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학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과, 2020. 8. 김태윤. ; In Lao PDR, smallholders who raise less than 10 cattle rely mostly on natural grassland grazing, which is not enough to fatten cattle. Also, the price of cattle is set low because the eyes of the middleman determine its worth. As a result, most livestock farmers make a minimal investment in cattle breeding. To overcome low productivity, the Lao government is trying to transform smallholders into commercial farms, which require appropriate intervention. Urea-Molasses Block (UMB) supplements can be an effective way to redress nutrient deficiency in low-quality roughage under the semi-intensive system, which is the traditional agricultural practice of smallholders' cattle production. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to grasp whether farmers are willing to invest in UMB as an input to fatten cattle in the early stages of transition to commercial farms in the survey area and what factors affect willingness to pay (WTP). This study performed a household survey with a total of randomly selected 258 farmers living in six villages in two districts of the Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. We find that farmers who have a high level of education or who agree to the explained positive effect of UMB show high WTP. Especially, Parkngum district shows that male farmers, smallholders, consent to the effect of UMB and, the experience that was providing feed in the dry season and purchasing feed have a significant impact on WTP. The average WTP for UMB shows that in the early stages of the transition to commercial farms, farmers in the survey area are willing to pay up to USD 5.7 to improve productivity. ; 현재 10마리 미만의 소를 키우는 라오스 축산농가의 자연 초지에 의존하는 가축 생산 시스템으로는 소의 증체 더 나아가 축산업 발전에 있어서 한계가 있다. 또한 소의 판매가격은 중간상인의 목측에 의해 측정되기 때문에 우시장에서 판매했을 때의 기대 금액보다 낮게 평가되어 소농들은 자연스럽게 사육에 최소한의 투자를 하고 있다. 라오스 정부는 이러한 생산성 증대에 있어 어려움을 해소하기 위해 소농을 상업농으로 전환하기 위한 노력을 기울이고 있으나, 2015년 기준 소를 사육하는 농가의 98%가 소농이 차지하고 있어 소농의 현황을 고려한 적절한 개입이 필요하다. 본 연구는 생산성을 높일 수 있는 다양한 방법 중에서 섬유질 위주 섭취로 인한 영양소 결핍의 문제를 보완할 수 있는 당밀요소블록을 통해 소농의 투자가능성을 보고자 한다. 따라서, 본 연구의 목적은 라오스 비엔티엔시의 축산업에 종사하는 소농들이 상업적 농장으로의 전환하는 초기 단계에서 농가가 소를 살찌우기 위한 투입물로 당밀요소블록에 투자할 의향이 있는지 그리고 이에 영향 미치는 요인을 파악하는 것이다. 무작위 표본추출을 통해 선정된 총 258명의 농가를 대상으로 설문조사를 진행하였으며, 조건부 가치 측정법의 이중 경계 양분선택형 모델을 이용하여 수집된 자료를 분석하였다. 결과적으로, 높은 교육수준을 가지고 있거나 당밀요소블록의 긍정적인 효과에 동의하는 농부들이 높은 구매 의향을 보인다는 것을 발견했다. Parkngum군의 경우, 남성 농가일 수록, 소농일수록, 연구자가 설명한 블록의 효과에 동의하거나 건기에 사료 제공해본 경험이 있거나 농가가 직접 소를 위해 사료를 구매해본 경험이 있을 수록 유의하게 구매 의향에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여준다. 당밀요소블록의 평균지불액은 최대 5.7달러로, 이는 상업농으로 전환하는 단계에 있어서 현재 조사지역 농민들이 생산성 향상을 위해 투자하고자 함을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로, 농가들의 투자에 기반한 생산성 향상을 유도하기 위해서는 먼저 교육 수준이 높은 농가를 선도 농가로 선정해 당밀요소블록을 비롯한 생산성 증대 기술이 이들을 통해 확산될 수 있게 교육이 필요하다. 둘째, 상업농 보다 소농들을 대상으로 당밀요소블록 효과와 필요성에 대한 정보 제공과 교육이 필요하다. 마지막으로 농가 단위의 노력 외에 농가들이 투자한 만큼 수익을 낼 수 있는 우시장 환경 조성을 위해 정부의 제도적 및 정책적 지원이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. ; 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose of Study 5 2. Review of Literature 6 2.1 Current Status of Cattle Production in Lao PDR 6 2.2 Urea-Molasses Block 8 2.3 Definition of Smallholders' Investment and Types of Constraints 10 3. Theory 12 4. Empirical Approach 16 5. Data and Procedure 21 5.1 Research Area 21 5.2 Survey Procedure 23 5.3 Descriptive Statistics 25 6. Results and Discussion 29 6.1 Response from the Bid 29 6.2 Estimation Results 30 6.3 Willingness to Pay for UMB 36 6.4 Discussion 38 7. Conclusion 41 References 43 Appendix 48 Abstract in Korean 61 ; Master

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 국제농업기술대학원 국제농업기술학과, 2020. 8. 김태윤. ; In Lao PDR, smallholders who raise less than 10 cattle rely mostly on natural grassland grazing, which is not enough to fatten cattle. Also, the price of cattle is set low because the eyes of the middleman determine its worth. As a result, most livestock farmers make a minimal investment in cattle breeding. To overcome low productivity, the Lao government is trying to transform smallholders into commercial farms, which require appropriate intervention. Urea-Molasses Block (UMB) supplements can be an effective way to redress nutrient deficiency in low-quality roughage under the semi-intensive system, which is the traditional agricultural practice of smallholders' cattle production. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to grasp whether farmers are willing to invest in UMB as an input to fatten cattle in the early stages of transition to commercial farms in the survey area and what factors affect willingness to pay (WTP). This study performed a household survey with a total of randomly selected 258 farmers living in six villages in two districts of the Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. We find that farmers who have a high level of education or who agree to the explained positive effect of UMB show high WTP. Especially, Parkngum district shows that male farmers, smallholders, consent to the effect of UMB and, the experience that was providing feed in the dry season and purchasing feed have a significant impact on WTP. The average WTP for UMB shows that in the early stages of the transition to commercial farms, farmers in the survey area are willing to pay up to USD 5.7 to improve productivity. ; 현재 10마리 미만의 소를 키우는 라오스 축산농가의 자연 초지에 의존하는 가축 생산 시스템으로는 소의 증체 더 나아가 축산업 발전에 있어서 한계가 있다. 또한 소의 판매가격은 중간상인의 목측에 의해 측정되기 때문에 우시장에서 판매했을 때의 기대 금액보다 낮게 평가되어 소농들은 자연스럽게 사육에 최소한의 투자를 하고 있다. 라오스 정부는 이러한 생산성 증대에 있어 어려움을 해소하기 위해 소농을 상업농으로 전환하기 위한 노력을 기울이고 있으나, 2015년 기준 소를 사육하는 농가의 98%가 소농이 차지하고 있어 소농의 현황을 고려한 적절한 개입이 필요하다. 본 연구는 생산성을 높일 수 있는 다양한 방법 중에서 섬유질 위주 섭취로 인한 영양소 결핍의 문제를 보완할 수 있는 당밀요소블록을 통해 소농의 투자가능성을 보고자 한다. 따라서, 본 연구의 목적은 라오스 비엔티엔시의 축산업에 종사하는 소농들이 상업적 농장으로의 전환하는 초기 단계에서 농가가 소를 살찌우기 위한 투입물로 당밀요소블록에 투자할 의향이 있는지 그리고 이에 영향 미치는 요인을 파악하는 것이다. 무작위 표본추출을 통해 선정된 총 258명의 농가를 대상으로 설문조사를 진행하였으며, 조건부 가치 측정법의 이중 경계 양분선택형 모델을 이용하여 수집된 자료를 분석하였다. 결과적으로, 높은 교육수준을 가지고 있거나 당밀요소블록의 긍정적인 효과에 동의하는 농부들이 높은 구매 의향을 보인다는 것을 발견했다. Parkngum군의 경우, 남성 농가일 수록, 소농일수록, 연구자가 설명한 블록의 효과에 동의하거나 건기에 사료 제공해본 경험이 있거나 농가가 직접 소를 위해 사료를 구매해본 경험이 있을 수록 유의하게 구매 의향에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것을 보여준다. 당밀요소블록의 평균지불액은 최대 5.7달러로, 이는 상업농으로 전환하는 단계에 있어서 현재 조사지역 농민들이 생산성 향상을 위해 투자하고자 함을 알 수 있다. 결론적으로, 농가들의 투자에 기반한 생산성 향상을 유도하기 위해서는 먼저 교육 수준이 높은 농가를 선도 농가로 선정해 당밀요소블록을 비롯한 생산성 증대 기술이 이들을 통해 확산될 수 있게 교육이 필요하다. 둘째, 상업농 보다 소농들을 대상으로 당밀요소블록 효과와 필요성에 대한 정보 제공과 교육이 필요하다. 마지막으로 농가 단위의 노력 외에 농가들이 투자한 만큼 수익을 낼 수 있는 우시장 환경 조성을 위해 정부의 제도적 및 정책적 지원이 필요할 것으로 사료된다. ; 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Purpose of Study 5 2. Review of Literature 6 2.1 Current Status of Cattle Production in Lao PDR 6 2.2 Urea-Molasses Block 8 2.3 Definition of Smallholders' Investment and Types of Constraints 10 3. Theory 12 4. Empirical Approach 16 5. Data and Procedure 21 5.1 Research Area 21 5.2 Survey Procedure 23 5.3 Descriptive Statistics 25 6. Results and Discussion 29 6.1 Response from the Bid 29 6.2 Estimation Results 30 6.3 Willingness to Pay for UMB 36 6.4 Discussion 38 7. Conclusion 41 References 43 Appendix 48 Abstract in Korean 61 ; Master

Mención Internacional en el título de doctor ; This thesis has been developed at University Carlos III of Madrid, motivated through a collaboration with the Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, in Madrid. It is framed within the field of Penalized Linear Models, specifically Variable Selection in Regression, Classification and Survival Models, but it also explores other techniques such as Variable Clustering and Semi-Supervised Learning. In recent years, variable selection techniques based on penalized models have gained considerable importance. With the advance of technologies in the last decade, it has been possible to collect and process huge volumes of data with algorithms of greater computational complexity. However, although it seemed that models that provided simple and interpretable solutions were going to be definitively displaced by more complex ones, they have still proved to be very useful. Indeed, in a practical sense, a model that is capable of filtering important information, easily extrapolated and interpreted by a human, is often more valuable than a more complex model that is incapable of providing any kind of feedback on the underlying problem, even when the latter offers better predictions. This thesis focuses on high dimensional problems, in which the number of variables is of the same order or larger than the sample size. In this type of problems, restrictions that eliminate variables from the model often lead to better performance and interpretability of the results. To adjust linear regression in high dimension the Sparse Group Lasso regularization method has proven to be very efficient. However, in order to use the Sparse Group Lasso in practice, there are two critical aspects on which the solution depends: the correct selection of the regularization parameters, and a prior specification of groups of variables. Very little research has focused on algorithms for the selection of the regularization parameters of the Sparse Group Lasso, and none has explored the issue of the grouping and how to relax this restriction that in practice is an obstacle to using this method. The main objective of this thesis is to propose new methods of variable selection in generalized linear models. This thesis explores the Sparse Group Lasso regularization method, analyzing in detail the correct selection of the regularization parameters, and finally relaxing the problem of group specification by introducing a new variable clustering algorithm based on the Sparse Group Lasso, but much more flexible and that extends it. In a parallel but related line of research, this thesis reveals a connection between penalized linear models and semi-supervised learning. This thesis is structured as a compendium of articles, divided into four chapters. Each chapter has a structure and contents independent from the rest, however, all of them follow a common line. First, variable selection methods based on regularization are introduced, describing the optimization problem that appears and a numerical algorithm to approximate its solution when a term of the objective function is not differentiable. The latter occurs naturally when penalties inducing variable selection are added. A contribution of this work is the iterative Sparse Group Lasso, which is an algorithm to obtain the estimation of the coefficients of the Sparse Group Lasso model, without the need to specify the regularization parameters. It uses coordinate descent for the parameters, while approximating the error function in a validation sample. Moreover, with respect to the traditional Sparse Group Lasso, this new proposal considers a more general penalty, where each group has a flexible weight. A separate chapter presents an extension that uses the iterative Sparse Group Lasso to order the variables in the model according to a defined importance index. The introduction of this index is motivated by problems in which there are a large number of variables, only a few of which are directly related to the response variable. This methodology is applied to genetic data, revealing promising results. A further significant contribution of this thesis is the Group Linear Algorithm with Sparse Principal decomposition, which is also motivated by problems in which only a small number of variables influence the response variable. However, unlike other methodologies, in this case the relevant variables are not necessarily among the observed data. This makes it a potentially powerful method, adaptable to multiple scenarios, which is also, as a side effect, a supervised variable clustering algorithm. Moreover, it can be interpreted as an extension of the Sparse Group Lasso that does not require an initial specification of the groups. From a computational point of view, this paper presents an organized framework for solving problems in which the objective function is a linear combination of a differentiable error term and a penalty. The flexibility of this implementation allows it to be applied to problems in very different contexts, for example, the proposed Generalized Elastic Net for semisupervised learning. Regarding its main objective, this thesis offers a framework for the exploration of generalized interpretable models. In the last chapter, in addition to compiling a summary of the contributions of the thesis, future lines of work in the scope of the thesis are included. ; Esta tesis se ha desarrollado en la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid motivada por una colaboración de investigación con el Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, en Madrid. Está enmarcada dentro del campo de los Modelos Lineales Penalizados, concretamente Selección de Variables en Modelos de Regresión, Clasificación y Supervivencia, pero también explora otras técnicas como Clustering de Variables y Aprendizaje Semi-Supervisado. En los últimos años, las técnicas de selección de variables basadas en modelos penalizados han cobrado notable importancia. Con el avance de las tecnologías en la última década, se ha conseguido recopilar y tratar enormes volúmenes de datos con algoritmos de una complejidad computacional superior. Sin embargo, aunque parecía que los modelos que aportaban soluciones sencillas e interpretables iban a ser definitivamente desplazados por otros más complejos, han resultado ser todavía muy útiles. De hecho, en un sentido práctico, muchas veces tiene más valor un modelo que sea capaz de filtrar información importante, fácilmente extrapolable e interpretable por un humano, que otro más complejo incapaz de aportar ningún tipo de retroalimentación al problema de fondo, incluso cuando este último ofrezca mejores predicciones. Esta tesis se enfoca en problemas de alta dimensión, en los cuales el número de variables es del mismo orden o superior al tamaño muestral. En este tipo de problemas, restricciones que eliminen variables del modelo a menudo conducen a un mejor desempeño e interpretabilidad de los resultados. Para ajustar regresión lineal en alta dimensión el método de regularización Sparse Group Lasso ha demostrado ser muy eficiente. No obstante, para utilizar en la práctica el Sparse Group Lasso, hay que tener en cuenta dos aspectos fundamentales de los cuales depende la solución, que son la correcta selección de los parámetros de regularización, y una especificación previa de grupos de variables. Muy pocas investigaciones se han centrado en algoritmos para la selección de los parámetros de regularización del Sparse Group Lasso, y ninguna ha explorado el tema de la agrupación y cómo relajar esta restricción que en la práctica constituye una barrera para utilizar este método. El principal objetivo de esta tesis es proponer nuevos métodos de selección de variables en modelos lineales generalizados. Esta tesis explora el método de regularización Sparse Group Lasso, analizando detalladamente la correcta selección de los parámetros de regularización, y finalmente relajando el problema de la especificación de los grupos mediante un nuevo algoritmo de agrupación de variables basado en el Sparse Group Lasso, pero mucho más flexible y que lo extiende. En una línea de investigación paralela, pero relacionada, esta tesis revela una conexión entre los modelos lineales penalizados y el aprendizaje semi-supervisado. Esta tesis está estructurada en formato por compendio de artículos, dividida en cuatro capítulos. Cada capítulo tiene una estructura y contenidos independiente del resto, sin embargo, siguen todos un eje común. Primeramente, se introducen los métodos de selección de variables basados en regularización, describiendo el problema de optimización que aparece y un algoritmo numérico para aproximar su solución cuando una parte de la función objetivo no es diferenciable. Esto último ocurre de manera natural cuando se añaden penalizaciones que inducen selección de variables. Una de las aportaciones de este trabajo es el iterative Sparse Group Lasso, que es un algoritmo para obtener la estimación de los coeficientes del modelo Sparse Group Lasso, sin la necesidad de especificar los parámetros de regularización. Utiliza descenso por coordenadas para los parámetros, mientras aproxima la función de error en una muestra de validación. Además, con respecto al Sparse Group Lasso clásico, esta nueva propuesta considera una penalización más general, donde cada grupo tiene un peso flexible. En otro capítulo se presenta una extensión que utiliza el iterative Sparse Group Lasso para ordenar las variables del modelo según un índice de importancia definido. La introducción de este índice está motivada por problemas en los cuales hay un número elevado de variables, de las cuales solamente unas pocas están relacionadas directamente con la variable respuesta. Esta metodología es aplicada a unos datos genéticos, mostrando resultados prometedores. Otra importante aportación de esta tesis es el Group Linear Algorithm with Sparse Principal decomposition, que está motivado también por problemas en los cuales solamente un número reducido de variables influye en la variable respuesta. Sin embargo, a diferencia de otras metodologías, en este caso las variables influyentes no necesariamente están entre las características observadas. Esto lo convierte en un método muy potente, adaptable a múltiples escenarios, que además, como efecto secundario, es un algoritmo supervisado de agrupación de variables. En un sentido, puede interpretarse como una extensión del Sparse Group Lasso que no requiere una especificación inicial de los grupos. Desde un punto de vista computacional, este trabajo presenta un enfoque organizado para resolver problemas en los cuales la función objetivo es una combinación lineal de un término de error diferenciable y una penalización. La flexibilidad de esta implementación le permite ser aplicada a problemas en contextos muy diferentes, por ejemplo, el Generalized Elastic Net propuesto para aprendizaje semi-supervisado. Con relación a su principal objetivo, esta tesis ofrece un marco para la investigación de modelos generalizados interpretables. En el último capítulo, además de recopilarse un resumen de las aportaciones de la tesis, se incluyen líneas de trabajo futuro en el ámbito de la temática de la tesis. ; Simulations in Sections 3.3 and 3.4 have been carried out in Uranus, a supercomputer cluster located at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid and funded jointly by EU-FEDER funds and by the Spanish Government via the National Projects No. UNC313-4E-2361, No. ENE2009-12213- C03-03, No. ENE2012-33219 and No. ENE2015-68265-P. ; Programa de Doctorado en Ingeniería Matemática por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: María Luz Durban Reguera.- Secretario: Alberto José Ferrer Riquelme.- Vocal: Jeff Goldsmith

Introduction. Depuis la réforme européenne d'éducation supérieure Licence-Master-Doctorat (LMD), diverses alliances et partenariats internationaux francophones ont créé des opportunités de mobilité internationale en santé tant chez les étudiantes, les praticiennes que les formatrices. L'accroissement de cette mobilité a forcé l'étudiante-chercheuse à réfléchir à la compétence culturelle des formatrices en sciences infirmières comme une solution favorisant la qualité et l'équité dans la formation en contexte international francophone. À notre connaissance, aucune étude n'a permis de comprendre la compétence culturelle manifestée chez des infirmières formatrices dans le cadre de formations infirmières en contexte francophone à l'étranger. But. Cette étude visait à mieux comprendre comment se manifeste la compétence culturelle d'infirmières formatrices franco-canadiennes lors d'expériences de partage de savoirs en sciences infirmières et ce, en contexte international francophone. Cadre. Un cadre de référence, intégrant la définition d'une compétence de Tardif (2006) au modèle The Process of Cultural Competence in Mentoring de Campinha-Bacote (2010a) et l'approche d'investigation relationnelle de Doane et Varcoe (2015; 2021), a favorisé un ancrage en science de la formation infirmière. Méthode. Une étude de cas multiples avec méthode mixte de type convergent (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018), réalisée dans une approche pragmatique (Morgan, 2007) de recherche, se voulait cohérente et pertinente à la nature observable et pratique d'une compétence culturelle. Ainsi, quatre cas référant à la manifestation de la compétence culturelle d'infirmières formatrices dans quatre programmes de formation infirmière de quatre pays différents ont formé l'échantillon de cas (N=4). Des entrevues individuelles semi-structurées auprès d'infirmières formatrices (n=18), des questionnaires socio-démographiques (n=18), des questionnaires post formation auprès d'apprenantes (n=34), des textes (n=53) puis, des notes de terrain (n=36) ont été analysés. Dans une première phase d'analyse intra-cas, la démarche d'analyse qualitative (descriptive, explicative et temporelle) proposée par Miles, Huberman, et Saldana (2014) et des statistiques descriptives ont été utilisées. Puis, dans une deuxième phase d'analyse inter-cas, les données qualitatives ont été analysées dans une approche descriptive interprétative de Thorne (2016). Des analyses statistiques descriptives, des coefficients de corrélation de Spearman et un test non paramétrique de Kruskal-Wallis, à partir des questionnaires post formation auprès d'apprenantes (n=34), ont été rigoureusement comparées aux analyses qualitatives pour ainsi dégager une synthèse holistique mixte intégrée des résultats de l'étude. Résultats. La synthèse mixte a permis de condenser vingt-deux ressources internes et externes mobilisées et combinées dans trois constats innovants et explicatifs de la compétence culturelle manifestée chez les infirmières formatrices franco-canadiennes : 1) S'engager et être reconnue dans un mandat universitaire infirmier; 2) Résoudre une pluralité des réalités par une conception franco-canadienne des savoirs infirmiers; et 3) Établir un environnement d'apprentissages simultanés. De manière holistique, la compétence culturelle s'est manifestée dans quatre situations professionnelles, particulières et récurrentes, soit 1) l'expression de l'identité professionnelle infirmière, 2) la confrontation d'une pluralité de savoirs; 3) la négociation des conditions structurelles, et 4) l'interprétation d'enjeux historiques et socio-politiques. Discussion. Cette recherche met en lumière des contributions empiriques et théoriques. Premièrement, la construction d'un environnement d'enseignement-apprentissage dans une approche franco-canadienne2 de formation universitaire en sciences infirmières en contexte international francophone ne permet pas d'assurer une égalité et une justice sociale en formation infirmière. Deuxièmement, les résultats ont révélé que la compétence culturelle manifestée suppose le besoin d'une compréhension des subtilités des contextes politiques et sociaux qui influencent la formation infirmière dans un rehaussement de programmes universitaires. La compétence culturelle manifestée implique aussi des relations de pouvoir potentielles ou avérées des formatrices/apprenantes. L'intégration de la définition d'une compétence de Tardif (2006) au modèle conceptuel de Campinha-Bacote (2010a) a permis d'identifier un nouveau modèle pour explorer la manifestation de la compétence culturelle des infirmières formatrices en contexte international francophone. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent que le modèle de Campinha-Bacote (2010a) est bien insuffisant pour le développement d'une compétence culturelle en formation. Ils sont pertinents non seulement pour la formation infirmière initiale, avancée et continue, mais aussi pour la théorie et la recherche, la pratique en formation infirmière, ainsi que, le politique, la gestion et l'organisation de la formation et des soins de santé. ; Introduction. Since the European reform of higher university education License-Master-Doctorate (LMD), various international Francophone alliances and partnerships between university institutions created mobility opportunities and international collaborations for nursing educators, students and clinicians. This increase in international mobility has provoked a reflection on nursing educators' cultural competence as a solution that promotes quality and equity of education in international and culturally diverse contexts. To our knowledge, no such studies have been published to date on the cultural competence manifested by nursing educators through teaching immersions in international French-speaking contexts. Purpose. This study aimed to better understand how the cultural competence of French-Canadian nursing educators manifests itself during experiences of sharing knowledge in nursing science in an international French-speaking context. Framework. A reference framework has fostered an anchoring in the science of nursing education, integrating the components of the definition of a competence from Tardif (2006), the model The Process of Cultural Competence in Mentoring by Campinha-Bacote (2010a) and the Relational inquiry approach of Doane and Varcoe (2015; 2021). Method. A multiple case study with mixed convergent-type method (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2018) in a pragmatic (Morgan, 2007) research approach is consistent and relevant to the observable and practical nature of cultural competence. Four cases of French-Canadian nursing educators' cultural competence manifestation through four nursing education programs from four different countries formed the case sample (N = 4). Semi-structured individual interviews with nursing educators (n = 18), socio-demographic questionnaires (n = 18), texts (n = 53) and then field notes (n = 36) were analyzed. In intra-case analysis phase, the qualitative approach (descriptive, explanatory and temporal) proposed by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014) and descriptive statistics were used. Then, in an inter-case analysis phase, the qualitative data were analyzed in an interpretive descriptive approach by Thorne (2016). Descriptive statistical analyzes, Spearman correlation coefficients and Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test, from post training questionnaires with learners (n = 34), were rigorously compared to qualitative analysis to merge an integrated holistic mixed synthesis of results for the entire study. Results. The mixed synthesis made it possible to condense twenty-two internal and external resources mobilized and combined in three innovative and explanatory findings of the cultural competence manifested in Franco-Canadian nursing educators: 1) Commit and be recognized in a nursing university mandate; 2) Resolve the plurality of realities through a Franco-Canadian conception of nursing knowledge; and 3) Establish an environment of concurrent learning. Holistically, French-Canadian nursing educators' cultural competence is manifested in four professional, specific and recurring situations of: 1) expression of the nursing professional identity, 2) confrontation of a plurality of knowledge; 3) negotiating structural conditions, and 4) interpreting historical and socio-political issues. Discussion. This research shed light on empiric and theoretical contributions. First, a construction of a teaching-learning environment in a French-Canadian approach to university nursing education in Francophone international contexts is insufficient to ensure equality and social justice in nursing education. Second, the results revealed that isolated cultural competence implies the need for an understanding of the intricacies of the political and social contexts that influence nursing education in an enhancement of academic programs. Cultural competence is also learned from the potential or proven power relations of the trainers/learners. The integration of the definition of a competence of Tardif (2006) in the conceptual model of Campinha-Bacote (2010a) made it possible to identify a new model to explore the manifestation of the cultural competence of nursing educators in international French-speaking contexts. The results of this study show that the model of Campinha-Bacote (2010a) is quite insufficient for the development of cultural competence in nursing education. They are relevant not only for initial, advanced and continuing nursing education but also for theory and research, practice in nursing education, as well as political actions, management and organization of education and health care.

During Hellenistic and Roman times, Elaia, the harbour city of ancient Pergamon, was an important place of trade and traffic at the western coast of Asia Minor. Intense military and mercantile activities are documented by literary sources and archaeological evidences. This dissertation focuses on (I) the reconstruction of shoreline displacements; (II) the detection of sea-level fluctuations; (III) the usability and history of the three harbour sites; and (IV) the investigation of human impact on the environment since mid-Holocene times in the environs of Pergamon's so-called "maritime satellite" Elaia. The geo-bio-archives of the area were studied using terrestrial and semi-aquatic vibracorings and geophysical exploration. Investigated sites were measured by Differential GPS. The sediments were examined using sedimentological, micropalaeontological and geochemical methods. Palynological and archaeobotanical analyses provided evidence for the former vegetation. Robust chronostratigraphies were established using radiocarbon (14C) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating as well as archaeological dating of artefacts. The postglacial marine transgression drowned the later settled shores of the Bay of Elaia 5500 BC, reaching its maximum ca. 1 km inland around 1500 BC. Since 850 BC, increasing settlement activities in the area led to accelerated hinterland erosion, sedimentation and a seaward shift in the shoreline. The time of the Pergamenian occupation (250 BC–AD 180) is documented by intense building activities and an increased population, which is also visible in the palynolgical record. During its prime, Elaia operated three harbours: the closed harbour, the open harbour and a beach harbour. The construction of the closed harbour basin was determined by a series of interdisciplinary methods to 246–215 BC. Estimations of the water depths in the closed harbour basin (~2.5 m in Hellenistic times) and the open harbour area (~1 m in Hellenistic times) led to the conclusion that the closed harbour basin could be exploited by common ship classes until AD 150. Shortly afterwards, increased siltation led to its abandonment. The closed harbour basin, which shows no signs of dredging activities, acted as a favourable sink for human waste, as evidenced by eggs of parasites, enhanced heavy-metal concentration and debris of craftsmanship. The first detection of the Black Sea dinocyst species Peridinium ponticum in the Mediterranean Sea documents traffic relations with the Black-Sea region. This is supported by archaeological finds of coins, seals and ceramics originating from abroad. Water depth in the open harbour area in front of the ship sheds was insufficient to anchor larger vessels. Thus, the ships were slipped to the ship sheds. The beach harbour in the eastern district of the city of Elaia acted as an area where foreign soldiers and merchants beached their ships and put up their camps. For the first time, a reliable regional sea-level (RSL) curve for a continental site on the Turkish Aegean coast was established using a new type of reliable sea-level index point. The curve correlates well with actual RSL curves of the nearby Aegean region; it is also in good agreement with sea-level curves derived from glacio-hydro-isostatic models. Five stages of human impact are evident over the past eight millennia. The natural vegetation (deciduous oak forests) existed before ca. 850 BC. It is followed by a degradation period caused by increased settlement activities and lumbering until around 250 BC. During Elaia's most flourishing time, ca. 250 BC–AD 180, the human impact is on its maximum, documented by a significant vegetation change, the occurrence of human parasites, debris of craftsmanship, higher heavy metal concentrations, economic relations and intense construction activity. The siltation of the harbours in addition to the declining political importance of the city from late Roman times onwards led to its abandonment. Thus, the human impact on the environment decreased up to around AD 800. Since those days, the absence of human impact led to a new natural vegetation: pines. The climax vegetation of the period before 850 BC never re-established. To sum up, this PhD thesis is a valuable example of an interdisciplinary cooperation, focused on solving the questions dealing with shoreline displacements, sea-level studies, coastal evolution, hazards and ancient harbour research in an archaeological context.

Groundwater recharge is constrained by various factors with rainfall playing a key role. The Kompienga dam basin located in southeastern Burkina Faso displays semi-arid climatic conditions with rainfall occurring five months per year. The average long-term (1959-2005) mean annual rainfall amounted to 830.2 mm with high temporal and spatial variability. During the year, evaporation always exceeds rainfall, except for a few months in the rainy season when recharge can take place in the basin. In addition, the crystalline rocks of granites and amphibolites mainly underlying the basin have a poor water storage capacity. Therefore, groundwater recharge in the basin is estimated to be as low as 43.9 mm, which represents 5.3% of the rainfall in 2005 for a potential groundwater volume of 259.5 million m³. The estimation based on the water balance method, the chloride mass balance method and the water table fluctuation method shows that the basin recharge is mostly through matrix flow with considerable spatial variability based on soil textures, crystalline rock fracturing, land-use/land-cover and topography. Thus, preferential flow processes are dominant in the basin recharge in the southwestern part around Tanyélé, where the chloride concentration in the groundwater is about that in rainwater. Annual recharge in the basin is determined by an annual rainfall threshold ranging between 314.3 mm and 336.6 mm reached during the first two to three months of the rains. This relationship provided the equation for deriving annual groundwater recharge in the basin. According to Eddy correlation measurements, actual evaporation in the basin depletes the aquifers at an average rate of 0.6 mm per day during the dry season. This situation contributes to the reduction of the groundwater resources and limits the possibilities of developing these resources to improve the population's livelihoods. The basin population in 2005 was 270 000 inhabitants living in 15 departments in 5 provinces, and water withdrawal was estimated at an average rate of 76 l/c/d (including livestock watering) in the dry season period. This represents 5 million m 3 of water, making up 2 % of the annual recharge to the aquifers. In anticipation of decreasing rainfall and increasing population in the Kompienga dam basin, scenarios of recharges against withdrawals show that the annual recharge will support the demand for water till 2030 at a supply rate of 25 l/c/d from 1260 functional boreholes operating 12 hours per day at an average unit yield of 1 m 3 per hour. The nationally formulated norm for rural water provision of 20 l/c/d was found to respond to basic needs only, and 35 l/c/d is considered the required supply rate especially from March to May when the water demand is highest. Therefore, the revision of the national norm and policy target for rural water supply is recommended. ; Grundwasserpotential zur Versorgung der Bevölkerung im Kompienga Staudammbecken in Burkina Faso Grundwasseranreicherung wird durch verschiedene Faktoren bestimmt, wobei dem Niederschlag eine Schlüsselrolle zukommt. Das Kompienga Staudammbecken im süd-östlichen Teil Burkina Fasos weist mit seinen durchschnittlich fünf Regenmonaten pro Jahr und einem mittleren Jahresniederschlag (1959-2005) von 830,2 mm bei hoher zeitlicher und räumlicher Varianz. Im Laufe des Jahres übersteigt dort die Evaporation die Niederschlagsmengen, mit Ausnahme von wenigen Monaten während der Regenzeit, in denen die Grundwasseranreicherung im Becken stattfinden kann. Zudem haben die kristallinischen Granite und Amphibolite, die sich unter dem Becken befinden, nur eine geringe Speicherfähigkeit. Die Schätzung der Grundwasseranreicherung für das Becken ergibt darum einen niedrigen Wert von 5,3 % der jährlichen Niederschlagsmenge im Jahr 2005 für ein potenzielles Grundwasservolumen von 259,5 Mio. m 3 . Die auf der Wasserbilanz-Methode, der Chlorid-Mengenbilanz-Methode und der Grundwasserspiegel-Fluktuationsmethode basierende Schätzung zeigt, dass die Anreicherung hauptsächlich über matrix flow gespeist wird, mit einer hohen räumlichen Varianz je nach Bodenbeschaffenheit, Vorkommen von Frakturen im kristallinischen Gestein, Landnutzung und -bedeckung sowie Topografie. Dementsprechend dominieren preferential flow Prozesse im süd-westlichen Teil nahe Tanyélé, wo die Chloridkonzentration des Grundwassers ungefähr der des Niederschlagswassers entspricht. Die jährliche Anreicherung im Becken wird durch den jährlichen Niederschlag (314,3 mm bis 336,6 mm), der während der ersten zwei bis drei Regenmonate erreicht wird, bestimmt. Den Eddy correlation Messungen zufolge führt die aktuelle Evaporation während der Trockenzeit zu einer Abnahme des in den Aquiferen gespeicherten Grundwassers um einem durchschnittlichen Wert von 0,6 mm pro Tag und damit zur Reduzierung der Grundwasserressourcen. Hierdurch sind die Möglichkeiten, diese Ressourcen zu entwickeln und so zu einer Verbesserung der Lebensgrundlage der Bevölkerung beizutragen, begrenzt. Im Jahr 2005 lebten die 270 000 Bewohner des Beckens in fünfzehn Distrikten bzw. fünf Provinzen, und ihre Wasserentnahme in der Trockenzeit entsprach ca. 76 l/c/d (einschließlich Wasser für das Vieh). Das entspricht 5 Mio. m 3 Wasser und 2 % der jährlichen Grundwasseranreicherungsmenge. Vergleichende Szenarien auf der Grundlage der zu erwartenden geringeren Niederschläge und steigendenden Bevölkerungszahlen im Kompienga Staudammbecken zeigen, dass die jährliche Grundwasseranreicherung ausreichen wird, um den Wasserbedarf bis 2030 bei einer Versorgung mit Wasser von 25 l/c/d durch 1260 funktionale Bohrlöcher im 12-stündigen Betrieb bei einer Pumprate von 1 m³ pro Stunde zu decken. Die auf nationaler Ebene formulierte Norm von 20 l/c/d für ländliche Gebiete kann lediglich die Grundversorgung sicherstellen, da tatsächlich 35 l/c/d benötigt werden, insbesondere in der Zeit von März bis Mai, wenn der Wasserbedarf am höchsten ist. Daraus ergibt sich die Empfehlung, die nationale Norm und politische Zielvorgabe für die ländliche Versorgung zu überprüfen und gegebenenfalls zu korrigieren.

Social acceptance is considered to be a decisive factor for the development of wind energy. Surveys repeatedly show that while people support wind energy in general, specific wind farm projects often cause local opposition. Local resistance against wind energy cannot be explained by singular issues such as simple cost-benefit calculations, the public support for renewable energy sources, the implementation strategy of the developer, the number of wind turbines installed, the intensity of the turbine noise, the protection of local birds and animals, or the "not-in-my-backyard"-effect (Stadlober and Hahn 1998; Warren et al. 2005; Wolsink 2000, 2007a), although a very dominant influence seems to be the specific value of the landscape, the familiar surroundings and the habitat (Wolsink 2007b). Hence, the acceptance of wind energy depends on a complex set of individual and societal indicators, perceptions and preferences rooted in institutional and socio-political arrangements.

The project's approach was based on the concept of social acceptance (Wüstenhagen et al. 2007), which is composed of socio-political, market and community acceptance. Wüstenhagen et al. investigated spatial planning and financial procurement systems to assess socio-political acceptance, market innovation, consumer and investors behaviour to explain market acceptance, procedural and distributional justice and trust to contribute to the understanding of community acceptance. The three levels of acceptance do interact, have main actors associated and are influenced by their interactions and contributing expectations.

We recur to this triangle model because it provides a broad holistic framework widely recognised not only in a scientific but also in a practical context. TransWind established a conceptual and methodological reliable participatory integrated assessment in order to test various factors of social acceptance. On a macro scale the integrated assessment was based on semi-structured interviews, participatory workshops and a group discussion (WorldCafé) with the experts from our stakeholder group, an estimation of the theoretical wind area potential in Austria and a participatory modelling approach to analyse the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). On the community level focus groups, semi-structured interviews and presentations/tests of visualisation tools were conducted. Both the integration of results from the macro analyses to the community scale and the use of a mixed-method design ensured the inter- and transdisciplinary character of TransWind.

This approach is needed to gain new, practical and relevant insights, which could not have been obtained merely from scientific or interdisciplinary sources. The conceptual framework of TransWind therefore aimed at integrating in a systematic way the analytical perspectives of the scientists and their approaches with the preferences and perceptions of the persons concerned about the issue (stakeholders) through establishing a reference group, holding workshops and organising interviews and focus groups. The assessment was complemented by a GIS based modelling tool (Where the wind blows - WTWB), which allowed the participatory assessment of optimal locations for wind power, depending on the spatial distribution of wind resources. Inputs from the reference group were summarized in a criteria catalogue to define three scenarios (min, med and max) for potentially suitable wind turbine sites. These three scenarios were complemented by a fourth scenario that reflects the wind energy potential with suitability zones for wind energy already defined by Austrian federal states. For all potential locations we calculated the levelized cost of energy generation (LCOE) to derive wind energy supply curves for each scenario of potentially suitable wind turbine sites. Under the assumptions of the min scenario, only 3.5TWh of wind energy could be produced at relatively high costs of 96 to 243 € MWh-1. Thus, it would not be possible to meet the wind energy targets of 3GW installed capacity (equivalent to about 6.3TWh assuming current capacity factors) of the Austrian Eco-Electricity-Act 2012. The med and max scenario would allow for further expanding the wind energy share at reasonable cost of about 95 EUR MWh-1 even if electricity demand keeps steadily rising. The modelling results raised our understanding of the related costs and benefits and served as a basis for the case study selection.

In the case studies, TransWind worked with interactive 3D visualisation tools based on latest visualisation developments to provide real-time and realistic visualisations for discussing and assessing different planning strategies and siting processes related to the visual impact on the landscape. Our research on technologies for 3D modelling in the context of Wind turbine visualisations has shown that different concepts and methods exist. The simple image visualisations (static images) are state of the art in planning processes but they are increasingly criticised as there is no easy way to prove their reliability and the number of viewpoints is very limited. From a cost perspective it is still the most efficient technology and the images can be easily shared in reports, presentations or websites. Interactive 3D visualisations allow users to change their viewpoints interactively depending on personal motifs. Therefore, personal fears and expectations can be addressed which may lead to more objective discussions and exchange of opinions during planning processes. During the project, two very new technologies entered the stage: Augmented reality (AR) and Virtual reality (VR) applications. Both are driven by the fast spread of mobile phones and may provide some additional insights in the visual impact of wind turbines. Nevertheless there are still some technological barriers that leads to positioning errors or unrealistic views due to the missing masking of 3D objects by real world objects (in AR) or are lacking quality due to low screen resolutions of mobile phones (in VR).

Through the research in the case studies and the preferences expressed by the stakeholders of the reference group TransWind identified different and sometimes contrasting patterns of social acceptance, which enhanced our understanding about the economical, political, ecological and social feasibility of wind power plants. Our empirical results showed that all interview partners and focus group participants consider vertical and horizontal cooperation and coordination across different political levels and parties (stakeholders; experts; local to regional decision makers; citizens) to be important. The problem is that the process of interaction between these actors is often conflictual. Different factors could be highlighted explaining this divergence. Such factors can be seen in the conflict of interests, rationales and beliefs which strengthen the problems of coordination and cooperation. Furthermore, any wind energy project is characterised by the basic systemic conflict between nature conservation (protection of wildlife, habitat and landscape) and narratives of ecological modernisation (e.g. climate protection or energy transition). These moral concepts (core beliefs) and policy cores (general beliefs and perceptions in a specific policy field like wind energy) of the participants are unlikely to change. Only the so called secondary aspects, which relates to the implementation of a policy (e.g. instruments, concrete actions), are most likely to change and are subject to learning processes.

Solutions for local wind energy projects can only be found in coordinated processes of cooperation taking into account all patterns of social acceptance. In order to ensure acceptance, decision-making processes have to be reformed, justice sustained and thereby both input and output legitimacy enhanced. All of these factors were taken into account when TransWind finally established a guideline for various user audiences interested in handling the acceptance and non-acceptance of wind energy.

This PhD thesis sets out to investigate the potentials of Building Information Modeling (BIM) to mitigate risks of corruption in the Ethiopian public construction sector. The wide-ranging capabilities and promises of BIM have led to the strong perception among researchers and practitioners that it is an indispensable technology. Consequently, it has become the frequent subject of science and research. Meanwhile, many countries, especially the developed ones, have committed themselves to applying the technology extensively. Increasing productivity is the most common and frequently cited reason for that. However, both technology developers and adopters are oblivious to the potentials of BIM in addressing critical challenges in the construction sector, such as corruption. This particularly would be significant in developing countries like Ethiopia, where its problems and effects are acute. Studies reveal that bribery and corruption have long pervaded the construction industry worldwide. The complex and fragmented nature of the sector provides an environment for corruption. The Ethiopian construction sector is not immune from this epidemic reality. In fact, it is regarded as one of the most vulnerable sectors owing to varying socio-economic and political factors. Since 2015, Ethiopia has started adopting BIM, yet without clear goals and strategies. As a result, the potential of BIM for combating concrete problems of the sector remains untapped. To this end, this dissertation does pioneering work by showing how collaboration and coordination features of the technology contribute to minimizing the opportunities for corruption. Tracing loopholes, otherwise, would remain complex and ineffective in the traditional documentation processes. Proceeding from this anticipation, this thesis brings up two primary questions: what are areas and risks of corruption in case of the Ethiopian public construction projects; and how could BIM be leveraged to mitigate these risks? To tackle these and other secondary questions, the research employs a mixed-method approach. The selected main research strategies are Survey, Grounded Theory (GT) and Archival Study. First, the author disseminates an online questionnaire among Ethiopian construction engineering professionals to pinpoint areas of vulnerability to corruption. 155 responses are compiled and scrutinized quantitatively. Then, a semi-structured in-depth interview is conducted with 20 senior professionals, primarily to comprehend opportunities for and risks of corruption in those identified highly vulnerable project stages and decision points. At the same time, open interviews (consultations) are held with 14 informants to be aware of state of the construction documentation, BIM and loopholes for corruption in the country. Consequently, these qualitative data are analyzed utilizing the principles of GT, heat/risk mapping and Social Network Analysis (SNA). The risk mapping assists the researcher in the course of prioritizing corruption risks; whilst through SNA, methodically, it is feasible to identify key actors/stakeholders in the corruption venture. Based on the generated research data, the author constructs a [substantive] grounded theory around the elements of corruption in the Ethiopian public construction sector. This theory, later, guides the subsequent strategic proposition of BIM. Finally, 85 public construction related cases are also analyzed systematically to substantiate and confirm previous findings. By ways of these multiple research endeavors that is based, first and foremost, on the triangulation of qualitative and quantitative data analysis, the author conveys a number of key findings. First, estimations, tender document preparation and evaluation, construction material as well as quality control and additional work orders are found to be the most vulnerable stages in the design, tendering and construction phases respectively. Second, middle management personnel of contractors and clients, aided by brokers, play most critical roles in corrupt transactions within the prevalent corruption network. Third, grand corruption persists in the sector, attributed to the fact that top management and higher officials entertain their overriding power, supported by the lack of project audits and accountability. Contrarily, individuals at operation level utilize intentional and unintentional 'errors' as an opportunity for corruption. In light of these findings, two conceptual BIM-based risk mitigation strategies are prescribed: active and passive automation of project audits; and the monitoring of project information throughout projects' value chain. These propositions are made in reliance on BIM's present dimensional capabilities and the promises of Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). Moreover, BIM's synchronous potentials with other technologies such as Information and Communication Technology (ICT), and Radio Frequency technologies are topics which received a treatment. All these arguments form the basis for the main thesis of this dissertation, that BIM is able to mitigate corruption risks in the Ethiopian public construction sector. The discourse on the skepticisms about BIM that would stem from the complex nature of corruption and strategic as well as technological limitations of BIM is also illuminated and complemented by this work. Thus, the thesis uncovers possible research gaps and lays the foundation for further studies.

Terrain d'étude : Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat, Syndicat du Pays du Gier, SICALA Antenne de Tence. ; The objective of this Doctorate was to put in adequacy water resources and water requirements on average crystalline mountain through the example of the Country of Gier, the Regional Natural reserve of Pilat and S.I.C.A.L.A. "Antenna of Tence ". This work was realized in a space of low mountain range. It corresponds so in the middle geographical in the strict sense as in a space lived by a society. From a quantitative point of view, the resource in water can amply satisfy needs. The resource in water is not exhausted. The pluviometry bound to a semi-mountain climate to mountain dweller is sufficient and the modes of consumption of the water are rather reasonable. However, considering the pedological and geologic characteristics and considering the environment, this resource in water must be retained to be able to feed the population with drinking water. This idea "to reserve" the resource germinated in mind of the administrators more than three hundred years ago. To build artificial restraints was thus a fundamental decision. If the balance needs / resources does not inspire the doom-watch, there were certain periods in our recent History where it was unbalanced. Since 1975, at least five major episodes of drought occurred. They called us by their occurrence. The consideration of the phenomenon of drought by the authorities led to us to think about the question of the risk. If the meteorological situations convenient to the occurrence of such episodes are known, who is today capable of predicting the extension and the intensity of such phenomena ? The socio-political answer in front of the drought is more and more sharp and close to the territory. It is treated on the scale of the pouring pond, the henceforth omnipresent notion. From a qualitative point of view, the estimation of the state of the resource would require an analysis more deepened to determine the causes of pollution. The urban society considered for a long time that streams were only the receptacle of its waste. It was necessary well to become aware, sometimes in a forced way, that Europe was on the march and required a certain quality of life in the environment. All the problems are not resolved even if numerous efforts were made. The contagion of grounds by the relatively extensive agriculture and by the ancestral exploitation of mines is a subject of current events. The contact of elements contaminated with the water stays another field to be exploited. ; L'objectif de ce Doctorat était de mettre en adéquation les ressources en eau et les besoins en eau en moyenne montagne cristalline à travers l'exemple du Pays du Gier, du Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat et S.I.C.A.L.A. " Antenne de Tence ". Ce travail fut réalisé dans un espace de moyenne montagne. Il correspond aussi bien au milieu géographique au sens strict qu'à un espace vécu par une société. D'un point de vue quantitatif, la ressource en eau peut amplement satisfaire les besoins. La ressource en eau n'est pas épuisée. La pluviométrie liée à un climat semimontagnard à montagnard est suffisante et les modes de consommation de l'eau sont assez raisonnables. Toutefois, compte tenu des caractéristiques pédologiques et géologiques et du milieu, cette ressource en eau a dû être retenue pour pouvoir alimenter la population en eau potable. Cette idée de " réserver " la ressource a germé dans l'esprit des gestionnaires il y a plus de trois cents ans. Construire des retenues artificielles fut donc une décision fondamentale. Si la balance besoins / ressources n'inspire pas le catastrophisme, il y a eu certaines périodes dans notre Histoire récente où elle fut déséquilibrée. Depuis 1975, au moins cinq épisodes majeurs de sécheresse se sont produits. La prise en compte du phénomène de sécheresse par les autorités nous a conduit à réfléchir sur la question du risque. Si les situations météorologiques propices à l'occurrence de tels épisodes sont connues, qui est aujourd'hui capable de prédire l'extension et l'intensité de tels phénomènes ? La réponse socio-politique face à la sécheresse est de plus en plus pointue et proche du territoire. Elle se traite à l'échelle du bassin versant, notion désormais omniprésente. D'un point de vue qualitatif, l'estimation de l'état de la ressource nécessiterait une analyse plus approfondie pour déterminer les causes de pollution. La société urbaine a longtemps considéré que les cours d'eau n'étaient que le réceptacle de ses déchets. Il a bien fallu prendre conscience, parfois de manière forcée, que l'Europe était en marche et exigeait une certaine qualité de vie dans le milieu. Tous les problèmes ne sont pas résolus même si de nombreux efforts ont été effectués. La contamination des sols par l'agriculture relativement intensive et par l'exploitation ancestrale des mines est un sujet d'actualité. Le contact des éléments contaminés avec l'eau reste encore un champ à exploiter.

Terrain d'étude : Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat, Syndicat du Pays du Gier, SICALA Antenne de Tence. ; The objective of this Doctorate was to put in adequacy water resources and water requirements on average crystalline mountain through the example of the Country of Gier, the Regional Natural reserve of Pilat and S.I.C.A.L.A. "Antenna of Tence ". This work was realized in a space of low mountain range. It corresponds so in the middle geographical in the strict sense as in a space lived by a society. From a quantitative point of view, the resource in water can amply satisfy needs. The resource in water is not exhausted. The pluviometry bound to a semi-mountain climate to mountain dweller is sufficient and the modes of consumption of the water are rather reasonable. However, considering the pedological and geologic characteristics and considering the environment, this resource in water must be retained to be able to feed the population with drinking water. This idea "to reserve" the resource germinated in mind of the administrators more than three hundred years ago. To build artificial restraints was thus a fundamental decision. If the balance needs / resources does not inspire the doom-watch, there were certain periods in our recent History where it was unbalanced. Since 1975, at least five major episodes of drought occurred. They called us by their occurrence. The consideration of the phenomenon of drought by the authorities led to us to think about the question of the risk. If the meteorological situations convenient to the occurrence of such episodes are known, who is today capable of predicting the extension and the intensity of such phenomena ? The socio-political answer in front of the drought is more and more sharp and close to the territory. It is treated on the scale of the pouring pond, the henceforth omnipresent notion. From a qualitative point of view, the estimation of the state of the resource would require an analysis more deepened to determine the causes of pollution. The urban society considered for a long time that streams were only the receptacle of its waste. It was necessary well to become aware, sometimes in a forced way, that Europe was on the march and required a certain quality of life in the environment. All the problems are not resolved even if numerous efforts were made. The contagion of grounds by the relatively extensive agriculture and by the ancestral exploitation of mines is a subject of current events. The contact of elements contaminated with the water stays another field to be exploited. ; L'objectif de ce Doctorat était de mettre en adéquation les ressources en eau et les besoins en eau en moyenne montagne cristalline à travers l'exemple du Pays du Gier, du Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat et S.I.C.A.L.A. " Antenne de Tence ". Ce travail fut réalisé dans un espace de moyenne montagne. Il correspond aussi bien au milieu géographique au sens strict qu'à un espace vécu par une société. D'un point de vue quantitatif, la ressource en eau peut amplement satisfaire les besoins. La ressource en eau n'est pas épuisée. La pluviométrie liée à un climat semimontagnard à montagnard est suffisante et les modes de consommation de l'eau sont assez raisonnables. Toutefois, compte tenu des caractéristiques pédologiques et géologiques et du milieu, cette ressource en eau a dû être retenue pour pouvoir alimenter la population en eau potable. Cette idée de " réserver " la ressource a germé dans l'esprit des gestionnaires il y a plus de trois cents ans. Construire des retenues artificielles fut donc une décision fondamentale. Si la balance besoins / ressources n'inspire pas le catastrophisme, il y a eu certaines périodes dans notre Histoire récente où elle fut déséquilibrée. Depuis 1975, au moins cinq épisodes majeurs de sécheresse se sont produits. La prise en compte du phénomène de sécheresse par les autorités nous a conduit à réfléchir sur la question du risque. Si les situations météorologiques propices à l'occurrence de tels épisodes sont connues, qui est aujourd'hui capable de prédire l'extension et l'intensité de tels phénomènes ? La réponse socio-politique face à la sécheresse est de plus en plus pointue et proche du territoire. Elle se traite à l'échelle du bassin versant, notion désormais omniprésente. D'un point de vue qualitatif, l'estimation de l'état de la ressource nécessiterait une analyse plus approfondie pour déterminer les causes de pollution. La société urbaine a longtemps considéré que les cours d'eau n'étaient que le réceptacle de ses déchets. Il a bien fallu prendre conscience, parfois de manière forcée, que l'Europe était en marche et exigeait une certaine qualité de vie dans le milieu. Tous les problèmes ne sont pas résolus même si de nombreux efforts ont été effectués. La contamination des sols par l'agriculture relativement intensive et par l'exploitation ancestrale des mines est un sujet d'actualité. Le contact des éléments contaminés avec l'eau reste encore un champ à exploiter.

Terrain d'étude : Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat, Syndicat du Pays du Gier, SICALA Antenne de Tence. ; The objective of this Doctorate was to put in adequacy water resources and water requirements on average crystalline mountain through the example of the Country of Gier, the Regional Natural reserve of Pilat and S.I.C.A.L.A. "Antenna of Tence ". This work was realized in a space of low mountain range. It corresponds so in the middle geographical in the strict sense as in a space lived by a society. From a quantitative point of view, the resource in water can amply satisfy needs. The resource in water is not exhausted. The pluviometry bound to a semi-mountain climate to mountain dweller is sufficient and the modes of consumption of the water are rather reasonable. However, considering the pedological and geologic characteristics and considering the environment, this resource in water must be retained to be able to feed the population with drinking water. This idea "to reserve" the resource germinated in mind of the administrators more than three hundred years ago. To build artificial restraints was thus a fundamental decision. If the balance needs / resources does not inspire the doom-watch, there were certain periods in our recent History where it was unbalanced. Since 1975, at least five major episodes of drought occurred. They called us by their occurrence. The consideration of the phenomenon of drought by the authorities led to us to think about the question of the risk. If the meteorological situations convenient to the occurrence of such episodes are known, who is today capable of predicting the extension and the intensity of such phenomena ? The socio-political answer in front of the drought is more and more sharp and close to the territory. It is treated on the scale of the pouring pond, the henceforth omnipresent notion. From a qualitative point of view, the estimation of the state of the resource would require an analysis more deepened to determine the causes of pollution. The urban society considered for a long time that streams were only the receptacle of its waste. It was necessary well to become aware, sometimes in a forced way, that Europe was on the march and required a certain quality of life in the environment. All the problems are not resolved even if numerous efforts were made. The contagion of grounds by the relatively extensive agriculture and by the ancestral exploitation of mines is a subject of current events. The contact of elements contaminated with the water stays another field to be exploited. ; L'objectif de ce Doctorat était de mettre en adéquation les ressources en eau et les besoins en eau en moyenne montagne cristalline à travers l'exemple du Pays du Gier, du Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat et S.I.C.A.L.A. " Antenne de Tence ". Ce travail fut réalisé dans un espace de moyenne montagne. Il correspond aussi bien au milieu géographique au sens strict qu'à un espace vécu par une société. D'un point de vue quantitatif, la ressource en eau peut amplement satisfaire les besoins. La ressource en eau n'est pas épuisée. La pluviométrie liée à un climat semimontagnard à montagnard est suffisante et les modes de consommation de l'eau sont assez raisonnables. Toutefois, compte tenu des caractéristiques pédologiques et géologiques et du milieu, cette ressource en eau a dû être retenue pour pouvoir alimenter la population en eau potable. Cette idée de " réserver " la ressource a germé dans l'esprit des gestionnaires il y a plus de trois cents ans. Construire des retenues artificielles fut donc une décision fondamentale. Si la balance besoins / ressources n'inspire pas le catastrophisme, il y a eu certaines périodes dans notre Histoire récente où elle fut déséquilibrée. Depuis 1975, au moins cinq épisodes majeurs de sécheresse se sont produits. La prise en compte du phénomène de sécheresse par les autorités nous a conduit à réfléchir sur la question du risque. Si les situations météorologiques propices à l'occurrence de tels épisodes sont connues, qui est aujourd'hui capable de prédire l'extension et l'intensité de tels phénomènes ? La réponse socio-politique face à la sécheresse est de plus en plus pointue et proche du territoire. Elle se traite à l'échelle du bassin versant, notion désormais omniprésente. D'un point de vue qualitatif, l'estimation de l'état de la ressource nécessiterait une analyse plus approfondie pour déterminer les causes de pollution. La société urbaine a longtemps considéré que les cours d'eau n'étaient que le réceptacle de ses déchets. Il a bien fallu prendre conscience, parfois de manière forcée, que l'Europe était en marche et exigeait une certaine qualité de vie dans le milieu. Tous les problèmes ne sont pas résolus même si de nombreux efforts ont été effectués. La contamination des sols par l'agriculture relativement intensive et par l'exploitation ancestrale des mines est un sujet d'actualité. Le contact des éléments contaminés avec l'eau reste encore un champ à exploiter.

Terrain d'étude : Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat, Syndicat du Pays du Gier, SICALA Antenne de Tence. ; The objective of this Doctorate was to put in adequacy water resources and water requirements on average crystalline mountain through the example of the Country of Gier, the Regional Natural reserve of Pilat and S.I.C.A.L.A. "Antenna of Tence ". This work was realized in a space of low mountain range. It corresponds so in the middle geographical in the strict sense as in a space lived by a society. From a quantitative point of view, the resource in water can amply satisfy needs. The resource in water is not exhausted. The pluviometry bound to a semi-mountain climate to mountain dweller is sufficient and the modes of consumption of the water are rather reasonable. However, considering the pedological and geologic characteristics and considering the environment, this resource in water must be retained to be able to feed the population with drinking water. This idea "to reserve" the resource germinated in mind of the administrators more than three hundred years ago. To build artificial restraints was thus a fundamental decision. If the balance needs / resources does not inspire the doom-watch, there were certain periods in our recent History where it was unbalanced. Since 1975, at least five major episodes of drought occurred. They called us by their occurrence. The consideration of the phenomenon of drought by the authorities led to us to think about the question of the risk. If the meteorological situations convenient to the occurrence of such episodes are known, who is today capable of predicting the extension and the intensity of such phenomena ? The socio-political answer in front of the drought is more and more sharp and close to the territory. It is treated on the scale of the pouring pond, the henceforth omnipresent notion. From a qualitative point of view, the estimation of the state of the resource would require an analysis more deepened to determine the causes of pollution. The urban society considered for a long time that streams were only the receptacle of its waste. It was necessary well to become aware, sometimes in a forced way, that Europe was on the march and required a certain quality of life in the environment. All the problems are not resolved even if numerous efforts were made. The contagion of grounds by the relatively extensive agriculture and by the ancestral exploitation of mines is a subject of current events. The contact of elements contaminated with the water stays another field to be exploited. ; L'objectif de ce Doctorat était de mettre en adéquation les ressources en eau et les besoins en eau en moyenne montagne cristalline à travers l'exemple du Pays du Gier, du Parc Naturel Régional du Pilat et S.I.C.A.L.A. " Antenne de Tence ". Ce travail fut réalisé dans un espace de moyenne montagne. Il correspond aussi bien au milieu géographique au sens strict qu'à un espace vécu par une société. D'un point de vue quantitatif, la ressource en eau peut amplement satisfaire les besoins. La ressource en eau n'est pas épuisée. La pluviométrie liée à un climat semimontagnard à montagnard est suffisante et les modes de consommation de l'eau sont assez raisonnables. Toutefois, compte tenu des caractéristiques pédologiques et géologiques et du milieu, cette ressource en eau a dû être retenue pour pouvoir alimenter la population en eau potable. Cette idée de " réserver " la ressource a germé dans l'esprit des gestionnaires il y a plus de trois cents ans. Construire des retenues artificielles fut donc une décision fondamentale. Si la balance besoins / ressources n'inspire pas le catastrophisme, il y a eu certaines périodes dans notre Histoire récente où elle fut déséquilibrée. Depuis 1975, au moins cinq épisodes majeurs de sécheresse se sont produits. La prise en compte du phénomène de sécheresse par les autorités nous a conduit à réfléchir sur la question du risque. Si les situations météorologiques propices à l'occurrence de tels épisodes sont connues, qui est aujourd'hui capable de prédire l'extension et l'intensité de tels phénomènes ? La réponse socio-politique face à la sécheresse est de plus en plus pointue et proche du territoire. Elle se traite à l'échelle du bassin versant, notion désormais omniprésente. D'un point de vue qualitatif, l'estimation de l'état de la ressource nécessiterait une analyse plus approfondie pour déterminer les causes de pollution. La société urbaine a longtemps considéré que les cours d'eau n'étaient que le réceptacle de ses déchets. Il a bien fallu prendre conscience, parfois de manière forcée, que l'Europe était en marche et exigeait une certaine qualité de vie dans le milieu. Tous les problèmes ne sont pas résolus même si de nombreux efforts ont été effectués. La contamination des sols par l'agriculture relativement intensive et par l'exploitation ancestrale des mines est un sujet d'actualité. Le contact des éléments contaminés avec l'eau reste encore un champ à exploiter.

Econometric Modeling provides a new and stimulating introduction to econometrics, focusing on modeling. The key issue confronting empirical economics is to establish sustainable relationships that are both supported by data and interpretable from economic theory. The unified likelihood-based approach of this book gives students the required statistical foundations of estimation and inference, and leads to a thorough understanding of econometric techniques. David Hendry and Bent Nielsen introduce modeling for a range of situations, including binary data sets, multiple regression, and cointegrated systems. In each setting, a statistical model is constructed to explain the observed variation in the data, with estimation and inference based on the likelihood function. Substantive issues are always addressed, showing how both statistical and economic assumptions can be tested and empirical results interpreted. Important empirical problems such as structural breaks, forecasting, and model selection are covered, and Monte Carlo simulation is explained and applied. Econometric Modeling is a self-contained introduction for advanced undergraduate or graduate students. Throughout, data illustrate and motivate the approach, and are available for computer-based teaching. Technical issues from probability theory and statistical theory are introduced only as needed. Nevertheless, the approach is rigorous, emphasizing the coherent formulation, estimation, and evaluation of econometric models relevant for empirical research

Agriculture is the biggest consumer of the global water supplies, competing for the resource with the growing demand for public and industrial use. It is essential to implement technologies that help the better water management in irrigation; this gained relevance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce, such as the southeast of Spain. Precision tools, such as weighing lysimeters, provide real time information for the characterization and definition of the behavior of the parameters involved in the vegetative development, the water status of crops and water movement in the soil, making efficient use of the vital liquid. In this Thesis, two approaches were proposed to measure the water infiltration rate of the soil using the mass values reported by the two lysimeter vessels under different rain conditions and different soil moisture contents. In addition, the evapotranspiration and vegetative development coefficients of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L) were determined during the spring-summer season of 2019 and 2020, Both investigations were conducted in the southeast of Spain in the regions of Murcia and Albacete, to contribute to the water efficiency in agriculture in semi-arid climates and widespread shortages of water. Usually, the infiltration estimation is made by tests with the concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors due to the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic and mathematical principles. So, the first action line of this Thesis was focused on the development of two approaches to determine the infiltration rate/speed in a silt loam soil by means mass values reported by a weighing lysimeter. Because with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely; then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approaches are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was of 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton's model. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the water requirement of crops. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. So, in the second action line of this Thesis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were determined with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons 2019 and 2020 for the Spanish Mediterranean. ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the actual evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The average values of KClys for the bell pepper for the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and end stages and larger in the middle stage compared to the FAO-56 values and to values in other countries with semiarid conditions.The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with minimal water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve system efficiency in semiarid locations with conditions like those of the study. ; La agricultura es el mayor consumidor de agua en el mundo, y ante la creciente demanda del uso público e industrial, el uso de eficiente del agua en el riego es una necesidad que va cobrando mayor relevancia. En regiones áridas y semiáridas donde el agua es escasa, tal es el caso del sureste español, la implementación de las tecnologías ha permitido hacer un mejor manejo y gestión del agua. Las herramientas de precisión, como lo son los lisímetros de pesada, proporcionan información en tiempo real, por lo cual, es posible hacer una caracterización y definición del comportamiento de los parámetros involucrados en el movimiento del agua en el suelo, del desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo y el estado hídrico del cultivo. En esta Tesis, dos enfoques para la medición de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en el suelo fueron propuestos a partir de los valores de masa reportados por los dos recipientes de un lisímetro de pesada, datos obtenidos bajo distintas condiciones de lluvia y diferentes contenidos de humedad en el suelo. Además, la evapotranspiración y los coeficientes de desarrollo vegetativo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L) fueron determinados durante la temporada primavera verano de los años 2019 y 2020. Ambas investigaciones realizadas para ayudar en el uso eficiente del agua en la agricultura en climas semiáridos y con escases de agua generalizada. Usualmente, la infiltración del agua en el suelo es medida en campo mediante pruebas que requieren el uso de los cilindros concéntricos, sin embargo, estos dispositivos son propensos a errores ya que existe un movimiento lateral del agua bajo el anillo. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado varias posibilidades para compensar estos errores, que se basan en principios físicos, electrónicos y matemáticos. Así que la primera línea de actuación de esta Tesis fue centrada en el desarrollo de dos enfoques que permitan la determinación de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en un suelo franco limoso, usando los datos de masa reportados por un lisímetro de pesada. Partiendo del hecho de que con el lisímetro de pesada la determinación de los flujos actuantes en el suelo es más precisa, como se han demostrado con la evapotranspiración y el drenaje. Fue asumido un movimiento vertical descendente del agua en el suelo y con ayuda de la ley de conservación de la masa, 12 eventos de lluvia fueron analizados. Se ha monitoreado el comportamiento del contenido de humedad del suelo y se estableció el contenido a capacidad de campo a partir de los valores del lisímetro de pesada en el que ambos enfoques son basados. La velocidad de infiltración de estos eventos mostró una velocidad variable al comienzo de la lluvia hasta alcanzar un máximo, para descender a una velocidad estable o básica. Esta velocidad de infiltración básica fue de 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , una velocidad dentro del rango de los suelos con texturas finas que reportan una baja capacidad de infiltración. Cuatro modelos empíricos o semiempíricos de infiltración de la literatura fueron calibrados con los valores obtenidos con nuestros enfoques, mostrando un mejor ajuste el modelo de Horton. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) ofrece coeficientes normalizados de diferentes cultivos para establecer las necesidades de hídricas de los mismos. Sin embargo, estos coeficientes pueden no representar las condiciones climatológicas, edafológicas, prácticas de cultivo del lugar donde se realiza la siembra. Por lo que, en la segunda línea de actuación de esta Tesis, la evapotranspiración (ETCLYS) y los coeficientes de cultivo (KClys) del pimiento fueron determinados con un lisímetro de pesada compacto para el clima Mediterráneo español, de la temporada primavera–verano, entre los meses de febrero y agosto de los años 2019 y 2020. ETCLYS fue determinada a partir de un balance de agua con los valores de masa del lisímetro y los valores de KClys se determinaron como la relación entre la evapotranspiracióndel cultivo medida con el lisímetro de pesada y la evapotranspiración de referencia. Los valores medios de KClys para el pimiento para las etapas inicial, media y final fueron 0.57, 1.06 y 0.80, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión del coeficiente de cultivo (KC) en función de las unidades térmicas fraccionales, logrando una correlación máxima de 0.67 (R2 ). En general, los valores de KC obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación fueron menores en las etapas inicial y final y mayores en la etapa intermedia, en comparación con los valores de FAO-56 y con los valores de otros países con condiciones semiáridas. El rendimiento del pimiento también fue evaluado, encontrándose un aumento del 7.72% en 2019 y un 3.49% en 2020 en comparación con el rendimiento reportado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino del Gobierno español en 2019, con pérdidas mínimas de agua por drenaje. Los resultados de trabajo de Tesis pueden ayudar a los agricultores a determinar las necesidades de agua de sus cultivos y a mejorar la eficiencia del agua en lugares semiáridos con condiciones similares a las del estudio.

Agriculture is the biggest consumer of the global water supplies, competing for the resource with the growing demand for public and industrial use. It is essential to implement technologies that help the better water management in irrigation; this gained relevance in arid and semi-arid regions where water is scarce, such as the southeast of Spain. Precision tools, such as weighing lysimeters, provide real time information for the characterization and definition of the behavior of the parameters involved in the vegetative development, the water status of crops and water movement in the soil, making efficient use of the vital liquid. In this Thesis, two approaches were proposed to measure the water infiltration rate of the soil using the mass values reported by the two lysimeter vessels under different rain conditions and different soil moisture contents. In addition, the evapotranspiration and vegetative development coefficients of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L) were determined during the spring-summer season of 2019 and 2020, Both investigations were conducted in the southeast of Spain in the regions of Murcia and Albacete, to contribute to the water efficiency in agriculture in semi-arid climates and widespread shortages of water. Usually, the infiltration estimation is made by tests with the concentric cylinders, which are prone to errors due to the lateral movement under the ring. Several possibilities have been developed over the last decades to compensate these errors, which are based on physical, electronic and mathematical principles. So, the first action line of this Thesis was focused on the development of two approaches to determine the infiltration rate/speed in a silt loam soil by means mass values reported by a weighing lysimeter. Because with the lysimeter it is possible to determine acting soil flows very precisely; then with the help of mass conservation and assuming a downward vertical movement, 12 rain events were analyzed. In addition, it was possible to monitor the behavior of soil moisture and to establish the content at field capacity from the values of the weighing lysimeter, from which both approaches are based. The infiltration rate of these events showed a variable rate at the beginning of the rainfall until reaching a maximum, to descend to a stable or basic rate. This basic infiltration rate was of 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , this is because soils with fine textures have reported low infiltration capacity. Four empirical or semi-empirical models of infiltration were calibrated with the values obtained with our approaches, showing a better fit with the Horton's model. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) offers standardized crop coefficients to establish the water requirement of crops. However, these coefficients can change due to different conditions, such as climatic variations and cultivation practices. So, in the second action line of this Thesis, the actual evapotranspiration (ETClys) and crop coefficients (KClys) of bell pepper were determined with a compact removable weighing lysimeter between February and August for two crop seasons 2019 and 2020 for the Spanish Mediterranean. ETClys was determined from the water balance, and the KClys values were determined as the ratio of the actual evapotranspiration, measured on the removable weighing lysimeter, and the reference evapotranspiration. The average values of KClys for the bell pepper for the initial, middle, and final stages were 0.57, 1.06, and 0.80, respectively. KC regression models were obtained as a function of the fraction thermal units, achieving a maximum correlation of 0.67 (R2). In general, the KC values obtained in this research work were lower in the initial and end stages and larger in the middle stage compared to the FAO-56 values and to values in other countries with semiarid conditions.The bell pepper yield increased by 7.72% in 2019 and by 3.49% in 2020 compared to the yield reported by the Ministry of the Environment and Rural and Marine Areas of the Spanish Government in 2019 and with minimal water loss through drainage. The results in this work can help farmers to determine the crop water requirements and to improve system efficiency in semiarid locations with conditions like those of the study. ; La agricultura es el mayor consumidor de agua en el mundo, y ante la creciente demanda del uso público e industrial, el uso de eficiente del agua en el riego es una necesidad que va cobrando mayor relevancia. En regiones áridas y semiáridas donde el agua es escasa, tal es el caso del sureste español, la implementación de las tecnologías ha permitido hacer un mejor manejo y gestión del agua. Las herramientas de precisión, como lo son los lisímetros de pesada, proporcionan información en tiempo real, por lo cual, es posible hacer una caracterización y definición del comportamiento de los parámetros involucrados en el movimiento del agua en el suelo, del desarrollo vegetativo del cultivo y el estado hídrico del cultivo. En esta Tesis, dos enfoques para la medición de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en el suelo fueron propuestos a partir de los valores de masa reportados por los dos recipientes de un lisímetro de pesada, datos obtenidos bajo distintas condiciones de lluvia y diferentes contenidos de humedad en el suelo. Además, la evapotranspiración y los coeficientes de desarrollo vegetativo del pimiento (Capsicum annuum L) fueron determinados durante la temporada primavera verano de los años 2019 y 2020. Ambas investigaciones realizadas para ayudar en el uso eficiente del agua en la agricultura en climas semiáridos y con escases de agua generalizada. Usualmente, la infiltración del agua en el suelo es medida en campo mediante pruebas que requieren el uso de los cilindros concéntricos, sin embargo, estos dispositivos son propensos a errores ya que existe un movimiento lateral del agua bajo el anillo. En las últimas décadas se han desarrollado varias posibilidades para compensar estos errores, que se basan en principios físicos, electrónicos y matemáticos. Así que la primera línea de actuación de esta Tesis fue centrada en el desarrollo de dos enfoques que permitan la determinación de la velocidad de infiltración del agua en un suelo franco limoso, usando los datos de masa reportados por un lisímetro de pesada. Partiendo del hecho de que con el lisímetro de pesada la determinación de los flujos actuantes en el suelo es más precisa, como se han demostrado con la evapotranspiración y el drenaje. Fue asumido un movimiento vertical descendente del agua en el suelo y con ayuda de la ley de conservación de la masa, 12 eventos de lluvia fueron analizados. Se ha monitoreado el comportamiento del contenido de humedad del suelo y se estableció el contenido a capacidad de campo a partir de los valores del lisímetro de pesada en el que ambos enfoques son basados. La velocidad de infiltración de estos eventos mostró una velocidad variable al comienzo de la lluvia hasta alcanzar un máximo, para descender a una velocidad estable o básica. Esta velocidad de infiltración básica fue de 1.49 ±0.36 mm·h-1 , una velocidad dentro del rango de los suelos con texturas finas que reportan una baja capacidad de infiltración. Cuatro modelos empíricos o semiempíricos de infiltración de la literatura fueron calibrados con los valores obtenidos con nuestros enfoques, mostrando un mejor ajuste el modelo de Horton. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) ofrece coeficientes normalizados de diferentes cultivos para establecer las necesidades de hídricas de los mismos. Sin embargo, estos coeficientes pueden no representar las condiciones climatológicas, edafológicas, prácticas de cultivo del lugar donde se realiza la siembra. Por lo que, en la segunda línea de actuación de esta Tesis, la evapotranspiración (ETCLYS) y los coeficientes de cultivo (KClys) del pimiento fueron determinados con un lisímetro de pesada compacto para el clima Mediterráneo español, de la temporada primavera–verano, entre los meses de febrero y agosto de los años 2019 y 2020. ETCLYS fue determinada a partir de un balance de agua con los valores de masa del lisímetro y los valores de KClys se determinaron como la relación entre la evapotranspiracióndel cultivo medida con el lisímetro de pesada y la evapotranspiración de referencia. Los valores medios de KClys para el pimiento para las etapas inicial, media y final fueron 0.57, 1.06 y 0.80, respectivamente. Se obtuvieron modelos de regresión del coeficiente de cultivo (KC) en función de las unidades térmicas fraccionales, logrando una correlación máxima de 0.67 (R2 ). En general, los valores de KC obtenidos en este trabajo de investigación fueron menores en las etapas inicial y final y mayores en la etapa intermedia, en comparación con los valores de FAO-56 y con los valores de otros países con condiciones semiáridas. El rendimiento del pimiento también fue evaluado, encontrándose un aumento del 7.72% en 2019 y un 3.49% en 2020 en comparación con el rendimiento reportado por el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino del Gobierno español en 2019, con pérdidas mínimas de agua por drenaje. Los resultados de trabajo de Tesis pueden ayudar a los agricultores a determinar las necesidades de agua de sus cultivos y a mejorar la eficiencia del agua en lugares semiáridos con condiciones similares a las del estudio. ; Producción Científica de la Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas UAZ