Suchergebnisse

Die Doktorarbeit 'Die Stadt musikalisch zum Klingen bringen (Paris-Berlin) – Wenn musikalische, städtische und berufliche Sphären sich im Einklang entwickeln' behandelt die sogenannten "lebenden" Konzertsäle und stützt sich dabei auf einen Vergleich zwischen zwei europäischen Hauptstädten. Sie berichtet über die Bildung der Begriffsbestimmungen und sozialen Hierarchien, die die musikalischen, städtischen und beruflichen Sphären strukturieren.Die untersuchten Orte sind vielfältig: Auditorien, Diskotheken, Arenen, Kleinkunstbühnen, Musikbars, Opern… Grundsätzlich kein Live-Musikforum außen vor zu lassen, beleuchtet die Vielfalt der sozialen Einsatzfelder der Musik, ohne die sonst für künstlerische Milieus typischen Priorisierungs- oder Legitimierungseffekte nachzubilden. Die Doktorarbeit zeigt damit, dass die Diversität der in den Konzertsälen auf dem Programm stehenden Musikstile, der Vielfalt der Formen, diese zu hören entspricht: sitzendes oder stehendes Publikum, gemütlicher, überschaubarer Rahmen oder Stadion, usw. Die Verbindung von ethnographischem Ansatz und statistischer Analyse zeigt/ zeugt beweist die starke Bindung, die bestimmte Stilrichtungen (klassische Musik, Techno, .) mit vordefinierten Hörpraktiken vereint, während andere Musikrichtungen (Rap, Rock, usw.) in sehr unterschiedlichen Konfigurationen gehört werden. Diese musikalischen Sphären, die aus einem Hörambiente und den musikalischen Stilrichtungen gebildet werden, sind von den Akteuren der Kulturpolitik in ungleicher Weise anerkannt.Die Programmgestalter und Programmgestalterinnen nehmen über die Auswahl der Künstler an der Zusammenstellung eines musikalischen Angebots teil. Diese Doktorarbeit zeigt den Aufbau des Berufsfelds der Programmgestaltung, in dem sie ihre Unterschiedlichkeit je nach Geschichte des Musikforums und die Rahmenbedingungen, die sich aus der wirtschaftlichen/ Konzentration des live-Musik-Sektors ergeben, hinterfragt. Eine Reihe von Gesprächen mit den Programmgestaltern hat einen Vergleich der Praktiken und der beruflichen Werdegänge dieser Mittler, Männern und Frauen, ermöglicht. Dieser zeigt Unterschiede zwischen Paris und Berlin im Hinblick auf die berufliche Entwicklung, die Herangehensweisen und den Umgang mit dem Desinteresse in einer internationalisierten Programmgestaltungstätigkeit.Drittens untersucht diese Forschungsarbeit die Beziehung zwischen musikalischen und städtischen Sphären. In den beiden Städten ist der musikalische Raum nach einer räumlichen Logik strukturiert, was über die Kartographie der musikalischen Veranstaltungsorte Aufschluss gibt. Und wenn der Standort der Musikstätten ihre musikalische Qualifizierung beeinflusst, hat umgekehrt das musikalische Ereignis einen Einfluss auf die Weiterentwicklung der Darbietungen und der Art und Weise, sich den städtischen Raum zu eigen zu machen. Ob sie sich das wünschen oder ob sie versuchen, sich dem zu entziehen, die Zwischenakteure der Foren für Musikveranstaltungen, selbst die "alternativsten", werden Bestandteil dieser Dynamik.Die Mittler wie die Akteure in der Kulturpolitik oder die wirtschaftlichen Akteure nehmen an den Auseinandersetzungen innerhalb des musikalischen Raumes teil, die die Zentren und Randbereiche der transnationalen Musiksphäre widerspiegeln. Tatsächlich setzen die Musikveranstaltungsorte je nach Stellung und finanziellen Mitteln nicht die gleichen Kategorien von Künstlern aufs Programm. So bringen die Zwischenakteure mit ihrer Programmgestaltung lokal den Wert der Musik zum Ausdruck, genauso wie sie den Stellenwert von Paris und von Berlin als kulturelle Hauptstädte verhandeln. ; This PhD thesis offers a comparison of music venues in Paris and Berlin. Studying music venues sheds light on the definitions and hierarchisation of musical, urban and professional territories. Diverse music genres are listened to in these venues, and ethnographic observation shows that events happen in many different configurations – audiences are sometimes seated or standing, in large arenas or intimate atmospheres, etc. Statistical methods enable the study of the connection between music styles and the way they are socially appropriated. These musical territories, unequally supported by cultural policies, distinguish themselves from the strict definition of musical genres. The musical subfield is also structured by spatial forces, revealed by the cartography of the music venues in both cities. Their localisation affects the way venues are perceived and defined but, conversely, the music scene also participates in the transformation of representations about the urban territories. Beyond the urban analysis of music, this thesis examines music production through the role of bookers, who select the artists in the venues. In Paris and Berlin, the definition of booking as a territory of competence depends on the musical subfield's history and is influenced by pressure linked to the increasing economic concentration within the live music market. Interviews with bookers offer material for comparing the cultural intermediaries' work practices and social trajectories. They illustrate different forms of professional development and uses of disinterestedness in the internationalised activity of booking. Cultural intermediaries and policies participate in the dual structure of the subfields, which reflects the centres and peripheries of the transnational musical field. Indeed, depending on their resources and position in these subfields, venues do not book the same type of artists. Thus, they tend to the local translation of musical value, all the while taking part in Paris' and Berlin's positioning as cultural capitals. ; À travers une comparaison entre deux capitales européennes, Paris et Berlin, cette thèse examine des espaces musicaux par le biais des salles de musique dite « vivante » et de leurs intermédiaires (programmateurs). L'étude des salles de musique rend compte des transformations affectant ces espaces musicaux, et les liens avec les mutations urbaines et les dynamiques professionnelles. Le premier enjeu de cette recherche porte sur la définition des genres musicaux et sur leur consommation. L'articulation entre approche ethnographique et analyse statistique témoigne ainsi du lien entre styles et usages sociaux de la musique. À la diversité des genres musicaux programmés dans les salles répond effectivement la variété des manières de les entendre : publics assis ou debout, configurations intimistes ou stades, etc. Styles musicaux comme cadres d'écoute sont inégalement reconnus par les politiques culturelles, qui participent à la délimitation de frontières sociales et musicales.Le second enjeu porte sur les logiques spatiales qui structurent les espaces musicaux. Si la localisation des salles influe sur leur qualification musicale, à l'inverse, le fait musical participe aux transformations des espaces urbains. L'articulation croissante entre politiques culturelles, enjeux économiques et politiques urbaines accroît ce phénomène, qui se traduit à Paris comme à Berlin par l'accroissement d'inégalités socio-spatiales. Les espaces musicaux des deux villes participent en outre à leur positionnement à l'échelle internationale, à l'heure d'une concurrence accrue entre métropoles.Outre l'ancrage géographique, cette thèse s'intéresse finalement à la dimension professionnelle de la construction d'une offre musicale. Ainsi, elle donne à voir la délimitation de la programmation comme territoire professionnel, en interrogeant sa variabilité selon l'histoire locale, les politiques de soutien à la professionnalisation et les contraintes liées à la concentration économique du secteur de la musique live. La comparaison des pratiques et des trajectoires des intermédiaires atteste d'un développement professionnel inégal à Paris et Berlin. Elle montre également la façon dont l'internationalisation des tournées redéfinit la programmation.L'analyse comparée des enjeux musicaux, urbains et professionnels à différents niveaux d'observation témoigne ainsi de la circulation des processus de catégorisation et de hiérarchisation entre ces différents espaces.

Drvena kapela sv. Martina u Starom Brodu rijedak je primjer tradicionalnog narodnog graditeljstva s cjelovito očuvanim oslikanim baroknim interijerom. Njezino je očuvanje iznimno važno za lokalnu zajednicu jer je kapela glavno okupljalište seljana u vrijeme pogreba i proštenja, a zbog svoje starosti snažan je simbol višestoljetnog opstanka sela unatoč ratovima i poplavama. Stoga se njezina obnova temeljila na vrednovanju cjelovite strukture građevine i njezinih povijesnih oblikovnih vrijednosti te je povezala sve aspekte kulturnog dobra u cjelinu, što se podjednako odnosi na građevinu, oslikanu unutrašnjost i oltar, kao i na primjenu tradicionalnih tehnika gradnje i uključivanje lokalne zajednice u projekt. Zbog toga je u svibnju 2017. godine Hrvatskom restauratorskom zavodu uručeno najviše europsko priznanje na području zaštite i očuvanja kulturne baštine – Nagrada Europske unije za kulturnu baštinu / Nagrada Europe Nostre u kategoriji zaštite baštine. ; The wooden chapel of St. Martin in Stari Brod is a rare example of traditional, vernacular architecture with a preserved Baroque interior. Over the centuries it has played an important part in the everyday life of villagers as a gathering place for worship and a powerful symbol of the village's survival. Archival records mention the chapel for the frst time in 1699. Originally, it was laid out as a single-nave chapel with a polygonal sanctuary and a small atrium on top of which stood a bell tower. Its present form originated when the atrium was incorporated to form a vestibule in 1736. It was built using a traditional technology of construction with oak planks laid over stone and brick foundations and interlocked without the use of brackets (socalled dovetail joint). What is particular about the chapel is its interior design: all the walls, the ceiling over the nave and the sanctuary vault are lined with a vividly painted wainscoting made of 88 wooden panels framed with decorative laths. The panels depict motifs of intertwined symmetrical ribbons with hanging acanthus leaves, rose flowers, tulips, carnations, peonies and grape vines, painted in vivid colours in the mid-18th century. The main altar with the altarpiece of St. Martin was installed in 1743. By the end of the 20th century, the chapel was rather neglected and had a dilapidated roof. As the roof covering was damaged, the interior was exposed to rainfall, which caused severe damage to the wooden support and the paintwork. An earlier replacement of the roof covering with beavertail tiles instead of shingles led to static displacements and deformations of the building material and caused further damage to the wainscoting panels. The main altar was removed from the chapel in 1991 during a war-time evacuation. Renovation work on the chapel of St. Martin started with an architectural survey of the existing condition and conservation research of the painted wainscoting. The wainscoting was then dismantled, and construction repair of the chapel ensued, which lasted from 2007 to 2012. During the course of it, the entire chapel was disassembled in order for the foundations to be repaired and the damaged or rotted parts of the building replaced. Damaged parts of the roof construction were also repaired and the beavertail tiles replaced with oak shingles, modelled after the original covering. On the dismantled elements of the wainscoting, necessary restoration treatments were carried out, which involved a mechanical removal of dirt from the back of the panels, gamma-ray disinsection, fxing of blistering portions of the polychromy to the support, consolidation of the support, joining and fxating of the panels, and a reconstruction and retouch of the painted layer. With the conservation work completed, the wainscoting panels were returned to the chapel. The Baroque altar of St. Martin was put on display at the 1994 exhibition Sveti trag [Holy Trail], after which it was stored in the Croatian Conservation Institute's depot in Ludbreg. Because of inappropriate microclimatic conditions, damage occurred in places where the wooden elements were joined, and layers of the polychromy and gilding partially detached from the wooden support. The damage was repaired in 2015, just before the altar was returned to the chapel. Despite having been left without the altar in 1991 and the painted wainscoting in 2002, the chapel continued to be used for funerals and on the Feast Day of St. Martin. Only during the construction repair, when it was dismantled, was it out of function. With the renovation completed, the restored wainscoting mounted and the main altar installed, not only was its physical and visual integrity recovered, but a symbolic and spiritual component important to the local community was reinstated as the chapel was returned to function. Albeit important in art-historical terms, as a rare surviving example of Baroque wooden architecture, its true value lies in the symbolism of survival of a community that gathers around it, in spite of all the wars and floods to which it was exposed over the course of history. On the other hand, the comprehensiveness and complexity of the conservation work carried out, while applying the principle of renovation in accordance with professional guidelines, represent a model of how to approach the renovation and presentation of similar monuments of culture. All the aforementioned components constitute the reason why the renovation of the chapel of St. Martin in Stari Brod earned a Europa Nostra Award, a European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage in the category of conservation, with which it was presented in the May of 2017.

Terrorism has always been a part of human history with various forms. However, it had not been such a clear and present danger till the 9/11 attacks. With the 9/11 attacks, terrorism has evolved into a new terrorism, mega terrorism, which only aims to change the system with sensational attacks causing so many deaths. And today, it poses a threat with the form of nuclear terrorism. Its potential rate of lethality would not be compared with any other forms of terrorism if terrorists managed to detonate an intact nuclear weapon or an improvised nuclear device. In addition, psychological effects of sabotaging a nuclear facility or exploding a "dirty bomb" would be much more powerful than any other forms of terrorism. Yet, as a response, states have already started to cooperate against the threat of nuclear terrorism through various international responses which are known as nuclear security. But, nuclear security is still developing and seems not strong enough to effectively cope with the threat of nuclear terrorism. On the other hand, there is the international nuclear nonproliferation regime based on three pillars of nuclear nonproliferation, peaceful use of nuclear energy and nuclear disarmament. However, its scope is limited to address threats stemming from traditional state actors such as nuclear war and proliferation. Nonetheless, this regime still offers a useful base for nuclear security to develop itself. Therefore, the thesis is an attempt to propose a more effective framework for the international responses to the threat of nuclear terrorism which would lead to more effective nuclear security with the guidance and inspiration of international nuclear nonproliferation regime. ; KABUL VE ONAY . i BİLDİRİM . ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI. iii ETİK BEYAN . iv ÖZET . v ABSTRACT . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS . vii ABBREVIATIONS . ix FIGURE . xii TABLES . xii INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER I: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK . 8 1.1. CHANGING NATURE OF WAR . 8 1.2 TERRORISM . 13 1.2.1. Evolution of Terrorism . 15 1.2.2. Nuclear Terrorism . 20 1.3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND TO COOPERATION . 24 1.3.1. Realism . 25 1.3.2. Liberalism. 27 CHAPTER II: NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION REGIME AND NUCLEAR SECURITY . 36 2.1 NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION REGIME . 37 2.1.1. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT) . 39 2.1.2. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) . 43 2.1.3. Conference on Disarmament (CD) . 47 2.1.4. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) . 49 2.1.5. Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT) . 50 2.1.6. Zangger Committee (ZAC) . 51 2.1.7. Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) . 52 2.1.8. Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones . 54 2.2 INTERNATIONAL RESPONSES TO NUCLEAR TERRORISM . 60 2.2.1. UN Security Council Resolution 1373 . 61 2.2.2. UN Security Council Resolution 1540 . 62 2.2.3. Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (CPPNM) and 2005 Amendment . 63 2.2.4. International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism (ICSANT) . 66 2.2.5. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and 2005 Protocol (SUA Convention) . 68 2.2.6. Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) . 69 2.2.7 Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (GICNT) . 70 2.2.8. Nuclear Security Summits . 70 2.2.9. World Institute for Nuclear Security (WINS) . 72 2.2.10. International Nuclear Security Education Network (INSEN) 73 CHAPTER III: NUCLEAR TERRORISM . 75 3.1. WHO MIGHT BE A NUCLEAR TERRORIST?. 76 3.1.1. Politico-Religious Groups . 77 3.1.2. Nationalist/Separatist Terrorist Groups . 80 3.1.3. Single-issue Terrorist Groups. 81 3.2. THE FOUR FACES OF NUCLEAR TERRORISM . 83 3.2.1. Acquisition of a Nuclear Weapon . 84 3.2.2. Manufacturing an Improvised Nuclear Device . 88 3.2.3. Sabotage of a Nuclear Facility . 92 3.2.3.1 Targeting Critical Infrastructure . 92 3.2.3.2 Suicidal Airplane Crashes . 94 3.2.3.3 Other Sabotage Methods . 95 3.2.4. Radiological Dispersal Device (Dirty Bomb) . 95 3.3 PROPOSED APPROACH TO NUCLEAR SECURITY . 98 CONCLUSION . 105 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 110 APPENDIX 1: Thesis Originality Report . 132 APPENDIX 2: Tez Çalışması Orijinallik Raporu . 133 APPENDIX 3: Ethics Board Waiver Form for Thesis Work . 134 APPENDIX 4: Etik Kurul İzin Muafiyeti Formu . 135 ; Terörizm, çeşitli şekilleriyle her zaman insanlık tarihinin bir parçası olmuş, fakat 11 Eylül saldırılarına kadar hiç bu kadar net ve hissedilir bir tehdit olmamıştı. 11 Eylül saldırılarıyla birlikte, terörizm beraberinde çok fazla ölüm getirecek çarpıcı saldırılarla sistemi değiştirmeyi hedefleyen bir terörizme, mega-terörizme dönüştü. Ve bugün, terörizm nükleer terörizm şekliyle bir tehdit oluşturuyor. Eğer teröristler bir nükleer silahı veya kendi hazırladıkları bir nükleer cihazı patlatacak olursa, nükleer terörün muhtemel ölüm oranı diğer terör ölüm oranlarıyla kıyaslanamayacak kadar büyük olacaktır. Ayrıca, nükleer santralleri sabotaj etmek veya "kirli bomba" patlatmak gibi saldırıların da psikolojik etkileri diğer terörizm şekillerinden çok daha fazla etkili olacaktır. Bu noktada, bu tehdide karşı olarak ülkeler nükleer emniyet olarak bilinen çeşitli uluslararası tepkilerle işbirliği yapmaktadır. Fakat nükleer emniyet hala gelişme aşamasında olup, nükleer terörizmle etkili biçimde mücadele edecek kadar güçlü görünmemektedir. Diğer taraftan, nükleer silahsızlanma, nükleer enerjinin barışçıl amaçlarla kullanımı ve nükleer silahsızlanma üzerine kurulu uluslararası nükleer silahların yayılmasının önlenmesi rejimi bulunmaktadır. Ama bu rejimin kapsamı geleneksel devlet aktörlerinden kaynaklı nükleer savaş ve nükleer silahlanma gibi tehditleri içermektedir. Yine de, bu rejim nükleer emniyetin kendisini geliştirmesinde bir üs görevi görebilir. Bu nedenle, bu tez uluslararası nükleer silahların yayılmasının önlenmesi rejiminden esinlenerek, nükleer terör tehdidine karşı geliştirilen uluslararası tepkilerin daha etkili bir nükleer emniyet oluşturabilmesi için bir yapı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Introduction. The article is devoted the musical impression which became the inalienable constituent of the original creation of European symbolists of the end XIX to beginning XX of the century on the background of the European tendencies. Oleksandr Oles and European symbolists brought the idea of the "inner individual". They revolted against the world and the public and government norms.Purpose. The revelation of the musical images, which creates the metaphorical universe, filled with symbols of the human existence.Methods. The methods of the research is based on the main principles of the philological analysis of the text. The determined tasks foresee the use of elements of comparative and hermeneutic analysis as a general interpretation of literary texts.Originality. The originality of the system of the artistic images, motives, spirits, rhythm and melodic absorbed the powerful lyricism of the poets' sensitive soul. The creativity of Oleksandr Oles, European symbolists are marked by the influence of the romantic poetics. The most important component of which were the lyrical mood and the melodiousness of the phrases, that created the individual image of the spiritual being on the way to the beauty and dream.Results. The radical change in the formation of european thinking, that determined the representation of the image of the world as a vivid and dynamic organism, that can be known only by intuition and fancy, was still in Romanticism in contrast to versus rationalistic and empirical philosophy of Enlightenment. Based on the new concept of the world and of human being, the transition from Enlightenment to Romanticism led to the revaluation of the ideological and aesthetic principles. In the 1820-th years, when the conceptual basis of romantic art appeared for the first time in french and german literature, his adherents defined it as «parnassian atheism» and «the doctrine of literary freedom».The dominating idea of the romantic attitude was the liberation of literary standards, the idea of «nationality», the rebellious of the individualism, the perception of the nature through imaginative and emotional contrasts, the interest in the old legends, the folklore and the appeal to the national antiquities. The lyrical spirit of Romanticism denied its existence in the close frameworks of the rationalistic aesthetics of Enlightenment, because the romantic artist needed the air, the space, the magic of the last, the witchcraft of the distant horizons, the majestic scenery of the history and the nature.Oleksandr Oles considered the art to be the most consummate variety of the perception and drew the truth of life from the book of nature, placing the poetry as a form of self-expression, that shouldn't take into consideration the traditional models and is programmed to open the human soul, the mysteries of the space and the contradictions in the society. The motion of the poetic thought, the search for the imagination, the passions of the lyrical feelings were the basis of the pantheistic world-view in the works of Oleksandr Oles, suggested by the beauty of the nature of the native country.The important role in understanding of the ukrainian poet's world-view is the attention to the floral symbols, representing the original projection of the human world on the world of plants. The images of the flowers had the symbolic and significative meaning, that reflected the national specificity of the literature and represented the most significant features of the ethnics. Therefore, the interest in the floral symbolism created the unique musical images in the poetic imagination of the artists, which were the result of the interaction of the human being with nature – source of the creative inspiration, the peace and the harmony. The flowers which have become the object of the worship and the amulets in the familiar and calendar rituals, witnessed the profound wisdom and philosophy of every nation in all its complex and contradictory unity.Oleksandr Oles fascinated the beauty of the nature, which gave him the soul equipoise and caused the poetic inspiration. The combination of the diverse memoirs and impression indicate the intertextual richness of the poetic associations of the ukrainian poet. The individual experiences of Oleksandr Oles embodied in the symbols of the flowers, that gave rise to the birth of the new ones, filled with different content figurative modifications. It is primarily about the organic unity of the light ethereal source (sun), the soul of the plants and the artist as the personification of the creative bloom of the vitalistic flowering of the nature's forces.The important feature in the works of Oleksandr Oles played the elements of the landscape: the nature was not just depicted, it was felt by the poet, merged, contrasted with feelings, mood, state of his soul, expressed the melancholy, the boredom, the thoughts.Conclusion. The structure of the world of Oleksandr Oles built on the binary oppositions, that outlined two spheres of his experience, based on the complexity and diversity of human being and nature. The beauty of the environment for ukrainian poet became an expression of the acquisition of his own soul, which sank into the dynamics of the life, which was love, hope, faith and the irrational and fatal force at the same time, that brought the suffering and the death.

L'affaire Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT), qui a vu s'opposer le Tribunal constitutionnel fédéral allemand et la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne (CJUE) sur la question de la conformité au droit de l'Union européenne de l'action de la Banque centrale européenne (BCE) lors de la crise des dettes souveraines de 2010-2012, constitue sans aucun doute, à ce jour, l'illustration la plus éclatante de la controverse relative à l'existence (ou non) d'une mutation constitutionnelle tacite du mandat de la BCE. Dans son arrêt du 21 juin 2016, le Tribunal constitutionnel fédéral confirme la conformité du programme monétaire OMT au droit de l'Union et à la Loi Fondamentale allemande mais n'en maintient pas moins de « sérieuses objections » à l'encontre du raisonnement de la CJUE, témoignant ainsi de la persistance de certaines tensions entre, d'une part, les interventions de la BCE et, d'autre part, les dispositions du Traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne (TFUE) relatives à ses compétences ; The German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) judgment of June 21, 2016 is the last episode of a long saga in which the FCC and the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) have opposed each other regarding the European Central Bank (ECB)'s compliance with European Union law in its action during the sovereign debt crisis, and especially concerning its Outright Monetary Transactions (OMT) Program. In accordance with its role as guardian of the German constitutional legal order, the FCC implemented its jurisprudential-based ultra vires review (i.e. checking that EU institutions did not infringe their mandate attributed by the German Act of Approval of EU Treaties). In this context, the FCC referred for the first time in its history to the CJEU for a preliminary ruling concerning the ECB's mandate (Articles 119 and 127 TFEU) and the monetary financing prohibition (Article 123 TFEU). However, this first direct jurisdictional dialogue resulted in an arm-wrestling match between the FCC and the CJEU rather than in any genuine judicial cooperation: the reference for a preliminary ruling was closer to an ultimatum and a "pre-declaration of invalidity"; in response, the CJEU ruling, behind its apparent openness, totally rejected the FCC reasoning, declared the OMT program consistent with EU primary law, and stressed the primacy of EU law over domestic law—even constitutional—as well as the binding nature of the solutions identified in its decisions. Finally, in its decision of June 21, 2016, the FCC accepted the CJEU's position and confirmed the conformity of the OMT Program with EU law and German constitutional law. Nevertheless, this acceptance certainly does not imply approval and endorsement and the FCC maintains "serious objections" against the CJEU's position, which are not, we believe, totally groundless. In spite of the arguments often developed about the irrationality of the markets on the one hand, and the state of exception (the sovereign debt crisis) on the other, it can indeed be argued, in our opinion, that the ECB's mandate is subject to a tacit constitutional change, its OMT Program being one of the manifestations, and, consequently, that there was indeed a breach of the Treaties. These "serious objections" expressed by the FCC therefore bespeak the persistence of a profound disagreement on the interpretation to be given to the EU primary law concerning the distinction between monetary and economic policies and the resulting distribution of powers. In this context, the legal inconsistency consisting of transferring competences to the ECB without beforehand amending the Treaties is particularly likely to lead in the near future to new jurisdictional tensions between the FCC and the CJEU. ; Das Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts (BVerfG) vom 21. Juni 2016 ist die letzte Episode einer langen Saga, in der sich das BVerfG und der Gerichtshof der Europäischen Union (EuGH) in Bezug auf die Einhaltung des EU-Rechts durch die Europäische Zentralbank (EZB) während der Staatsschuldenkrise gegenüberstanden. Entsprechend seiner Rolle als Hüter der deutschen Verfassungsordnung hat das BVerfG seine auf der Rechtsprechung gründende Ultra-vires-Kontrolle durchgeführt (d.h. prüfen, ob die EU-Institutionen ihr Mandat, das ihnen durch das deutsche Gesetz zur Zustimmung zu den EU-Verträge aufgetragen wurde, nicht verletzt haben). In diesem Zusammenhang hat das BVerfG zum ersten Mal in seiner Geschichte dem EuGH eine Frage zur Vorabentscheidung über das Mandat der EZB (Artikel 119 und 127 AEUV) und das Verbot der monetären Finanzierung (Artikel 123 AEUV) vorgelegt. Dieser erste direkte gerichtliche Dialog zwischen diesen obersten Gerichten führte jedoch eher zu einem Tauziehen zwischen dem BVerfG und dem EuGH als zu einer echten gerichtlichen Zusammenarbeit: Das Vorabentscheidungsersuchen des BVerfG glich eher einem Ultimatum und einer "Voranerkennung der Nichtigkeit"; daraufhin lehnte das EuGH-Urteil – trotz seiner scheinbaren Offenheit – die Argumentation des BVerfG vollständig ab, erklärte das OMT-Programm mit dem EU-Primärrecht vereinbar und unterstrich den Vorrang des EU-Rechts gegenüber dem nationalen Recht – sogar dem Verfassungsrecht – sowie den verbindlichen Charakter der in seinen Entscheidungen getroffenen Lösungen. Schließlich hat das BVerfG in seinem Urteil vom 21. Juni 2016 die Position des EuGH akzeptiert und die Übereinstimmung des OMT-Programms mit dem EU-Recht und dem deutschen Verfassungsrecht bestätigt. Dennoch ist Akzeptanz nicht gleichbedeutend mit Zustimmung und Übernahme. Das BVerfG hält die "gewichtigen Einwände" gegen die Position des EuGH aufrecht, die unserer Meinung nach nicht völlig unbegründet sind. Trotz der oft geäußerten Argumente über die Irrationalität der Märkte einerseits und den Ausnahmezustand (die Staatsschuldenkrise) andererseits, kann unseres Erachtens durchaus argumentiert werden, dass das Mandat der EZB Gegenstand einer stillschweigenden Verfassungsänderung ist – wovon das OMT-Programm eine der Erscheinungsformen ist – und das somit in der Tat ein Verstoß gegen die Verträge vorliegt. Diese von dem BVerfG geäußerten "gewichtigen Einwände" deuten daher darauf hin, dass nach wie vor eine tiefe Uneinigkeit über die Auslegung des EU-Primärrechts hinsichtlich der Unterscheidung zwischen Währungs- und Wirtschaftspolitik und der daraus resultierenden Kompetenzverteilung besteht. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es besonders wahrscheinlich, dass die rechtliche Inkonsistenz, die darin besteht, der EZB Zuständigkeiten ohne vorherige Abänderung der Verträge zu übertragen, in naher Zukunft zu neuen gerichtlichen Spannungen zwischen dem BVerfG und dem EuGH führen wird. ; Peer reviewed

Doktorska disertacija preučuje specifično usmeritev mednarodne ekonomije, in sicer področje politik razvojne pomoči. Znotraj tega vsebinskega okvirja smo se osredotočili na njeno učinkovitost predvsem zaradi aktualnosti problematike kot številnih s tem povezanih globalnih izzivov. Razvojna pomoč, kot osrednja tematika disertacije, predstavlja temeljni koncept, s katerim države poskušajo razreševati razvojne razlike v svetu. Preučevanje učinkovitosti razvojne pomoči je v okviru ekonomskih znanosti zelo perspektiven koncept, predvsem zaradi dejstva, da je prepad med razvitimi državami globalnega severa in globalnega juga večji kot kadarkoli, dosedanje študije, kot tudi modeli razreševanja pa niso ponudili učinkovitih rešitev za spremembe oz. izboljšanje trenutnega stanja. Vse omenjeno smo preučevali na skupini držav Afrike, Karibov in Pacifika (AKP) iz dveh glavnih razlogov. Prvič, ker je velika večina držav v skupini dolgoletnih prejemnic razvojne pomoči, in drugič, ker omogoča dobro podlago za preučevanje, saj v njo spadajo tako najrevnejše podsaharske države, kot tudi otoške države, ki so v zadnjih letih doživele hiter gospodarski napredek. Struktura disertacije temelji tako na teoretičnem kot tudi aplikativnem delu. V prvem delu, tako predstavimo temeljne teoretične pojme iz razvojne ekonomije odnosov sever-jug, zgodovino sodelovanja držav AKP-ja z različnimi mednarodnimi akterji in teoretične opredelitve razvojne pomoči in njene učinkovitosti. Drugi del je namenjen aplikativni raziskavi učinkovitosti politik razvojne pomoči. Države skupine AKP smo tako razdelili v dve skupini. V skupino A, kjer so tiste, ki so prejele več razvojne pomoči, in skupino B, kjer so tiste, ki so prejele manj. Predpostavljali smo, da so države, ki so prejele več razvojne pomoči, naredile večji razvojni napredek. Njihov napredek smo preučevali na petih ekonomskih in socialnih razvojnih indikatorjih: BDP na prebivalca, obseg izvoza blaga in storitev, smrtnosti otrok do petega leta starosti, rast pričakovane življenjske dobe in število migracij. Na podlagi pridobljenih rezultatov za posamezno področje smo nato generalno sklepali ali so politike razvojne pomoči dosegle svoj namen, torej ali so bile učinkovite. Iz vsebinskega vidika je disertacija izvirni doprinos k ekonomski znanosti pri preučevanju problematike sedanjega sistema podeljevanja razvojne pomoči in posledično njene učinkovitosti, raziskovanja razvojne problematike v državah skupine AKP ter predlogom razreševanja sodobnih izzivov mednarodnega razvoja. Prav tako zapolnjuje vrzel pri preučevanju koncepta mednarodnega razvoja s kvalitativnimi metodami raziskovanja, saj so obstoječe raziskave izrazito kvantificirane. Ker je disertacija napisana v slovenskem jeziku je tudi prispevek k maloštevilni literaturi na tem področju in k nadaljnjem raziskovanju mednarodne razvojne problematike in s tem povezanih globalnih izzivov. ; This PhD dissertation studies a specific direction of international economics — the field of development aid policies, and focuses on its efficiency, mainly due to the relevance of the issue, since it is associated with numerous global challenges. Development aid, as the central theme of this dissertation presents the underlying concept, with which countries attempt to resolve developmental differences around the world. Studying the efficiency of development aid in terms of economic sciences is a very promising concept, mainly due to the fact that the gap between the developed countries of the global South and the global North is larger than ever, and current studies, nor resolution models, offered any effective solutions for changing or improving the current state. All of the above was studied on the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) for two main reasons: Firstly, because the vast majority of these countries is a long-term beneficiary of development aid and secondly, because this provides us with a sound foundation for studying, including both the poorest Sub-Saharan countries and island states, which experienced rapid economic development in recent years. Thus the structure of this dissertation relies on both theory and application. The first part presents the fundamental theoretical terms from developmental economics, North-South relations, the history of cooperation among ACP countries with various international players and theoretical determination of development aid and its efficiency. The second part is intended for applied research of the efficiency of development aid policies. ACP countries were divided into two groups, group A with those receiving the most development aid and groups B with those receiving the least. We presumed that countries that received the most development aid made the most progress. Their progress was studied according top five economic and social indicators of development: GDP per capita, exports of goods and services, mortality of children under five years of age, growth in life expectancy and the number of migrations. Based on data retrieved for specific fields, we generally presumed whether development aid policies had achieved its purpose – if they were efficient. From the substantive aspect, this dissertation is an original contribution to the science of economics in its study of the problems in the existing system for distributing development aid and consequently its efficiency, to research of development problems in ACP countries and to proposals for meeting the modern challenges of international development. It also fills the gap in the study of the concept of international development through qualitative research methods, since existing research is extensively quantified. Since this dissertation is originally in Slovenian, it also adds to the scarce literature in this field and to future research of international developmental issues and the global challenges they bring.

Η παρούσα εργασία εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια περάτωσης του Π.Μ.Σ. «Τεχνοοικονομική Διοίκηση Ψηφιακών Συστημάτων» του Πανεπιστημίου Πειραιώς. Αφορά πλήρως επιστημονική και ερευνητική προσέγγιση των πτυχών του αντικειμένου με τίτλο «Διασυνδεδεμένα Οχήματα». Το θέμα αναπτύσσεται αρχικά με την περιγραφή των σύγχρονων αυτοκινήτων και την αλληλεπίδραση με τον ανθρώπινο παράγοντα. Εν συνεχεία εκτελείται μια ολοκληρωμένη ανάλυση του σύγχρονου εσωτερικού περιβάλλοντος του αυτοκινήτου, καθώς και του τρόπου που αντιλαμβάνονται οι χρήστες τις νέες τεχνολογίες στα σύγχρονα αυτοκίνητα. Προκύπτουν κάποια συμπεράσματα επάνω σε νέες υπηρεσίες που ήδη εφαρμόζονται ή βρίσκονται ακόμη σε πειραματικό στάδιο. Αναπτύσσεται μια ευρύτερη αναφορά στις επίσημες συνεργασίες κατασκευαστών αυτοκινήτων και τηλεπικοινωνιακών οργανισμών που έχουν προκύψει μέχρι σήμερα. Γίνεται μια σχετική προσέγγιση της σύμπτυξης των μοντέρνων οχημάτων με τις τηλεματικές και τηλεπικοινωνιακές υπηρεσίες και ορίζονται οι παράμετροι με τις οποίες αυτός ο συνδυασμός αρχίζει να εφαρμόζεται στην σύγχρονη αυτοκινητοβιομηχανία. Επιπρόσθετα, παραθέτονται υπηρεσίες προστιθέμενης αξίας που μπορούν να χρησιμοποιηθούν σε μοντέρνα μοντέλα προκειμένου να καλυφθούν επιπλέον ανάγκες των οδηγών και επιβατών, όπως η ορθή διαχείριση χρόνου, η μεγιστοποίηση ασφάλειας, πληροφόρησης και ψυχαγωγίας. Γίνεται μια εκτενής αναφορά στα ζητήματα που προκύπτουν σχετικά με τις απαιτήσεις των διασυνδεδεμένων οχημάτων, τόσο σε τεχνικό όσο και σε οικονομικό επίπεδο (ετοιμότητα οδικού δικτύου, διείσδυση αγοράς, οικονομικοί παράγοντες, νομικοί περιορισμοί κτλ.). Περιγράφονται κάποια νομικά σενάρια που πρόσφατα προέκυψαν και σχετίζονται με τα επίπεδα πρόσβασης και κοινοποίησης πληροφοριών αυτοκινήτων (driver data-logs), καθώς και τα κύρια σημεία αξιοπιστίας τέτοιων συστημάτων ενάντια σε κακόβουλες επιθέσεις (hacking, απομακρυσμένος έλεγχος, κρυφή παρακολούθηση κλπ.). Εκτελείται αναφορά και στα αυτόνομα οχήματα, όπου εμφανίζονται ιδιαίτερες ανησυχίες σχετικά με την "συνύπαρξή" τους στους αυτοκινητοδρόμους, μαζί με τα αντίστοιχα συμβατικά καθώς και στις ιδιαίτερες περιπτώσεις ανάληψης ευθυνών ατυχημάτων. Τοποθετούνται νομικά ζητήματα τα οποία αφορούν στην ορθή και διασφαλισμένη εκπομπή πληροφοριών και δεδομένων μεταξύ οχημάτων, τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων και παρόχων υπηρεσιών. Ορίζονται επιπρόσθετα προβλήματα που προκύπτουν από την διαβάθμιση άρσης απορρήτου και τα νομικά εμπόδια που δυσχεραίνουν την εγκατάσταση τέτοιων συστημάτων καθώς και καταγράφονται οι απόψεις των χρηστών σχετικά με την κοινοποίηση ή μη προσωπικών δεδομένων (τοποθεσία, διαδρομή, ιστορικό πλοήγησης, καταγεγραμμένες ενέργειες οδηγού κλπ.) σε τρίτους, όταν οδηγούν. Αριθμούνται τα εμπόδια ενσωμάτωσης των διασυνδεδεμένων οχημάτων (νομικών και τεχνικών) και σημειώνονται οι δυσκολίες εφαρμογής τους σε μαζικό επίπεδο. Καταλήγοντας, εξάγεται ένα γενικό συμπέρασμα ως προς την πορεία των διασυνδεδεμένων οχημάτων, τόσο σε ευρωπαϊκή όσο και σε παγκόσμια κλίματα, ωστόσο δεν παραλείπονται και κάποιες αναφορές σχετικά με την σωστή μελέτη, τον σχεδιασμό και την ενσωμάτωση αυτοκινητιστικής δια-συνδεσιμότητας στις σύγχρονες χώρες, συμπεριλαμβανομένων και των απαιτούμενων ενεργειών που θα οδηγήσουν στην επιτυχή υλοποίησή τους. Τόσο η μορφοποίηση όσο και το περιεχόμενο της εν λόγω διπλωματικής, ακολουθούν τους κανονισμούς του ΠΜΣ και σύμφωνα με την καθοδήγηση του επιβλέποντος διδάσκοντος. Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αφορά προσωπική προσπάθεια μέσω διαρκούς έρευνας καθ 'όλου του διδακτικού εξαμήνου και αποσκοπεί στην ανάλυση ενός νέου θέματος, ως αρχικός οδηγός και προορίζεται για εκπαιδευτικούς σκοπούς. ; This dissertation was compiled and edited under the University of Piraeus's Post Graduate Program «Techno-economic Management of Digital Systems». It serves to emphasize the importance of vehicular connectivity as a modern aspect of the IoT world. Through detailed description of the automotive industry and its later tech implementations, an extended reference of automotive technology equipment is issued, including ambient factors, modern safety and information mechanisms and more. Initially, a vehicle – user experience analysis lists all the factors through which the infotainment systems are adjusted to the human behavior, mostly for driving assistance purposes. Up next, official surveys over dedicated analysis, reveal numerous topics, depicting the way governments (authorities) face this new connectivity platform, as new telecom and telematics services are steadily embedded into flagship models, during the last few years. In advance, a few significant value-added services are also listed, providing a clear view of how this connectivity shall enhance the lifestyle, positively and effectively. Furthermore, the research includes a detailed report, identifying issues regarding connected and autonomous vehicle platform requirements on every single level (technical substance, economic impact, marketing penetration rate, legal barriers etc.). Some of the boldest technical and legal scenarios are applied, offering a certain aspect of today's accuracy and legality of connected systems, services and applications on modern cars. Through these examples, access issues and data privacy matters are stated (including technology failures, possible hacking cases, remote control attacks, private data access and illegal monitoring), giving the actual "image", hidden behind the current IoT modernization. Conclusions over legal guidelines are also developed, concerning security and privacy, along with data sharing of sensitive information such as user-vehicle location, access to driver logs, internet browsing history and 3rd parties' data access scalability. Closing, various key points are recorded, in both national and international levels, recording main legal entities and data privacy protection vulnerabilities, as well as legal positioning of telecom vendors, 3rd party application developers and car makers in a balanced eco-system. Finally, without skipping suggestions over a safe and guaranteed deployment of connectivity platforms on a massive level, actions that will lead to a universal management system with legal and functional parameters are stated. The final conclusion over the connected vehicle era, leads to crucial approaches for the near future deployments that will prevail around the globe.

Food, a life enabler and a cultural cornerstone, is a natural product with multiple meanings and different valuations for societies and individuals. Throughout history and geographies, food has shaped morals and norms, triggered enjoyment and social life, substantiated art and culture, justify commons-based systems and affected traditions and identity. More importantly, food has been closely related to power and the interaction between society and nature. From the industrial revolution to present days, food has been increasingly valued for its commodity dimension: food as a mono-dimensional commodity produced and distributed in a global market of mass consumption. In this research, the progressive commodification of food as a vital resource is presented as a social construction, informed by an academic theoretical background, which shapes specific food policy options and blocks or discard other policies grounded in different valuations of food. As such, the value of food cannot be fully expressed by application of a value-in-exchange approach, since this value derives less from the market price than from its multiple dimensions relevant to humans and therefore cannot be either quantified (E.g. essentialness for human survival) or sold (E.g. food as a right). In opposition to the dominant paradigm, an alternative valuation of "food as a commons" is discussed, which has been barely explored in academic and political circles. This is based on the innovative idea of the six dimensions of food that is introduced in the present work: food as an essential life enabler, a natural resource, a human right, a cultural determinant, a tradeable good and a public good, cannot be reduced to the mono-dimensional valuation of food as a commodity. Those dimensions seem to align better with the multiple values-in-use food enjoys across the world. In light of this, the objective of this thesis is to trace the genealogy of the meaning making and policy implications of the two conflicting narratives of "food as a commodity" and "food as a commons". In order to achieve this result, it focuses on the "Food Narratives of Agents in Transition" using two theoretical frames (Discourse Analysis and Transition Theory) and adopting three methodological approaches, including the combination of quantitative and qualitative tools. The work is divided into three sections, that correspond to the three approaches undertaken (systematic, heuristic and governance), and eight chapters (two per section plus the introduction and the conclusions). In the first part, the work presents a genealogy of meanings of commons and food by using a systematic approach to schools of thought plus a research on academic literature where food is discussed either as a commons or as commodity. Notwithstanding the different interpretations, the economists' framing as private good and commodity prevailed. This framing was rather ontological ("food is a commodity") thus preventing other phenomenological meanings ("food as…") to unfold and become politically relevant. The second part adopts a heuristic approach and contains two case studies that investigate the relevance that the two narratives had in influencing individual and relational agency in food systems in transition. That includes a case study with food-related professionals working in the food system at different levels and another one with members of the food buying groups in Belgium as innovative niches of transition that nurture shared transformational narratives through conviviality, networking and social learning. Part three introduces the central issue of governance and navigates the policy arena with the use of a case study on how the absolute dominance of the tradeable dimension of food in the political stance of some important players (the US and EU) obscures other non-economic dimensions such as the consideration of food as a human need or human right. In response to the monolithic approach of governments, this part also contains a prospective chapter where different governing arrangements based on the narrative of food as a commons are proposed, with specific policy measures suggested. Finally, the conclusion chapter is structured as a synthesis of those approaches, and formulates a normative theory of food as a commons, with particular attention to different policy and legal options that should inform and justify institutional arrangements radically different from the business-as-usual proposals to reform the industrial food system. As discussed through the thesis, the consideration of food as a commons rests upon its essentialness as human life enabler, the multiple-dimensions of food that are relevant to individuals and societies, and the multiplicity of governing arrangements that have been set up across the world, now and before, to produce and consume food outside market mechanisms. As a social construct based on the "instituting power of commoning", food can be valued and governed as a commons. Once the narrative is shifted, the governing mechanisms and legal frameworks will gradually be molded to implement that vision. A regime based on food as a commons would construct an essentially democratic food system (food democracy) based on the proper valuation of the multiple dimensions of food, sustainable agricultural practices (agro-ecology) and emancipatory politics (food sovereignty). That regime would also support the consideration of open-source knowledge (E.g. cuisine recipes, traditional agricultural knowledge or public research), food-producing resources (E.g. seeds, fish stocks, land, forests or water) and services (E.g. transboundary food safety regulations, public nutrition) as commons. ; (AGRO - Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique) -- UCL, 2017

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit einem Vergleich des japanischen Tierwohlgesetzes mit dem deutschen Tierschutzgesetz und dem Model Animal Welfare Act des World Animal Net, welcher nach seinen Verfasserinnen die "aktuelle Erfolgsmodelle" (Best Practice) im internationalen Tierschutz zusammenfasst. Auf diese Weise beleuchtet der Beitrag die Charakteristika des japanischen Tierschutzrechts.Der Tierschutz ist heute als globales Anliegen anerkannt. Seine Legitimation wird argumentativ auf unterschiedliche theoretische Ansätze gestützt. Die Tierschutzbestrebungen bilden dabei soziale Bewegungen. Der Fokus hat sich dabei über die Zeit von der Haustierhaltung über die Tierzucht bis hin zu Tierversuchen verlagert und die Debatte sich hat in der jeweiligen Region gewandelt. Dementsprechend hat sich die Tierschutzgesetzgebung durch die Aufnahme und Regulierung zahlreicher Probleme in jeweiligen Ländern in den letzten Dekaden beträchtlich entwickelt. Das japanische Tierwohlgesetz stellt hierbei keine Ausnahme dar. Es hat mehrere Novellierungen vor allem in den letzten zwanzig Jahren erfahren, wobei internationale Diskurse über die Tierschutzgesetzgebung jeweils adoptiert wurden.Die fundamentale Aufgabe des Tierschutzrechts besteht darin, die Leitlinien für die Umsetzung der gesellschaftspolitischen Entscheidungen zum Umgang mit Tieren festzulegen und auf diese Weise das Verhalten der Menschen zu steuern. In diesem Zusammenhang kann man die Weltgeschichte der Tierschutzgesetzgebung als Wende vom Schutz der Art hin zum Schutz des Einzelwesens, vom Anthropozentrismus hin zu einem ethischen Ansatz sowie von der bloßen Anti-Tierquälerei hin zum Wohlbefinden des Tieres fassen. Das moderne Tierschutzrecht basiert einerseits auf dem moralischen Postulat, die Interessen jedes einzelnen Tieres mit den Nutzungsinteressen der Menschen in Einklang zu bringen; es zielt andererseits nicht nur auf die Verhinderung von gewaltsamen Übergriffen gegenüber Tieren, sondern auch auf die aktive Gewährleistung ihres Wohlergehens. Diese Leitidee wird im deutschen Tierschutzgesetz, das schon älter ist und als Vorbild in anderen Ländern anerkannt wird, ausdrücklich benannt.Auch das japanische Tierwohlgesetz folgt grundsätzlich denselben Entwicklungslinien, was mit der Adoption des sog. "Fünf-Freiheiten-Prinzip" als internationaler Standard für die Sicherung des Wohlbefindens von Tieren zu belegen ist. Nicht selten findet sich jedoch die Meinung sowohl im Aus- als auch Inland, dass das japanische Tierschutzrecht im internationalen Vergleich noch immer rückständig sei. Hinsichtlich der Tierschutzgesetzgebung in westlichen Ländern, die mit verschiedenen Problemen schnell umgehen musste, wird dagegen auf nahezu unauflösbare Wertungswidersprüche zwischen deren Zielsetzung und den enthaltenen, konkreten Regelungen hingewiesen. In dieser Diskussionslage hat die internationale Netzwerkorganisation World Animal Net vor kurzem den Model Animal Welfare Act veröffentlicht, das auf rechtsvergleichenden Studien aufbaut und die "aktuellen Erfolgsmodelle" (Best Practice) zusammenstellt. Davon ausgehend unternimmt es dieser Beitrag, den Stand des japanischen Tierschutzrechts im internationalen Vergleich zu bestimmen.Im Zentrum steht die Frage, ob der Gehalt der von den jeweiligen Gesetzen vorgesehenen Prinzipien auf einzelnen Problemfeldern ausreichend zum Tragen kommt. Für diese Analyse werden die Strafvorschriften betreffend Tiermisshandlungen intensiv untersucht, die historisch den Ausgangspunkt des Tierschutzrechts darstellen und die Grenzen einer angemessenen und gerechtfertigten Tiernutzung markieren. Die Untersuchung gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass sich das japanische Tierschutzrecht vom Anthropozentrismus noch nicht vollständig gelöst hat. Es wird aber auch deutlich, dass anthropozentrische Aspekte in der Nutzen-Schaden-Abwägung, welche ein ethischer Tierschutzansatz voraussetzt, unvermeidbar enthalten ist.(Die Redaktion) ; This contribution compares the Japanese Animal Welfare Act with the German Animal Protection Law and international "best practice" on animal welfare legislation as presented by the World Animal Net in its recently published Model Animal Welfare Act. The contribution thus aims at highlighting the characteristics of Japanese animal welfare legislation.Animal welfare today is recognized globally as a legitimate cause. Various theoretical approaches have been proposed in order to justify animal welfare legislation. The striving for better treatment of animals has given rise to social movements. The focus of the debate has shifted over the years from pet keeping through farm animals to animal use in scientific experiments, and discussions in each region have undergone significant change. Animal welfare legislation in many jurisdictions thus has witnessed important amendments including the regulation of newly emerged issues. The Japanese Animal Welfare Act is no exception in this regard. The latter has been amended repeatedly, in particular over the last twenty years, adopting international discourses on animal welfare legislation.The basis task of animal welfare legislation is to determine the guidelines implementing policy decisions on the treatment of animals and to thus control human behavior. In this regard, the global history of animal welfare legislation can be conceived as a development from the protection of the species towards protecting the individual living creature, from anthropocentrism towards an ethical approach, and from mere anti-cruelty laws towards comprehensively aiming at animal welfare. The Japanese Animal Welfare Act is based on the moral claim to balance the interests of the individual animal with legitimate human interest to use animals, and to not only prevent violent abuses of animals, but positively ensure their wellbeing. This guiding principle is expressed in the German Animal Protection Law, which dates further back and is recognized as a model in other countries.The Japanese Animal Welfare Act in principle follows international trends, as becomes apparent from the adoption of the so-called "five freedoms" as the global standard for animal welfare. Nevertheless, Japanese animal welfare legislation often is criticized, both in Japan and by outside observers, as lagging behind international developments. By contrast, as far as Western animal welfare legislation is concerned, which had to react quickly to various new problems, critics are pointing to virtually unavoidable contradictions between its goals on the one hand side and specific regulations on the other. Against this backdrop, the international network World Animal Net recently put forward the Model Animal Welfare Act, which is based on comparative studies and aims at summarizing international best practice. Using this as a starting point, this contribution analyzes the status quo of Japanese animal welfare legislation from a comparative perspective.The analysis focuses on the question to what extent the principles established by the three animal welfare laws are adequately realized in various fields. The contribution examines in detail criminal law provisions on the abuse of animals, which historically were the starting point of animal welfare legislation and even today mark the limits of an adequate and justified use of animals. The author reaches the conclusion that Japanese animal welfare legislation, indeed, still remains engrained in anthropocentrism. However, it demonstrates at the same time that an ethical animal welfare approach, due to the necessary cost-benefit analysis, inevitably features certain anthropocentric aspects, as well.(The Editors)

This special issue of the Journal of Energy is dedicated to the establishment of today the Department for Energy and Power Systems (ZVNE), University of Zagreb Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing in 1934. in that time the High Voltage Department as part of the Technical Faculty. For this reason, the history of the Department for Energy and Power Systems is presented in the introductory article, while the other articles are part of a broad scientific and professional work of the employees of the Department and some of the articles were created in wide cooperation with experts from the companies, that graduated from the Department. Journal of Energy special issue: present 17 papers selected for publication in Journal of Energy after having undergone the peer review process. We would like to thank the authors for their contributions and the reviewers who dedicated their valuable time in selecting and reviewing these papers. We hope this special issue will provide you valuable information of some achievements at Department of Energy and Power Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing. Short introduction of scientific and expert work of the Department for Energy and Power Systems (ZVNE): Besides educational energy related programmes for undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY AND POWER SYSTEMS has been actively involved for many years in many scientific and expert studies. Studies on scientific projects include collaboration with industry, national institutions, electric utilities, and many foreign universities. The Department has developed valuable international cooperation with many research institutions around the world, either directly or through inter-university cooperation. The Department is the leading institution in the field of electrical power engineering in the region, it has a long lasting cooperation with the economic sector, and it is recognized for its scientific activities and a large number of published scientific papers in globally relevant journals, as well as numerous national and international scientific projects. Main Department areas of activities are: a) Power Engineering and Power Technologies, b) Energy, Environment, Energy Management and c) Nuclear Power Engineering In Power Systems Engineering the research is focused to development of both fundamental knowledge and applications of electrical power engineering. The research is generally directed to increasing the availability and the reliability of a power system with an emphasis on the adjustment to the open market environment. Specific goals include: improving models and methodologies for power system analysis, operation and control; development, production and application of models and methodologies for power systems planning, maintenance and development; application of soft-computing (artificial intelligence, meta-heuristics, etc.), information technologies (web-oriented technologies, geographic information systems, enterprise IT solutions, etc.) and operational research in improving processes of planning, development, exploitation and control of power systems; investigation on applications for coordinated control of power system devices and exploring the power system stability, security and economic operation; integration of intelligent devices and agents in energy management systems and distribution management systems equipment and software; advanced modelling of dynamics, disturbances and transient phenomena in transmission and distribution networks (in particular regarding distributed generation); advances in fault detection, restoration and outage management. The researches also cover high voltage engineering. At time of global changes in the energy sector, with emphasis on sustainable development, significant efforts are devoted to liberalization efforts, facilities revitalization, improved legislation and adoption of new standards. In area of Power Technologies, Energy and Environment, Energy Management the main framework for the research are: sustainable electricity generation on a liberalized market, modelling ETS and electricity market; energy security and climate change; power system optimization with emission trading; rational use of energy and energy savings; energy management in industry and buildings; energy conservation and energy auditing in industry and buildings. General objective of the research is to develop methodologies for quantitative assessment of the environmental impact of applicable energy technologies (electric power producing plants and their technology chains), as a base for estimating optimal long-term development strategy of the Croatian power system. Research work includes new strategies of energy sector and power system development; preparing medium and long-term electricity generation expansion plan for power system; comparison of energy, economic and environmental characteristics of different options for electric power generation; studies for rational use of energy and energy savings, assuming a centralized structure of the electricity market. Research work also includes renewable energy sources and its role in power sector, as well as electricity production considering cap on CO2 emissions. Research covers development of new models for power system generation optimization and planning under uncertainties on the open electricity market. The goal of that research is to create analytical and software tools which will enable a successful transition to liberalized electricity market and ensure healthy and efficient power system operation in compliance with environmental requirements. In the Nuclear Energy Field research cover nuclear physics reactor theory, nuclear power plants. fuel cycles and reactors materials and general objective of the research is to develop methodologies for reliable assessment of nuclear power plants operational safety. In the nuclear energy field the specific analysis cover calculations of transients and consequences of potential accidents in NPP Krško. In the field of safety analyses of nuclear power plants the research activities are oriented to the mathematical modelling of nuclear power plant systems and components.

Changes in the translation policy of a given culture, the changing nature of translational norms, the emergence of a new generation, ideological reasons and marketing potentials may cause a previously-translated text to be retranslated into the same target language/culture. And this study aims to analyze the retranslations of Agatha Christie's Murder on the Orient Express into Turkish within the framework of the Retranslation Hypothesis. Within this scope, a total of six retranslations published by five different publishers, were examined. For the purposes of the study, a systemic analysis was conducted to describe the position of crime fiction in general and Agatha Christie in particular in Turkish literary polysystem within the framework of Even-Zohar's Polysystem Theory. This was followed by a normative analysis carried out on the translational norms observed (or overlooked) in the retranslations within the framework of Gideon Toury's Descriptive Translation Studies. The normative analysis focused on three pre-defined categories, including the translations of references to Turkish society, people and culture; translations of French words, phrases and sentences; and translations of proper names and titles. In addition, omissions in target texs at sentence, paragraph and chapter level were analyzed. The profiles of these retranslations were defined in terms of target and source orientedness. To supplement the results of normative and systemic analysis of the retranslations, a paratextual analysis was carried out to determine how the retranslations and reprints of the book were presented to the audience, which is thought to influence the reception of the book by Turkish audience. ; KABUL VE ONAY . i BİLDİRİM . ii YAYIMLAMA VE FİKRİ MÜLKİYET HAKLARI BEYANI. iii ETİK BEYAN . iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT . v ÖZET . vi ABSTRACT . vii TABLE OF CONTENTS . viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . x LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES . xi INTRODUCTION . 1 CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND . 8 1.1. POLYSYSTEM THEORY . 8 1.2. DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES . 12 1.2.1. Norms in translation studies . 12 1.2.2. Toury's Translational Norms . 13 1.2.3. Toury's Methodology for Descriptive Studies . 14 1.3. RETRANSLATION HYPOTHESIS . 16 1.3.1. The Definition and Scope of "Retranslation" . 16 1.3.2. Discussions over Retranslation Hypothesis . 18 CHAPTER 2: CRIME FICTION . 24 2.1. WHAT IS CRIME FICTION? . 24 2.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENRE . 27 2.3. HISTORY OF THE GENRE . 29 2.4. SUB-GENRES . 34 2.4.1. Whodunit? . 35 2.4.2. Dime Novels . 37 2.4.3. Hard-Boiled Mode/ Noir . 38 CHAPTER 3: AGATHA CHRISTIE AND HER WORKS . 42 3.1. THE BIOGRAPHY OF AGATHA CHRISTIE . 42 3.2. WORKS OF THE AUTHOR . 45 3.2.1. The narrative structure of Christie novels . 47 3.2.2. Murder on the Orient Express . 53 3.3. CRITICAL RECEPTION OF THE AUTHOR . 58 CHAPTER 4: THE POSITION OF CRIME FICTION AND AGATHA CHRISTIE'S DETECTIVE STORIES IN TURKISH LITERARY POLYSYSTEM . 63 4.1. THE SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF CRIME FICTION IN TURKISH LITERARY POLYSYSTEM . 63 4.1.1. Translated Crime Fiction in Turkish . 64 4.1.2. Indigenous Crime Fiction in Turkish Literature . 69 4.2. SYSTEMIC ANALYSIS OF CHRISTIE TRANSLATIONS IN TURKISH LITERARY POLYSYSTEM . 73 CHAPTER 5: THE ANALYSES OF THE TURKISH TRANSLATIONS OF AGATHA CHRISTIE'S MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS . 87 ix 5.1. METHOD . 87 5.2. NORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATONS . 88 5.2.1. Translations of references to Turkish society, people and culture (Category 1). 89 5.2.2. Translations of French words, phrases and sentences (Category 2) . 96 5.2.3. Translation of proper names and titles (Category 3) . 101 5.2.4. Omissions in translations at sentence level . 107 5.2.5. Omissions in translations at paragraph level . 114 5.2.6. Omissions in translations at chapter level . 121 5.3. PARATEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE TURKISH TRANSLATIONS OF MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS . 126 5.3.1. Peritextual analysis of TT1 . 127 5.3.2. Peritextual analysis of TT2 . 129 5.3.3. Peritextual analysis of TT3 . 130 5.3.4. Peritextual analysis of TT4 . 132 5.3.5. Peritextual analysis of TT5 . 134 5.3.6. Peritextual analysis of the reprints published by Altın Kitaplar in 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011 and TT6 . 137 CONCLUSION . 139 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 147 APPENDIX 1. LIST OF CHRISTIE TRANSLATIONS INTO TURKISH . 155 APPENDIX 2. TEZ ÇALIŞMASI ORJİNALLİK RAPORU . 167 APPENDIX 3. ETİK KURUL ONAYI . 169 ; Bir kültürün çeviri politikasında ortaya çıkan değişimler, çeviri normlarının değişken yapısı, yeni bir neslin ortaya çıkışı, ideolojik sebepler ve satış potansiyeli daha önceden çevrilmiş bir eserin aynı kültüre/dile yeniden çevrilmesine yol açabilir. Bu çalışmada ise Agatha Christie'nin Murder on the Orient Express isimli eserinin Türkçeye yapılan yeniden çevirilerinin Yeniden Çeviri Kuramı bağlamında incelenmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda adı geçen eserin beş farklı yayınevi tarafından yayınlanan altı farklı çevirisi incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın amaçları doğrultusunda, genelde polisiye edebiyat, özelde de Agatha Christie'nin Türk edebiyatı çoğuldizgesindeki konumunu belirlemek üzere Even- Zohar'ın Çoğuldizge Kuramı kapsamında dizgesel bir analiz yapılmıştır. Ardından çevirilerde uygulanan (veya gözardı edilen) çeviri normlarını betimlemek amacıyla Gideon Toury'nin Betimleyici Çeviri Araştırmaları isimli çalışması kapsamında betimleyici bir analiz yapılmıştır. Söz konusu norm analizi, Türk toplumu, insanı ve kültürüne yapılan göndermeler; Fransızca sözcük, ifade ve tümcelerin çevirisi ve özel isim ve hitapların çevirisi olmak üzere daha önceden belirlenmiş üç kategori üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra çevirilerde cümle, paragraf ve bölüm düzeyinde yapılan atlamalar irdelenmiştir. Çevirilerin erek/kaynak odaklılık bakımından konumları belirlenmiştir. Kitabın Türk okuyucu tarafından alımlanma şeklini etkileyeceği düşünüldüğünden, önceki analizlerden elde edilen bulguları desteklemek amacıyla çeviri ve yeniden basımlara ilişkin üstmetinsel bir inceleme yapılmıştır.

In 2016, Argentina celebrated the first 200 years of the declaration of independence of the Spanish empire. The occasion represents a great opportunity to complex the place from which we ask for the basics of the Argentina Nation and its protagonists. The present gives us the opportunity to leave behind an approach to the Nation in which the State is the main protagonist of the construction of an official discourse on the Nation and its dissemination mechanisms. We can ask those who were historically defined as the others on the official discourse, about their thoughts on this community. In previous research we collect speeches of members of social organizations struggling for housing in Buenos Aires, Montevideo and Mexico City (Loza, 2013), to explore the construction of representations on the Nation and Latin America. This article retrieves these testimonies to discuss them in the light of the questions the Bicentenary of July 9 presents: Can we think the nation and its relationship with other nations under the concepts of independence and dependence? What means to analyze the ideas about the nations in terms of dependence and independence? The ideas behind national communities are a clear matter of dispute. The reflection on the following pages argues that the struggle of the political field is given about the symbols and information. So we start to understand that any nation is sustained by a concept, an idea that we can reconstruct as social representation and possessing nuclear elements that allow it to be shared in different latitudes within national borders. The hegemony of the national discourse is object of confrontations around holding the truth about this community organization and who owns the means of intellectual production for dissemination. In the history of Latin American nations, this hegemony has been located in the capital cities and in areas with greater resources. This statement does not banish the search of heterogeneous speeches cohabiting under the same national idea. Our research aimed to expose those. This paper seeks to propose a way of intervening in contemporary discussion on forms of association such as the Nation and the ways in which these practices are full of meaning. The extension of this discussion will give space to the voice of those whose political participation in the field of popular struggles provide elements to the process of building categories of community identity. ; En 2016, Argentina celebró los 200 primeros años de vigencia de la declaración de Independencia del Imperio español. La ocasión representa una gran oportunidad para complejizar el lugar desde el que nos preguntamos por los fundamentos de la nación argentina y sus protagonistas. Los acontecimientos del presente nos brindan la posibilidad de dejar atrás una mirada sobre la nación en la que el Estado sea único protagonista, a partir de la construcción de un discurso oficial sobre la nación y sus mecanismos de diseminación. Podemos preguntarnos por aquellos que fueron históricamente definidos como "los otros" desde ese discurso oficial, como por sus ideas sobre esta comunidad. En una investigación anterior reunimos discursos de militantes de organizaciones de lucha por la vivienda de Buenos Aires, Montevideo y Ciudad de México (Loza, 2013), para explorar la construcción de representaciones sobre la nación y la región latinoamericana en estos actores. El presente artículo recupera esos testimonios para discutirlos a la luz de las preguntas que el Bicentenario del 9 de julio nos plantea: ¿Podemos pensar la nación y su vinculación con otras naciones en clave de relaciones de independencia y dependencia? ¿Qué significa pensar las ideas sobre la nación en términos de dependencia e independencia cuando estas ideas la imaginan soberana? Las ideas que sustentan a las comunidades nacionales son un claro objeto de disputa. La reflexión de las páginas siguientes sostiene que la lucha del campo político se da en torno a los símbolos y la información. Así, partimos de la comprensión de que cualquier nación está sostenida por un concepto, una idea que podemos reconstruir como representación social y que posee elementos nucleares. Estos permiten que sea compartida en distintas latitudes dentro de las fronteras nacionales. Sin embargo, conviven en ese lugar y tiempo muchas ideas sobre la nación.La hegemonía del discurso de lo nacional es objeto de confrontaciones en tanto implica, por un lado, sostener una verdad que dé cuenta de esta organización comunitaria, y por el otro poseer los medios de producción intelectual para su diseminación. En la historia de las naciones latinoamericanas, esta hegemonía ha estado localizada en las ciudades capitales y en los sectores con mayores recursos. Esta afirmación no destierra la propuesta de buscar discursos heterogéneos convivientes bajo una misma idea nacional, que nuestra investigación se propuso exponer. Este trabajo busca plantear un modo de intervenir en la discusión contemporánea sobre formas de asociación como la nación y los modos en que estas prácticas son cargadas de sentido. La ampliación de este debate permitirá dar espacio a la voz de aquellos que con su participación política en el ámbito de las luchas populares aportan elementos a los procesos de construcción de categorías identitarias comunitarias.

Images in Conflict: Photographic and cinematic images of situations of crisis and conflict change in terms of aesthetics and applications, thereby becoming targets themselves. On the one hand, image producers and the distribution channels for images have multiplied in the course of digital developments. This broadens perspectives and enables new narrative forms. On the other hand, it is associated with an upheaval of classical photojournalistic self-perception. The rivalry between visual strategies can increase the affective potential of images. It also raises the question to what extent photographs can still function as witnesses. In the realm of claims to truth, they move among authenticity, objectivity and propaganda. Their contextualisation and framing create meanings and require reflection. At the GAF Galerie für Fotografie, works by Dona Abboud, Christoph Bangert, Edmund Clark, Harun Farocki, Ziyah Gafić, Dirk Gieselmann & Armin Smailovic and Tim Hetherington will be presented. The exhibition Images in Conflict (18 May – 18 June 2017, www.gafeisfabrik.de) examines these questions from the viewpoint of contemporary photographers and artists who seek forms of investigation beyond current reporting. In their works, they consider the changing functions of photographic and cinematic images in situations of crisis and conflict and thematise the role played by the media in various areas of war. Works by Edmund Clark include: 'Orange Screen', 'Section 4 Part 20: One Day on a Saturday' and 'Letters to Omar' --- The symposium Images in Conflict will bring together experts in the theory and practice of photographic images and foster a discussion of visual testimony and emotional persuasiveness. Four panels will elucidate various aspects of images in conflicts. Under the topic of Agents and Perspectives, Dutch photographer Geert van Kesteren (Why, Mister, Why? and Baghdad Calling), Syrian graphic designer Dona Abboud (Out of Syria, Inside Facebook), pictorial scientist Philipp Müller (ISIS' Image Strategies) and communications scientist Dr. Felix Koltermann (Photojournalists in Conflict: International Photojournalists in Israel/Palestine) will speak about the confrontation of professional shots and amateur pictures, the potential complicity in virtual testimony and the influences that production conditions have on photojournalistic acts in areas of conflict. The subject of the second panel will be Nothing but the Truth: experienced journalist and Human Rights Watch spokeswoman Emma Daly (New York) will report on how photographic witnesses are used as evidence in the struggle for human rights. Prof. Dr. Ursula Frohne (University Münster), an art historian, will address the interplay of iconic picture status and the impression of certainty based on Harun Farocki's Serious Games. Photographer and author Michael Ebert will discuss the misinformation that infuses the reception history of Nick Ut's famous Vietnam War photos of children burnt by napalm. Stephen Mayes of the Tim Hetherington Trust will ask what digital processes make of the truth of an image. The third panel will be devoted to pictures, and sometimes even conflicts, that are Visibly Invisible. In his project War Porn, Christoph Bangert (Cologne) carried out the daring experiment of switching off his inner censor and confronting us with pictures that challenge our viewing habits despite all the horrific images in circulation. Magnum photographer Donovan Wylie focuses on military architecture in conflict landscapes in his seemingly peaceful photos. Furthermore, Adam Broomberg, one partner in the artistic duo Broomberg&Chanarin, will warn against seeing pictures as singularities. Prof. Dr. Karen Fromm (Hanover University of Applied Sciences and Arts) will take on the theoretical classification of the mechanisms of exclusion and visualisation in photojournalism. Santiago Lyon, as keynote speaker, will report on his work for picture agencies (most recently AP, New York) and their practice of selecting photographs for editorial purposes. The panel will be moderated by the multi-award-winning photographer Dr. Paul Lowe from the London College of Communication. How to make images matter? The closing panel will combine various approaches to the question of the efficacy of pictures. Author Dirk Gieselmann (Berlin) and photographer Armin Smailovic created an Atlas of Angst on their journey through Germany. They use photos as one medium among others in order to convey the results of their research. Prof. Dr. Martin Scholz (Hanover University of Applied Sciences and Arts) will share his thoughts on the phenomenon of pictures as fans of other pictures in the sense of the development of the effects of iconic photographs in their reception by subsequent photos. Dr. Vera Brandner (Innsbruck) will discuss photography as a form of action, dialogue and reflection whose effects become applicable in working with people in situations of cultural difference. Making photos both usable and useful is also a central topic of the presentation to be given by Prof. Dr. Rolf F. Nohr (Institute for Media Research, Braunschweig University of Art). He will look at images of flight and current populist picture strategies from the approach of critical discourse analysis. Ultimately, questions continue to surround the core problem of the main task of photojournalists: how can pictures provide authentic reports and have an effect that touches us without manipulating us? Along with Paul Lowe, Hans-Peter Fischer and Prof. Dr. Friedrich Weltzien (both Hanover University of Applied Sciences and Arts) will moderate panels. The art historian Prof. Dr. em. Susanne von Falkenhausen (Humboldt University Berlin) will join the symposium as a respondent.

Food, a life enabler and a cultural cornerstone, is a natural product with multiple meanings and different valuations for societies and individuals. Throughout history and geographies, food has shaped morals and norms, triggered enjoyment and social life, substantiated art and culture, justify commons-based systems and affected traditions and identity. More importantly, food has been closely related to power and the interaction between society and nature. From the industrial revolution to present days, food has been increasingly valued for its commodity dimension: food as a mono-dimensional commodity produced and distributed in a global market of mass consumption. In this research, the progressive commodification of food as a vital resource is presented as a social construction, informed by an academic theoretical background, which shapes specific food policy options and blocks or discard other policies grounded in different valuations of food. As such, the value of food cannot be fully expressed by application of a value-in-exchange approach, since this value derives less from the market price than from its multiple dimensions relevant to humans and therefore cannot be either quantified (E.g. essentialness for human survival) or sold (E.g. food as a right). In opposition to the dominant paradigm, an alternative valuation of "food as a commons" is discussed, which has been barely explored in academic and political circles. This is based on the innovative idea of the six dimensions of food that is introduced in the present work: food as an essential life enabler, a natural resource, a human right, a cultural determinant, a tradeable good and a public good, cannot be reduced to the mono-dimensional valuation of food as a commodity. Those dimensions seem to align better with the multiple values-in-use food enjoys across the world. In light of this, the objective of this thesis is to trace the genealogy of the meaning making and policy implications of the two conflicting narratives of "food as a commodity" and "food as a commons". In order to achieve this result, it focuses on the "Food Narratives of Agents in Transition" using two theoretical frames (Discourse Analysis and Transition Theory) and adopting three methodological approaches, including the combination of quantitative and qualitative tools. The work is divided into three sections, that correspond to the three approaches undertaken (systematic, heuristic and governance), and eight chapters (two per section plus the introduction and the conclusions). In the first part, the work presents a genealogy of meanings of commons and food by using a systematic approach to schools of thought plus a research on academic literature where food is discussed either as a commons or as commodity. Notwithstanding the different interpretations, the economists' framing as private good and commodity prevailed. This framing was rather ontological ("food is a commodity") thus preventing other phenomenological meanings ("food as…") to unfold and become politically relevant. The second part adopts a heuristic approach and contains two case studies that investigate the relevance that the two narratives had in influencing individual and relational agency in food systems in transition. That includes a case study with food-related professionals working in the food system at different levels and another one with members of the food buying groups in Belgium as innovative niches of transition that nurture shared transformational narratives through conviviality, networking and social learning. Part three introduces the central issue of governance and navigates the policy arena with the use of a case study on how the absolute dominance of the tradeable dimension of food in the political stance of some important players (the US and EU) obscures other non-economic dimensions such as the consideration of food as a human need or human right. In response to the monolithic approach of governments, this part also contains a prospective chapter where different governing arrangements based on the narrative of food as a commons are proposed, with specific policy measures suggested. Finally, the conclusion chapter is structured as a synthesis of those approaches, and formulates a normative theory of food as a commons, with particular attention to different policy and legal options that should inform and justify institutional arrangements radically different from the business-as-usual proposals to reform the industrial food system. As discussed through the thesis, the consideration of food as a commons rests upon its essentialness as human life enabler, the multiple-dimensions of food that are relevant to individuals and societies, and the multiplicity of governing arrangements that have been set up across the world, now and before, to produce and consume food outside market mechanisms. As a social construct based on the "instituting power of commoning", food can be valued and governed as a commons. Once the narrative is shifted, the governing mechanisms and legal frameworks will gradually be molded to implement that vision. A regime based on food as a commons would construct an essentially democratic food system (food democracy) based on the proper valuation of the multiple dimensions of food, sustainable agricultural practices (agro-ecology) and emancipatory politics (food sovereignty). That regime would also support the consideration of open-source knowledge (E.g. cuisine recipes, traditional agricultural knowledge or public research), food-producing resources (E.g. seeds, fish stocks, land, forests or water) and services (E.g. transboundary food safety regulations, public nutrition) as commons. ; (AGRO - Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique) -- UCL, 2017

В статті на основі аналізу нормативної бази, внутрішньої документації державних органів влади і офіційної статистики з приводу роботи системи охорони здоров'я в УРСР досліджено основні напрямки державної політики щодо зменшення рівня дитячої смертності в другій половині 1960-х – першій половині 1980 рр. Охарактеризовано певні кроки державної влади щодо покращення демографічної ситуації в республіці і зниження дитячої смертності. Встановлено, що здійснювані державою заходи передбачали будівництво і відкриття мережі жіночих консультацій, лікарських стаціонарів, пологових будинків і дитячих лікарень із максимальним забезпеченням жінок і дітей лікарняними ліжками. Виявлено ряд недоліків у веденні державної політики з охорони здоров'я і з'ясовано їх причини. Так, органи державної влади фактично не звернули увагу на проблему укомплектування лікарняних закладів спеціалізованим обладнанням, діагностичним устаткуванням, медикаментами, а в першу чергу - кваліфікованими кадрами, робота яких, при наявності сучасного обладнання і належного медикаментозного забезпечення могла б попередити дитячі захворювання і знизити показники смертності дітей. Головними причинами провалу реформ у системі охорони здоров'я був недостатній рівень державного фінансування, а також нарощування кількісних показників. Оскільки в СРСР вважалося, що це вирішить ряд проблем у системі охорони здоров'я. В статті доведено, що питання ранньої дитячої смертності не було вирішено в УРСР і, на жаль, для сучасної України також залишається актуальним. ; This research is devoted to the problem of child mortality in the Ukrainian SSR in the second half of the 1960s - first half of the 1980s. The study is actual due to the fact that, unfortunately, the problem of child mortality has not been resolved yet, and now Ukraine is ranked first in Europe by the early childhood and maternal mortality. Moreover, there is a permanent depopulation during the last 25 years in Ukraine. This situation in our country is a consequence of the long-term careless policy of the Soviet power in Ukraine, which was implemented during more than 70 years of the existence of the USSR. Therefore, in our opinion, the root of this problem should be sought in the history of the XX-th century. The period of the crisis of the 1960s - 1980s in the Soviet system was characterized by the special attention of the power party to the increase of the birth rate in the USSR, since the problem with labor resources was never resolved after the end of the Second World War. This issue was acute due to the low birth rate in republics, low level of work of health care institutions, complex socio-economic and environmental situation and low level of sanitary education among the population. In these conditions, the problem of a high level of infant mortality among the population was the key problem in the USSR, therefore the Soviet authorities took up the issue. The implementation of state measures for the protection of maternity and childhood was entrusted to the Ministry of Health of the Ukrainian SSR.Measures of the authorities on improvement of the demographic situation and reduction of the level of child mortality in the Ukrainian SSR have been studied in the article. These measures included the construction and opening of women's consultations, gynecological hospitals, maternity hospitals and children's hospitals with maximum provision of women and children in hospital beds. However, in fact, the state authorities did not pay attention to the provision of hospitals by the specialized, diagnostic equipment and medicines. As a result, the most difficult situation occurred in cities, where population growth was also growing rapidly and in villages, where funding was allocated to local collective farms. It has been found by the author that the main reasons for the failure of reforms in the health care system were: the insufficient level of state financing, as well as the increase of quantitative indicators, since the Soviet government believed that it would solve a number of problems in the health system. Even though in the mid-1980s the USSR was ranked first in the world by the number of doctors and hospital beds, but hospitals were not equipped with modern diagnostic tools, medical equipment, medications or qualified personnel. The issue of the early infant mortality wasn't resolved in the Ukrainian SSR and, unfortunately, it remains relevant in modern Ukraine. ; В статье на основе анализа нормативной базы, внутренней документации государственных органов власти и официальной статистики по поводу работы системы здравоохранения в УССР исследованы основные направления государственной политики по уменьшению уровня детской смертности во второй половине 1960-х - первой половине 1980 гг. Установлены определенные шаги государственной власти по улучшению демографической ситуации в республике и снижению детской смертности. Установлено, что осуществляемые государством мероприятия, предусматривали строительство и открытие сети женских консультаций, больничных стационаров, родильных домов и детских больниц с максимальным обеспечением женщин и детей больничными койками. Констатирован ряд недостатков в ведении государственной политики по охране здоровья и выяснено их причины. Так, органы государственной власти фактически не обратили внимание на проблему укомплектования лечебных учреждений специализированным оборудованием, диагностическим оборудованием, медикаментами, а в первую очередь - квалифицированными кадрами, работа которых, при наличии современного оборудования и надлежащего медикаментозного обеспечения, могла бы предупредить детские заболевания и снизить показатели смертности детей.Главными причинами провала реформ в системе здравоохранения был недостаточный уровень государственного финансирования, а также наращивание количественных показателей. Поскольку в СССР считалось, что это решит ряд проблем в системе здравоохранения. В статье доказано, что вопрос ранней детской смертности не был решен в УССР, и, к сожалению, для современной Украины также остается актуальным.