éstos. Además, en una economía rentista como la venezolana la cual está basada en la explotación de los hidrocarburos, la necesidad de ingresos para alimentar las Misiones Sociales las cuales son esenciales para reducir la pobreza y lograr la inclusión social, ha impedido transcender el capitalismo globalizador. En este contexto, el movimiento socio-ambiental se considera amenazado, no por el modelo político el cual comparten en la mayoría de los casos sino por la lógica que subyace al modelo de "progreso-extractivista" el cual origina elevados costos socio-ambientales.

Increasing competition in higher education in the Global space requires the state to develop a range of management solutions that will ensure sustainable economic development and profitability for economic agents and enable them to assess and improve their own economic security. The article examines the conditions that affect the economic security of private higher education institutions and substantiates the need to change the framework of competitive benchmarking used by Higher Education Iinstitutions of private ownership as subjects of economic activity. The success of applying university competitive benchmarking is due to the fact that it is not based on simple ranking, yet on the study of the sequence of actions in improving one or another indicator. Based on the analysis of the processes of ensuring the economic security of private HEIs, it is shown that in the realities of today the particular difficulty of ensuring the economic security of private HEIs lies in the fact that there is dearth of information exchange. In the conditions of secrecy of information in the development of an action plan for private educational institutions it is not easy to forecast the prospect of development of institutions, to periodically compare their activities with the activities of leaders. It is proposed to use state-level platforms for the university competitive benchmarking, which will enable the private universities to implement continuous improvement of educational processes. State platforms reflect the natural course of development of relations between private HEIs and represent social relations that involve the joint activities and mutual efforts of HEIs and government bodies united by common interests. Organizational and economic forms of university competitive benchmarking are generalized and specified, and tools of university competitive benchmarking management technology are proposed. Taking into account the principles of quality management, in the process of analyzing the state of organizational and managerial activity the main tasks of the state have been identified in order to create a favorable economic and legal environment for private educational activities. ; Посилення конкуренції в галузі вищої освіти у глобальному просторі вимагає від держави розробки низки управлінських рішень, які забезпечать сталий економічний розвиток та прибутковість приватним економічним агентам та нададуть їм можливість оцінювати і поліпшувати власну економічну безпеку. В статті розглянуто умови, які впливають на забезпечення економічної безпеки приватних ЗВО та обґрунтовано необхідність змін у рамкових умовах використання конкурентного бенчмаркінгу закладами вищої освіти приватної форми власності як суб'єктів господарської діяльності. Успіхи при застосуванні університетського конкурентного бенчмаркінгу обумовлені тим, що він будується не на простому ранжируванні, а на вивченні послідовності дій при поліпшенні того чи іншого показника. На основі аналізу процесів забезпечення економічної безпеки приватних ЗВО показано, що в реаліях сьогодення особлива складність забезпечення економічної безпеки приватних ЗВО полягає у відсутності обміну інформацією між закладами освіти. Недоступність та закритість інформації заважає приватним закладам освіти при розробці плану дій прорахувати перспективу розвитку закладів та періодично порівнювати їх діяльність із діяльністю ЗВО-лідерів. Запропоновано використання державних платформ із університетського конкурентного бенчмаркінгу, що надасть можливість приватним ЗВО реалізовувати безперервне вдосконалення освітніх процесів. Державні платформи відображають природний хід розвитку відносин між ЗВО і являють собою соціальні відносини, які припускають спільну діяльність та обопільне зусилля приватних ЗВО та державних органів, об'єднаних спільними інтересами. Узагальнено та уточнено організаційно-економічні форми університетського конкурентного бенчмаркінгу та запропоновано інструменти університетської конкурентно-бенчмаркінгової менеджмент-технології. Враховуючи принципи менеджменту якості, у процесі аналізу стану організаційно-управлінської діяльності визначено основні завдання держави з метою формування сприятливого економіко-правового середовища для ведення приватної освітньої діяльності.

It is a pleasure to present the fourth edition of the Cuban Journal of Finance and Prices of Volume No. 2 corresponding to the year 2018, this time with the convening of the congress of the National Association of Economists and Accountants of Cuba. Dear colleagues: The National Association of Economists and Accountants of Cuba is pleased to invite you to participate in the III INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF ECONOMIC MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT, which will be held at the Havana Convention Center, from May 29 to June 1, 2018. As part of the Congress, the XII International Conference on Accounting, Auditing and Finance, the V International Meeting of Public Administration for Development, the IV International Meeting of Cooperatives and the III International Meeting of Management and Business Management will be held. On this occasion, special attention will be given to the topics related to the role of Financial and Management Accounting in the good performance of organizations, the harmonization of International Financial Reporting Standards; the practice of independent and governmental Audit; the design and implementation of public policies; the efficiency of public administration; the role of cooperativism in territorial economic development; Successful management and business management experiences, all to raise the impact of economic management on sustainable and socially responsible development. We count on your participation, because it will contribute significantly to the enrichment of the debates of the Congress, which will encourage the search for concrete solutions to issues that affect national and international environments. Once again, the Organizing Committee guarantees a suitable space for reflection, characterized by rigor and collaboration, as well as Havana opens its doors for the enjoyment of its benefits. Cordially. Msc. Oscar Luis Hung Pentón President of the Organizing Committee Editorial Board ; Es un placer presentar la cuarta edición de la Revista Cubana de Finanzas y Precios del Volumen No. 2 correspondiente al año 2018, en esta ocasión con la convocatoria al congreso de la Asociación Nacional de Economistas y Contadores de Cuba. Estimados colegas: La Asociación Nacional de Economistas y Contadores de Cuba tiene el placer de invitarles a participar en el III CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE GESTIÓN ECONÓMICA Y DESARROLLO, que se realizará en el Palacio de Convenciones de La Habana, del 29 de mayo al 1 de junio del año 2018. Como parte del Congreso se desarrollará el XII Encuentro Internacional de Contabilidad, Auditoría y Finanzas, el V Encuentro Internacional de Administración Pública para el Desarrollo, el IV Encuentro Internacional de Cooperativismo y el III Encuentro Internacional de Gestión y Dirección Empresarial. En esta ocasión se le brindará especial atención a las temáticas vinculadas al papel de la Contabilidad Financiera y Gerencial en el buen desempeño de las organizaciones, la armonización de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera; la práctica de la Auditoría independiente y gubernamental; el diseño e implementación de las políticas públicas; la eficiencia de la administración pública; el rol del cooperativismo en el desarrollo económico territorial; las experiencias exitosas de gestión y dirección empresarial, todo ello para elevar el impacto de la gestión económica sobre el desarrollo sostenible y socialmente responsable. Contamos con su participación, pues la misma contribuirá significativamente al enriquecimiento de los debates del Congreso, los cuales propiciarán la búsqueda de soluciones concretas a temáticas que afectan entornos nacionales e internacionales. Una vez más el Comité Organizador les garantiza un espacio idóneo para la reflexión, caracterizado por el rigor y la colaboración, así como La Habana abre sus puertas para el disfrute de sus bondades. Cordialmente. Msc. Oscar Luis Hung Pentón Presidente del Comité Organizador Consejo Editorial

Introduction: outpatient medical assistance schemes were created in Cuba by governments since 1825, to help the most humble settlers, later named "houses of relief", which at the triumph of the Revolution constituted the first model of primary care in the country. A brief recount of historical notes of the Primary Health Care and Comprehensive General Medicine in the Guantánamo municipality was made, from its beginnings in the University Polyclinic "Asdrúbal López Vázquez" in 1984. Objective: to describe the development of the Primary Care of Health and Integral General Medicine in the Guantanamo municipality. Development: medical coverage, organization of health services, the emergence of the specialty and the necessary transformations of the sector were considered. The years 1984-1993 were denominated as the "decade of the development of family medicine", which represented the implementation of the specialty in the mentioned municipality. The medical coverage of the community was also described, without affecting the quality of the medical services rendered. Conclusions: the family medicine, the medical specialty of the Primary Health Care, had an evolution and ascending development, given the social need for medical care of high scientific-technical quality and at a sustainable cost. ; Introducción: los esquemas de asistencia médica ambulatoria fueron creados en Cuba por los gobiernos desde el año 1825, para socorrer a los pobladores más humildes, nombrados posteriormente "casas de socorro", que al triunfo de la Revolución constituyeron el primer modelo de atención primaria en el país. Se realizó un breve recuento de apuntes históricos de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la Medicina General Integral en el municipio Guantánamo, desde sus inicios en el Policlínico Universitario "Asdrúbal López Vázquez" en 1984. Objetivo: describir el desarrollo de la Atención Primaria de Salud y de la Medicina General Integral en el municipio Guantánamo. Desarrollo: se consideraron la cobertura médica, organización de los servicios de salud, el surgimiento de la especialidad y las transformaciones necesarias del sector. Se denominó a los años 1984-1993 como la "década del desarrollo de la medicina familiar", lo que representó la implementación de la especialidad en el mencionado municipio. Se describió, además, la cobertura médica a la comunidad, sin afectar la calidad en la prestación de los servicios médicos. Conclusiones: la medicina familiar, especialidad médica efectora de la Atención Primaria de Salud, tuvo una evolución y desarrollo ascendentes, ante la necesidad social de una atención médica de alta calidad científico-técnica y a un costo sostenible. ; Introdução: os esquemas de assistência médica ambulatorial foram criados em Cuba por governos desde 1825 para ajudar as pessoas mais pobres, mais tarde chamado de "alívio casa" que ao triunfo da Revolução constituiu o primeiro modelo de cuidados primários no país. um breve relato de notas históricas de Cuidados de Saúde Primários e Medicina Geral no município Guantanamo foi realizado, desde o seu início no Policlinico Universitario "Asdrubal López Vázquez", em 1984. Objetivo: Descrever o desenvolvimento de Atenção Básica Saúde e Medicina Geral Integral no município de Guantánamo. Desenvolvimento: cobertura médica, organização dos serviços de saúde, surgimento da especialidade e as transformações necessárias do setor. Os anos 1984-1993 foram denominados como a "década do desenvolvimento da medicina de família", que representou a implementação da especialidade no referido município. A cobertura médica da comunidade também foi descrita, sem afetar a qualidade dos serviços médicos prestados. Conclusões: medicina familiar, médico especialidade efetoras Cuidados de Saúde Primários, teve uma evolução ascendente e desenvolvimento, para a necessidade social para a ciência cuidados de saúde de alta qualidade e tecnologia e a um custo sustentável.

AbstractLife Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems: Closing the Ethical Loophole of Social SustainabilitybyNikolaos SakellariouDoctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science, Policy, and ManagementUniversity of California, BerkeleyProfessor Alastair T. Iles, ChairThis dissertation investigates the historical and normative bases of what contemporary engineers consider to be the embodiment of sustainability: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). It explores the interplay among technology ethics, energy systems, and how engineering cultures foster sustainability by adopting normative assumptions and problem-solving practices—particularly LCA—as part of their professional identities. Specifically, I provide a broad conceptual analysis of "sustainability engineering" in the US (1989-present) to unpack its history, epistemology and politics. I first show that the 1990's produced two distinct engineering ideologies of sustainability—one emphasizing engineering creativity and innovation, and the other emphasizing normative ethics and socio-cultural change. I find that the dialectic between sustainability and engineering has been defined largely by an ideology of technological change. I argue that engineering ideologies of sustainability not only affect how professionals imagine LCA as a medium of technological and environmental transformation, but also how they conceptualize sustainability as a vehicle to renegotiate engineering knowledge and identity in addressing some of the most pressing existential dilemmas facing their discipline. Next, I investigate the politics of engineering identity formation in relation to social, political, regulatory and community pressure to reshape the ethics and boundaries of LCA. I show that starting around 2000, a small group of engineers and, vitally, companies and consulting firms with an eye to addressing technology's "social impacts" have laid a basis for developing an interesting sustainability tool called Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA). SLCA, I argue, is an ideological hybrid where there are many spots of dissent and disagreement but also some surprising fundamental alignments between those who see engineering as technics and those who believe that engineering needs to be socially contextualized. SLCA attests to a messy, ongoing tussle between different viewpoints, where the dominant engineering ideology and culture begins to morph into a more open-ended approach. Finally, I focus on two case studies of sustainable energy system building—solar and wind project development in California's West Antelope Valley (WAV)—to understand in more detail the politics and ethics of LCA in energy systems. I describe how LCA became embedded in narratives and decision-making concerning renewable energy in the US—in their design, as well as in their regulatory, economic and environmental planning. California's inaugural utility scale solar and wind projects were trumpeted as conforming to principles derived from LCA. At one level, I show, the siting of solar PV projects in the WAV was predicated on a mechanism linking legitimacy and life cycle thinking. At another level, along with projects' contentious permitting and pre-construction phases, the interrelated questions of legitimacy and sustainability emerged from the LCA shadows and became central issues in rural renewable energy project development. I explore the tensions between technical expert and lay expert knowledges that swirl around the deployment of LCAs in solar project development and I argue that LCAs enabled disembodied and context-less decision-making. Seen through my ethnography in the WAV, I present material on the internecine politics of renewable energy project development that took place locally and at the Los Angeles County level—a local-regional scale perspective that is often not seen in the literature. I describe how the fractured relationships between stakeholders and the disparity between rural and urban mechanisms of governance facilitated the diminishing fairness and participatory democracy in renewable energy project dispute resolution.

Objetivo: Mediante una revisión bibliográfica se presentarán los posibles impactos en el ordenamiento territorial en su dimensión ecológica, ocasionados en los municipios de influencia de la carretera Bogotá-Villavicencio, a partir de la posibilidad de construcción de una tercera calzada en esta; determinar algunos impactos permitirá contar con un referente teórico para ser usado por entidades gubernamentales, académicas, habitantes de la zona de influencia y la empresa privada en la planificación del desarrollo del proyecto. Metodología: Se realizó un compendio de información mediante la búsqueda de artículos indexados en las bases de datos: Redalyc, Latindex, Proquest, Dialnet, Scielo, Scopus, ScienceDirect; para la búsqueda se utilizaron palabras clave definidas para la temática según Clacso y Tesauro. Resultados: El fenómeno de cambios en el ordenamiento territorial en la dimensión ecológica causados por la construcción de carreteras se encuentra enmarcado en dos componentes: primero, altera el comportamiento social, esto ha sido documentado en diferentes estudios, como causal directo de cambios en el uso del suelo afectando el ecosistema por acciones antrópicas; segundo, los cambios ocasionados por las carreteras en la estructura del paisaje afectan el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Conclusiones: La carretera Bogotá-Villavicencio sigue en expansión presionada por determinantes económicos, aún se encuentra en construcción la segunda calzada y la necesidad próxima será la construcción de una tercera; por eso se debe considerar que la carretera cuente con características específicas que promuevan el desarrollo de las regiones de manera sustentable en los territorios de influencia, debe promover un desarrollo incluyente, mediante el desarrollo económico de todos los asentamientos humanos, para no generar alteraciones del orden social que promuevan migraciones y cambios del uso del suelo por fuera de los esquemas de ordenamiento territorial (EOT) de estos municipios; segundo, crear estrategias que mitiguen el impacto y equilibren las condiciones ecológicas. ; Objective: Through a literature review, potential impacts on land use in its ecological dimension, resulting in the municipalities of influence of the Bogota-Villavicencio highway from the possibility of building a third lane will be presented in this paper; determining some impacts will provide a theoretical reference to be used by governmental and academic institutions, inhabitants of the area of influence and private enterprise in the planning of the project development. Methodology: A compendium of information was performed through the search of indexed articles in databases: Redalyc, Latindex, Proquest, Dialnet, Scielo, Scopus, ScienceDirect; defined keywords according to the theme were used for the search according to the Thesaurus Clacso. Results: The phenomenon of changes in land use in the ecological dimension caused by highways construction is framed in two components: first it alters social behavior which has been documented in different studies as a direct cause of changes in land use affecting the ecosystem by human actions; second, changes caused by highways on landscape structure affect the ecosystem functioning. Conclusions: The Bogotá-Villavicencio highway continues growing pressure from expanding economic determinants; construction is still in the second lane and next need will be the construction of a third lane. This is why the road must be considered to count with specific characteristics that promote sustainable regional development in the territories involved. It should promote inclusive development through economic development of all human settlements in order to avoid social disruptions that promote migration and changes in the land use away from the territorial planning schemes (TPS) (EOT) of these municipalities. Secondly strategies to mitigate the impact and the ecological balance must be created.

На современном этапе развития вуза и научной библиотеки (НБ) стоит задача модернизации библиотечной деятельности, обусловленная динамическими процессами, характерными для политической, экономической и социальной жизни общества. Для этого нужна стратегия достижения жизнеспособного паритета между внешней средой и внутренними возможностями библиотеки. Переход от финансирования по факту существования библиотеки к финансированию, ориентированному на конечный результат, вынуждает социальный институт эффективнее использовать имеющиеся ресурсы. Разработке стратегических направлений деятельности НБ предшествует анализ статистических показателей ее деятельности. Современная библиотечная статистика опирается на учет. На основе учета осуществляется статистический учет, который представляет собой количественные показатели работы библиотеки, отражающие объем основных выполненных библиотекой работ. В рамках статьи проведен анализ основных статических показателей деятельности библиотеки: количества пользователей, книговыдач, посещений. Дана характеристика современного состояния научной библиотеки Оренбургского государственного университета (НБ ОГУ). Сопоставлены абсолютные и средние показатели библиотеки за несколько лет, выявлены тенденции, определены прогнозы ее развития на среднесрочную и долгосрочную перспективы. Исходя из анализа статистических показателей деятельности НБ ОГУ за период с 2009 по 2013 г. явно прослеживается влияние электронных книг из электронно-библиотечных систем (ЭБС) на посещаемость и традиционную книговыдачу. Происходит вытеснение традиционного фонда, масштабы которого зависят от спроса читателей на электронные книги и уровня развития электронно-библиотечных систем. На фоне падения показателей для библиотеки имеет значение выявление новых точек роста и стратегических ориентиров. Необходим комплекс действий по созданию и реализации частных видов стратегий как составляющих общей стратегии библиотеки. В результате должна сформироваться последовательная, унифицированная и интегрированная модель решений, влияющая на развитие инфраструктуры библиотеки, особенности формирования ее информационных ресурсов, видоизменение предоставляемых ею информационных услуг, а также на квалификацию и функционал персонала. ; The objective of library activities modernization, determined by dynamic processes peculiar for political, economic and social life of our society, faces at a modern stage of higher school and academic library development. To solve the problem we need a strategy for achieving sustainable parity between the external environment and internal capabilities of the library. A shift from the funding by the library presence to financing focused on the final product make the library use available resources more effective. The analysis of statistical parameters of the academic library precedes elaboration of the strategic directions of the library activity. Modern library statistics is based on accounting. On its basis it was performed statistical records, which are quantitative indices of the library performance, reflecting main amount of work carried by the library. The article analyzes main statistical indicators of the library activity, such as: the number of users, books circulation, visits. The current state of Orenburg State University Scientific Library (OSU SL) is characterized. The comparison of absolute and average indicators of the library activity was carried out for several years, trends were identified, and the prognosis of its development was determined for the midand long-term periods. Based on the statistical analysis of OSU SL activity for 2009-2013 it was clearly shown the influence of e-books of the electronic library systems on attendance and traditional circulation. The process of traditional collection displacement takes place, which scales depend on the readers demand for e-books and the level of e-library systems development. On the background of the library parameters falling to identify new growth points and strategic orientations is of great significance. It's required a set of actions for creation and implementation of particular types of strategies as components of the general library strategy. As a result, a consistent, unified and integrated model of decisions should be formed, that affects the development of the library infrastructure, features of information resources generation, modification of provided information services, as well as the staff skills and functional.

2012/2013 ; The whole Europe is dependent on the import of energy in various forms . Given that Europe has no longer its raw materials in large quantities and had to turn to new technologies in order to produce the required amount of energy needed. There is the similar situation also in Croatia , which has recently become a full member of the European Union . This paper attempts to critically analyze the current situation in the energy sector . The thesis is oriented on the identification of the problems , barriers and reasons regarding the usage of certain types of technology , and why the implementation of this technologies are not differently organized and developed in the Republic of Croatia. The thasis also analyzes the objectives of the energy development strategy , the legal framework of implementation of renewable energy sources , the problem faced by renewables in their implementation and other segments that are associated with sustainable energy ig general. In the thesis also some themes regarding subsidizing energy production are analysed , therefore the thesis also tried to evoke the auto balance between subsidizing conventional forms of energy production and minor state subsidies for new renewable forms of energy . After each chapter the conclusions are drawn from various sub-segments , Thru the questionnaire different direct opinion and conclusions from society was analysed considering those same energy topics. The survey was conducted on a total of 617 respondents from seven different cities on the Croatian territory . The idea was to compare the results obtained from the survey with logically conclusions and argumentation that emerged from the analysis of the documents and statistical data from the previous practice in the energy sector in Croatia . The paper accented suggestions and ideas for distributed implementations of the smale scale sources with most emphasis on the fotovoltaic tecnology . Proposal for smaller sources is justified and argumented in the thesis by technical and economic elements , and the thesis tried to explain and argument the viability of this proposal. In the circles that follow the development of the energy sector in Croatia , some facts about the barriers and possible improvements in the restructure of the renewable implementation plan is generally familiar. In this study it is mostly accented the fact that a small distributed renewable sources are ideal for the current energy situation in Croatia and therefore should be taken more into consideration for futher development of the renewable sector. Small sources are interesting for several reasons, among others , because they were easily accessible to ordinary households , and therefore it encourages employment at the local level . From a technical perspective , it is easiest to implement in existing power system and do not affect negatively the distribution network like large solution of from the renewable energy element portfolio. The paper discusses also the financing and promoting of renewable energy sources and on their promotion by the state . There are known conclusions and around predominantly already known general knowledge and practical problems around the implementation of certain renewable energy technologies and all these conclusions are compared with respondents' opinion on various issues . This work led to thinking that the problems regarding the implementation of renewable energy sources are present . For each of these problems are known causes and consequences , however the intention was to compare the perceptions and the actual amount of knowledge that society has on the actual elements and variables that actually affect the development of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Croatia . But also the intention was to see how certain social and economic elements affecting the same perception and how the respondents actually know the real energy picture in the state of Croatia . ; XXV Ciclo ; 1979

В своей книге «Насилие и социальные порядки» Д. Норт, Д. Уоллис и Б. Вейнгаст предложили новый подход к анализу социального развития с делением всех существовавших в истории и существующих сегодня обществ на «порядки ограниченного доступа» и «порядки открытого (свободного) доступа». В интерпретации Норта и его соавторов общественное развитие заключается в открытии для широких (неэлитных) социальных групп доступа к экономической и политической активности. При этом они особо подчеркивают важность общих убеждений для успешного перехода от порядка ограниченного доступа к обществу с открытым доступом. С этой точки зрения исключительный интерес представляет исторический опыт СССР, поскольку это был пример нового общественного порядка, изначально основанного на определенной системе идеологических убеждений. В этой статье мы показываем, что одним из ключевых факторов успешного развития СССР на протяжении долгого периода были элементы открытого доступа к образованию, здравоохранению, а также возможности социального лифта для представителей неэлитных слоев. Эти элементы «порядка открытого доступа» могли быть реализованы на практике, потому что социальное равенство и социальная активность масс были важными принципами господствовавшей коммунистической идеологии и рассматривались как одно из преимуществ СССР в конкуренции с капиталистическим миром. Эти элементы открытого доступа были успешно внедрены, потому что они опирались на убеждения о социальном равенстве, широко распространенные в обществе. Однако эти общие убеждения имели искусственную идеологическую природу и с течением времени пришли в острый конфликт с личными (частными) интересами новой советской элиты. В результате общие убеждения, не находившие подтверждения на практике, стали размываться и этот процесс в значительной мере предопределил крах советского строя, поскольку движущими силами этого социального порядка выступали не частные (материальные) интересы экономических агентов и политических акторов, а идеология. Таким образом, советский эксперимент позволяет понять, что общественное развитие может быть устойчивым лишь тогда, когда оно опирается на общие убеждения и ценности, которые возникают из взаимодействия частных интересов. ; Douglass North, John Wallis and Barry Weingast in their book 'Violence and Social Orders' have proposed a new conceptual approach to analysis of social development. They divide all societies into those with orders of limited and open access, and consider the development as the process of opening access to economic and political activity for non-elite social groups. However, according to North, Wallis and Weingast the presence of common beliefs in society is crucial for the transition from limited to open access. From this point of view, the historical experience of the Soviet Union is extremely important because it represents a unique case of a new social order based on a specific ideology. We argue in this paper that one of the key factors of the USSR's success between the 1920s and the 1960s was connected with opening access to education, the development of healthcare system, and the opportunity for social mobility for non-elite members. These elements of open access could be implemented in reality because social equality and social activity of masses were important parts of the dominant communist ideology and were considered as an advantage in the competition with the capitalist world. These open access elements could be successfully implemented because they were supported by common beliefs in social equality, which were widely shared throughout society. However, these common beliefs were of artificial ideological origin and during this time they came into deep conflict with the personal (private) interests of the new Soviet elite. As a consequence common beliefs, which were not supported by direct experience, started to erode, and this process finally predetermined the collapse of the Soviet Union because this social order was driven not by the private interests of economic agents and political actors but by ideological incentives. Thus, the Soviet experiment helps us to understand that sustainable social development can rely only on common beliefs and values growing from the interactions of private interests.

Recent city planning and urban sociology widely discuss the emergence of what city planners, academics, and journalists call the creative city (cf. Florida 2005; Landry 2000). In the context of this much debated concept, empirical research is needed to analyse its implications for the city, understood as (built) place of the social, and for the overall structure of society. So far, studies have focussed mostly either on the impact of cultural developments on cities (cf. e.g. Jayne 2004; Liep 2001; Montgomery 2004; Scott 2000)or on political ecommendations of how to transform cities towards creative cities (cf. e.g. Bianchini and Landry 1994; Carta 2007; Florida 2005; Landry 2006). What's missing are studies analysing the concrete planning approaches that are used in cities which integrate the creative city concept as programmatic element in their city development plans. Additionally, this new form of planning and transforming cities is hardly put in context with greater structural changes of society. My paper presents findings of my empirical research which I conducted in the course of the last two years in the cities of Dublin (Ireland) and Gothenburg (Sweden). The focus was on the political dimension of creative city planning. In so doing, I studied how planning authorities programmatically integrated the concept of creativity in local city development strategies and how that affected the built environment and the city's relation to and impact on overall societal changes. With qualitative interviews with city representatives and planning authorities, participant observation, and photographic documentation, planning strategies, their realization, and their effects on the built environment were studied. Photographic archive material and planning documents served as additional material. Evaluating the broad range of material, several interesting findings were made. One of the findings is that the Triple Helix concept is used as an underlying concept for present city planning and urban transformation. In the city of Gothenburg, the concept is explicitly used in order to transform an old industrial part of the city, the former dockyards, towards a new and sustainable inner-city quarter. That implies focussing on certain parts of the knowledge-intensive economy â which can be subsumed as belonging to the creative class and the creative industries respectively, as Florida or Howkins define them (cf. Florida 2004, p. 328; Howkins 2004, p.88ff). The strategies of the local planning authorities aim at integrating the Lindholmen Science Park in the city of Gothenburg and at enhancing the quarter's infrastructure and reputation. In Dublin, the Triple Helix concept is an implicit part of the planning strategies in selected inner-city quarters. A prominent example is The Digital Hub, a cluster for digital media enterprises which is thought to enhance the city quarter in economic and social terms. Thus, the paper analyzes the characteristics of these particular planning approaches and contextualises them both with traditionally used concepts such as the integrated urban regeneration approach and with the overall programmatic strategy of the creative city. Additionally, it describes how the concept is used as a means to meet the underlying objective to assure the cities' character as a place of the knowledge society (cf. Bell 1973; Drucker 1993). Both the city of Gothenburg with its Science Park and the city of Dublin with its Digital Hub can thus be described as paradigmatic cities of the knowledge society. In this sense, the paper presents a macro- and a micro-perspective on present social developments in Western Europe. On a macro level, the role of cities in and for the knowledge society is brought into focus. On a micro level, local strategies and concrete planning approaches are presented to give a clear picture of two case studies. ; Madrid

Summary The study of National Tourism System in Jordan aims to shed some light on the structure of tourism industry in Jordan by illustrating the real resources present in the country, assessing the quality of services, and then exploring the management efficiency, ie. Governance dimension. The work has been based on the structure provided by the Resource-based Theory (RBT) which gives a significant weight to the existed resources in the territory and considers them as an important factor for the development of the product. Moreover RBT draws a connection between the various components in the area and the evolution and sustainability of tourism product. The author used the Resource-Service-Governance framework to show the relationship between these three elements in order to understand to how extent they affect the final product and its image. Five Jordanian tourist destinations were chosen, for this purpose, as a research field. That was useful to portray the reality of the Jordanian product, and to give a holistic idea about the local tourism systems adopted in these destinations. It is quite clear that the first dimension of the framework (Resources) represents the cornerstone from which to launch any tourist destination by exploiting these resources that can attract both tourists and investors. The analysis of tourism resources in Jordan is considered necessary before putting into place any global master plan for development. Moreover, exploring the nature of resources in Jordan leads us to put in order our priorities of work, focusing on the economic projects and programmes that can generate rapid and sustainable economic results. The second dimension (services) also has a crucial role in the life of the tourist destination. Indeed, a destination with poor tourist facilities (accessibility, accommodation, food and beverage services, and entertainment) will not be able to attract the numbers of tourists that it deserves even if it is rich in resources. The third dimension of the framework is Governance, and here we highlight the impact of policies and strategies adopted by both the public and private sectors to develop the tourism industry in the country. The form of the role played by governance is extremely crucial and significant in the development of tourist sites. In most cases, this role is assumed by government bodies, politicians, and decision makers who undertake practical procedures to realise their visions. Moreover, the concept of "Governance" sheds some light on the managerial aspects of the tourist destination, the degree of coordination between the various stakeholders, and the role given to those stakeholders in terms of the policies and strategy making. Indeed, many countries, especially the developing ones, have started to involve the private sector more in the planning process since it has became an important partner on the development path. Jordan, for example, has launched a great initiative that aims to bridge the gap between the private and public sector, and to build an integrative relationship between them instead of a hostile and unfriendly one. The author attempted to demonstrate several aspects of the Jordanian products such as; evolution of tourist sites, the competitiveness of Jordan as a tourist destination, quality of tourism services, the impact of the transport sector on the performance of Jordanian tourism system, price-quality relationship in the Jordanian product, relationship between private and public sector, decision making process, relationship between various public bodies and private sector, the role of private sector in the enactment of regulations and laws, the role of private sector in the promotion of product, and finally the efficiency of tourism statistical system and its impact on the availability of tourist database in Jordan.

Over the past few decades OECD countries have made significant efforts to introduce performance management principles in public administration context so as to promote increasing government efficiency and effectiveness in response to growing public demands and existing fiscal constraints. Recent public administration reforms in Russia also have an important focus on performance management issues; however, the approach that developed itself in the Russian Federation is more controversial and presents a compromise of positions and visions of core government agencies in charge of the reform. In late 2006, an independent group of experts attempted to combine the existing requirements and plans and develop a joint Road Map for Implementing Performance Management Mechanisms in the Russian Public Sector in 2007 2010. The Road Map was presented to the key stakeholders at the federal and also regional level in December 2006 and has since then become an informal point of reference for developing performance management agenda. The article presents continuation of this effort and attempts to evaluate the interim results achieved in implementing performance management principles in Russia. The review of achievements also allows to highlight the development priorities for the next two and a half years of public administration reform. The results of this analysis are summarized in an updated Road Map for Implementing Performance Management Mechanisms in the Russian Public Sector. Overall, the author argues that for the last year and a half significant progress has been achieved in implementing performance management principles in the Russian public administration: there has been some progress made in 16 out of 27 areas outlined in the 2006 Road Map. Notable achievements have been made in terms of implementing medium term budgeting, introducing some performance information in budget expenditure planning documents, implementing requirements to financial management quality at the federal level. Development and approval of instruments allowing for cross-regional comparisons and evaluation of regional and local administrations efficiency and effectiveness provided a basis for further regional development planning and supporting performance management practices in the multi-level governance context. Some departmental and regional performance management systems developed and implemented on a pilot basis also provide important lessons learned for the further reform efforts. Overall, the recent review of performance management progress at the regional level revealed significant attention to the matter and considerable achievements in introducing core performance management instruments on the ground. Last but not least, expanding the use of programs in the public sector is also an important trend strengthening accountability for the use of public resources and achievement of performance outcomes. While commending to the progress made, the article also highlights the unfinished reform agenda which should receive more attention in the years to come. Firstly, as the practice of implementation has confirmed and given the complexity of the Russian governance system, there is a need to develop and approve a special document laying out the conceptual framework for implementing performance management in Russia. This concept could, inter alia, streamline the existing system of forecasting, planning and performance management documents existing at various government levels. Secondly, gradually more autonomy should be provided to program managers at the medium level to achieve the program outcomes. Such autonomy calls for inter alia, introduction of management accounting, adoption of performance planning and evaluation systems at the individual level, etc. Finally, it is crucial to invest in transparent monitoring and evaluation systems that could warrant the overall coherence and credibility of performance management efforts. The article concludes that the key effect from implementing performance management in the public sector comes from the change in internal incentives. Such change cannot be implemented overnight and requires several years if not decades. However, such change is crucial for improving efficiency and effectiveness of the public sector and hence supporting sustainable socio-economic development in Russia in the longer term.

The impact of occult belief on legitimacy of the state and on aid for democratization in Africa: Among politicians and development experts in Africa alike there is a growing awareness of the never decreasing importance of the belief in magic and witchcraft on political decision making since pre-colonial times. Demonstration of the control of occult forces as a means of enhancing legitimacy of traditional or charismatic rule had been considered for over a century to be the prerogative of traditional chiefs and their marabouts; now it proved to be effective for the modern political elite and the state as well. An increasing number of African states officially recognized the existence of magic and witchcraft, and they adapted the imposed colonial law accordingly. In addition magic-religious belief systems, as represented by the vodun or African independent churches (e.g. the Kimbanguists), boasting to control witchcraft, are promoted by African political leaders to enhance legitimacy both of the political class and of state governance. At the same time, development experts tried to take into account the socio cultural dimension of development; they called for an "endogenization" of development aid. This call was justified, because endogenization should be considered as a pre-requisite of sustainable aid; however, under certain conditions it may be ambiguous and dangerous as well. Concerning the consideration of occult belief it may lead to the promotion of illegitimate rule and violation of basic human rights. ; French version of : Kohnert, Dirk (1997): Zum Einfluß des Okkulten auf staatliche Legitimität und Demokratisierungshilfe in Afrika. Sociologus, 47,1, 24-50 ; RÉSUMÉ: Parmi les politiciens et les experts du développement en Afrique de même il y a une prise de conscience croissante de l'importance jamais décroissante de la croyance en la magie et la sorcellerie sur la prise de décision politique depuis l'époque pré-coloniale. La démonstration du contrôle des forces occultes comme un moyen de renforcer leurs légitimité avait été pendant plus d'un siècle la prérogative des chefs traditionnels et leurs marabouts. Aujourd'hui, il est efficace pour l'élite politique moderne et l'état moderne ainsi. Un nombre croissant d'Etats africains ont officiellement reconnu l'existence de la sorcellerie et de la magie, et ils adaptes la loi coloniale imposée en conséquence. En addition des systèmes de croyances magico-religieuses, représentée par le vodun ou des églises indépendantes africaines (par exemple, les Kimbanguistes), bénéficiant de contrôler la sorcellerie, sont promus par les dirigeants politiques africains pour renforcer la légitimité à la fois de la classe politique et de la gouvernance de l'État. Dans le même temps, des experts en développement ont essayé de prendre en compte la dimension culturelle du développement socio-culturelle. Ils ont appelé à une «endogénéisation» de l'aide au développement. Cet appel a été justifié, parce que l'endogénisation devrait être considérée comme un pré-requis de l'aide durable. Cependant, sous certaines conditions, il peut être ambigu et dangereux aussi. En ce qui concerne la considération de la croyance occulte elle peut conduire à la promotion de l'État illégitime et à la violation des droits humains fondamentaux. --- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Unter Entwicklungsexperten und Politikern in Afrika beginnt sich die Erkenntnis durchzusetzen, daß der Einfluß des Magie- und Hexenglaubens auf den politischen Entscheidungsprozeß seit der Kolonialzeit eher zu- als abgenommen hat. Früher schienen nur traditonelle Herrscher die Demonstration ihrer Macht auch auf dem Gebiet des Okkulten für notwendig zu erachten. Heute bedient sich die modere Elite vieler afrikanischer Länder ebenfalls dieses Mittels, um dem Staat, der Regierung und der herrschenden politischen Klasse in den Augen der Wähler zu mehr Legitimität zu verhelfen. Gleichzeitig sehen sich Entwicklungsexperten und Regierungsberater gehalten, okkulten Glaubenssystemen als integralem Faktor der sozio-kulturellen Dimension der Entwicklung Afrikas zunehmend Beachtung zu schenken. Durch eine "Endogenisierung" der Entwicklungshilfe soll deren Nachhaltigkeit gewährleistet werden. Diese Forderung ist ambivalent und gefährlich: einerseits trägt sie dem berechtigten Interesse der Zielgruppen nach Respektierung ihrer Kultur Rechnung, andererseits kann beispielsweise die offizielle Verankerung des Okkulten im Rechtssystem und in der Politik afrikanischer Staaten zu gravierenden Verletzungen grundlegender Menschenrechte führen.

This book builds on the lessons from public institutions and programs to support innovation, both successful and failed, from Europe and Central Asia (ECA) as well as China, Finland, Israel, and the United States. Field visits to these countries were hosted by the innovation and scientific agencies of the respective governments, strengthening the international experiences presented here. This book is a culmination of ten years of analytic and operational work led by the private and financial sector development department and the chief economist's office of the ECA region of the World Bank. Several regional reports and country policy notes exploring these issues have been published over the years. The book also reflects the lively discussion in the ongoing series of flagship events to promote knowledge based economies in the region. The most recent knowledge economy forum was held in Berlin in 2010, hosted by the fraunhofer center for Central and Eastern Europe. The book identifies policies that have an adverse affect on innovation. It also identifies policy gaps that, if filled, could have a catalytic effect on private sector innovation.