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Mental health is an integral part of health and well-being. Mental health enables people to realize their potential, cope with the stressors of everyday life, and make contributions to society. Mental, neurological and substance use (MNS) disorders constitute 13% of the global burden of disease. And yet, across all countries, public investment in preventing and treating this cluster of disorders is disproportionately low relative to this disease burden. Health systems have not adequately or sufficiently responded to the burden of MNS disorders: the gap between the need and supply of treatment ranges from 76% to 85% in low- and middle-income countries, and from 35% to 50% in high-income countries. Mounting evidence underlines the inequitable distribution, poor quality, and inefficient use of scarce resources to address mental health needs. Globally, annual spending on mental health is less than US $2 per person in high-income countries and less than US $0.25 per person in low-income countries, with 67% of these financial resources allocated to stand-alone mental hospitals. Flagrant abuse of human rights and discrimination against people with mental disorders and psychosocial disabilities have been found in such psychiatric institutions. The redirecting of mental health budgets toward community-based services, including the integration of mental health into general health care settings, is needed. To address this state of affairs, this dissertation takes a fresh look at the actions taken to formulate a comprehensive, coordinated response from health and social sectors. It is founded at the nexus of new institutional, world culture, and diffusion of innovation theories.This dissertation employs a mixed methods approach, combining statistical and survey analyses. A mental health policy is an official statement of a government that defines its vision, values, principles, and objectives to improve the mental health of a population. It also outlines the areas of actions, strategies, timeframes, budgets, targets and indicators used to realize the vision and achieve the objectives of the policy. In the first study, I examine the coercive and emulative isomorphic effects on the diffusion of mental health policy across geopolitical borders. Using discrete-time data for 193 countries covering the period from 1950 to 2011, I conduct an event history analysis to examine the influence of WHO accession, foreign aid, and peer influence on mental health policy adoption. The results confirm that the act of adopting mental health policy is partly owed to membership in the World Health Organization, as well as influence of neighbors in the same World Bank and World Health Organization regions. National mental health policy adoption is trumpeted as a milestone for mental health reform. Is mental health policy limited to a rhetorical plane or taken up for pragmatic reasons? The effectiveness of this "upstream" factor could be realized based on examining "downstream" models of deinstitutionalized programming. While mental health policy adoption is treated as an outcome of interest in the first study, it is treated as a predictor in the second study. More specifically, I test the phase of policy adoption as a determinant of psychiatric bed rate changes using panel data for the same 193 countries between 2001 and 2011. The analysis finds that late-adopters of mental health policy are more likely to reduce psychiatric beds in mental hospitals and other biomedical settings than innovators, whereas they are less likely than non-adopters to reduce psychiatric beds in general hospitals. Deinstitutionalization is a much more complex and sophisticated process than reducing dehospitalization, or the reduction of psychiatric beds. It is also about improving the quality of care provided by inpatient facilities while increasing access to care through the development of mental health services in other medical and community settings. However, progress towards mental health reform is often stalled because it is an essentially contested issue in professional and advocacy circles and a highly politicized one among governments. For these reasons, the third study gathers contemporary perspectives on deinstitutionalization from 78 mental health experts. The survey administered assesses their knowledge, attitude, and practices of expanding community-based mental health services and/or downsizing institution-based care. The respondents also attested to the enabling, reinforcing, and constraining factors prevalent in the 42 countries they collectively represent. The qualitative evidence is complementary to the quantitative evidence in that it portrays the contemporary mental health system as being controlled by a nucleus of inpatient care. It further suggests that innovations are made in linking specialty services with primary and social services to support people with mental, neurological, and substance use disorders and their families as they (re)integrate into their communities. Mental health care has branched out in new directions at the turn of the 21st century. Time and again when governments are in the throes of strengthening their mental health systems, a closer look into the setup of infrastructure, essential medicines, human resources, and civil society involvement becomes necessary. This dissertation demonstrates that deinstitutionalization is a result of mental health policies imposed from the top down by the government. The experience with deinstitutionalizing mental health care also involves grassroots mobilization of social change by citizens, clients, families, and other advocates. In parallel with service reorganization, advances have been made in training lay personnel to offer services to people with MNS disorders. Research and development have made treatment more cost-effective and accessible. Cutting across temporal and geographic borders, tradition and modernity, this dissertation probes into the permeability of mental health policy and unpacks the complexity of deinstitutionalization.

本文主要考察社会主义中国的文化政策经历了怎样的发展变化,并试图回答自1949年以来中国共产党是如何介入与领导当代中国的文化,其文化治理的理论与实践又是如何发展与转变,对文化领域又产生了怎样的影响。 ; 与只对政策文件进行解读的传统政策研究不同,本研究采用文化的政治经济学和文化社会学取经,结合宏观与微观、观念与实践两个层面,对上述问题进行考察与分析,从而梳理出中国文化政策发展变化的历史脉络。除了对中共制订的政策文件及主要思想理论进行梳理与分析外,本文选取了代表中国社会主义国家特色的上海市工人文化宮及其话剧生产为个案研究对象,通过文献研究、实地考察、深度访谈、历史比较分析等方法,具体深入地考察文化主体与文化政策之间的关系,尤其是在后毛泽东时代的发展变化,以此勾勒出社会主义中国文化政策从思维到实践的运动轨迹。 ; 本文希望通过这一研究可以在以下三个方面有所贡献:(1)梳理出一种社会主义中国的文化政策的历史脉络;(2)试图通过个体深访和个体口述史,来考察社会主义中国文化政策与个体的关系,从而在微观上提供关于社会主义中国文化政策的重要实证数据。并且,(3)在中观和宏观的层面上建议一种关于社会主义中国文化政策研究的理论框架,作为今后这一研究课题发展的一个基础;(4)通过比较中国与西方发达资本主义国家之间文化政策发展与运动趋势的异同,反思中国文化政策的转型,从而为推进中国文化政策的发展与进步建言。最后,希望本论文可以对社会主义国家或发展中国家的文化政策研究提供中国经验的参考与启发。需要强调的是,本文并非急于给社会主义中国文化政策的历史变迁下定论,限于历史资料收集的有限性和文化政策历时研究的复杂性,本文主要是通过现有的史料和相关数据,来做一项关于社会主义中国文化政策领域的开拓性的基础研究,也是为日后中国文化政策研究的发展做一种铺垫。 ; The thesis project attempts to answer the questions about how the Chinese Communist Party governs the cultural domain in Contemporary China, and how the cultural governance develops and influences cultural production in China since 1949. ; This research tries systematically explores the development of the cultural policy of Socialist China by focusing on Shanghai Municipal Workers Palace of Culture and its cultural production, which is an understudied topic in Chinese Studies. Through investigating the CCP's theories, thoughts and policies in cultural sphere, the ways and rules of producing literature and art, it will systematically analyze the relationship of the Chinese party-state and culture in different historical periods, and illustrate the development of the CCP's cultural policy from theory to practice. ; The study mainly adopts Cultural Political Economy and Sociology of Culture approaches. Different from traditional cultural policy studies, it is a historical and comparative empirical inquiry with an integrated macro and micro perspective. The study introduces qualitative methods including archive analysis, field study, in-depth interview, oral history, participant observation, and historical comparative analysis and etc, to answer the ...

Trieste è stata, per un certo periodo di tempo, un privilegiato punto di osservazione sui principali fatti del mondo, in quanto sede di importanti compagnie di navigazione e di assicurazioni che fondavano i loro traffici e i loro interessi sulla raccolta e l'analisi puntuale della situazione internazionale. Infatti il giornalista triestino Silvio Benco dimostra notevole attenzione per la "geopolitica", una disciplina che si afferma alla fine del XIX secolo come strumento di interpretazione dei fatti della politica internazionale in relazione alla geografia terrestre. Grazie agli strumenti scientifici della geopolitica, egli è in grado di esaminare la trasformazione degli equilibri internazionali nei primi 50 anni del XX secolo, prestando attenzione ad alcuni aspetti molto importanti: la corsa agli armamenti delle grandi potenze europee per ottenere il predominio marittimo con spese così pesanti da pregiudicare l'economia dei singoli Stati; l'affermazione di nuove potenze (Giappone e Stati Uniti) che si contendono l'Oceano Pacifico e il declino dell'Impero russo messo in crisi dalla grave situazione interna; il declino dell'Europa dove i sistemi politici sembrano troppo fragili ed incapaci di dare vita ad una società realmente democratica, in essi prevalgono le spinte autoritarie e l'ascesa delle caste militari in pieno accordo con i circoli finanziari e industriali; la crisi balcanica che accelera il processo di dissoluzione dell'Impero austro-ungarico e dell'Impero ottomano, aprendo un pericoloso varco negli equilibri dell'Europa sud orientale. Infine, dopo la seconda guerra mondiale, Silvio Benco ripone molta fiducia nella possibilità di costruire un nuovo spirito europeo in considerazione degli errori che hanno portato ad un conflitto più terribile del precedente. Benco è consapevole che l'Europa ha esaurito il suo ruolo storico rinunciando da tempo alla cultura e allo spirito liberale, il continente sembra escluso dal futuro. La maggiore preoccupazione di Benco è la perdita di identità: egli è attratto dal progresso e dalla modernità ma guarda con diffidenza i grandi movimenti di massa che sembrano non controllabili. ; U određenom povijesnom razdoblju Trst je bio istaknuto mjesto za promatranje glavnih svjetskih događanja jer je bio sjedište važnih pomorskih i osiguravateljskih kompanija koje su temeljile svoj promet i interese na prikupljanju podataka i raščlambi međunarodne situacije. Tršćanski je novinar Silvio Benco pokazivao znatan interes za geopolitiku, disciplinu koja se krajem XIX. stoljeća potvrdila kao sredstvo za tumačenje događanja u međunarodnoj politici u odnosu na zemljopisne okolnosti. Zahvaljujući znanstvenom instrumentariju geopolitike bio je u stanju razmatrati promjene međunarodne ravnoteže u prvih pedeset godina XX. stoljeća posvećujući pozornost pojedinim vrlo važnim gledištima: utrci u naoružanju velikih europskih sila kako bi postigle pomorsku prevlast uz tako velike troškove da su naškodili gospodarstvu pojedinih država; potvrđivanju novih sila (Japana i Sjedinjenih Američkih Država) koje su se otimale za Tihi ocean i opadanju Ruskoga Carstva upaloga u krizu zbog teškoga unutarnjeg stanja; slabljenju Europe u kojoj su politički sustavi pokazivali krhkost i nesposobnost da oživotvore stvarno demokratsko društvo i u kojoj su prevladavala autoritarna stremljenja i uspon vojnih staleža u punoj suglasnosti s financijskim i industrijskim krugovima; balkanskoj krizi koja će ubrzati proces raspadanja Austro-Ugarskog i Osmanskog Carstva otvarajući opasnu pukotinu u ravnoteži Jugoistočne Europe. Konačno, poslije Drugoga svjetskog rata Silvio Benco vjerovao je u mogućnost izgradnje novoga europskoga duha s obzirom na pogreške koje su dovele do toga sukoba koji je bio strašniji od prethodnoga. Benco je bio svjestan da je Europa iscrpila svoju povijesnu ulogu odrekavši se odavno kulture i liberalnoga duha, da je kontinent izgledao isključen iz budućnosti. Glavna je Bencova preokupacija bila gubitak identiteta: bio je znatiželjan prema napretku i modernosti, ali je s nepovjerenjem gledao na velike masovne pokrete, za koje nije smatrao da ih je moguće držati pod nadzorom. ; At a certain point in history, Trieste was a crucial place for observing main political events due to its role as a centre of important naval and insurance companies which based their trade and interests on collecting data and analyzing the international affairs. Silvio Benco, a journalist from Trieste, showed interest for geopolitics, a discipline which proved to be a useful instrument for analyzing international political events in regard to geographical circumstances at the end of the 19th century. Thanks to the scientific instruments of geopolitics, he was able to investigate the changes in the international balance of the first half of the 20th century, giving much attention to certain important aspects: the arms race of great European countries over the domination of the sea which resulted in an expense so large that it damaged the economies of certain countries, the appearance of new political powers (Japan and United States of America) which fought over the domination of Pacific, the decline of Russian Empire which was in deep crisis because of hard inner turbulence, the weakness of European countries, whose political systems were becoming more fragile and were unable to properly shift towards democratic societies and were dominated by authoritarianism and the rise of military class with the full approval of financial and industrial circles; the crisis of Balkans which will accelerate the decline of Austrian-Hungarian Empire and Ottoman Empire, revealing a dangerous crack in the balance of South-East Europe. Finally, after Second World War, Silvio Benco believed that a new European spirit could be created considering the mistakes which created a conflict even more terrifying than the one before. Benco was aware that Europe's historical role had faded when it gave up its culture and liberal spirit, that the continent was excluded from the process of creating the future. Benco's main concern was the loss of identity: he was curious to see what the progress and modern times shall bring, but he did not trust the great mass movements, he believed they could not be kept under control.

Цель. Осмыслить феномен духовности общества в связи с человеческой сущностью как «трансценденцией», свободой в условиях глобализации социальной деятельности. Предложить идею мировоззренческой космо-теоцентрической парадигмы, основанной на принципе «метафизической ответственности» человека как «трансцендентного проекта». В связи с поставленной целью на уровне общефилософского синтеза выделить особенность онтологического положения человека в бытии как творца культуры и указать на его служебную роль в универсуме, исполнение которой автор считает основной духовной функцией человеческого сообщества. Обосновать ограниченность антропо-социоцентризма как принципа мировоззрения современного цивилизованного общества, в котором человек служит самому себе. Дать анализ понятия обусловленности индивидов и узости их смысловых интенций в круге целей и интересов цивилизационного развития. Выделить возросшее значение духовного авторитета, мудреца в современном обществе, указать на важность гармонического ансамбля душевных качеств личности, сочетающихся на основе сбалансированной дополнительности познавательного, эстетического, морального, религиозного отношений к действительности. Методология. Характер методологического подхода к исследованию феномена духовности автор связывает с принципом экзистенциального единства элементов телесно-духовной организации человека – разума, переживания, воли, веры. Такой подход предполагает учѐт не только факторов объективной детерминации форм и тенденций человеческого существования, но и включение ценностного, смыслового, мировоззренческого полагания в культуру на партикулярном и универсальном уровнях. Воссоздавая космо-теоцентрическую конструкцию вектора развития общества в направлении духовности, автор исходил также из априорно принимаемой им очевидности особого положения человека в бытии как «проекта Трансцендентного» с «метафизическим долженствованием». Научная новизна. Проблема духовного мироотношения человека в истории культуры, так или иначе, является сквозной, архетипической. В современных условиях, однако, при глобализации человеческой жизнедеятельности, она приобретает особую остроту, хотя в массовом обществе она почти не замечается или воспринимается как некое ювелирное украшение культуры личности. От того, насколько общество овладеет духовным, космо-теоцентрическим мировоззрением, зависит практическое выживание человечества, судьба цивилизации, а в метафизическом смысле возможность реализации человека в качестве онтологически заданного духовного существа. Связывая размышление о духовности человека с априорной онтологической предпосылкой его положения в бытии как трансценденции, автор придаѐт философствованию спекулятивный характер, поскольку, если бы он исходил их эмпирических оснований и двигался аналитическим путѐм, таяли бы его вера и надежда на духовную реализацию человечества. Выводы. Переход современного цивилизованного общества к космо-теоцентрической парадигме мировоззрения подготовлен противоречиями его технологического и культурного развития. В условиях возрастания силы сознательного влияния общества на самого себя многое в реализации этого процесса зависит от духовного направления деятельности людей в сфере культуры и душевных качеств субъектов культурной деятельности, которые идеально обрисованы в статье как мудрецы, духовные авторитеты. Самым серьѐзным препятствием на пути духовной трансформации потребительского общества является мировоззренческий антропоцентризм. Его недостаток не только в том, что он превращает человека в культ для самого себя, а его жизнедеятельность в служение себе, антропоцентризм ослабляет потенцию веры человека и его волю. Демократический плюрализм, многообразие культурных форм, усиление аналитической тенденции в познании превращаются в факторы смысловой растерянности и неуверенности знания, безуспешно ищущего надѐжных доказательств на уровне общего выбора направления общественного развития. Эту слабость в сфере стратегического нравственного предпочтения многие постмодерные философы представляют как силу противодействия «большим нарративам», «тоталитарным идеологиям». Однако людей без идеологии нет, как нет и сомнения в наличии ценностных ориентиров, в отношении которых может быть установлено решающее общественное единодушие. ; The purpose of the article is to regard the essence and phenomenon of spirituality in connection with ontologi-cal foundation of human being existence. The author suggests the concept of new cosmo-theocentric paradigm of human world outlook, as a ground of perspective transformation of social life activity on the contrary to anthropo-centric view, which dominates in present society consciousness. The author gives the characteristics of the ideal sage and underlines the importance of spiritual teachers in cultural development of society. Methodology. The me-thod of philosophizing is connected with the unity of mind, sensuality, belief, will in integral body and mental or-ganization of a man. Such point of view takes into consideration not only aspects of objective determination, but includes senses of existence and world outlook ideas in culture on particular and universal levels of social experi-ence. The author considers a special ontological disposition of the human being in the world as a "transcendent project" with "metaphysic responsibility". Scientific novelty. In the history of social culture the problem of its spiri-tual attitude towards reality is a basic problem, but now it becomes especially up-to-date and important. Now the survival of the civilization depends on the development of spirituality. From metaphysical point of view it means how spiritual the human being may be. The author connects the consideration of spirituality with particular human being ontological status in the world and provides his reflection with speculative character. Conclusions. The transi-tion of modern civilized society to the cosmo-theocentric paradigm is prepared by contradictions of its technological and cultural development. In historical circumstances when the conscious influence of society on itself is growing, the realization of this process depends on spiritual trend of human beings cultural activity and mental quality of so-cial leaders. Anthropocentrism as a world view principle is a main obstacle on the way to spiritual transformation of consumer society. This principle made the human being the cult for itself and weakened its ability for will and be-lief. Democratic pluralism and diversity of cultural forms, reinforcement of analytic tendency in cognition are turned into the aspects of confusion in selection the trends of social development. Many philosophers of "postmodern situa-tion" connect democracy and pluralism with fighting against totalitarian ideologies. However, we have no person without any ideology and undoubtedly it is possible to attain consonance in the sphere of main morality values.

A menudo, las construcciones existentes en albañilería son el resultado de construcciones, cambios y modificaciones que se han ido desarrollando durante siglos. Por lo tanto, las adaptaciones y mejoras de las edificaciones en albañilería deben ir acompañadas de un nivel adecuado de conocimiento de su historia. Las trágicas consecuencias de los recientes terremotos ocurridos en Italia y otros países, han llevado a pensar que, a veces, la causa del daño sísmico podría ser justamente una errada intervención de la mejora o adaptación que se les ha realizado. En la mayoría de los casos, este hecho es atribuible a las modificaciones realizadas sin tener los conocimientos necesarios sobre las normas constructivas de esa edificación. El estudio de caso presentado en este trabajo se refiere al análisis sísmico de la iglesia de Sant' Agostino en L'Aquila (gravemente dañada por el sismo ocurrido en abril de 2009), y considera en profundidad los tres niveles de evaluación de la seguridad sísmica establecidos en el Código Italiano para la evaluación y reducción del riesgo sísmico del patrimonio cultural Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance, (2003), Decreto Legislativo (2004), Norme tecniche per le costruzioni, DM. (2005), Norme tecniche per le costruzioni, DM. (2008), Circolare n. (2010), Direttiva del Presidente del Consiglio dei ministri per la valutazione e la riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni. G.U. (2008). Así, para el LV1 (Nivel de evaluación 1) se realizaron todos los análisis exigidos en los anexos de la Directiva del 10 de diciembre de 2007, comenzando por el Módulo A que corresponde al "registro de identificación", continuando con el Módulo B que se refiere al estudio de los "factores de sensibilidad" y finalizando con el Módulo C que considera la "morfología de los elementos". A partir de esta evaluación, hemos concluido que la aceleración máxima del terreno durante el sismo del 6 de abril de 2009 superó el valor de aceleración correspondiente a los estados límite de colapso. Para el LV2 (Nivel de evaluación 2), nos enfocamos principalmente en la verificación de todos los macroelementos como una fuente potencial del mecanismo de daños. Descubrimos que los mecanismos ocurridos estaban mayormente relacionados con la fachada, la nave, la cúpula, el ábside/presbiterio, la techumbre, capillas laterales, las juntas entre la alineación horizontal y vertical, y por último, el campanario. Un vez recopilados todos los datos relacionados con el sitio, la geometría de la construcción, las características de los materiales, la estructura, el suelo, etc., realizamos un análisis modal a la estructura utilizando el Método de Elemento Finito dinámico (FEM, en inglés), válido para el LV3 (Nivel de evaluación 3). Además, estos ensayos dinámicos son esenciales para la evaluación de la seguridad sísmica y poseen la ventaja de no ser destructivos. Finalmente, el análisis entregó los modos de vibración más importantes y sugirió las intervenciones estructurales óptimas para reparar el daño existente y evitar la formación de los mismos mecanismos bajo la acción de un futuro sismo. Existing masonry buildings are often the result of constructions, changes and alterations that have developed over the centuries. Therefore, the adaptation and improvement of existing masonry buildings must be accompanied by an adequate level of knowledge of their history. The tragic consequences of the recent earthquakes, in Italy and abroad, have stimulated the belief that, sometimes, the cause of seismic damage might be just the wrong intervention of improvement or adaptation. in most cases, this is attributable to retrofit works which are carried out without any knowledge concerning the construction rules of the building. The case study presented here regards the seismic analysis of the Sant' Agostino Church in LAquila (seriously damaged by the earthquake occurred in April 2009), which takes into account the in-depth knowledge of the factory, respecting all three evaluation levels of seismic safety provided by the Italian seismic Guidelines for Cultural Heritage (Eurocode 8, 2003; NTC, 2008). In particular for LV1 (Evaluation Level 1), all the analyses requested to fill the annexes of the Directive of December 10th, 2007 were carried out, starting from Module A, which is the "identifier registry", passing through Module B, which concerns the study of "sensitivity factors", and ending with Module C, which considers the "morphology of the elements". From this examination, we concluded that the ground acceleration during the earthquake of April 6th, 2009 surpassed the acceleration value corresponding to the limit state of collapse. For LV2 (Evaluation Level 2), we especially focused on the verification of all macro-elements as a potential source of damage mechanisms. in particular, we found that these mechanisms concerned mostly the facade, the hall, the dome, the apse/presbytery, the roofing, the side chapels, the joints between horizontal and vertical alignment, and finally, the bell tower. Once we collected all data regarding the site, the geometry of construction, the characteristics of the materials, the structure, the soil, etc., we carried out a dynamic FEM modal analysis on the structure, valid for LV3 (Evaluation Level 3). Moreover, these dynamic tests are essential for the evaluation of seismic safety and they also present the clear advantage of being non-destructive. Finally, the analysis provided the most significant vibration modes and suggested the optimal structural interventions to remedy the existing damage and prevent the formation of these mechanisms under the action of future earthquakes.

Homogene selbstzündende Brennverfahren werden schon seit den 70er Jahren im ottomotorischen Bereich untersucht. Durch die zunehmende Verschärfung der Abgasgesetzgebung stehen seit Mitte der 90er Jahre auch verstärkt homogene Brennverfahren mit Dieselkraftstoff (HCCI-Verfahren) im Fokus der Forschung. Das große Interesse begründet sich in einer annähernd verbrauchsneutralen Reduzierung von sowohl Partikel als auch Stickoxid-Emissionen und damit in der innermotorischen Auflösung des Ruß-NOX Trade-Offs. Durch die frühe Einbringung des zündwilligen Kraftstoffs in den Brennraum entfällt der Einspritzzeitpunkt als direkte Kontrollgröße der Verbrennungslage. Der Brennbeginn wird nun durch den Ladungszustand (Druck, Temperatur, Restgasanteil), die Gemischbildung und insbesondere durch die Selbstzündeigenschaften des Kraftstoffs bestimmt. Die traditionelle Charakterisierung der Selbstzündeigenschaften eines Kraftstoffes über die Cetanzahl ist unter homogenen selbstzündenden Bedingungen nicht ausreichend für eine quantitativ befriedigende Beschreibung des Zündverhaltens. Die wichtigste Kenngröße zur Charakterisierung des Selbstzündverhaltens ist der Zündverzug. Insbesondere der Zündverzug der Hauptwärmefreisetzung ist bezüglich der Beschreibung der Verbrennungslage von Interesse. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist deshalb, eine möglichst genaue quantitative Beschreibung des Zündverzuges unter homogenen, selbstzündenden Betriebsbedingung bei Verwendung von dieselähnlichen Kraftstoffen zu erreichen. Grundlage dafür bilden umfassende Untersuchungen mit zehn unterschiedlichen, dieselähnlichen Kraftstoffen auf einem PKW-Einzylindermotor im homogenen und teilhomogenen Betrieb. Dazu wurden je Kraftstoff über 40 Variationen der Abgasrückführrate vermessen, um eine breite Datenbasis für die Beschreibung des Zündverhaltens zu schaffen. Für die homogenen Untersuchungen wurde ein experimenteller Gemischbildner (Atomizer) verwendet. Mit Hilfe dieses Atomizers ist die Erzeugung eines homogenen Kraftstoff-/Luftgemisches im Saugrohr auch für hochsiedende Kraftstoffe möglich. Der Vergleich des Zündverzuges der Kraftstoffe untereinander bestätigt zwar die Cetanzahl als Maß zur Beschreibung eines qualitativen Trends im homogenen Zündverhalten der Kraftstoffe. Allerdings zeigt sich die Cetanzahl, vor allem im mittleren untersuchten Cetanzahlbereich, nicht in der Lage, das gefundene Zündverhalten quantitativ ausreichend genau zu beschreiben. Durch die Bandbreite der Cetanzahlen in diesem Bereich wird ein Unterschied im Zündverhalten der Kraftstoffe zueinander impliziert, welcher in den motorischen Untersuchungen nicht nachgewiesen werden konnte. Aufgrund dieser beschränkten Aussagekraft der Cetanzahl wurde ein Zündintegral mit einem modifizierten 1-Arrhenius-Ansatz verwendet, um das Zündverhalten unter HCCI-Bedingungen in Abhängigkeit der motorischen Druckhistorie und unter Berücksichtigung der O2-Konzentration zu beschreiben. Die dabei gefundene mittlere Aktivierungsenergie zeigt sich unabhängig vom Betriebspunkt und scheint nur von dem verwendeten Kraftstoff abhängig zu sein. Vorbehaltlich weiterer wichtiger Validierungsuntersuchungen stellt diese "Kennzahl" damit eine alternative Möglichkeit zur Beschreibung des Selbstzündverhaltens von Kraftstoffen unter homogenen Bedingungen dar. Mit dieser Kennzahl und unter Verwendung der gemessenen Druckverläufe ist eine sehr genaue Berechnung des Zündverzuges unter verschiedenen Betriebsbedingungen möglich. Für eine Vorausberechnung des Zündverzuges unter homogenen Bedingungen, z.B. im Zuge einer Arbeitsprozessrechnung, darf der gefundene Ansatz keine Messwerte als Eingangsgrößen verwenden. Da eine Modellierung auf Basis von einfach zu bestimmenden geschleppten Druckverläufen nicht möglich ist, wurde ein empirisches Verbrennungsmodell erstellt. Damit gelingt es, den Einfluss der Niedertemperaturwärmefreisetzung auf den Zylinderdruck zu erfassen und damit eine tatsächliche Vorausberechnung des Zündverzuges der Hauptwärmefreisetzung zu ermöglichen. Die mit Hilfe einer Arbeitsprozessrechnung, unter Berücksichtigung des Cool Flame Modells, berechenbaren Zylinderdruckverläufe ermöglichen nun in Kombination mit dem entwickelten 1-Arrhenius-Ansatz und dem Zündintegral eine sehr genaue Voraussage des sich ergebenden Zündverzugs unter unterschiedlichen HCCI-Betriebsbedingungen. ; Homogeneous self-igniting combustion processes have been studied since the 70s in the field of gasoline engines. Because of the increasingly stringent emissions legislation since the mid-90s homogeneous combustion processes with diesel fuel (HCCI) have gained importance in research as well. The great interest is due to the approximate consumption-neutral internal reduction of both particles and nitrogen oxide emissions and thus the break-up of the soot-NOX trade-off. Due to an early injection of the self-igniting fuel into the combustion chamber the direct control of the combustion phasing by the start of injection is no longer possible. The start of combustion now is solely determined by the charge state (pressure, temperature, residual gas fraction), the mixture formation and in particular by the ignition quality of the fuel. The traditional characterization of the ignitability of a fuel by the cetane number was found to be not sufficient for a satisfactory quantitative description of the ignition quality under homogeneous self-igniting conditions. The most important parameter to characterize the ignition quality is the ignition delay. In order to describe the combustion phasing, the ignition delay of the main heat release is of specific interest. Therefore the scope of this work is an accurate quantitative description of the ignition delay under homogeneous self-igniting operation conditions for diesel-like fuels. The bases are investigations with ten different fuels on a passenger car single-cylinder engine under homogeneous and partial homogeneous conditions. For each fuel over 40 variations of the exhaust gas recirculation were measured to create a broad database for the description of the ignition behavior. The homogenous test-bed investigations were performed with an experimental device for homogeneous mixture formation (atomizer). By the means of the atomizer the creation of a homogeneous fuel-/air mixture inside the intake manifold even with fuels of a high boiling range is possible. The comparison of ignition delay times between the fuels confirms the cetane number as a measure to describe a qualitative trend in the ignition behavior of the fuels. However, the cetane number has shown, particularly in its middle area, to be not sufficient to quantitatively describe the ignition delay accurately enough. The range of cetane numbers in this area implies differences in the ignition behavior of the fuels, which could not be detected in the motor tests. A modified 1-Arrhenius-approach, based on the engines pressure history and the O2 concentration, was utilized to describe the auto-ignition under HCCI conditions to overcome the limitation of the cetane number. The mean activation energy found here appears independent of the operating point and seems to be solely dependent on the fuel. Subject to further validation studies, this "indicator" represents an alternative way to describe the ignition quality of fuels under homogeneous conditions. It is possible to precisely calculate the ignition delay for various operation conditions by means of this characteristic fuel index and by using measured pressure traces. For the prediction of the ignition delay under homogeneous conditions, e.g. in the course of a working process calculation, the approach may not use measured variables as an input. Since modeling based on motored pressure traces is not possible, an empirical combustion model was created. Thereby it is possible to account the influence of the low-temperature heat release (Cool Flame) on the cylinder pressure and thus to allow an actual prediction of the ignition delay of the main heat release. By means of a working process calculation, and taking into account the Cool Flame empiric model, the computed pressure traces in combination with the developed 1-Arrhenius-approach and the ignition integral allow a very accurate prediction of the resulting ignition delay under various HCCI operation conditions.

Rajakontrollin menettäminen on yhä yksi kansallisvaltioiden keskeisimmistä huolenaiheista. Ajatus suvereniteetista ja yhteisestä kansallisesta kodista ovat juurtuneet syvälle oman aikamme poliittisiin rakenteisiin. Erilaisten rajojen, rajoitusten ja rajanvetojen kautta pyritään määrittelemään yksilön oikeudet toimia osana poliittista yhteisöä, tässä tapauksessa suomalaista yhteiskuntaa. Usein vasta kansakuntaan identifioitumisen nähdään muovaavan ihmisistä yksilöitä ja antavan heille viitekehyksen, josta käsin toimia. Tämä ajatusmalli johtaa ymmärrykseen, jonka mukaan kaikkien Suomessa asuvien ihmisten olisi omaksuttava yhteinen kulttuuri, joka on ennalta olemassa ja vakaa. Sitä vastoin itsen ja toisen väliset raja- ja kontaktipinnat sekä kohtaamisten aikaansaama muutos jäävät vähemmälle huomiolle. Kyseinen tutkimus pyrkii vastaamaan tähän vajeeseen ja kiinnittää erityistä huomiota kehollisiin kohtaamisiin sekä niiden poliittiseen merkitykseen. Rajojen ja rajanvetojen heijastumista yksilötasolle on tutkimuksessa tarkasteltu Suomessa vaille turvapaikkaa jääneiden kokemusten kautta. Tutkimus nojautuu vahvasti turvapaikatta jääneiden näkemyksiin, mutta myös maahanmuuttoviranomaisia ja maahanmuuttoalan ammattilaisia on haastateltu. Haastatteluaineisto osoittaa, että päätös lähteä turvapaikan hakuun kumpuaa aina havaitusta välttämättömyydestä, eikä turvapaikan hakemiseen liittyvää historiakäsitystä voida palauttaa yksittäiseen ihmiseen. Toisin sanoen joidenkin turvapaikanhakijoiden kutsuminen turvapaikkashoppailijoiksi tai järjestelmän väärinkäyttäjiksi on jo lähtökohtaisesti harhaanjohtavaa, sillä tällainen lähestymistapa jättää huomiotta asiaan vaikuttavat monimutkaiset poliittiset rakenteet ja kehityskulut. Tutkimuksen analyyttisena lähtökohtana onkin, että turvapaikkaprosessin myötä turvapaikanhakijan kehosta muovautuu paikka, jossa poliittisia suhteita tuotetaan ja luodaan uudelleen. Vaikka usein turvapaikan hakemisesta puhuttaessa korostetaan osattomuutta ja syrjäytymistä, on tässä tutkimuksessa omaksuttu toisenlainen fokus. Marginaalisesta asemastaan huolimatta turvapaikatta jääneet osallistuvat arjessaan suomalaiseen yhteiskuntaan eri tavoin, monenlaisten suhteiden välityksellä. Turvapaikanhakijat itse asiassa haastavat vallitsevan ymmärryksen kansallisvaltiosta luonnollisena tai pääasiallisena poliittisen kuulumisen paikkana ja siten tekevät paikkojen välisistä rajanvedoista monisyisempiä. Tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, miten turvapaikatta jääneet murentavat käsityksen poliittisesta elämästä jonain, joka tapahtuu vakiintuneen kansallisvaltiojärjestelmän määrittämissä puitteissa tai vakaan yhteiskunnan sisällä. Heidän moninaiset osallistumisen tapansa vievät pohjan tilalta, jossa poliittisen elämän ja olemassaolon muodot on pelkistetty kansallisen tai alueellisen turvallisuuden, järjestyksen sekä tehokkaan kontrollin teemoihin. Tutkimuksen keskeinen anti on tarjota vaihtoehtoisia tapoja keskustella siitä, mitä kuuluminen, paikattomuus ja pakkomuutto merkitsevät sekä mikä niiden suhde poliittisen elämän rajoihin ja mahdollisuuksiin on. Rajanvetojen tuntua, mieltä ja merkitystä luodaan ja niistä neuvotellaan eri tavoin kategorisoitujen kehojen välisissä suhteissa. Turvapaikkapolitiikka ei ole ainoastaan valtioiden välillä tai ylivaltiollisesti toteutettavaa toimintaa, vaan turvapaikatta jääneiden kokemukset osoittavat, että myös muunlaiset rajapinnat tulevat äärimmäisen merkityksellisiksi poliittisen paikoiksi. ; One of the greatest fears among nation-states continues to be the loss of control over their borders. Such a fear reflects the fact that sovereignty and the idea of a common national home are naturalised as the normative features of the political structures of our time. The borders, boundaries and limitations orchestrated within the international bear concrete effects on people s possibilities to enact themselves politically and are central to imagining what political life can and might be about. Indeed, these borders are instituted to reduce people s possibility to constitute themselves as political agents and claim access to socio-economic services and goods in a particular community. In this research the functioning of the border is investigated through the institution of political asylum. It is claimed that the asylum procedure with its practices of categorisation transforms the moving body into a site where political relations are reproduced. The empirical focus of this work is on failed asylum seekers in Finland. This research takes its cue from ethnographic fieldwork in three reception centres and the detention unit and interviews with failed asylum seekers and a variety of asylum professionals. With the conceptual help of Jean-Luc Nancy s philosophy of carnation, this work explores how failed asylum seekers, through their movements and acts of relating, open space for imagining political agency beyond territorially separated and ontologically fixed identities. The Nancian ontology of the body enables studying political relations without remaining captive to the dichotomous logic of sameness/alterity, identity/otherness and inside/outside. In fact, the experience of seeking asylum bears with it a sense of a history that cannot be totally owned by or reduced to an individual subject, and therefore this work is best characterised as an exploration into the ontological relationalities between selves and others. Asylum seekers both challenge and are challenged by what we think a good and happy community is. In a conventional approach on political community, identifying with a nation makes people individuals and gives them a place of reference from which to act. We, then, end up with the idea that all people in Finland should embrace the common culture, which is already given and somehow stable. With their moving bodies failed asylum seekers complicate the limits between places and disrupt the notion of political life as something that takes place either between fixed insides and outsides or within stable communities. The moving body undermines the spatial regime in which different expressions of what it means to lead a political life and be a human are flattened out and obscured by a vocabulary of security, organisation and efficiency. Through the limits embedded in the modern spatiotemporal logic this work is framed conceptually under the international. Instead of merely criticising this logic the work set out to explore the relations with and through which it expects us to talk about the possibilities of political life. By engaging with the failed asylum seekers voices, movements and their sensuous experiences this work creates new frameworks for a discussion on what belonging, displacement and being out of place mean and what their relation to political life is. While some senses of the international are produced at the border, in their daily lives the failed asylum seekers contest those senses and expose alternative ones. The relationality that characterises existence guides us towards an understanding of the international as a sphere of bodies that are with one another and that strive to surpass their artificial separation.

In order to defend Darwinism against the socio-political ideologies tarnishing its image, Patrick Tort, using an immanent reading of Darwin's anthropology, is now presenting this naturalist as the genealogist par excellence of universalist morality and the theorist of the peace of the state of civilization. As a result, Darwin competed with the philosophers of universal morality and of the social contract hypothesis as a path to perpetual peace. Natural selection, accused of promoting a state of war that eliminates the weak, is held up as an engine that, paradoxically, brings about the passage from the state of war to the state of universal peace. This would be possible thanks to the gradual selection of social feelings, the effect of which tends to cancel the removal of the selection and to take on universal dimensions. Tort calls this phenomenon "the reversive effect of evolution". Thus, by resorting to the explanation by selection, universal perpetual peace, regarded by Kant as what collective actors who have become reasonable would ultimately want to focus on after a long history of wars they were waging against each other, – due to the antagonism of their own liberties –, is from the outset attributed to an opportunistic natural law acting without design. The regulating effect of the idea of perpetual and universal peace is lost. So, one has the effort to overcome this risk and to make the Kantian intuition compatible with the theory of natural selection. On the one hand, this is accomplished on the basis of the Neural Darwinism of Edelman claiming, as the name suggests, its continuity with Darwin. His ambition is to account for the occurrence of mental faculties in humans endowed with freedom and intentionality, able to use heuristic fictions in social organization. His hypothesis provides an opportunity to rethink peace as a task for humanity in harmony with the theory of selection. On the other hand, the study of the limitations of the explanation by selection in biology, a holistic point of view, reveals the need to be complemented by an individualistic and developmental perspective as in "the Evo-devo Super synthesis." In fact, a developmental version of the concept of reversive effect of evolution can be found in the political anthropology of Kant, where universal antagonism produces against itself the practical reason giving way to the transition from the state of natural war to the state of peace. His horizon is cosmopolitan peace, a political concept of humanity. Otherwise, ascribing the realization of cosmopolitan peace to the melioristic action of natural selection, in its strict sense, might plunge humanity into a wait-and-see attitude and passivity, whereas ascribing it to the goodwill of humanity is to empower it, to mobilize minds in the seeking the conditions to bring it about. ; Pour défendre le darwinisme contre les idéologies sociopolitiques ternissant son image, Patrick Tort, à partir d'une lecture immanente de l'anthropologie de Darwin, présente désormais ce naturaliste comme le généalogiste par excellence de la morale universaliste et le théoricien de la paix de l'état de civilisation. Darwin rivaliserait, par ce fait, avec les philosophes de la morale universelle et de l'hypothèse du contrat social en tant que voie vers la paix perpétuelle. La sélection naturelle, accusée de promouvoir l'état de guerre éliminateur des faibles, est brandie comme moteur opérant paradoxalement le passage de l'état de guerre à l'état de paix universelle. Celle-ci serait possible grâce à la sélection graduelle des sentiments sociaux, dont l'effet tend à annuler l'élimination de la sélection et à prendre des dimensions universelles. Tort appelle ce phénomène « l'effet réversif de l'évolution ». Ainsi, par le recours à l'explication par sélection, la paix perpétuelle universelle, considérée par Kant comme ce que voudront viser ultimement des acteurs collectifs devenus raisonnables au bout d'une longue expérience des guerres qu'ils se livraient, – à cause de l'antagonisme de leurs libertés individuelles –, est d'emblée attribuée à une loi naturelle opportuniste agissant sans dessein. Le caractère régulateur de l'idée de paix perpétuelle universelle est perdu. D'où l'exercice de surmonter ce risque et de rendre compatible l'intuition kantienne avec la théorie de la sélection naturelle. D'une part, cela est fait à partir du darwinisme neuronal d'Edelman revendiquant, comme le nom l'indique, sa continuité avec Darwin. Son ambition est de rendre compte de l'apparition des facultés mentales chez les humains doués de liberté et d'intentionnalité, capables de se servir des fictions heuristiques dans l'organisation sociale. Son hypothèse permet la possibilité de repenser la paix comme tâche de l'humanité en harmonie avec la théorie de la sélection. D'autre part, l'étude des limites de l'explication par sélection en biologie, un point de vue holiste, révèle la nécessité d'être complétée par un point de vue individualiste et développemental comme dans « la supersynthèse évo-dévo .» En fait, une version développementale du concept « d'effet réversif de l'évolution » se trouve dans l'anthropologie politique de Kant, où l'antagonisme universel développe contre lui-même la raison pratique à la base du passage de l'état de nature guerrière à l'état de paix. Son l'horizon est la paix cosmopolitique, un concept politique de l'humanité. Sinon, attribuer la réalisation de la paix cosmopolitique à l'action mélioriste de la sélection naturelle, en son sens strict, risquerait de plonger l'humanité dans l'attentisme et la passivité tandis que l'attribuer à la bonne volonté de l'humanité consiste à responsabiliser celle-ci, à mobiliser les esprits dans la quête des conditions de sa réalisation. ; (ARKE 3) -- UCL, 2012

The relationships between people and natural environments in coupled socio-ecological systems (SES) are complex. As complex adaptive systems with humans as one of the central drivers, coupled SES exhibit non-linear behavior, multiple stable-states, path dependence, and highly dynamic webs of connectivity across domains and scales. It should come as no surprise therefore that efforts to push these relationships towards greater sustainability are challenging to design and execute, particularly in resource constrained contexts with multiple competing actors. In this dissertation I examine conservation efforts in Zambia and Namibia from perspectives that vary along two gradients. Theoretically, my analyses are based upon epistemologies ranging from highly qualitative, interpretative and relational explanations of project outcomes, to highly quantitative models of spatially structured processes. Empirically, I draw upon ethnographic methods that seek to develop a grounds-eye view of reality, to satellite-sensed data which capture large scale patterns at the expense of context and detail. These two poles are bridged by an information framework that employs the meta-language of vision to describe and bound different forms of understanding, with an emphasis on rich articulations of context to enable dialogue across knowledges.Part I of the dissertation engages a long-standing debate about community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), which together with protected areas has been one the core conservation strategies across countries in southern Africa. Since the advent of CBNRM in the mid-1980s, scholars and practitioners have sought to explain the uneven performance of CBNRM programs. Most CBNRM assessments examine the underlying principles of community-based conservation, the local social and ecological contexts, and connections with larger political and historical patterns. I argue that analysis of the potential and pitfalls of CBNRM also requires an understanding of the institutional history and internal dynamics of projects that implement CBNRM reforms. Drawing upon theory and methods from development ethnography and public policy, I examine the rise and fall of CONASA, a second-generation CBNRM project in Zambia that operated in the early 2000s. CONASA was constituted from a merger of organizations and discourses to create continuity with previous projects. Its ambitious suite of activities included support for household livelihoods, community-based resource management, policy analysis, advocacy, and conservation enterprises at local, national, and transboundary levels. While individual activities were largely successful, CONASA's hybrid origins and logframe-centric management created fissures between its holistic design and daily operations, and hindered its ability to develop a broader narrative and maintain key alliances. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the interplay between project design and operational context in order to fully appreciate the possibilities and limitations of project-mode conservation.While a ground's eye view highlights context and nuances of process, the bird's eye view reveals pattern and emergent behavior across scales. In Part II, I present a new spatial modeling method for location data from orbiting satellites to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns in movement data. Advances in GPS technology have created both opportunities in ecology as well as a need for analytical tools that can deal with the growing volume of data and ancillary variables associated with each location. Time Local Convex Hull (T-LoCoH), is a home range construction algorithm that incorporates time into the construction and aggregation of local kernels. Time is integrated with Euclidean space using an adaptive scaling of the individual's characteristic velocity, enabling the construction of utilization distributions that capture temporal partitions of space as well as contours that differentiate internal space based on movement phase and time-use metrics. I test T-LoCoH against a simulated dataset and provide illustrative examples from a GPS dataset from springbok in Namibia. The incorporation of time into home range construction expands the concept of utilization distributions beyond the traditional density gradient to spatial models of movement and time, opening the door to new applications in movement ecology. Hulls also provide a means for characterization of the interactions between individuals, which are central to many aspects of population biology, including competition, predation, reproduction, resource optimization, and disease transmission. Classic measures of association are based on the intersection of static home range estimates and counts of matched locations, but the advances in GPS technology have created new possibilities for characterizing dynamic spatiotemporal properties of association. Hull metrics of association for both spatially and temporally overlapping hulls reveal the intensity of interaction both in raw terms as well as corrected for revisitation, as well as time lags. Similarly, a metric for the proportion of enclosed points constructed from the combined set of locations reveal the distribution of sharing across space and time for the entire time period. Illustrative examples of the methodology are provided using elephant tracking data from Tembe Elephant Park in South Africa. Plotting association metrics on a map, over time, and against other hull properties reveal novel patterns that can be basis for further study. Local hulls offer a promising approach for characterizing the spatiotemporal properties of association and exploring their covariates.Parts I and II of the dissertation both illustrate ways to pull out and characterize pattern in complex systems, but at scales and methods appropriate for the data and question. The challenge in seeing the 'whole picture' of complex coupled SES is not only to draw upon multiple disciplines and perspectives, but to do so in ways that enable dialog. Central to bridging nodes of knowledge is aggregation of detail into accessible and meaningful abstractions, embedding contextual information to inform new connections and enable extensions into new systems and domains, and making visible the spatial and social vantage points through which knowledge is produced and disseminated.

Research "Poetry by Rainis in Latgalian" tried to establish impulse and reasons for publishing poetry by Rainis in Latgalian (original texts and renderings) using biographical method, but semiotic methods helped to analyze poetic means in poems written in Latgalian, revealing meaning of concept "Munu jaunu dīnu zeme" (Land of My Youth) in poem by Rainis and Latgalian culture.Poems by the most significant Latvian literature classic Rainis (1865–1929) in Latgalian can be divided into original texts ("Sveicins latgališim"/Greetings to Latgalians), original texts with renderings into Latvian ("Munu jaunu dīnu zeme"/Land of My Youth) and renderings from Latvian (at least 16 poems from selections: "Tālas noskaņas zilā vakarā"/Far off Echoes on a Blue Evening, 1903;"Tie, kas neaizmirst"/Those Who Don't Forget, 1911; "Gals un sākums"/The End and the Beginning, 1912), besides, surely we can say author's renderings are only "Munu jaunu dīnu zeme" (Land of My Youth) has well as all other texts from literally scientific and social magazine "Reits" (Morning), because Rainis had been one of the editors of this magazine. Poems by Rainis published in Latgalian in newspapers – "Drywa" (Cornfield), "Gaisma" (Light), "Latgolas Wòrds"(Latgalian Word), "Jaunò straume" (New Flow) – are possibly work of authors of these periodicals, considering significant differences in stylistics with magazine "Reits" (Morning) and earlier published poems by Rainis.Publishing of original texts and especially renderings in Latgalian press are mainly related to political activities of Rainis. But writing in Latgalian for Rainis also meant remembering his roots, remind of cultural wealth of native land and value; being a mediator in strengthening people's unity and widening own supporters as well as the number of readers.In the discourse of Rainis personality and creative work "Munu jaunu dīnu zeme" (Land of My Youth) is 1) homeland, native nature and home of poet's childhood and colorful impressions of his youth (Rainis father's rented manor house (semi-manor house) in Zemgale and Latgale); 2) Rainis' land of youth is writer's "second homeland" – Latgale, its' nature, people and language; 3) particular semi- manor house in Latgale – Jasmuiža.Origination of lyrical Me is emphasized in epos "Saules gadi" (Solar years) – Latgalian was born. From Rainis point of view Latgale is multinational keeper of authentic cultural values. About eight languages had been spoken in Rainis family. In Latgale, customs, folk-songs have been maintained untouched owing to certain isolation, historical and administrative separation from other parts – some kind of reserve effect. During years of his studies Rainis had intended to write a book about civilization untouched Latgale, but this intention left unimplemented.Memories about homeland motivated Rainis to write and render into Latgalian, but original texts in Latgalian – "Munu jaunu dīnu zeme" (Land of My Youth) and "Sveicins latgališam" (Greetings to Latgalian) – were written on behalf of stylistic searches in particular period of Rainis creative work; they chronologically incorporate with philosophical stage (according to Janīna Kursīte). In this time poet's ontology forms, still balancing between allegory (transmission transparency, dichotomy) and symbol (polysemy and ambivalence) structures.In Rainis' neo-romantic (1895–1904) and allegoric stage (1905–1909) poetry nature cycles project mainly society, not individual; only humanity will exist and revive eternally, precondition of immortality – death and birth of individual people.In the poetry of philosophical stage (starting from 1910) Rainis frequently lingered on individual's immortality reflection, which he called search and recoveries. A person lives not only according to nature laws, but according to existence laws and dies according to these same laws. Symbol, most frequently mythologeme, becomes a sign of existence glimpse for Rainis; lyrical Me of Rainis is awaiting new experience, knowledge, and moral enlightenment. One has to search in order to find, and searching/cognition signal in his poems is a cycle of time and space (nature, society, human) and three- dimensional structure (outer world/history, individual/soul, philosophy/ being). In the poem "Munu jaunu dīnu zeme" (Land of My Youth) it is possible to follow 3 of the mentioned cycles development in peculiar symmetry: 1st , 6th stanzas are a framework of individual's inner cycle – dream/illusion/ desideratum and interchange of wakefulness/ reality/ actuality; 2nd and 4th stanzas contain nature cycle allegory – nature in spring awakes from winter sleep; while 3rd and 5th stanzas are related to social processes, which are covered with day-and-night cycle. Basics of symmetry – state of sleep and awakening in all levels of previously mentioned time and space, creating triple parallelism.It is interesting how stanzas within a single cycle (1 and 6, 2 and 4, as well as 3 and 5) mutually relate: 1st , 2nd and 3rd stanzas contain reminiscences as symbolic sleep/dream abstractions of Rainis previously written poetry, while 4th , 5th and 6th stanzas specify something in nature, society and individual's desires, dreams which have to wake up. Reminiscence carries out necessary associations for philosophical perceiving of functions time and space cycle, but especially – form and maintain transmission basics: historical (people's destinies) – 3rd stanza, psychological (individual's dreams, desires) – 1st stanza, philosophical (order of existence) – 2nd stanza.The above mentioned allows stating that poem created by Rainis in Latgalian "Munu jaunu dīnu zeme" (Land of My Youth) indeed incorporates into Rainis creative work philosophic stage, where allegory as a supplementary tool and symbol as a dominant harmonically gets along with poet's revelation of ontological sense.Poem "Sveicins latgališim" (Greetings to Latgalians) has one addressee – a Latgalian, new reader of the newspaper. The text is artistically created on the allegoric stage standards of Rainis creative work – here features of one cycle (human in society) are present. Social cycle stages revealed in the poem are parting/uniting, hatred/love, old life/new life, celebrations/work.Artistic structure of poems in Latgalian indicates on dominance of allegory or symbol in time and space. Cycle has a special meaning in reflection of existence order.

In order to defend Darwinism against the socio-political ideologies tarnishing its image, Patrick Tort, using an immanent reading of Darwin's anthropology, is now presenting this naturalist as the genealogist par excellence of universalist morality and the theorist of the peace of the state of civilization. As a result, Darwin competed with the philosophers of universal morality and of the social contract hypothesis as a path to perpetual peace. Natural selection, accused of promoting a state of war that eliminates the weak, is held up as an engine that, paradoxically, brings about the passage from the state of war to the state of universal peace. This would be possible thanks to the gradual selection of social feelings, the effect of which tends to cancel the removal of the selection and to take on universal dimensions. Tort calls this phenomenon "the reversive effect of evolution". Thus, by resorting to the explanation by selection, universal perpetual peace, regarded by Kant as what collective actors who have become reasonable would ultimately want to focus on after a long history of wars they were waging against each other, – due to the antagonism of their own liberties –, is from the outset attributed to an opportunistic natural law acting without design. The regulating effect of the idea of perpetual and universal peace is lost. So, one has the effort to overcome this risk and to make the Kantian intuition compatible with the theory of natural selection. On the one hand, this is accomplished on the basis of the Neural Darwinism of Edelman claiming, as the name suggests, its continuity with Darwin. His ambition is to account for the occurrence of mental faculties in humans endowed with freedom and intentionality, able to use heuristic fictions in social organization. His hypothesis provides an opportunity to rethink peace as a task for humanity in harmony with the theory of selection. On the other hand, the study of the limitations of the explanation by selection in biology, a holistic point of view, reveals the need to be complemented by an individualistic and developmental perspective as in "the Evo-devo Super synthesis." In fact, a developmental version of the concept of reversive effect of evolution can be found in the political anthropology of Kant, where universal antagonism produces against itself the practical reason giving way to the transition from the state of natural war to the state of peace. His horizon is cosmopolitan peace, a political concept of humanity. Otherwise, ascribing the realization of cosmopolitan peace to the melioristic action of natural selection, in its strict sense, might plunge humanity into a wait-and-see attitude and passivity, whereas ascribing it to the goodwill of humanity is to empower it, to mobilize minds in the seeking the conditions to bring it about. ; Pour défendre le darwinisme contre les idéologies sociopolitiques ternissant son image, Patrick Tort, à partir d'une lecture immanente de l'anthropologie de Darwin, présente désormais ce naturaliste comme le généalogiste par excellence de la morale universaliste et le théoricien de la paix de l'état de civilisation. Darwin rivaliserait, par ce fait, avec les philosophes de la morale universelle et de l'hypothèse du contrat social en tant que voie vers la paix perpétuelle. La sélection naturelle, accusée de promouvoir l'état de guerre éliminateur des faibles, est brandie comme moteur opérant paradoxalement le passage de l'état de guerre à l'état de paix universelle. Celle-ci serait possible grâce à la sélection graduelle des sentiments sociaux, dont l'effet tend à annuler l'élimination de la sélection et à prendre des dimensions universelles. Tort appelle ce phénomène « l'effet réversif de l'évolution ». Ainsi, par le recours à l'explication par sélection, la paix perpétuelle universelle, considérée par Kant comme ce que voudront viser ultimement des acteurs collectifs devenus raisonnables au bout d'une longue expérience des guerres qu'ils se livraient, – à cause de l'antagonisme de leurs libertés individuelles –, est d'emblée attribuée à une loi naturelle opportuniste agissant sans dessein. Le caractère régulateur de l'idée de paix perpétuelle universelle est perdu. D'où l'exercice de surmonter ce risque et de rendre compatible l'intuition kantienne avec la théorie de la sélection naturelle. D'une part, cela est fait à partir du darwinisme neuronal d'Edelman revendiquant, comme le nom l'indique, sa continuité avec Darwin. Son ambition est de rendre compte de l'apparition des facultés mentales chez les humains doués de liberté et d'intentionnalité, capables de se servir des fictions heuristiques dans l'organisation sociale. Son hypothèse permet la possibilité de repenser la paix comme tâche de l'humanité en harmonie avec la théorie de la sélection. D'autre part, l'étude des limites de l'explication par sélection en biologie, un point de vue holiste, révèle la nécessité d'être complétée par un point de vue individualiste et développemental comme dans « la supersynthèse évo-dévo .» En fait, une version développementale du concept « d'effet réversif de l'évolution » se trouve dans l'anthropologie politique de Kant, où l'antagonisme universel développe contre lui-même la raison pratique à la base du passage de l'état de nature guerrière à l'état de paix. Son l'horizon est la paix cosmopolitique, un concept politique de l'humanité. Sinon, attribuer la réalisation de la paix cosmopolitique à l'action mélioriste de la sélection naturelle, en son sens strict, risquerait de plonger l'humanité dans l'attentisme et la passivité tandis que l'attribuer à la bonne volonté de l'humanité consiste à responsabiliser celle-ci, à mobiliser les esprits dans la quête des conditions de sa réalisation. ; (ARKE 3) -- UCL, 2012

Protection of human rights has changed due to change in the international arena. Today, the international arena consists of various actors and if some fifty years ago states were the primary actors, those have had to give in for a set of different civil society organizations (CSOs) and, foremost, different sized enterprises. This change is connected to the difficulty to define the concept of human rights. Additionally, it is not self-evident how human rights concept and practical obligations to protect human rights are being formed and understood. The very latest development in the area of human rights and business – that was initiated by the UN – is a research conducted by John Ruggie in the role of Special Representative of Secretary General (SRSG). The target of my research is to clarify what can be found from the research conducted by SRSG the by using narrative methodology and whether it is based on the theory of embedded liberalism. The reports (primary material of this research) were produced by the SRSG during the mandate of the UN (2006-2011). Consequently, the attempt is to find out what exactly the primary material has to say in the light of the selected theory and methodology and how it fits into the existing context of human rights and business. The theory of embedded liberalism can be simplified as a joint institutional framework, which consists of state power and interests, prevailing social expectations, norms and economic ideas. Narratives can be defined to be used as a common tool in communication and understanding the world. The "core" of narrative methodology is understood in this research as noticing stories as transmitters and creators of the reality and meanings. The narrative attributes used to dissect the primary material are temporality and event sequencing, intertextuality, and roles. In addition, connected to intertextuality and a change in the international sphere, locus of narratives is briefly presented. Paradoxically, by using this kind of reductionism with the help of narrative attributes, the primary material can be better set into the contexts of the "big picture" of human rights. For this purpose there are separate chapters for clarifying the concept of human rights and civil regulation, although these are covered jointly in the theory section. Therefore, it can be said that the selected theory and methodology are slightly overlapping. The primary material seems to be based profoundly on the theory of embedded liberalism. The tone of the report is cooperative and there are several referrals of state activity to hear and execute social expectations with the help of social institutions – of which market mechanism is a part. It can be said that the need to promote social expectations and norms in conjunction with state power and interests is quite visible in the primary material. The framing of the reports seems to be much based on noticing a change in the actors of the global sphere. There is also a referral to the historical approach, in which the wanted target state is tied and explained with the help of embedded liberalism history timeline. Further on, there are implications that the current set up does not enable societies to protect proper social values, since there are several referrals in the primary material to inadequate capability of societies to protect and promote the core values of social community. Besides referring to a lack in states' – and in general civil society's – capabilities in the current global sphere, it is being indicated that rules, customs and institutions are needed for markets to sustain but also for a society to manage any adverse effects of market dynamics. Additionally, it is stated that this kind of institutional support in place would also enable to embed markets in broader values of a social community. The primary material has both linear and process-based narratives in place. The primary material is set in a global context by noting the most previous works done under the mandate of the UN, before the SRSG's mandate was released. Also, there is an impressive elucidation done by the SRSG in the primary material for mapping elements from the current international law, various soft law mechanisms, and models for self-regulation. Nonetheless, intertextuality and roles are overlapping even more; therefore, the primary material is also being set into context by defining clear cut roles for states and companies. Roles that are the most relevant in the primary material are the roles of states and corporations. The role of states as a human rights protector is declared to be based on duty, while the role of corporations is based on responsibility. Surroundings – the locus – where narratives take place is the global public domain. It can be noted that there are several narratives (not just human rights - business narratives) coexisting in the constantly changing global public domain. Since it is not clear what kind of public authorities exist – if there are any kind of, it is difficult to study any hierarchical or other structures of narratives in the global public domain. The basic philosophy of narratives used in this research is noticing stories as transmitting and creating reality and meanings. With regard to this, the work done by the SRSG can also be seen as transmitting and creating for its part the world as we understand it. Receivers of the narrative (i.e. readers of the primary material) will partly be using the material created by the SRSG to create and revise their approach to business and human rights. This is not an apparent function, but a subtle way for creation and recreation of outlooks, and also continuing to redefine elements that are needed for finalizing this outlook. In a way, this relates also to pragmatism as a (scientific) community is recreating new approaches based on the existing ones.

There is considerable potential in examining images associated with atrocity that do not depict the actual act of violence or the victim itself, but rather depict the circumstances around which such acts occurred. Such images of the absence of visible violence can lead the viewer into an imaginative engagement with the nature of atrocity, and the nature of those who perpetrate it. In exploring this absence, Hannah Arendt's "banality of evil" can be taken to mean that the spaces in which atrocities take place are often nondescript, everyday and banal, and that the people who commit them may appear on the surface to be so as well, even if their interior motivations and rationales are far more complex than that they were simply following orders. Photography, with its optical -mechanical process, is adept at recording such banal facts of the scene, and, by inviting the viewer to scan the image for minute details, often generates a tension between such mundanities and the audience's knowledge of the potential import of the situation garnered via a caption. This strategy of the "aesthetics of the banal" has become a common one in contemporary photographic practice.1 However, the idea that an image that appears on the surface to be of an ordinary scene or person but which the viewer then discovers contains another, deeper and more imaginative reading is one that has long been effective. In order to explore the possibility of an absence in the image being a key to understanding, it is useful to examine a constellation of images that gather around a key perpetrator of the Holocaust, images that do not overtly show either the victims or the violence itself, but by the very absence of such evidence propel the viewer into an imaginative act of engagement with the nature of evil. Publishers notes about the book 'Picturing Atrocity: Photography in Crisis': Picturing Atrocity Photography in Crisis Geoffrey Batchen, Mick Gidley, Nancy K. Millers and Jay Prosser 'It is hard to look: My Lai, Dachau, Abu Ghraib, Wounded Knee. We know these atrocities through the painful evidence of unforgettable documentary photographs. But these images are far from innocent. Just as "atrocity" itself is a loaded term, every photograph of such an event is a bit of high-level propaganda in a moralized political argument, encouraging the viewer to bear witness, make judgments, take sides. This important new collection of essays by some of the most brilliant analysts of photography shows how deliberately horrifying pictures have shaped – and continue to shape – the ethics and politics of the modern era.' – Brian Wallis, Chief Curator, International Center of Photography 'Picturing Atrocity is an excellent examination of the dilemmas implicit in photography's representation of human suffering, whether caused by torture, war, poverty, the political chaos and neglect that multiplies the toll from natural disasters (as in Africa's Horn region today), or other gross rights violations. Multi-layered and lucid, these essays demolish any lingering pretence that images of suffering can be understood without also considering the context and media in which they are presented, and the often far-from-the-scene viewer who consumes them. Picturing Atrocity is critical reading for communicators in the aid, development and human rights communities who participate in the dissemination of these essential but volatile images.' –Ellen Tolmie, Senior Photography Editor, UNICEF Ever since the landmark publication of Susan Sontag's On Photography, it has been impossible to look at photographs, particularly those of violence and suffering, without questioning our role as photographic voyeur. Are we desensitized by the proliferation of these images? Or do the images stir our own sense of justice and act as a call to arms? Are we consuming the suffering of others? What should our responses to these images be? To answer these questions, Picturing Atrocity brings together essays from some of the foremost writers on photography today, including Rebecca Solnit, Alfredo Jaar, Ariella Azoulay, John Lucaites, Robert Hariman and Susan Meiselas, to offer close readings of images that reveal the realities behind the photographs, the subjects and the photographers. From the massacre of the Sioux Indians at Wounded Knee to the torture of prisoners at Abu Ghraib, from famine in China to apartheid in South Africa, Picturing Atrocity examines a broad spectrum of photographs. Each essay focuses specifically on an iconic image, offering a distinct approach and context, in order to enable us to look again – this time more closely – at the picture. In addition, four photo-essays showcase the work of photographers involved in the making of photographs of brutality as well as the artists' own reflections on these images. Together these essays cover the historical and geographical range of atrocity photographs and respond to current concerns about such disturbing images. Picturing Atrocity is an important read, not just for insights into photography, but for its reflections on human injustice and suffering. In keeping with that aim, all royalties from the book will be donated to Amnesty International. Geoffrey Batchen is a photography historian and Professor of Art History at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. Mick Gidley is Emeritus Professor of American Literature and Culture at the University of Leeds, UK. Nancy K. Miller is Distinguished Professor of English and Comparative Literature, the Graduate Center, CUNY. Jay Prosser is Reader in Humanities in the School of English at the University of Leeds, UK.

Nella storia della cartografia del Ducato di Modena tre sono le opere fondamentali che hanno apportato significative variazioni tecniche e di rappresentazione del territorio: quella del matematico ed astronomo Giovanni Antonio Magini all'inizio del 1600, quella dell'abate Domenico Vandelli intorno alla metà del 1700 ed infine quelle del Maggiore del Genio Austro-Estense Giuseppe Carandini nella prima metà dell'800. Sull'opera di quest'ultimo si incentra la presente relazione prendendo in esame sia la produzione cartografica "ufficiale" dell' Ufficio Topografico Estense dal Carandini diretto (che dal 1815 alla metà del secolo produsse un lavoro di rilievo e di elaborazione cartografica del territorio estense di altissimo livello), sia le mappe "derivate" più o meno palesemente da queste. All'inizio della scaletta espositiva viene presentata, come novità assoluta, la prima carta prodotta dall' Ufficio Topografico: la mappa degli Estensi Dominii, accuratissimo rilievo dell'intero Ducato basantesi sul sistema geodetico francese, a scala 1:100.000 che, data per dispersa durante i moti risorgimentali, è stata recentemente (e fortunosamente) ritrovata. La mappa, divisa in quattro spezzoni ed incollata su tela, presenta un solo foglio stampato (dove per altro è presente il frontespizio) mentre gli altri sono manoscritti e testimonia la grande competenza tecnica raggiunta in pochi anni dai militari Estensi. Le capacità operative dimostrate suscitarono il plauso degli Austriaci al punto da invitare gli ufficiali del Genio modenese alla realizzazione della grande carta in scala 1:28.800 dei possedimenti Imperiali in Italia e degli Stati satelliti (Parma, Modena e Toscana). Da questo ponderoso lavoro derivò anche la Carta militare del Ducato di Modena, meglio conosciuta come "carta Carandini" (presente in un unico esemplare presso l'archivio storico dell'IGM a Firenze), nonché una sua riduzione "commerciale", la Carta topografica del Ducato di Modena in scala 1:86.400 edita a Vienna nel 1842 ed aggiornata nel 1849, anch'essa oggetto di presentazione di questo lavoro. Frattanto i moti risorgimentali del 1848 permisero ai Piemontesi di venire in possesso dei rilievi Estensi mettendoli in grado di produrre una mappa, a fini essenzialmente militari, dove era presente anche il territorio del Ducato di Modena: la Carta topografica della Lombardia e dei Ducati di Parma e Modena, in scala sempre 1:86.400. Le altre opere derivate dalla "carta del Carandini", oggetto del presente lavoro, sono la Carta degli Stati Estensi, datata 1847, inserita nella Statistica degli Stati Estensi di C. Roncaglia, ed una meravigliosa carta manoscritta del Ducato al suo tramonto in scala 1:115.200, la Carta Topografica dimostrante i territori dello Stato di Modena, sconosciuta alle bibliografie, opera di un incisore operante a Modena intorno al 1850, Gaetano Raffo. ; In the history of the cartography of Duchy of Modena the fundamental works having introduced meaningful technical variations in the representation of the territory are just three: the first one is by the mathematician and astronomer Giovanni Magini in the beginning of 1600, the second one is by Domenico Vandelli around in the middle of 18 century and finally the works of the Genio Austro-Estense Corp by Major Giuseppe Carandini in the first middle of1800. On the work of this last one is focused the present relationship which is taking on examination both the "official" cartographic production of the Topographical Office of Estense Army (which from 1815 to the middle of century produced an high-level work of relief and cartographic elaboration of the territory), as the "derived" maps from these works. In the beginning of this report, as absolute novelty, I'm glad to introduce the first produced map by Estense Topographical Office: the map of the Estensi Dominii in Italia, an accurate scale 1:100.000 relief of the whole Duchy of Modena based on the French geodetic system. This work, lost during the fights of Italian Risorgimento, has recently been found again. The map is divided into four massive dissected linen-backed sections and is printed just only in the first part (where the frontispiece is in), while the other ones are manuscripts. This chart testify the great technical competence reached in few years by Estense Topographical Office. These operational abilities aroused the applause of the Austrians till to persuade to invite the officers of the Estense Genio Corp in the team which was working to the realization of the great map (scale 1:28.800) of the Imperial possessiones in Italy and of the satellites States (Parma, Modena and Tuscany). From this ponderous work derived also the military Mappa del Ducato di Modena (Map of the Duchy of Modena), better known as "Carta Carandini" (jus tkept in an only copy in IGM in Florence), as well as a reduction of it printed in Vienna in 1842 and adjourned in 1849 as a "commercial" copy: the Topographical Map of the Duchy of Modena (scale 1:86.400). In the meantime the 1848 Italian fights allowed the Sabaudian Army to get hold of the reliefs of Estense Topographical Office, allowing them in order to produce a military map showing the territory of the Duchy of Modena too: the Carta Topografica della Lombardia e dei Ducati di Parma e Modena (Topographical map of the Lombardy and of the Duchies of Parma and Modena, (always scale 1:86.400). The other works derived by "Carta Carandini", and shown in this work, are: the Carta degli Stati Estensi, (Map of the Estenses states) dated 1847, inserted in Statistica degli Stati Estensi by C. Roncaglia and a marvelous manuscript map of the Duchy in its sunset (scale 1:115.200): the Carta Topografica dimostrante i territori dello Stato di Modena, (Topographic map showing the Modena state territories) unknown to the bibliographies, engraved by Gaetano Raffo, an engraver who worked in Modena around 1850.

Kuntoutusjärjestelmä on Suomessa rakentunut monitahoiseksi ja monen osajärjestelmän muodostamaksi kokonaisuudeksi. Oikeus kuntoutukseen määrittyy sen mukaan, minkä osajärjestelmän piiriin ihminen kuuluu. Tämä johtaa siihen, että yksilöille voi määrittyä erilainen oikeus kuntoutukseen riippuen siitä, minkä osajärjestelmän piirissä hän on. Myös eri sosioekonomiset ryhmät saavat erilaisia kuntoutusetuuksia. Aihe on erittäin ajankohtainen, koska viimeaikainen keskustelu työuran pidentämisestä nostaa areenalle myös kuntoutuksen yhtenä keinona pidentää työssä jaksamista. Sari Miettisen väitöskirja Muutoksen mahdollisuus Suomen kuntoutusjärjestelmässä tarkastelee Suomen kuntoutuspolitiikkaa kuntoutuksen institutionaalisen kokonaisuuden näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan ensimmäistä kertaa kuntoutusjärjestelmää laajana institutionaalisena kokonaisuutena. Tarkoituksena on jäsentää kuntoutusjärjestelmän monimutkaisuutta ja sen muotoutumista sekä näiden kautta tehdä johtopäätöksiä järjestelmän muutoksen mahdollisuudesta. Tutkimuksen lähtökohtana on vuosikausia samanlaisina säilyneet epäkohdat järjestelmässä. Järjestelmän ongelmiksi on vuosikymmenten kuluessa katsottu esimerkiksi vastuunjaon epäselvyydet ja asiakkaiden putoaminen eri toimijoiden väliin. Näitä epäkohtia on pyritty korjaamaan erilaisilla uudistuksilla, joista tähän asti laajin on ollut vuonna 1991 voimaan astunut kuntoutuslainsäädännön uudistus. Uudistuksista huolimatta samat ongelmat ovat esiintyneet erilaisissa kuntoutusjärjestelmän kuvauksissa aina tähän päivän asti. Kokonaisuutta lähestytään analysoimalla valtionhallinnon asiakirjoja ja täydentäen aineistoa tarvittavilla avainhenkilöhaastatteluilla. Tutkimus osoittaa kuntoutusjärjestelmästä erilaisia sisäisiä keskusteluareenoja vuosikymmenien aikana sekä erityisiä valta-asetelmia eri osajärjestelmien kesken. Yhteinen puhe kokonaisuuden hallinnasta on puuttunut ja järjestelmän kokonaisuutta kehittäessä puhe on keskittynyt lähinnä neljään erilaiseen kehykseen. Käytännön tasolla asiakkaan oikeus kuntoutusetuuksiin näytti määrittyvän usealla erilaisella perusteella ja erilaisiksi eri väestöryhmien kesken. Oikeuden ovat myös määrittyneet monenlaisissa erilaisissa paikoissa, kuten yksilön kuntoutuksesta päättävien tahojen ja osajärjestelmien yksittäisten ohjeiden tasolla. Kuntoutusjärjestelmää tulisi tutkimuksen mukaan uudistaa kokonaisuus huomioiden. Usein uudistuksia on toteutettu osa kerrallaan, jolloin eri osien välisiin ongelmiin ei ole puututtu riittävässä määrin. Nykyisellään kuntoutusjärjestelmän osat toimivat erillisinä. Mikäli tätä halutaan muuttaa, pitäisi uudistuksia tehdä kokonaisuus huomioiden ja myös perustaa toimintaa selkeästi koordinoiva taho. Nykyiset keskustelut työuran pidentämisestä voisivat tarjota paikan kuntoutusjärjestelmän kokonaisuuden uudistamiseen, koska kuntoutus voi toimia välineenä saavuttaa näitä tavoitteita. ; Rehabilitation in Finland is part of many welfare systems and as an institutional entity it has many separate subsystems. It has been described as a fragmented and complex entity. Several problems have been attached to the Finnish rehabilitation system, such as unclear division of responsibilities between different subsystems. The rehabilitation system have undergone several coordination attempts especially since the 1990 s. A large legislative reform was launched in 1991. The purpose of the reform was to overcome the problems appearing in the system. The legislative reform was to be evaluated every four years and it was presented in the form of three government rehabilitation reports. Besides the major legislative reform in 1991, parts of the system have been reformed through single legislative reforms in the last three decades. However, despite many reforms in the rehabilitation reports and in other descriptions of the system the same problems have recurred. It seems that no extensive solutions have been found to the problems of the whole rehabilitation system, at least in the short-term. Macro-level studies of the rehabilitation system are needed in Finland. Studies are usually focused on the practical level and different methods of rehabilitation. Although some studies concern the whole rehabilitation system, the perspective is usually on certain sub-system or the entity is contemplated from the client s perspective. In this study the focus was on the institutional entity of rehabilitation in Finland called rehabilitation system. The concepts used were governance and historical institutionalism. The purpose was to analyse the complexity of the institutional entity of rehabilitation in Finland and its development and draw conclusions on the possibility of change in the rehabilitation system in Finland. The legislative reform in 1991 was used as a starting point because it has been the largest reform to develop the whole system in Finland so far. The complex system was analysed using several data. The data used were national rehabilitation policy documents and their background reports and statements, interviews with key authors, legislation and also literature and documents describing the history of the rehabilitation system in Finland. The data were analysed using data based and theory oriented content analysis, frame analysis and the basis of historical sociology. This dissertation consists of four publications which analysed the governance of the rehabilitation system from different perspectives. First, the focus was on the construction of governance in the complex system. The perspective was on the roles of different institutions in the rehabilitation system. According to the results different co-operation forums have promoted change in the system. However, at the same time different power constellations in rehabilitation agendas inside the system have inhibited change. Second, the system was studied through so-called basic modes of governance (hierarchy, network and market). The results showed that certain parts seemed to be emphasized in the reform talk. Common talk of governance was missing. In the third part the main focus was on the interpretations of problems and their policy solutions for the whole system in its reform agenda. The results showed four different frames which were used in discussions. In the frames the problems and policy solutions usually did not meet. In the fourth part the governance of citizens rights was studied. According to the results the rights to rehabilitation benefits are determined in different ways for different population groups and the right to benefits was decided in many places. The overall results of this study showed a deep division between the subsystems. Instead of single and small reforms a reform of the whole system requires attention of all parts of the system in the reform and perhaps a strong coordinating body. It seems that through single and small reforms it is difficult to overcome the problems of this complex system.