Suchergebnisse

With the entrance into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, at 1st December 2009, the criminal law has passed from the exclusively national sphere of the Member States under the patronage of the European Union. According to the Treaty, the European Parliament and the Council now have the possibility to establish minimum norms regarding the definition of offences and sanctions in criminal areas which are extremely serious and affect a number of Member States. The areas in which the EU can establish specific norms are limited, but nevertheless, the Treaty grants the Council the possibility to adopt a decision in unanimity, after the approval of the European Parliament, in the meaning of extending the application of such regulations. This article aims to analyze this new situation and to identify some of the legal consequences in the area of criminal law of this regulation. Key words: Treaty of Lisbon, European criminal law, directive, regulation, national law.

Recent events have given attention to the public perception of criminal justice field in the United States. Although there has been much political debate about problems in the criminal justice field, attention should be turned to the prospective employees who will soon be seeking out these debates: college students seeking to enter the criminal justice field. The current study did that through survey data obtained from 112 students enrolled in criminal justice courses at East Tennessee State University during the Fall 2020 semester. Analysis revealed much about student interest in various criminal justice occupations, their perceived ability to perform the duties associated with them and the factors that motivated their decision-making. It also indicated that certain characteristics may influence desire to enter the policing and legal fields. Each of these findings is discussed.

Half Title -- Series Information -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1 Ban the Bot? -- 2 Historical Visions of Autonomy -- 3 Responsibility for Autonomous Weapon Systems -- Chapter 2 Development of Autonomy in Weapon Systems -- 1 The History of Automation in Weapon Systems -- 2 Weapon Systems Currently in Use -- 2.1 Mines -- 2.2 Missile Defence Systems -- 2.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles -- 2.4 Unmanned Ground Vehicles -- 2.5 Cyber Weapons -- 2.6 Loitering Munitions -- 3 Likely Future Developments -- 4 Reasons for the March towards Autonomy -- 5 Programming -- 5.1 Machine Learning -- 5.2 Artificial Intelligence -- 5.3 'Strong' AI -- 5.4 Ethical Governor -- 5.5 Bounded Morality -- Chapter 3 Meaning of Autonomy -- 1 General Notions of Autonomy -- 1.1 Autonomy in Philosophy -- 1.2 Autonomy in Technical Discussions -- 2 Autonomy Spectra -- 3 Dimensions of Autonomy in Autonomous Systems -- 3.1 Human-Machine Relation -- 3.2 Sophistication of the Machine -- 3.3 The Type of Decision Being Automated -- 4 Conclusion -- Chapter 4 The Why of International Criminal Justice -- 1 The History of Individual Criminal Accountability in International Criminal Justice -- 2 The Proposed Reasons for International Criminal Justice -- 2.1 Retribution -- 2.2 Deterrence -- 2.3 Truth-Telling -- 2.4 Providing Justice for Victims -- 2.5 Facilitation of Peace -- 2.6 The Expressive Effect of International Criminal Justice -- 3 Conclusion -- Chapter 5 AWS Considered as Prohibited Weapons -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Weapons Law under International Humanitarian Law -- 2.1 Superfluous Injury or Unnecessary Suffering -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 History -- 2.1.3 What Is the Correct English Wording? -- 2.1.4 What Suffering Is Superfluous or What Injury Is Unnecessary? -- 2.1.5 Conclusion -- 2.2 Inherently Indiscriminate -- 2.2.1 Introduction.

The use of criminal sanctions to punish or deter violations of environmental law is debated. Arguments favoring the criminalization of such laws point to their deterrent capacity & reflect the desire of some to exact moral retribution on offenders. Arguments against penalties & punishments focus on potential for overkill, procedural complexity, & high implementation costs. In weighing these arguments, a balance must be struck in evaluating the legal & organizational advantages/disadvantages against alternative measures for gaining compliance. These include publicizing the polluter's activities, economic incentives, civil sanction, equity fines, the pass-through fine, educational strategies, internal restructuring, cooperative lawmaking, external investigations, & community service orders. Adapted from the source document.

This study views legal process as part of an interactive web of social and cultural relationships. While law may create public policy, its own creation is part of a complex system of institutional deference and subjective behaviors which reflect a larger cultural context. The fears engendered by AIDS help to highlight the underlying cultural biases and patterns of disease scare management ingrained in legal policymaking. These patterns are again enhanced when placed in a criminal context where the resident focus is one of controlling those who precipitate anxiety. Using a method of qualitative comparative analysis, this study concludes that the historical patterns of bias and institutional deference in disease scare management continues in modern criminal court process.