Suchergebnisse

What living environment will be ours, when more than 60% of the world's population is estimated to live in cities from 2030? City planning policy are increasingly using plans to intensify the urban environment rather than let the city grow horizontally. This is one of the goals to achieve for the city of Charleroi. In the main time, urban green spaces are a social demand and their impact on city dwellers' well-being has been demonstrated. Therefore, the place of nature in our city is a recurring issue, because of human well-being and biodiversity. But what kind of nature do we want in our city and what shape should it take? This research questions naturalness perception of urban green spaces with those who use them and those who plan them. With the city of Charleroi as case of study, we submit a photographic questionnaire to Charleroi's residents and professional urban planners. This survey questioned the naturalness perception of six typologies of urban green spaces. Then a focus group brought together some city representatives and members of independent organizations. Firstly, the aims were to understand the naturalness perception of Charleroi's inhabitants and what are the vegetal indicators which affect it. Then, the focus group identified what are the limits and constraints in urban planning. This will be the type of information to consider in future projects when urban nature will be concerned. ; Quels cadre et qualité de vie prévoyons-nous en milieu urbain d'ici la moitié du siècle, lorsque l'on sait que plus de 60% de la population mondiale y sera urbaine ? Les politiques d'aménagements urbains préfèrent de plus en plus limiter l'étalement par des plans d'intensification urbaine, comme c'est le cas à Charleroi. En parallèle, l'impact des espaces végétalisés sur le bien-être des citadins a été démontré, il s'agit même d'une demande sociale de nos jours. La question de la place de la « nature » en ville est donc de plus en plus récurrente, en termes de bien-être d'une part et de biodiversité d'autre part. Mais quelle est donc cette nature et surtout sous quelle forme est-elle attendue ? Ce travail questionne la perception de naturalité des espaces végétalisés urbains par les personnes qui les pratiquent aux quotidiens et ceux qui les conçoivent. Avec Charleroi pour cas d'étude, une enquête sur base de questionnaires photographiques a été soumise à ses habitants et ses professionnels de l'aménagement du territoire. Cette enquête questionnait la perception de naturalité de six typologies d'espaces végétalisés propres à Charleroi et a été suivie d'un focus group réunissant des représentants de la Ville, ainsi que d'organismes indépendants. Les objectifs étaient, en premier lieu de comprendre la perception de naturalité qu'on les carolos de leurs paysages et les marqueurs végétaux influençant cette perception. Puis dans un second temps, le focus group a permis d'identifier les limites et contraintes d'aménagement à considérer dans les futurs projets de la Ville comprenant l'intégration ou le développement de la « nature urbaine ».

ABSTRACT: Adequacy of primary school teachers is very important to support education for all. The objective of the research is to analyse and develop a plan for a public policy of teacher adequacy for state primary schools. This research used a descriptive-quantitative approach. Data collection was conducted by using observation and interview. There are six main findings in the research. One of the important things is that the model of planning policy for teacher adequacy based on class can be adopted by other local governments by incorporating two factors: total schools (S) and total classes (C), and using the formula of nC + 2S. The planning policy model for teacher adequacy based on students can also be adopted by other local governments by incorporating the total students (S) and student ratio value to teacher (21:1) by using the formula of S/21. Therefore, planners should conduct policy planning analysis for teacher adequacy of state primary schools in the local government by using two perspective analyses simultaneously to ensure teacher adequacy and manage effective and efficient distribution of teachers.KEY WORD: Teacher Adequacy; Policy Planning; Local Government; Effective and Efficient Distribution; Primary School. ABSTRAKSI: "Perencanaan Kebijakan dalam Penyediaan Kecukupan Guru Sekolah Dasar di Daerah". Kecukupan guru sekolah dasar sangat penting untuk mendukung pendidikan bagi semua. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisa dan mengembangkan model perencanaan bagi kebijakan kecukupan guru sekolah dasar negeri. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-kuantitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik observasi dan wawancara. Ada enam temuan utama dalam penelitian ini. Salah satu yang terpenting adalah bahwa model kebijakan perencanaan kecukupan guru berbasis kelas dapat diadopsi oleh pemerintah daerah lain dengan mengakomodasi 2 faktor: jumlah sekolah (S) dan jumlah kelas (C), dengan menggunakan rumus nC + 2S. Model kebijakan perencanaan kecukupan guru berbasis murid dapat juga diadopsi oleh pemerintah daerah lain dengan mengakomodasi faktor jumlah murid (M) dan nilai rasio murid terhadap guru (21:1), dengan menggunakan rumus M/21. Oleh karena itu, perencana sebaiknya melaksanakan analisa kebijakan perencanaan untuk kecukupan guru sekolah dasar negeri di daerah dengan menggunakan dua perspektif analisis tersebut secara simultan untuk menjamin kecukupan guru, dan pengelolaan efektivitas dan efisiensi distribusi guru. KATA KUNCI: Kecukupan Guru; Perencanaan Kebijakan; Pemerintah Daerah; Efektivitas dan Efisiensi Distribusi; Sekolah Dasar.About the Author: Dr. Suroso is a Researcher at the Office of Research and Development, Pati Regency, Jalan Panglima Sudirman No.26 Pati, Central Java, Indonesia. For academic interests, the author is able to be contacted via his e-mails at: suroso_peneliti@yahoo.co.id and surosopati321@gmail.comHow to cite this article? Suroso. (2017). "The Policy Planning in Providing Teacher Adequacy for Primary Schools in the Local Government" in MIMBAR PENDIDIKAN: Jurnal Indonesia untuk Kajian Pendidikan, Vol.2(1) March, pp.95-108. Bandung, Indonesia: UPI [Indonesia University of Education] Press, ISSN 2527-3868 (print) and 2503-457X (online). Chronicle of the article: Accepted (September 29, 2016); Revised (January 29, 2017); and Published (March 30, 2017).

Treballs Finals del Màster de Planificació Territorial i Gestió Ambiental, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Curs: 2016-2017, Tutor: Carles Carreras Verdaguer ; Gràcia es un ejemplo de un distrito obrero tradicional, que actualmente soporta un proceso de gentrificación. En los últimos años, la población de Gràcia es un claro referente en la lucha contra este proceso de cambio social. En este estudio se ha tratado de que se vea reflejado el dualismo que se despliega en las políticas que el gobierno realiza. En teoría, beneficiosas para la población pero, que en la mayoría de los casos, también suponen un alza en el precios del suelo que influye en la gentrificación de sus barrios. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido el de averiguar si las acciones del Plan de Movilidad, Espacio Público y Accesibilidad del Distrito de Gràcia han contribuido a la gentrificación del mismo. Para ello, se realizó un estudio de las acciones propuestas, las ejecutadas y las consecuencias directas que han tenido sobre la actividad económica. Se ha observado una intensificación de la actividad turística, comercial y una renovación de la tipología de comercio en todo el distrito, especialmente en aquellas calles que han sido intervenidas por el plan. Con estos resultados no se quiere señalar a las mejoras en materia de movilidad y accesibilidad como únicas culpables, pero es importante hacer ver los efectos que éstas tienen en el barrio. Sin embargo, es importante estudiar las consecuencias de las políticas, y hacer un llamamiento a que los planificadores analicen sus efectos y diseñen políticas complementarias al proyecto para evitar unos resultados no deseados. ; Today, Gràcia is an example of a traditional district that suffers a process of gentrification. The population of this district of Barcelona is a clear reference in the fight against this social change. This study has tried to show the dualism of the policies that the government performs. In theory, policies beneficial to the population but, in most cases also suppose a rise in land price that contributes to the gentrification of their neighborhoods. The aim of the present work is to find out how the actions of the Plan of Mobility, Public Space and Accessibility of the District of Gràcia have contributed to the gentrification of this area. Therefore, the proposed actions, executions and the direct consequences that they have had on the economic activity of the district have been studied. There has been an intensification of tourism, commercial activity and a renewal of the type of commerce throughout the district, especially in those streets where the plan has intervened. With these results we do not want to point to the improvements in mobility and accessibility as the only culprits, but it is important to show the effects they have on the neighborhood. However, it is important to study the consequences of policies, so we can appeal to planners to analyze their effects and design complementary policies to the project to avoid unwanted outcomes.

Changing dietary preferences and population growth in South Asia have resulted in increasing demand for wheat and maize, along side high and sustained demand for rice. In the highly productive northwestern Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, farmers utilize groundwater irrigation to assure that at least two of these crops are sequenced on the same field within the same year. Such double cropping has had a significant and positive influence on regional agricultural productivity. But in the risk-prone and food insecure lower Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (EIGP), cropping is less intensive. During the dryer winter months, arable land is frequently fallowed or devoted to lower yielding rainfed legumes. Seeing opportunity to boost cereals production, particularly for rice, donors and land use policy makers have consequently reprioritized agricultural development investments in this impoverished region. Tapping groundwater for irrigation and intensified double cropping, however, is unlikely to be economically viable or environmentally sound in the EIGP. Constraints include saline shallow water tables and the prohibitively high installation and energetic extraction costs from deeper freshwater aquifers. The network of largely underutilized rivers and natural canals in the EIGP could conversely be tapped to provide less energetically and economically costly surface water irrigation (SWI). This approach is now championed by the Government of Bangladesh, which has requested USD 500 million from donors to implement land and water use policies to facilitate SWI and double cropping. Precise geospatial assessment of where freshwater flows are most prominent, or where viable fallow or low production intensity cropland is most common, however remains lacking. In response, we used remotely sensed data to identify agricultural land, detect the temporal availability of freshwater in rivers and canals, and assess crop production intensity over a three-year study period in a 33,750 km2 case study area in southwestern Bangladesh. We combined these data with georeferenced and temporally explicitly soil and water salinity information, in addition to relative elevation classifications, in order to examine the extent of winter fallows and low productivity rainfed cropland that could be irrigated by small-scale surface water pumps. Applying observations of irrigated crop sowing dates and yields from 510 wheat, 550 maize, and 553 rice farmers, we also modeled crop intensification production scenarios within the case study area. We conservatively estimate that at least 20,800 and 103,000 ha of fallow and rainfed cropland, respectively, could be brought into intensified double cropping using SWI. Scenario analysis indicates that if 25%–75% of the fallow or low-intensity land were converted to irrigated maize, national aggregate production could increase by 10–14% or 29–42%, respectively. ConVersion to wheat would conversely boost national production by 9–10% or 26–31%. Irrigated rice is however unlikely to contribute >3%. In aggregate, these actions could generate between USD 36–108 million of revenue annually among farmers. Intensification therefore has important land use policy and food and income security implications, helping to rationalizei SWI investments. Crop choice, water resource allocation, and water governance will however remain crucial considerations for irrigation planners.

Under global urbanization backgrounds with physical population migrations and relocations, corresponding consequences in society developments, cultural transformations, technology inventions and interactions between regions and countries, etc. are considered as having a huge impact on normal urban dwellers. For human beings always have intentions towards managements and benefits from natural surroundings, urban dweller demands under the modern challenges and their interactions are necessary to be concerned about. Urban ecosystem is considered as a highly developed civilization, but also with features of resources and energy demands and pollution and distributional exports. As the only natural element in this ecosystem, UGI (urban green infrastructures) is considered as an important human-environment interaction provider with urban ecosystem services (UES) largely focused by academic scholars, urban planners and policy managers. As one of the fastest urbanizing cities in the world, Shanghai is considered as having huge cultural and social developments combined with socioeconomic acceleration. Under the unique background of policy planning and traditional Confucian culture transformation, the impacts to urban dweller demands, whether these newly developed modern demands can be satisfied by UES provided by UGI and how the understandings of these normal dwellers to UGI in Shanghai are necessary for academic researches. By considering the interactions with urban dwellers, six urban parks in the center of Shanghai are chosen as research sites in this study. Combined with factors of urbanization processes and observed patterns of visitor interactions, the indicator of "park age" is concerned with three old parks (older than 25 years old) and three new parks (younger than 25 years old). With methodologies of fieldwork mapping, questionnaires, indicator based evaluation system constructions, etc., the quantitative and qualitative analyses were carried out to habitat diversity, cultural and regulation UES results, and the background reasons caused by political and financial influences are subject to further discussion. The visitors to urban parks of Shanghai are classified into four sorts: "retired dwellers", "dwellers for children care", "tourist visitors" and "other visitors", we found out that related demands and interactions with urban parks have significant differences. After detailed discussions, it could be figured out that the visitors demands play a significant role, and the interactions between visitors and UES in Shanghai are comprehensively influenced by multiple factors of "visiting objectives", "park cultures (ages, popularities, etc.)" and "personal identities (educations, incomes, etc.)". Based on this, the detailed differences of policy, finance, Confucian culture, nature understanding, and community society between old and new parks were further discussed. With all aspects of physical, mental, psychological and other demand aspects especially focused on, the typical features in Shanghai are also highly concentrated on dominant activities. For China is suffering from national environmental and urbanization problems but lack in related concerns combined with dweller demands, this research work may make certain efforts on model assessment methodologies constructions and national implementations. Also, with a combined background of top-down policy systems and natural understandings under socioeconomic duress, this research could also make significant efforts in dweller-UES interactions researches in similar cases of other countries and newly developed urban ecosystems in the world.

Großwohnsiedlungen der Nachkriegszeit haben das Gesicht vieler Städte in ganz Europa geprägt. Ursprünglich sollten diese Planungen der 1950er bis 1980er Jahre die Stadtstruktur verbessern und teilweise auch eine neue Form von Gemeinschaftlichkeit und Urbanität schaffen. In erster Linie zur Linderung der Wohnungsnot gebaut, wurden die Siedlungen auch als buchstäbliche Heimat für eine "neue Gesellschaft" geplant, sei es unter sozialistischen Regimes oder im demokratischen Wohlfahrtsstaat. Die Umgestaltung der Gesellschaft sollte durch die Gestaltung der neuen Siedlungen unterstützt werden, wobei den gemeinschaftlich genutzten Räumen ein besonderer Stellenwert zukam. Die verschiedenen Ausformungen dieser Räume waren Gegenstand der zweiten Konferenz des 45plus-Netzwerk, die in Darmstadt im September 2012 stattfand und in diesem Band dokumentiert wird. Durch die Fokussierung auf gemeinschaftlich genutzte Räume wie Parks, Freiflächen und Sportplätze, aber auch Gemeindezentren, Schulen, Kirchen, Krankenhäuser, Einkaufsstraßen, stellen die in den Beiträgen der Konferenz angesprochen Räume wichtige Identifikationspunkte der "neue Gesellschaften" dar. Gemeinschaftliche Räume wurden geplant, um die neuen Wohnsiedlungen zusammenzuhalten – als gut gestaltete und attraktive gebaute Umwelt, als soziale Scharniere und vor allem als symbolische Anker. Oft setzten sie prominente Gestaltungsmerkmale um so als Symbole der Siedlungen und ihrer programmatischen Subtexte zu dienen. Während Planer und Politiker die gemeinschaftlichen Räume mit dem Fokus auf ihr Potenzial als Ort der Identifikation gestalteten, wurden diese Räume durch die sie nutzenden Gemeinden in unterschiedlicher Weise angeeignet und auch uminterpretiert. Kurz gesagt, Bewohner - wie auch die breite Öffentlichkeit – verstanden, interpretierten und nutzten die gemeinschaftlichen Räume und deren individuellen Eigenschaften möglicherweise auf deutlich andere Art und Weise als ursprünglich geplant. Heute können die anhaltenden Spannungen zwischen Absicht und Nutzung der gemeinschaftlichen Räume als Indikator für Identifikationsprozesse verstanden werden und stellen gleichzeitig eine der großen Herausforderungen bei der Sanierung von Großwohnsiedlungen dar, offenbaren jedoch vielleicht auch unerwartete Chancen. ; Large housing estates of the post-war era have shaped the face of many cities throughout Europe. In the original plans of the 1950s-1980s they were to amend the urban structure and in many cases they were expected to enable a superior form of communality and urbanity. The estates were built to ease the housing shortage, but were also thought to quite literally become the home for a "new society", be it under socialist regimes or the democratic welfare state. The reformation of society was expected to be supported by the environment of the newly built estates and, most crucially, their community spaces. The different manifestations of these community spaces were the subject of the second conference of the 45plus network, which took place in Darmstadt in September 2012 and which is documented in this volume. By focusing on community spaces, such as community centers, schools, churches, hospitals, shopping districts but also parks, open spaces and sport-grounds, the contributions to the conference addressed spaces that were thought to be particularly important points of identification for the "new societies" these estates were expected to foster. Community spaces were planned in order to hold the housing estates together – as well designed and attractive built environments, as social hubs and especially as symbolic anchors. Quite often, they boasted prominent design features, intended to serve as recognisable markers of the estates and their programmatic subtexts. While planners and politicians conceptualized community spaces with their potential to shape identification in view, communities tended to appropriate such spaces in different ways and to reinterpret their meanings. In short, local inhabitants – as well as the broader public – possibly identified with community spaces, their individual features and with the ideas and practices they associated with them in significantly different ways than originally intended. Today, the continuing tension between intention and appropriation of community spaces can be understood as an indicator of identification processes and appears to be one of the major challenges in the redevelopment of large housing estates, but might also provide unexpected opportunities.

The focus of this thesis is the soil erosion mitigation with the relative effects on the economic of landscape. Its aim is to implement a transdisciplinary approach to provide an economic valuation methodology with quantitative variables that effectively represent landscape bio-physical components and individuals' perception of them. In this short presentation it is provided the basic concepts and a general overview of the novelty and the main phases of the valuation procedure to introduce the reader to the thesis' topic. The starting point is to define the good that is intended to be valued, and in the case of landscape this is not so straightforward. In fact, many definitions have been used depending on the objectives of the specific study, until the European Landscape Convention (ELC) in 2000 has made its great contribution towards a unifying definition, in view of a more integrated approach to landscape analysis and planning. The ELC definition of landscape is the one I have referred to in the developments of the research ideas and work. Landscape as an integrating concept, as it is put forward by the ELC, in fact, paves the way to integration of disciplines and researchers involved in landscape analysis and to a wider adoption of a holistic approach to such analysis. In particular, for environmental economists or, even more, landscape economists, this is a crucial stage of economic methodologies development and their effective use in landscape planning. All these concepts will be fully introduced and discussed in the thesis. The concern for soil erosion degradation and the call for a more active intervention for its protection have stimulated a wide scientific and political debate that have culminated in some major changes in the public and political attitude, and in the researchers' approach to soil erosion mitigation and its effects on landscape. Policy makers ask scientists to better inform landscape planners so that society's demand for a more efficient management of this scarce resource can be met with limited financial resources. Landscape economists can provide a fundamental contribution in terms of knowledge of people's preferences and monetary values. Agronomists suggest efficient planning procedures for mitigating the effects of soil erosion. However, some issues need to be tackled for economic methodologies to be fully integrated in the decision making process. In particular, economic models must be able to properly represent landscapes together with people's perception of landscapes. This means that, on the one hand, there is a need for landscape economic valuation; on the other hand, the methodologies adopted to meet this demand need to resolve some issues. These are the political and methodological motivations that support the work of this thesis and will be further discussed in the third section of this chapter. To tackle some of the landscape economic valuation issues, this thesis introduces some elements of novelty related to the transdisciplinary approach implemented: this thesis proposes an intensive integration of concepts and methodologies from agronomic and landscape disciplines to improve the valuation of landscape in stated preference (SP) methods, by using the actual landscape frames in the alternative scenarios of the valuation models.

Syftet med den här rapporten är att redovisa resultatet av forskningsprojektet Jämställdhet och genus i järnvägsplaneringen. Vidare syftar rapporten till att bidra med ett förslag på hur olika transportmyndigheter systematiskt kan arbeta med att integrera jämställdhet i infrastrukturplaneringen. Forskningsprojektet har genomförts på uppdrag av först Banverket och sedan Trafikverket (efter transportmyndigheternas omorganisation). Projektet vilar på etablerad genusteori och samhällsvetenskaplig forskningsmetodik. Projektet genomfördes som tre huvudsakliga delstudier som genomfördes efter varandra: 1) kunskapsbyggande studie baserad på fallstudie av existerande praktik Svealandsbanan och Mälarbanan och en litteraturstudie; 2) utveckling av förslag till metod; 3) implementeringsstudie Simrishamnsbanan och Sydostlänken. Avslutningsvis, utvärdering av metod och analys.Tre huvudsakliga teman identifieras som nyckelområden för Trafikverkets arbete med jämställdhetsintegrering i infrastrukturplaneringen: Att arbeta med jämställdhetspolitiska mål •Verktyg och metoder som syftar till styrning av organisationers arbete utifrån specifika mål •Verktyg och modeller för konsekvensbeskrivning av jämställdhet. En slutsats är att även om Trafikverket har initierat ett arbete med jämställdhetsmål i transportplaneringen behöver man arbeta mer med att utveckla både policy och planeringsverktyg. Transportplaneringen ska ha metoder för att göra sociala konsekvensbedömningar, vilket i den del som här studerats (jämställdhetsintegrering) upplevs saknas av såväl tjänstemän, politiker och planerare. Föreliggande rapport föreslår en metod med olika steg från upphandling till genomförande och utvärdering (olika delar svarar mot myndighetens interna respektive externa jämställdhetsarbete). ; The aim of this report is to present the results of the research project Gender equality in railway planning. Furthermore, the report aims to contribute with a suggestion of how different transport authorities can systematically work with gender mainstreaming in infrastructure planning. The research project was conducted on behalf of the Swedish Rail Administration (Banverket) which changed into the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) after the reorganisation of the Swedish transport authorities. The project relies on established gender theory and social science research methodology. The research project was implemented through three sub-studies that were carried out successively: 1) knowledge-building study based on case studies of existing practice in railway construction in Svealandsbanan and Mälarbanan and a literature review; 2) development of a proposed method for implementation of gender equality in railway planning, 3) implementation study in Simrishamnsbanan and Sydostlänken. Finally, an evaluation of methods and analyses was carried out. Three main themes were identified as key areas for the Swedish Transportation Administration's work with gender mainstreaming in infrastructure planning: To work with gender equality objectives •Tools and methods aimed at leading the organization's work on the basis of specific goals •Tools and models for impact assessment of gender equality. One conclusion of the research project is that although the Swedish Transportation Administration has initiated work with gender equality in transport planning, the authority needs to work more on developing both policy and planning. Transport planning should have the means to do social impact assessment, which is a methodology that the present research project suggests for the area of gender equality and other social aspects in transport planning and which is also perceived absent of officials, politicians and planners. This report proposes a method with different steps from procurement to implementation and evaluation (different parts corresponding to the transport authorities' internal and external gender equality).

Book chapter ; The World Cup 2010 provided an opportunity for South African cities to be reimagined. The investment and infrastructural impetus of the mega event became a catalyst for many public space and public transport projects, which sought to rewire South African cities into more connected, better integrated, more accessible and thus more democratic urban environments. Design was a central component of the World Cup. A diverse range of local and international creative professions were rallied to make the event the success it became ? from architects, to graphic designers, urban planners and artists ? all were essential. More importantly however, is the fact that these key problem solving skills were sharpened during the World Cup, and a bank of experienced design professionals are now better able to assist South Africa, and other global countries in their future development. Reflections & Opportunities: Design, Cities and the World Cup grapples with the challenges and solutions of the World Cup, and in particular, with regards to design and city making. The landmark publication directly questions the role the World Cup played in forging a greater South African identity. It examines the ambitious public space and transport projects that came with the event and, in general, develops a critical dialogue around the design, implementation and effect of the event. The publication is seen as the first step in fostering a global discussion on the role of mega events in cities, and how they can be better used to catalyse urban solutions, be they spatial, social or infrastructure oriented. The book is also the first formal gesture from a South African organisation, DESIGNING_SOUTHAFRICA, to share experiences and information with the hosts of the next World Cup and Olympic Games, Brazil. The publication can be understood as a conduit for exchange between the two nations, ensuring that the lessons learned from one event can better inform the next. For South Africa, Reflections & Opportunities presents a platform for a greater debate on the role of the World Cup in improving the lives of urban residents, while for Brazil, it offers a carefully curated precedent. The full colour, large format publication can be read in both English and Portuguese by flipping the book over ? English designated by a bold, blue title on one side, and Portuguese in green on the other. The book, divided into two sections entitled Reflections, and the other, Opportunities contains ten articles by leading international and local press houses, and four essays by key academics. Contributors include the African Centre for Cities director Professor Edgar Pieterse, architect Henning Rasmuss, Oliver Stuenkel ? International Relations Professor (FGV ? S?o Paulo), CPUT Professor Brendan Knott and articles from Wallpaper*, The Financial Times and Icon to name a few. The publication features a foreword by the South African Local Organising Committee head for the World Cup, Dr Danny Jordaan, and an introduction by the editor Zahira Asmal. All articles and essays are presented in between striking images and photographs by Andrew Bell, and South Africa?s most accomplished and revered photographer, David Goldblatt

The extent to which a free society seeks to regulate sexual expression is problematic. What was defined as immoral or contra bonos mores in the 20th century, has become less of an issue in today's liberal society. Freedom of sexual intimacy and expression are, to be sure, 1st Amendment and 14th Amendment rights. But, with every assertion of a fundamental right or liberty must come a concomitant understanding that there is a co-ordinate responsibility to exercise that right reasonably. Determining the reasonableness of any conduct grounded in these two amendments must be fact sensitive and guided by community standards. Broad, open-ended moral judgments should be eschewed as foundational bases for legal judgments. Indeed, advancing moral grounds as justification for regulating personal liberties of sexual expression and association are being seen by some as invalid reasons for enacting exclusionary land use regulations - here, for the containment of activities connected with sexually oriented businesses [SOBs]. No unequivocal standard of dispositive clarity will ever be formulated which determines when conduct is unreasonable in that it is lewd and obscene or when written, electronic and photographic material pornographic in content rises to the level of obscenity and thereby subject to strict regulation. The most logical and common sense approach to this quandary is for legislators, land use planners, zoning commissioners and courts, in trying to either eliminate or contain the operation of SOBs, is to rely upon and use several tools: common law nuisance fortified by either moral, anticipatory or aesthetic iterations or models, and exclusionary zoning techniques. Difficult though determining when, under nuisance law, conduct is so unreasonable as to warrant its cessation, the Restatement of Torts Second provides a workable construct for making that determination. Both strengthened and guided by the doctrine of secondary effects, nuisance actions of all types have a clear placement in the arsenal of legal weapons which may be used to regulate effectively SOBs. The implementation of a community-based standard of morality for proper regulatory control of SOBs will always present an issue of unpredictability inherent in its underlying flexibility. For the content-neutral regulation of sexually oriented businesses, the only limiting requirement analyzed, aside from ensuring adequate alternative channels of communication, is determining if the regulation serves a significant government interest. Further, while the Supreme Court has held repeatedly that preventing a multitude of secondary effects is a significant government interest, the manner in which that goal could be served has not been meaningfully defined or limited. The secondary effects doctrine places great power, and corresponding responsibility, in the hands of each local community - but it does so at the peril of uniformity. While uniformity is not an absolute necessity in the Federalist system, the type and severity of secondary effect that can be a justification for regulating the location of a sexually oriented business should be clarified. The time, place, or manner restrictions imposed can be left up to each locality to tailor to their needs, but the triggering events for those restrictions must be more clearly defined.

Abstract: In response to a number of recent government publications on the promotion of science and technology training, the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns (South African Academy for Science and Art) initiated the compilation of a multilingual explanatory dictionary for chemistry. The need for such a dictionary is especially urgent in learning environments where learners receive tuition through a medium other than their mother tongue. This is particularly relevant for learners whose mother tongue is an African language. Taking into account the target user's fragmented knowledge of the subject field and low second language competence, the planners decided that certain syntactic information should be specified for the isiZulu and Sepedi entries; specifically the part of speech to which a lemma belongs. This poses certain problems for the lexicographer, since the issue of word categorisation is, especially in Sepedi, an unresolved one. A second problem that presents itself to the lexicographer is the lexicographic convention which is used to indicate the word class to which a specific lemma belongs. Abbreviations referring to the parts of speech are normally used for this purpose. No standardised abbreviations for the different parts of speech exist in isiZulu or Sepedi. Principles for the formation of abbreviations have also not been formulated for the official orthographies of these languages. The only solution to this problem is to study existing abbreviations in order to abstract the principles of abbreviation formation. Only then can abbreviations indicating the parts of speech be formulated for use in the dictionary.Keywords: SPECIAL FIELD DICTIONARY, CHEMISTRY, ISIZULU, SEPEDI, WORD CATEGORISATION, LEXICOGRAPHICAL CONVENTION, ABBREVIATIONS, MULTILINGUAL DICTIONARYOpsomming: Die insluiting van sintaktiese inligting in 'n viertalige verklarendechemiewoordeboek (Engels, Afrikaans, isiZulu, Sepedi): 'n Voorlopigeondersoek. In reaksie op 'n aantal onlangse regeringspublikasies rakende die bevordering vanwetenskap- en tegnologieopleiding, het die Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns die inisiatief geneem om 'n viertalige verklarende chemiewoordeboek saam te stel. Die behoefte aan so'n woordeboek is veral dringend in leeromgewings waar leerders onderrig in 'n ander taal as hulmoedertaal ontvang. Dit is veral van toepassing op leerders wat 'n Afrikataal as moedertaal het.Met die teikengebruiker se gefragmenteerde kennis van die studieveld en swak tweedetaalvaardigheidin ag geneem, het die beplanners besluit dat bepaalde sintaktiese inligting ook ten opsigte vandie isiZulu- en Sepedi-inskrywings gespesifiseer moet word; veral die woordklas waartoe 'n lemmabehoort. Dit veroorsaak sekere probleme vir die leksikograaf, aangesien die aangeleentheid vanwoordkategorisering veral in Sepedi, 'n onopgeloste een is. 'n Tweede probleem waarmee die leksikograafgekonfronteer word, is die leksikografiese konvensie wat gebruik word om die woordkategoriewaartoe 'n spesifieke lemma behoort, aan te dui. Afkortings wat na die woordklasse verwys,word normaalweg vir hierdie doel gebruik. In nóg isiZulu, nóg Sepedi bestaan daar egter gestandaardiseerdeafkortings vir die verskillende woordklasse. Geen beginsels vir die vorming vanafkortings is ook nog in die amptelike ortografieë van hierdie tale geformuleer nie. Die enigsteoplossing vir hierdie probleem is om bestaande afkortings te bestudeer ten einde die beginsels virdie vorming van afkortings daaruit te abstraheer. Slegs dan kan afkortings wat die woordklasseaandui, geformuleer word vir gebruik in die woordeboek.Sleutelwoorde: SPESIALISWOORDEBOEK, CHEMIE, ISIZULU, SEPEDI, WOORDKATEGORISERING,LEKSIKOGRAFIESE KONVENSIE, AFKORTINGS, VEELTALIGE WOORDEBOEK

AbstractThe conceptual, and more recently empirical, study of compliance has become a central preoccupation, and perhaps the fastest growing subfield, in international legal scholarship. The authors seek to question this trend. They argue that looking at the aspirations of international law through the lens of rule compliance leads to inadequate scrutiny and understanding of the diverse complex purposes and projects that multiple actors impose and transpose on international legality, and especially a tendency to oversimplify if not distort the relation of inter‐national law to politics. Citing a range of examples from different areas of international law – ranging widely from international trade and investment to international criminal and humanitarian law – the authors seek to show how the concept of compliance (especially viewed as rule observance) is inadequate for understanding how international law has normative effects. A fundamental flaw of compliance studies is that they abstract from the problem of interpretation: interpretation is pervasively deter‐minative of what happens to legal rules when they are out in the world, yet 'compliance' studies begin with the notion that there is a stable and agreed meaning to a rule, and we need merely to observe whether it is obeyed.Policy Implications

Looking at the aspirations of international law through the lens of rule compliance leads to inadequate scrutiny and understanding of the diverse complex purposes and projects that multiple actors impose and transpose on international legality, and especially a tendency to oversimplify if not distort the relation of international law to politics.
States, as well as other actors – corporations for example – instead of simply 'complying' with international legal rules may bargain in light of them, and around them. Given that there are transaction costs of negotiating, the rules will have an effect on the bargain, but one that will not be observed if what one is focused on is rule compliance.
In altering the focus and agenda of states and nonstate actors in dealing with conflict and post‐conflict transitions, international law may have raised expectations too high that where politics and economics, and for that matter moral idealism, have failed to solve enduring human problems, law will succeed.
International law may create benchmarks for a wide range of private decision making, and this even when in the first instance the rules in question have not been explicitly addressed, at least not traditionally to nonstate actors. Such benchmarks may affect to whom firms lend, with whom they deal as suppliers or subcontractors, design specifications for products such as ships and aircraft, the terms of such diverse transactions as the adoption of children, the transportation of hazardous products and the transfer of high technology. Private actors may simply adopt these benchmarks as common terms of commerce regardless of the extent to which they have been 'implemented' by states.
International law (norms and/or institutions such as courts and tribunals) may shift in whole or in part decision‐making, interpretative and/or legitimating power from one set of elite actors to another (for example from diplomats, foreign policy analysts and military planners to legal professionals such as judges, lawyers and law professors).

This research project centres around the topics of participatory planning and community development. It specifically investigates and illustrates the contributions of youth through their participation in initiatives that contribute to the improvement of the communities in which they live. According to the United Nations Human Settlements and Cities statistics, the global population has quadrupled since 1950 and cities of the developing world account for over ninety percent of the worlds urban growth. The measures also highlight that the world is also more youthful. Even as decreasing birth rates and longer life spans are influencing an overall trend toward population ageing, in absolute numbers, there are more people under the age of 25 today than ever, nearly 3 billion or half of the total global population (UN-Habitat 2007). The purpose of this project is to address what planners can do in cities where youth, or those aged under 25, are the age majority of the urban population. The research: • investigates what issues are associated with such demographic trends • questions what facilitates successful youth participation • questions how local authorities can create opportunities given this situation • examines what role physical space can provide. A mixed methodology is used to examine and present one case study of a space called the One Stop Youth Information Research Centre (One Stop) which exists in Nairobi, Kenya. The One Stop is a hub for youth to engage in cultural and physical activities such as music, theatre and sports, allowing them to interact positively with their community and their peers. The research was conducted in 2006 and 2007 using interviews, site visits, observational analysis, an architectural study of space and supplementary data analysis. These were conducted as part of an internship project with UN-Habitat. The Once Stop case example is part of the UN-Habitat Global Partnership Initiative. At a local level, it has been used as a strategy to facilitate meaningful youth participation within local government and community. To introduce the case study, particular emphasis is given to existing studies that have investigated youth empowerment, engagement, participation, and support mechanisms. The case study demonstrates how young people have the ability to take the lead in determining what action is needed to address the concerns that they face, and are demonstrating this ability through meaningful initiatives. It also demonstrates the passion and energy of young people when they are engaged in a collaborative effort to bring about transformation in improving their world. Underpinning this research is the assertion that providing a formalised, physical space can be the fundamental catalyst for positive youth action and development. The examples, observations and recommendations from this project have been documented for UN-Habitat, and also the Nairobi City Council, who operationalised this initiative in Kenya. The findings and profile may also be of use to other local governments, policy makers, civil society and those who share a willingness to take action and generate an investment in youth, and an interest in reaping the associated rewards and dividends. ; Applied Science, Faculty of ; Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of ; Unreviewed ; Graduate

Diese Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Fallzahlenstruktur von Krankenhäusern unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Einweisungsgrundes. Bei der Untersuchung von Krankenhäusern unterschiedlicher Spezialisierung stellte sich heraus, dass die Zahlen der so genannten Selbsteinweiser konstant steigen. Dies trifft insbesondere auf Notfallaufnahmen zu. Dementsprechend hat die Evaluierung der Fallzahlen von verschiedenen Notfallaufnahmen die steigende Bedeutung dieser Abteilung für die jeweiligen Häuser aufgezeigt. Da das Gesundheitswesen zukünftig vor vielfältigen Herausforderungen steht, soll diese wissenschaftliche Untersuchung Erkenntnisse von grundlegender Bedeutung für Organisation und Raumprogramm zukünftiger Notfallversorgung zusammentragen. Dabei fließen neben architektonischen Gesichtspunkten auch aktuelle politische, medizinische und volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionen in die Überlegungen ein. Das Ziel sind bessere Effizienz und Qualität in den Arbeitsabläufen und in der Personalstruktur. Sie sind unabdingbare Voraussetzung dafür, dass die Not¬fall¬auf¬nahme als selbstständige Organisationseinheit zur Versorgung aller Notfallpatienten aufgebaut werden kann, ohne vom Restbetrieb Krankenhaus abhängig zu sein. Des Weiteren sollte die Personalstruktur ein zügiges "Entlassen" eines zufriedenen Patienten ermöglichen, d.h. entscheidungsberechtigte Facharztpräsenz und qualitative Pflege ist notwendig und muss unabhängig von anderen Stationen vorhanden sein. Ziel dieser Arbeit war auch, diese Thesen zur Notfallaufnahme im Krankenhaus zu diskutieren und durch eine Fragebogenaktion in einem empirisch-statistischen Teil zu dokumentieren und zu untersuchen. Dabei wurde auch festgestellt, dass gerade bei dem Thema der strukturellen Ausstattung einer Notfallaufnahme ein großer Konsens zwischen Planern und Nutzern besteht. Abschließend versucht die Arbeit, die Idee eines Idealtypischen Modells unter dem Gesichtspunkt der äußeren wie auch inneren Krankenhausstruktur zu doku¬men¬tieren. Dazu wurden die Erkenntnisse der Fragebogenaktion und der Fall¬beispiel¬unter¬suchungen herangezogen, um das Ergebnis der Arbeit zu untermauern: Eine zentrale, interdisziplinäre Notfallaufnahme stellt den Idealtyp für die Patientenaufnahme von Notfällen und für den reibungsfreien Ablauf eines Krankenhausbetriebes dar. ; The present paper deals with the case structure of hospitals taking account of the reason for referral of patients. The investigation of hospitals specializing in different fields resulted in the fact that the number of so-called self–referrers is steadily increasing. This particularly applies to emergency units. Accordingly, the evaluation of the cases from various emergency units has revealed the growing importance of this unit for the respective hospitals. Given that the health system will face a diversity of challenges in the future, the present scientific study is meant to collect knowledge that is of fundamental importance with respect to both the organization and the room/space planning of future emergency units. Besides architectural aspects, current political, medicinal and economic discussions shall be reflected in the author's considerations. The objective to be achieved is increased efficiency and better quality of the workflow and of the staff structure. These are indispensable prerequisites for the emergency unit to be designed as an autonomous organizational unit allowing care for all emergency patients without depending on the hospital as such. Furthermore, the staff structure of the emergency unit should enable timely release of a satisfied patient, which means that the presence of a specialist physician who is authorized to make decisions and high-quality care must be provided for independently from other wards. Furthermore, the present paper discusses the above theses about emergency admission to the hospital and provides a documentation and analysis of such theses by means of a questionnaire-based survey in its empirical-statistical part. This analysis revealed that particularly with regard to the issue of the structural conditions of an emergency unit, there is a high consensus between the planners and the users. Finally, this paper is an attempt at documenting the conception of an ideal-typical model with a view to the external and the internal structure of the hospital. To underpin the conclusion of the paper, the findings from the questionnaire-based survey and the case analyses have been referred to: A centralized, interdisciplinary emergency unit is the ideal type for the admission of emergency patients and for a smooth workflow in the hospital.

The discussion on urban land continues to be absent in most of the specialized Cuban literature about planning and economic policies, despite its relevance. In very thorough essays about the present challenges and future development of the Cuban economy, nothing is said about the need for adequate public land policies and the implementation of public value capture mechanisms as part of the economic development of the country. The issue is complex, there is a void of almost half a century of not dealing with land value, but these reasons are not sufficient to justify the continued lack of vision in this direction, all the more when the Cuban cities are in desperate need to reverse the deterioration and stagnation that affects them. The Cuban state determines the general rules under which citizens and organisations may own and use real estate. These are rules about property rights and about the limitations - in compliance with aspects such as state security, environmental and heritage protection, economic development, social equity and human and civil rights – on exercising those rights. In doing this, the Cuban state is no different from other states: most states make such rules and enforce them when necessary. What is particular to Cuba is the content of those rules. In particular, the Cuban state has the monopoly to perform land development and management. There are public institutions to plan and deal with all of these aspects, and there are no recognised real estate markets in the country. Another important aspect is the utmost importance given to planning. But in spite of this, Cuban urban planners have rarely been certain of what will be built and where. The main reason for this may be that, despite the numerous master plans to study and anticipate development trends, most of the decisions ultimately involve top officials who envision the projects and establish the investment priorities according to the public interests or needs and the historical moment, irrespective of the plans. This article intends to give a clear picture of how things are done in the public sector, how the administration works, and under which legal framework. I will look at the physical planning system and its importance in the location and implementation of land use, investment projects and housing programs, and at the legal procedures that include licenses for construction, demolition, habitat and other licenses for heritage conservation and redevelopment. I will analyze the difficulties faced by the Cuban planning and legal system with respect to land and urban development, in the attempt to understand the limits imposed by the government on land and urban development, and I will explore to what extent those limits are to blame for the increasing irregularities and violations at all levels of the formal procedures for land and property. I will also introduce the public and personal rights concerning housing, buying and selling, permutes, donations and other tenure alternatives; and clarify the civil responsibilities, namely types of ownership, properties, property registers and so forth in order to expose the opportunities and accessibility of the system but also its limitations.