This article studies the trajectories of the officers defeated at the battle of Ayacucho who upon their return to Spain had prominent political careers. It follows them before, during and after the Wars of Independence in the Andes in an attempt to discern a certain pattern of relationship between Europe and America during the crucial decade of the 1820s, and beyond. It enquires on the far-reaching consequences of prolonged mobilization on both sides of the Atlantic, and the degree to which the histories of Europe and America were intertwined during this period. The disintegration of empire and the reactions to the Cádiz Constitution led to similar situations with confrontations between liberals, radicals and conservatives as well as the military irrupting onto the political world. It became possible, both in Spain and America, for capable and ambitious men of humble origins to reach the highest echelons of power.
The interview covered: first involvement with SMU, risks, admissions process, first priorities, core curriculum, general electives, creative thinking program, student projects, parent interaction, cross-cultural studies, Wee Kim Wee Centre, writers festivals, humanities, arts and culture management, students. Biography: In recent years Creativity Guru and poet Dr Kirpal Singh has come to be regarded as one of the world's sharpest Futurists, charting territories yet uncharted but certain to materialize in the not-too-distant futures. Dr Singh believes that thinking of the future in the singular sense is no longer going to hold because the Future will be made up of several futures, distinct, parallel and co-existent. Dr Singh is the Director of the presidential Wee Kim Wee Centre at the Singapore Management University where he also teaches. Dr Singh has published more than 30 books and over 150 scholarly articles. He is a keenly sought-after Keynote Speaker on a variety of subjects/themes and has presented at numerous high-profile conferences and events. Major MNCs and government also consult him.
Abstract This article aims to find out and describe the pattern of Islamic education moderation in Indonesian history. Islam in Indonesia is manhaj tawasuṭ (moderate). With manhaj, Islam as a religion followed by the majority of the Indonesian population succeeded in entering into every aspect of life in Indonesia from social, cultural, economic and even political and government bureaucracy. Similarly, Islamic education managed to occupy an important position in education in Indonesia. Even though it is an alternative education, the fact is that Islamic education in Indonesia is a very important part to educate the nation. Moderation of Islamic education in Indonesia began with the first education model in Indonesia, namely pesantren. The pattern of moderation found from pesantren is cultural acculturation which is very obvious, from the knowledge learned to educational methods used, Arabic pegon to fill the language gap. The next phase is accommodation patterns that we can see from madrasa that adapts the classical government system from the colonial side. The next pattern is formalization that can be described through the phenomenon of state madrasas. Then, the latest is mu'adalah policy and formal diniyyah education. From these patterns it can be concluded that Indonesian Islamic education always takes the middle way (wasaṭiyyah) of every challenge that arises due to historical movements. This modernization is a genius manner by paying attention to the rules of muḥafadzah 'alāqadīm al-ḥāliḥ wa al-akhdzu bi jadīd al-aṣlaḥ. With this understanding, Islamic education in Indonesia will always be relevant in every space and time (ṣaliḥli kull zamān wa makān) as aspired by the salāf al-ṣaliḥ. Keyword: Moderation, Islamic Education ملخص تهدف هذه المقالة إلى اكتشاف نمط الاعتدال في التربية الإسلامية في إندونيسيا ووصفه في المسار التاريخي. كما هو معروف أن الإسلام في إندونيسيا لديه منهج التوسط كإحدى خصائصه. مع منهاجه المعتدل، نجح الإسلام كدين يتبعه غالبية السكان الإندونيسيين وهو يدخل في كل مفاصل حياتهم بدءا من البيروقراطية الاجتماعية والثقافية والاقتصادية وحتى السياسية والحكومية. وكذلك، نجح التعليم الإسلامي في احتلال مكانة هامة في عالم التعليم في إندونيسيا. على الرغم من أنه تعليم بديل، إلا أن التعليم الإسلامي في إندونيسيا جزء مهم للغاية في الجهود الرامية إلى تثقيف حياة الأمة. أول الاعتدال في التربية الإسلامية في إندونيسيا وهو في المعهد الإسلامى. هذا النمط الاعتدال الموجود في المعهد الإسلامى هو التثقيف الثقافية الواضح عند النظر إلى خصوصيات ذلك المعهد وعمومياته بدءا من نظام تعليمه، والعلوم المستفادة فيه حتى الأساليب التعليمية التي تستخدم منها العربية Pegon كجسر من الفجوة في لغة التدريس. في المرحلة التالية، يمكن العثور على أنماط الإقامة التي يمكن رؤيتها من خلال التعليم في المدرسة التي تكيّف النظام الحكومي الكلاسيكي من الجانب الاستعماري. النمط التالي هو الشكل الرسمي الذي يمكن وصفه من خلال ظاهرة ازدهار المدارس الإسلامية الحكومية، وصولاً إلى أحدث سياسات المعضدة وهو لتعليم الرسمي لتعليم المسائل الدينية Madrasah Diniyah. من هذه الأنماط، يمكن أن نستنتج أن التعليم الإسلامي الإندونيسي يأخذ دائمًا مسارًا متوسطًا (الوسيطية) من أي تحديات تنشأ بسبب حركة التاريخ. الرد على التجديد بطريقة عبقرية من خلال الاهتمام بقواعد المخافظة على القيم الصالح والأخذ بالجديد الأصلح. وبهذا الفهم ، سيكون التعليم الإسلامي في إندونيسيا دائمًا صالح لكل زمان ومكان كما أمله السلف اصالح. مفتاح الكلمات: الاعتدال ، التربية الإسلامية Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan pola moderasi pendidikan Islam di Indonesia dalam lintasan sejarah. Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa Islam di Indonesia memiliki manhaj tawasuṭ (moderat) sebagai ciri khasnya. Dengan manhaj moderatnya, Islam sebagai agama yang diikuti mayoritas penduduk Indonesia berhasil masuk dalam setiap sendi kehidupan di Indonesia mulai dari sosial, budaya, ekonomi bahkan politik dan birokrasi pemerintahan. Demikian pula pendidikan Islam berhasil menempati posisi penting dalam dunia pendidikan di Indonesia. Sekalipun ia merupakan pendidikan alternatif, faktanya pendidikan Islam di Indonesia menjadi bagian yang sangat penting dalam usaha mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa. Moderasi pendidikan Islam di Indonesia diawali sejak model pendidikan pertama di Indonesia yaitu pesantren. Pola moderasi yang ditemukan dari pesantren adalah akulturasi budaya yang sangat kentara jika mencermati seluk-beluk pesantren mulai dari sistem pendidikannya, ilmu yang dipelajari hingga metode pendidikan yang menggunakan arab pegon sebagai jembatan dari kesenjangan bahasa pengantar. Pada fase berikutnya ditemukan pola akomodasi yang bisa kita lihat dari pendidikan madrasah yang mengadaptasi sistem pemerintahan klasikal dari pihak kolonial. Pola selanjutnya adalah formalisasi yang bisa digambarkan melalui fenomena menjamurnya madrasah negeri, sampai yang terbaru, kebijakan mu'adalah dan pendidikan diniyyah formal. Dari pola-pola tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwasanya pendidikan Islam Indonesia selalu mengambil jalan tengah (wasaṭiyyah) dari setiap tantangan yang muncul akibat gerak sejarah. Kebaharuan direspon dengan cara yang jenius dengan memperhatikan kaidah muḥafadzah 'alā qadīm al-ṣāliḥ wa al-akhdzu bi jadīd al-aṣlaḥ. Dengan pemahaman demikian maka pendidikan Islam di Indonesia akan selalu relevan dalam setiap ruang dan waktu (ṣaliḥ li kull zamān wa makān) sebagaimana dicita-citakan para salāf al-ṣaliḥ. Kata Kunci: Moderasi, Pendidikan Islam
Layer II of Kostenki 17 has yielded one of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic assemblages in Eastern Europe. In addition to lithic and bone implements, the collection includes numerous ornaments with perforated holes made from fox teeth, petrified remains and soft stones. This collection of ornaments is unique in both the variety of raw materials and the peculiarity of manufacturing technologies. The paper presents the results of a use-wear study of these ornaments, designed to answer the questions about how the raw materials were selected and processed, how the finished adornments were used and what could have been the ways of their getting into the cultural layer. All petrified remains as well as pebbles and faunal materials come from local sources. The processing of belemnite rostras involved a rather complex sequence of different techniques from drilling and engraving to termo-chemical surface treatment. Cutting and abrasion were used to produce some pendants made of soft stone. It is shown that the set of techniques used to make stripes of fox teeth was more diverse than previously thought.
Interview with Raja Gomez, conducted 22 March 2013 as part of the Commonwealth Oral History Project. The project aims to produce a unique digital research resource on the oral history of the Commonwealth since 1965 through sixty oral history interviews with leading figures in the recent history of the organisation. It will provide an essential research tool for anyone investigating the history of the Commonwealth and will serve to promote interest in and understanding of the organisation. Biography: Head of the civil service college in Sri Lanka; Assistant Director of the Management Development Division, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1976-1984; Director, Commonwealth Youth Programme, Commonwealth Secretariat, 1984-1992; Director of Development and Planning, Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, 1992-.
"There has been much academic debate over recent years on Europe defining its self over against the 'Other.' This volume asks from the opposite perspective: What views did non-Europeans hold of 'European Christianity'? In this way, the volume turns the agency of definition over to non-Europeans. Over the last centuries, the contacts between Europeans and non-Europeans have been diverse and complex. Non-Europeans encountered Europeans as colonialists, traders, missionaries and travellers. Most of those Europeans were Christians or were perceived as Christians. Therefore, in terms of religion Europe was often identified with Christianity. Europeans thus also conveyed a certain image of Christianity to non-European countries. At the same time, non-Europeans increasingly travelled to Europe and experienced a kind of Christianity that often did not conform to the picture they had formed earlier. Their descriptions of European Christianity ranged from sympathetic acceptance to harsh criticism. The contributions in this volume reveal the breadth of these opinions. They also show that there is no clear line of division between 'insiders' and 'outsiders', but that Europeans could sometimes perceive themselves as being 'outsiders' in their own culture while non-Europeans could adopt 'insider' perspectives. Furthermore, from these encounters new religious and cultural expressions could emerge"--Publisher's description
INTRODUCTION -- 1. Small-scale fisheries in Europe.-2. The evolution of the EU Common Fisheries Policy and small-scale fisheries: Fighting for recognition -- 3.Focusing on the problems and the management of small-scale fisheries in Greece: Myopia, presbyopia or astigmatism? -- 4. Small-scale fisheries in Spain: challenges and prospects -- 5. Small-scale fisheries in Portugal -- 6. The unexploited potential of Small Scale Fisheries in Italy: analysis and perspectives on the status and resilience of a neglected fishery sector -- 7. Small scale fisheries in France: activity and governance issues -- 8. How is fishery management perceived by Croatian small-scale fishermen: Should I stay or should I go? -- 9. Fishing in the NE Adriatic, Slovenia: from borders to projects -- 10. Governance and socio economic implications of the Black Sea small scale fisheries (Bulgaria) -- 11. Small-scale fisheries in Romania: Transformation, vulnerability and change in a sturgeon fishermen community from the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (Romania) -- 12. The current status and challenges facing the small-scale fisheries of Turkey -- 13.Small-scale fisheries in Malta: trends and challenges -- 14. Losing space: exploring the Blue Economy and the marginalisation of the small-scale fishers in Cyprus -- 15. Small-scale fisheries in the United Kingdom.-16. Learning from experience in Irish inshore fisheries management.-17. Small-scale fisheries in Iceland: Local voices and global complexities.-18. "…here in my heart" The important of small-scale fishing for Greenlandic society and as a way of life -- 19. Title Small-scale fisheries in Belgium -- 20. Small-scale fisheries in the Netherlands; learning from governance responses for a better future.-21. Small scale fisheries in Germany -- 22. Fisheries in Denmark -- 23. Who won, who lost within the Polish coastal fisheries -- 24. "Nice harbour but where are the fishers?" Critical insight into fisheries policies and its effects to small-scale fisheries in Estonia -- 25. Swedish small-scale fisheries in the Baltic Sea -- 26. Finnish small-scale fisheries: marginalization or revival? -- 27. Small scale fisheries in Norway -- 28. Challenges of governing coastal fisheries in Northwest Russia -- 29. Small-scale fisheries in Europe: tenure, markets, inclusiveness and governance challenges -- 30. The future of small-scale fisheries in Europe.
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Inhaltsverzeichnis: I. Regionalwissenschaften und sozialwissenschaftliche Theoriebildung - Robert Brier: Osteuropaforschung in einer "Welt in Stücken". Regionalstudien und sozialwissenschaftliche Theoriebildung (8-11); Dorota Kalecinska: Das kulturelle Feld von Pierre Bourdieu als methodologisches Verfahren zur Erforschung des Transformationsprozesses in Osteuropa (12-14); Amelie Kutter: Transformation unter den Bedingungen der Konditionalisierung. Zugänge zur Analyse EU-induzierten Wandels (15-21). II. Politische Systeme im Postsozialismus - Burkhard Olschowsky: Die finale Krise des Staatssozialismus. Polen und die DDR in den 80er Jahren (22-27); Anna Gomozova: Das Problem der politischen Verantwortlichkeit der Regierung im Kontext der russischen Transformation (28-30); Antje Helmerich: Zur Rolle der Staatsoberhäupter in den postsozialistischen Systemwechselprozessen. Ein vergleichendes Untersuchungsmodell (31-34); Kerstin Zimmer: Wahlen als Business - Betrachtungen zur Ukraine vor den Präsidentschaftswahlen (35-40); Diana Schmidt: Zwischen zwei Stühlen. Zivilgesellschaftlicher Antikorruptionslobbyismus in Russland (41-47). III. Rechtsentwicklung in der Transformation - Julie Trappe: Gegenwärtige Vergangenheit. Die Rolle des Strafrechts im rumänischen Transitionsprozess (48-51); Tina Kowall: Experimente mit der Macht. Die Ukraine vor einer Verfassungsänderung (52-55); Agnieszka Murawska: Schutz der Grundrechte in Polen. Rolle der Verfassungsbeschwerde (56-59); Michaela Hinner: Die Bankenaufsicht in Russland. Reform und praktische Erfahrungen fünf Jahre nach der Finanzkrise (60-65). IV. Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik in Osteuropa - Martina Glass: Kein Platz für den Menschen - das soziale Dilemma Russlands (66-68); Ewelina Podgórska: Die Arbeitslosen als "Verlierer" im Transformationsprozess. Eine Unterklasse in Polen? (69-73). V. Lebensgestaltung in der Transformation - Loretta Ihme: Gender - Migration - Transformation. Frauenhandel in Mittel- und Osteuropa (74-78); Ingrid Röder: Veränderungen im Bereich der Chancengleichheit für Mann und Frau in der Tschechischen Republik und der Slowakei seit 1989 (79-83); Sebastian Klüsener: Lebensgestaltungsmöglichkeiten und -strategien von Schulabgängern einer südukrainischen Dorfschule vor und während des Transformationsprozesses (84-87); Vladislav Valentinov, Jarmila Curtiss, Martin Damgaard: The organizational effects of social capital in transitional agriculture (88-93). VI. Ethnische Minderheiten in Osteuropa - Hanna Vinichuk: Eine ethnische Minderheit in der Ukraine und ihre Probleme heute. Die Krimtataren (94-97); Stephan Heidenhain: Die Minderheitenpolitik in den baltischen Ländern unter dem Einfluss internationaler Organisationen. Eine Lehre für die erweiterte EU? (98-102); Krisztina Keller: Bilanz der ungarischen Minderheitenpolitik 15 Jahre nach der Wende. Fallbeispiel Statusgesetz (103-107). VII. Polen in der Europäischen Union - Anna Niewiadomska-Frieling: Cleavage-Strukturen und die Standpunkte der polnischen Parteien zum EU-Beitritt (108-113); Claudia Anschütz: Der EU-Beitritt Polens - ein Elitenprojekt? (114-117); Robert Grzeszczak: Die Diskussion um die europäische Verfassung. Welche Konventsvorschläge werden von Polen (nicht) unterstützt? (118-123). VIII. Die Bedeutung der EU für Osteuropa jenseits der neuen Grenzen - Silke Schielberg: Die Bedeutung der EU-Osterweiterung für das Kaliningrader Gebiet. Eine Analyse der grenzüberschreitenden Kooperation an den neuen Außengrenzen der EU (124-128); Aron Buzogány: Die "Östliche Dimension" der Europäischen Union (129-132); Alena Vysotskaya: Reduction of the EU enlargement risks. A framework to assess the eastern neighbours' perspective (133-137).
The article examines the sustainability and adaptability of European security institutions, structures and organizations in the context of the fundamental and qualitative change of the post-Helsinki European security order. Suggestions are presented for managing the Ukraine crisis by military and political restraint, the observance of the Helsinki Decalogue of principles and by upgrading executive mechanisms of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (osce). In a new European security order, the core political components would be constituted by the inviolability of frontiers and the incontestability of internal political order. In broader international change, the relative decrease of the role of old powers has to be accommodated with the growing clout of emerging powers. Since most of the conflicts take place within the States and not between them the risks and new threats have to be dealt with by transformed and upgraded security institutions adapted to the new security environment. At the same time, there is a manifested lack of interests by the great powers to rely on multilateral security institutions unless they are used as instruments in pursuing their own strategies. The new common security arrangement for the West and Russia has to reconcile the adversary national security interests within the Euro-Atlantic Security Forum.
Rumänien hat in seinen Bemühungen um eine Mitgliedschaft im Europarat gute Fortschritte zu verzeichnen. Die mit Hilfe von Rechtsexperten des Europarats erstellte rumänische Verfassung ist durch den Europarat positiv beurteilt worden, und die Durchführung der Parlaments- und Präsidentschaftswahlen wurde gleichfalls als demokratisch bewertet. Ein großes Hindernis für die Realisierung der Mitgliedschaft stellt jedoch nach wie vor die ungelöste Minderheitenproblematik dar. (BIOst-Srt)
A comment on Will Kymlicka's "Western Political Theory and Ethnic Relations in Eastern Europe" (2001) asserts that concepts of ethnocultural justice, public recognition, & accommodation of diversity are not novelties in Eastern Central Europe. Thus, it is contended that liberal-pluralist theory is not a revelation, but will have two key practical consequences: (1) Classical liberal teaching that speaks to ethnocultural neutrality might lead to majority aspirations & demagoguery & liberal canons might justify concepts equating majority with normalcy. (2) Liberal-pluralist concepts might provide a means to implement a policy of ethnocultural justice in the context of modern democracy. Three facets of ethnocultural justice are then identified: separate space for minorities, equitable sharing of public space, & neutralization of ethnic undercurrents & biases. The last facet is elaborated on in the context of former Yugoslavia before considering the Dayton Agreement as a lost opportunity for turning to Western liberal-pluralist political theory as a springboard to ethnocultural justice. It is concluded that the Eastern Central European experience demonstrates that ethnocultural neutrality & group-neutral regulation cannot accommodate cultural pluralism nor guarantee stable & peaceful ethnic majority-minority relations. Western liberal-pluralist theory eschews diversity & cannot provide viable models of accommodation & cohabitation in the context of ethnic pluralism. J. Zendejas
