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Motivational and social aspects as interactions among teachers and students are essential for a successful educational process in an open distance learning (ODL) environment, and the goal of this book is to develop an interactive model to manage motivation between the participants of the learning process. The book deals with the important and topical problem of e-learning, closely connected with the use of modern information technologies in education. The focus is on developing an information management system for supporting the distance learning process in colleges and universities in the context of steadily expanding information technologies. On the basis of exiting standards (SCORM, etc.) as well as information systems and platforms (e.g., Moodle, etc.), the author proposes a coherent and original concept of modelling three ODL subprocesses: (1) an ontological model (how to represent the structure of didactic materials), (2) a motivation and collaboration model (how to motivate project process participants) and (3) a simulation model (how to realise the learning/project process). The proposed models constitute a theoretical formalization of a new situation in which a teacher and students are obligated to elaborate on didactic material repository content in accordance with the requirements of acquired competencies. A mathematical method based on game theory and simulation is suggested. The kind of educational system represented in the book can be used as a model of open distance learning aimed at active behaviour of students and teachers in not only the development of knowledge but also the acquiring of competencies.

"This book presents an innovative history of the first Portuguese public bank, by exploring the relationship between banking activities and the political context. It provides an overview of the origins of the banking system in Portugal, and also in Brazil, and explores new archive materials related to the first years of activity of the Bank of Lisbon and to the public debates on monetary and public finance topics. It discusses the main features of the Bank of Lisbon: a private bank with a mandate to issue banknotes for the purposes of regulating monetary circulation, and with the function of financing the State for current payments, as well as for the amortisation of public debt and the creation of new debt. The aim of contributing to the re-establishment of public trust and credit conferred upon the Bank of Lisbon the status of a quasi-central bank with the obligations of lending and issuing money. This historical case study offers new insights for a better understanding of the role of banks on the regulation of monetary circulation and on the management of sovereign debt. By stressing the relevance of the political context, it also illustrates the key issues of trust, independence and rules associated to decision-making processes in the study of European banking history. The main focus is the link between banking practices and the political environment. However, the reader will also engage in discussions on theoretical and economic policy issues on the main economic topics under survey: money, paper-money, public debt, credit system"--

This book charts the fall of productivity growth and the rise of inequality within global economies and societies. Set out through a series of economic models, the impacts of falling rates of productivity growth, particularly in the USA, are examined in relation to lowering interest rates, the lifting of the stock market, and an increasingly unequal distribution of wealth. The economic impact of COVID-19, including the increased tendency to work from home and renewed public debt pressures, are contextualised within broader issues of wage suppression and discontent within the labor force to highlight how average workers have been left behind. The rise of China and the geopolitical tensions that it has created is also discussed. This book sets out the macro and microeconomic innovations that can create a revival in productivity growth in the coming years. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in global economic trends and the political economy. Edmund Phelps, the 2006 Nobel Laureate in Economics, is McVickar Professor Emeritus of Political Economy and founding Director of the Center on Capitalism and Society at Columbia University. He is author of Rewarding Work, Mass Flourishing, and My Journeys in Economic Theory. Hian Teck Hoon is Professor of Economics at the Singapore Management University. He specialises in macroeconomics, international trade, and economic growth. Gylfi Zoega is Professor of Economics at the University of Iceland and (part-time) at Birkbeck College, London. His research is focused on saving, financial stability, and economic growth.

"Systemic change is required move to a circular economy (CE) model which can meet the demands of a growing population in a manner that is decoupled from resource use and waste generation. This book takes a deep dive into the innovation aspect of the circular economy (CE), with a specific focus on India as a geography, where the transformation to a circular economy is underway. How a developing country like India is tackling the complexities in the transformation and creating innovative solutions is showcased in this book through many practical examples and inspirational case studies. The book lays the foundations for mainstreaming Resource Efficiency (RE) / CE in India, and covers innovation led by businesses and start-ups, along with innovative policies, financing and collaborative models required to spur and accelerate circular economy approaches and provides linkages to the international context. Features: Provides insight into role of innovation in circular economy transition. Helps to develop and facilitate adoption of resource efficiency policy and strategy with particular focus on key resource sectors and waste streams. Treats circular economy as a holistic approach across the entire lifecycle, and places emphasis on upstream interventions and systems change. Examines current context of COVID19 and its impact on circular economy models and practices. Touches upon how the EU-based approach was adapted and contextualized significantly to work in the unique Indian landscape. This book is aimed at students, researchers and professionals in circular economy, sustainability, business innovation, environmental studies, natural resources management, environmental and resource conservation policy"--

"Urban heritage, which is part of the conceptual expansion of cultural heritage, has become an extraordinarily complex notion. Any aspect of urban life and experience can become heritage and this heritage is then continuously re-interpreted and exploited as a source not only for a city's identification, but also for its cultural and economic innovation. This book provides a detailed overview of Central European urban heritage. It examines the key aspects of urban heritage - tangible/monumental, natural/landscape, world heritage/urban quarter and heritage experience/dark heritage. The 'regimes of urban heritage' approach retraces two hundred years of the development of European urban heritage to understand how it has become so significant and how it could integrate practically every area of urban existence. The novelty of the book is the interpretation of this development as a process of successive and integrating regimes, which are examined through the changing urban heritage agency and discourse. Through the examples of European cities and towns, such as Belgrade, Budapest, Gdansk, Kraków, Ljubljana, Subotica, Szentendre, Vienna, but also Edinburgh, Nordic cities and Rome, these changes reveal their inner complexities and become comparable in an interdisciplinary analysis. Further, a particular aspect of the history of these cities is revealed through the development of their own urban heritage. The book is primarily aimed at academics, researchers and postgraduate students of cultural and economic geography, cultural history, culture and heritage management, modern and contemporary history as well as urban history, planning and sociology"--

"Trafficking Data argues that the movement of human data across borders for political and financial gain is disenfranchising consumers, eroding national autonomy, and destabilizing sovereignty. Focusing on the United States and China, it traces how US government leadership failures, Silicon Valley's disruption fetish, and Wall Street's addiction to growth have yielded an unprecedented opportunity for Chinese firms to gather data in the United States and quietly send it back to China, and by extension, the Chinese government. Such "data trafficking," as the book names this insidious phenomenon, is enabled by the competing governance models of the world's two largest economies: mass government data aggregation in China and impenetrable corporate data management policies in the United States. China is stepping up its data trafficking efforts through national regulations, soft power persuasion, and tech investment, extending the scope of state control over domestic and international data and tech infrastructure, and thereby expanding its global influence. The United States, by contrast, is retreating from participation in foreign alliances, international organizations, and the systemic regulation of the tech industry-practices with the potential to counter data trafficking. Confronting data trafficking as the defining international competition of the twenty-first century, this book ultimately advocates for an alternative future of data stabilization. To stem data trafficking and stabilize data flows, it shows, policymakers can synthesize tools from across the private sector, public sector, multi-national organizations, and consumers to protect users, secure national sovereignty, and establish valuable international standards"--

"Urban heritage, which is part of the conceptual expansion of cultural heritage, has become an extraordinarily complex notion. Any aspect of urban life and experience can become heritage and this heritage is then continuously re-interpreted and exploited as a source not only for a city's identification, but also for its cultural and economic innovation. This book provides a detailed overview of Central European urban heritage. It examines the key aspects of urban heritage - tangible/monumental, natural/landscape, world heritage/urban quarter and heritage experience/dark heritage. The 'regimes of urban heritage' approach retraces two hundred years of the development of European urban heritage to understand how it has become so significant and how it could integrate practically every area of urban existence. The novelty of the book is the interpretation of this development as a process of successive and integrating regimes, which are examined through the changing urban heritage agency and discourse. Through the examples of European cities and towns, such as Belgrade, Budapest, Gdansk, Kraków, Ljubljana, Subotica, Szentendre, Vienna, but also Edinburgh, Nordic cities and Rome, these changes reveal their inner complexities and become comparable in an interdisciplinary analysis. Further, a particular aspect of the history of these cities is revealed through the development of their own urban heritage. The book is primarily aimed at academics, researchers and postgraduate students of cultural and economic geography, cultural history, culture and heritage management, modern and contemporary history as well as urban history, planning and sociology."

A deep dive into the social mind-brain, examining the processes we share with other social animals and illuminating those that are uniquely human. What Makes Us Social? is a scholarly but accessible exploration of the underlying processes that make humans the most social species on the planet. Chris and Uta Frith, pioneers in the field of cognitive neuroscience, review the many forms of social behavior that we humans share with other animals and examine the special form that only humans possess, including its dark side. These uniquely human abilities allow us to reflect on our behavior and share these reflections with other people, which in turn enables us to reason why we do things and to exert some control over our automatic behaviors. As a result, we can learn cooperatively with others and create and value cultural artifacts that survive through the generations. Going beyond how we come to know ourselves and understand the minds of others, Frith and Frith investigate how we adapt mutually to make social interactions work. This book stands out in its application of a computational framework—one that lies at the intersection of psychology and artificial intelligence—to key concepts of social cognition, such as empathy, trust, group identity, and reputation management. Ultimately, What Makes Us Social? is a profound examination of the ways we communicate, cooperate, share, and compete with other humans and how these capabilities define us as a species.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 "In This Country, Beauty is Defined by Fairness of Skin" -- 1.1 Introducing the Politics of 'Skin Colour' -- 1.2 Research Design: A Transdisciplinary Approach to Colourism and Skin Bleaching -- 1.3 Theoretical Framework -- 1.3.1 An Intersectional Perspective -- 1.3.2 Critical Beauty Studies -- 1.3.3 Colourism and Critical Whiteness Studies -- 1.4 Skin Bleaching-State of Research -- 1.5 Methodological Approach to Colourism and Skin Bleaching -- 1.5.1 Producing the Fieldsite: Studying 'Colourism' in Delhi, India -- 1.5.2 Collection and Introduction of the Data -- 1.5.3 Data Analysis -- 1.5.4 Self-Reflecting Research and Researcher -- 1.6 Structure of the Thesis -- 2 'Colourism' in India Within and Beyond Colonialism: Historically tracing Fair Skin as a locally embedded, yet transnational, colonially re-shaped and subversively contested signifier of social status and norm of beauty -- 2.1 'Skin Colour' in Pre-Colonial India -- 2.1.1 Early Migration and the 'Ᾱryan' Debate -- 2.1.2 Fair Skin and Beauty in Ancient Hindu Scriptures -- 2.1.3 Caste and 'Skin Colour' -- 2.2 Colour and Colonialism -- 2.2.1 'Skin Colour' and the British Raj -- 2.2.2 'Skin Colour' and the (Hindu) Nation -- 2.3 Interim Conclusions -- 3 Beauty as Project, Fairness as Product: 'Skin Colour' Management and Fairness Consumption in Post-colonial India -- 3.1 The Story of Lakmé: 'Patriotic Production' and the Creation of a National Cosmetic Industry During State-Led Capitalist, Early Independent India -- 3.2 Hindustan Unilever Limited's Fair & -- Lovely: Neoliberal Beauty as Aesthetic Entrepreneurship and Distinctive Body Practice in Post-Liberalisation India -- 3.2.1 'Cosmopolitan Consumption' and Body Confidence: Fairness for the Urban Middle Class Woman -- 3.2.2 Creating the 'Rural Entrepreneur' and the 'Subaltern Consumer'.

Intro -- Preface -- Committees -- Conference Chair -- Conference General Chairs -- Conference Technical Program Committee Chair -- Publication Chair -- Special Issues Chair -- Local Organizing Committee -- Technical Program Committee -- Keynotes -- Zero-Touch Management and Orchestration of Network Slices in 5G and Beyond Networks -- Smart Cities Strategies: Critical Success Factors -- Design for Energy: Prosumer Buildings -- Smart Buildings to Smart Cities-The Role of BIM and GIS Integration -- Smart Sustainable Urbanism -- Contents -- Smart City -- 1 Smart City Research Between 1997 and 2020: A Systematic Literature Review -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method -- 2.1 A Systematic Literature Review -- 2.2 Grounded Theory Approach for Reviewing Literature -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Definition -- 3.2 Research -- 3.3 Selection -- 3.4 Analysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Human Computation Based Platform for Citizen Services in Smart Cities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 1.1 Motivation -- 1.2 Related Systems -- 1.3 Distinguishing Features of our Platform -- 2 System Description and Design -- 2.1 User Profiling -- 2.2 Data Collection Methods -- 2.3 Location Awareness -- 2.4 Data Quality Assessment -- 2.5 Assessment of Agreement between Users -- 2.6 Privacy Issues -- 2.7 Reward System -- 2.8 Users and Roles -- 3 Deployment and Testing -- 4 Conclusions and Possible Extensions -- References -- 3 Smart Home Study Within the Scope of Urban Transformation Project: Case of MAtchUP Antalya Project -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Smart City -- 1.2 Smart Home -- 2 Antalya Kepez& -- Santral Neighbors Urban Transformation -- 2.1 Situation Before Urban Transformation -- 3 MAtchUP Projects and Smart Home Applications -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Spatial Analysis for Smart City Approach: The Case of Beşiktaş-Etiler Neighborhood.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Fruit Processing Wastes and By-Products -- 1.1 Introduction to Fruit Processing By-Products and Wastes -- 1.2 Management of Fruit Processing Wastes and By-Products -- 1.3 Processing of Fruit Wastes and By-Products -- 1.4 Nutraceutical Potential -- 1.5 Extraction of Bioactive Components -- 1.5.1 Conventional Extraction Method -- 1.5.2 Green Extraction Methods -- 1.5.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) -- 1.5.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) -- 1.5.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 1.5.2.4 Pressurized Liquid Extraction -- 1.5.2.5 High Intensity Pulsed Electric Field Extraction -- 1.6 Food Applications of Fruit Wastes and By-Products -- References -- Chapter 2 Pomelo Wastes: Chemistry, Processing, and Utilization -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of Pomelo Peel -- 2.3 Bioactive Components of Pomelo Peel -- 2.3.1 Phenolic Acids and Tannins -- 2.3.2 Carotenoids -- 2.3.3 Flavonoids -- 2.4 Biological Effects of Pomelo Peel Extract -- 2.4.1 Anticancer Effects -- 2.4.2 Anti-Inflammatory Effects -- 2.4.3 Hypolipidemic Effects -- 2.4.4 Hypoglycemic Effects -- 2.5 Processing of Pomelo Peel -- 2.5.1 Pectin -- 2.5.2 Essential Oils -- 2.5.3 Polysaccharides -- 2.5.4 Activated Carbon -- 2.6 Utilization of Pomelo Peel -- 2.6.1 Use in Formulation of Food Products or as Food Ingredients -- 2.6.2 Use as Adsorbents -- 2.6.3 Use as Antioxidants and Antimicrobials -- 2.6.4 Other Uses -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Avocado Wastes: Chemistry, Processing, and Utilization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Chemistry of Avocado Waste Streams -- 3.2.1 Avocado Leaves -- 3.2.2 Avocado Fruit Peel -- 3.2.3 Avocado Wastewater -- 3.2.4 Avocado Seed -- 3.3 Potential Uses of Avocado Waste.

"The dramatic rise-and unimaginable fall-of America's most iconic corporation by New York Times bestselling author and pre-eminent financial journalist William D. Cohan No company embodied American ingenuity, innovation, and industrial power more spectacularly and more consistently than the General Electric Company. GE once developed and manufactured many of the inventions we take for granted today, nearly everything from the lightbulb to the jet engine. GE also built a cult of financial and leadership success envied across the globe and became the world's most valuable and most admired company. But even at the height of its prestige and influence, cracks were forming in its formidable foundation. In a masterful re-appraisal of a company that once claimed to "bring good things to life," pre-eminent financial journalist William D. Cohan argues that the incredible story of GE's rise and fall is not only a paragon, but also a prism through which we can better understand American capitalism. Beginning with its founding, innovations, and exponential growth through acquisitions and mergers, Cohan plumbs the depths of GE's storied management culture, its pioneering doctrine of shareholder value, and its seemingly hidden blind spots, to reveal that GE wasn't immune from the hubris and avoidable mistakes suffered by many other corporations. In POWER FAILURE, Cohan punctures the myth of GE, exploring in a rich narrative how a once-great company wound up broken and in tatters-a cautionary tale for the ages"--

Intro -- Contents -- Creation of Energy Risk Insurance System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- ICT Trade and Energy Transition in the BRICS Economies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Theoretical Background -- 2.2 ICT, Trade Openness-Renewable Energy Nexus -- 2.3 ICT, Trade Openness-Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emission Nexus -- 3 Research Methodology -- 3.1 Data and Variable Selection -- 3.2 Model Specification -- 3.3 Analytical Strategy -- 4 Empirical Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Stationarity and Cointegration Tests -- 4.2 Regression Results -- 5 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Features of the Emergence and Functioning of the Energy Uncertainty Management in Russia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- Are Changes in Electricity Production Perpetual or Temporary: An Evidence from Emerging Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Financial Evaluation of Energy Investments in Russia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- Strategic Talent Perception in the Energy Sector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 A Qualitative Research in the Energy Sector -- 3.1 Methodology -- 3.2 Scope of the Study -- 4 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Relationships between Energy Efficiency on Output and Energy Efficiency on Carbon Emission -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review of the Existing Literature -- 3 Rationale of the Study -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Empirical Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Examination of the Relationship between Economic Growth, Natural Resources, Energy Consumption, Urbanization, and Capital.

Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Harvesting Robots for Smart Agriculture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Literature -- 3 Basics of Harvesting Robots -- 4 Robots in Harvesting Applications -- 4.1 Harvesting Robots in Path Navigation -- 4.2 Crops and Vegetable Harvesting -- 5 Commercialization and Current Challenges of Harvesting Robots -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Drone-Based Weed Detection Architectures Using Deep Learning Algorithms and Real-Time Analytics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of UAVs, Artificial Intelligence and Spark Architecture -- 2.1 Evolution of UAVs -- 2.2 Applications of UAVs -- 2.3 UAVs in Agriculture -- 2.4 UAVs in Weed Detection and Management -- 2.5 Evolution of Distributed and Parallel Computing for Real-Time Performance -- 2.6 Spark Architecture -- 2.7 Spark Streaming Architecture -- 2.8 Artificial Neural Networks and Deep Learning -- 3 Proposed Architectures -- 3.1 Model 1-Conventional Server-Based Architecture -- 3.2 Model 2-Single-Tier UAV-Based Architecture -- 3.3 Model 3-Double-Tier UAV-Based Architecture -- 3.4 Model 4-Hybrid UAV Architecture -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 3 A Deep Learning-Based Detection System of Multi-class Crops and Orchards Using a UAV -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Data Preprocessing and Data Enhancement -- 3.3 Optimized Faster-RCNN -- 3.4 Proposed Real-Time Framework Description -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Real-Life Agricultural Data Retrieval for Large-Scale Annotation Flow Optimization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Previous Work -- 3 Optimized Annotation Flow -- 4 Crop Identification -- 4.1 Data Preparation -- 4.2 Model and Hyperparameters -- 4.3 Results -- 5 Emergence Analysis -- 5.1 Data Preparation -- 5.2 Model Versions and Hyperparameters -- 5.3 Results.

Intro -- Dear Reader -- Notes on Usage -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- How This Book Is Organized -- Acknowledgments -- Conclusion -- 1 Introduction to Demand Planning -- 1.1 What Is Demand Planning? -- 1.1.1 Importance of Demand Planning in the Supply Chain -- 1.1.2 Key Elements and Steps of Demand Planning -- 1.1.3 Future of Demand Planning -- 1.2 Demand Planning with SAP -- 1.2.1 SAP IBP Solution Portfolio -- 1.2.2 SAP IBP for Demand -- 1.2.3 Demand Sensing -- 1.3 Summary -- 2 Configuring the Demand Planning Data Model -- 2.1 Architecture -- 2.2 Attribute and Master Data Type -- 2.2.1 Attributes -- 2.2.2 Master Data Types -- 2.3 Time Profile and Planning Area -- 2.3.1 Time Profile -- 2.3.2 Planning Area -- 2.3.3 Manage the Planning Area -- 2.4 Planning Level and Attribute as Key Figure -- 2.4.1 Planning Level -- 2.4.2 Attribute as a Key Figure -- 2.5 Key Figures -- 2.5.1 Key Figure Types -- 2.5.2 Manage Key Figures -- 2.5.3 Key Figure Calculations -- 2.5.4 Calculation Chain -- 2.5.5 Calculation Function and Expressions -- 2.6 Version Management -- 2.7 Planning Operators -- 2.7.1 Planning Operator Types -- 2.7.2 Advanced Copy Operator -- 2.7.3 Snapshot Operator -- 2.8 Global Configuration -- 2.9 Summary -- 3 Configuring the Demand Sensing Data Model -- 3.1 Planning Area -- 3.1.1 Time Profile Levels -- 3.1.2 Master Data Types -- 3.1.3 Planning Levels -- 3.1.4 Key Figures -- 3.1.5 Planning Operators -- 3.1.6 Calendars -- 3.2 Lag-Based Snapshots -- 3.3 Global Configuration -- 3.4 Summary -- 4 Statistical Forecasting -- 4.1 Introduction to Statistical Forecasting -- 4.2 Statistical Forecasting Model Configuration -- 4.3 Preprocessing and Data Cleansing -- 4.3.1 Outlier Correction -- 4.3.2 Substitute Missing Values -- 4.4 Constant Models -- 4.4.1 Simple Average -- 4.4.2 Simple Moving Average -- 4.4.3 Weighted Average.