Suchergebnisse

Curriculum material is generally considered the subject matter of information, talents, dispositions, understandings, and principles that make up research programs in the field. At a more complex level, the curricula need to contain historical and socio-political strengths, traditions, cultural views, and goals with wide differences in sovereignty, adaptation, and local understanding that encompass a diversity of cultures, laws, metaphysics, and political discourse This study aims to develop a curriculum with local content as a new approach in early childhood science learning. The Local Content Curriculum (LCC) is compiled and developed to preserve the uniqueness of local culture, natural environment, and community crafts for early childhood teachers so that they can introduce local content to early childhood. Research and model development combines the design of the Dick-Carey and Dabbagh models with qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that local content curriculum products can be supplemented into early childhood curricula in institutions according to local conditions. Curricula with local content can be used as a reinforcement for the introduction of science in early childhood. The research implication demands the concern of all stakeholders to see that the introduction of local content is very important to be given from an early age, so that children know, get used to, like, maintain, and love local wealth from an early age. Keywords: Early Childhood, Scientific Learning, Local Content Curriculum Model References: Agustin, R. S., & Puro, S. (2015). Strategy Of Curriculum Development Based On Project Based Learning (Case Study: SMAN 1 Tanta Tanjung Tabalong South Of Kalimantan ) Halaman : Prosiding Ictte Fkip Uns, 1, 202–206. Agustina, N. Q., & Mukhtaruddin, F. (2019). The Cipp Model-Based Evaluation on Integrated English Learning (IEL) Program at Language Center. 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(2017). Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Early Childhood Teachers' Needs 1 ). March. Dabbagh, N & Bannan-Ritland, B. (2005). Online Learning: Concepts, Strategies, and Application. Pearson Education, Inc. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Daryanto. (2014). Pendekatan Pembelajaran Saintifik. Gava Media. Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design of Instruction. Upper Saddle River. Elde Mølstad, C., & Karseth, B. (2016). National curricula in Norway and Finland: The role of learning outcomes. European Educational Research Journal, 15(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904116639311 Eurydice. (2018). Steering Documents and Types of Activities. Farid, MN. (2012). Peranan Muatan Lokal Materi Batik Tulis Lasem Sebagai Bentuk Pelestarian Budaya Lokal. Jurnal Komunitas, 4(1), 90–121. Fisnani, Y., Utanto, Y., Ahmadi, F., Tengah, J., Technology, E., Semarang, U. N., Education, P. T., Semarang, U. N., & Info, A. (2020). The Development of E-Module for Batik Local Content in Pekalongan Elementary. 9(23), 40–47. Fitriani, R. (2018). The Effect of Scientific Approach Applied on Scientific Literacy to Student Competency at Class VIII Junior High School 12 Padang. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), 7(1), 97–105. Fleer, M. (2015). Pedagogical positioning in play-teachers being inside and outside of children's imaginary play. Early Child Development and Care, 185(11–12), 1801–1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03004430.2015.1028393 Hakk, İ. (2011). Curriculum Reform and Teacher Autonomy in Turkey: The Case of the HistoryTeachi̇ng. International Journal of Instruction, 4(2), 113–128. 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La presente Tesis Doctoral tiene como finalidad realizar un estudio exploratorio sobre la innovación tecnológica en los servicios de las bibliotecas públicas municipales de Lima (Perú). Asimismo, realizar un diagnóstico y diseñar líneas estratégicas para su desarrollo. Las bibliotecas municipales de Lima, se ubican en la capital del Perú. Estas instituciones tienen un escaso apoyo, lo que ocasiona un desaprovechamiento de su potencial en el acceso al conocimiento, igualmente, tienen un insuficiente desarrollo en el ámbito tecnológico y de gestión, por consiguiente, carece de innovación tecnológica en sus servicios. Por tanto, para alcanzar los objetivos trazados y describir la situación, la investigación está constituida en cinco partes esenciales. En primer lugar, se presenta el estado de cuestión, donde se muestran conceptos y características primordiales que se utiliza para el análisis del objeto de estudio, que son: sociedad del conocimiento, innovación tecnológica, innovación bibliotecaria y el futuro de la biblioteca pública. Dentro de la innovación bibliotecaria, se contemplan tipos de innovaciones, elementos de innovación, áreas de innovación; así también, se muestra las tendencias en el ámbito bibliotecario. En relación con el futuro de la biblioteca pública, se indica los nuevos escenarios y el entorno de cambio al que se enfrenta. En segundo lugar, se describe las áreas de innovación tecnológica en bibliotecas públicas con sus respectivas herramientas, siendo para esta investigación siete categorías, donde se aprecia tanto el concepto, antecedentes, las funciones, sus aplicaciones y prácticas realizadas por bibliotecas públicas alrededor del mundo, estas son las siguientes: Los servicios basados en la Web Social (2.0) y sus herramientas blogs, microbloggings, wikis, sindicación de contenidos – RSS, plataformas de documentos, fotografías y videos, redes sociales, catálogo social, podcasting, geoaplicaciones, mashup, chat, entre otras aplicaciones; los servicios basados en el entorno móvil y sus herramientas, aplicaciones móviles, códigos QR, realidad aumentada, mensajería instantánea móvil, balizas (en inglés, beacons) y tecnología de comunicación de campo cercano (en sus siglas en inglés, NFC); sedes web de bibliotecas, uso y acceso a Internet, servicio de autopréstamo y circulación documental, servicios basados en plataformas para gestión de contenidos y; los servicios basados en nuevas tecnologías y sus herramientas realidad virtual, inteligencia artificial, impresoras tridimensionales, robots, drones y cartelería virtual. En tercer lugar, se describe el entorno de las bibliotecas públicas municipales de Lima, a partir, de las cifras de sociedad del conocimiento del Perú y aspectos, como el proceso histórico, políticas públicas, acceso a las TIC, características del usuario de Internet, la lectura digital y uso de redes sociales. Seguidamente, se expone aspectos legales e históricos de la biblioteca pública municipal en el Perú y características generales de la ciudad de Lima. Para luego, realizar un análisis cuantitativo que aborda datos de cobertura, 21 colección, servicios, personal, infraestructura, equipos tecnológicos y usuarios con datos proporcionados por el Registro nacional de Municipalidades (RENAMU) (2013-2018). Así también, se realiza una medición del desempeño de las bibliotecas públicas municipales de Lima, a través de los "Estándares para bibliotecas públicas municipales" diseñado por la "Biblioteca Nacional del Perú" y un análisis comparativo entre las bibliotecas de Lima y Madrid basado en los indicadores de rendimiento de las "Comunidades Autónomas" y el "Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte" (MECD). En cuarto lugar, se presenta los resultados del estudio sobre innovación tecnológica en Bibliotecas Públicas Municipales de Lima aplicando un cuestionario para la recolección de datos elaborado para este estudio, donde se demuestra el bajo nivel de uso de tecnologías, lo cual ocasiona un insuficiente desarrollo de innovación en las bibliotecas entre 2017-2018. En esta parte, se examina los escasos servicios innovadores que tienen las bibliotecas de la ciudad en las siete categorías propuestas, asimismo, se manifiesta las percepciones de los encargados de estas unidades de información sobre el tema de innovación, como la labor de la biblioteca en el contexto actual y el aprovechamiento de las tecnologías. Además, se expone una serie de buenas prácticas realizadas por las bibliotecas, y se demuestra que a pesar de las limitaciones se pueden realizar diversas actividades para sus comunidades. Por último, en quinto lugar, se presenta un diagnóstico de las bibliotecas públicas municipales de Lima y las líneas estratégicas para iniciar la renovación de estas instituciones. Dentro del diagnóstico prevalecen tres asuntos que son: la escasa visibilidad de las bibliotecas dentro de los gobiernos locales, asimismo, la carencia de tecnologías en los servicios y la escasez de profesionales de la Información dirigiendo estos centros. Por tanto, se muestra una serie de temas fundamentales que son considerados en este diagnóstico, que son: La posición de las bibliotecas de Lima en el Siglo XXI, personal especializado ausente, la tecnología fuera del alcance de las bibliotecas, los usuarios jóvenes, la experiencia de la meta 27 y 06 en la promoción de la lectura, la ausencia de la red de bibliotecas en la ciudad, recursos limitados, bibliotecas escasamente inclusivas, necesidad de un marco legal adecuado, la inclusión de las bibliotecas en la agenda nacional y la cultura de la participación en las bibliotecas. De este diagnóstico, se diseñaron una propuesta de cinco líneas estratégicas con sus respectivos objetivos, acciones e indicadores que son las siguientes: Red de bibliotecas públicas municipales de Lima, personal capacitado e innovador, presencia digital de la biblioteca, diversificación de servicios y espacios, y biblioteca centrado en la comunidad. ; The aim of this doctoral thesis is to realize an exploratory study on the technological innovation of the services in Lima's (Peru) public municipal libraries. Also, purpose a diagnostic is undertaken and strategic lines for its development are designed. The municipal libraries of Lima, are located in the capital of Peru. These institutions have little support, which leads to a waste of their potential with regards to access to knowledge. Also, their development in the technological and administrative field is insufficient, which is the reason for a lack of technological innovation regarding their services. Therefore, to achieve the objectives set and to describe the situation, the investigation consists of five essential parts. In the first place, the state of the art is presented, referencing fundamental concepts that are used for the analysis of the object of study. They encompass: knowledge society, technological innovation, library innovation and the future of the public library. Within library innovation, types of innovations, elements of innovation, and areas of innovation are reflected upon; likewise, current trends in the field of library studies are pointed out. With respect to the future of the public library, new scenarios and the changing environment it faces are indicated. Secondly, areas of technological innovation in public libraries with their respective tools are described, for this research referencing seven categories in which the concept, background, functions, applications and practices carried out by public libraries around the world are recognized. These are the following: the specific services on the Social Web (2.0) and its tools blogs, microblogging, wikis, content syndication – RSS, document platforms, photographs and videos, social networks, social catalogue, podcasting, Geoapplications, mashup, chat, among other applications; the services specified in the mobile environment and its tools, mobile applications, QR codes, augmented reality, mobile instant messaging, beacons and near-field communication technology (NFC); library web sites, use and access to the Internet, automatic loan service and document circulation, controlled services on platforms for content management and; the services identified in new technologies and their tools virtual reality, artificial intelligence, three-dimensional printers, robots, drones and virtual signage. Thirdly, the environment of the Lima public municipal libraries is described, based on Peru's knowledge society indicators and aspects such as the historical process, public policies, access to ICTs, characteristics of the Internet user, digital reading and use of social networks. Next, legal and historical aspects of the municipal public library in Peru and general characteristics of the city of Lima are presented. Then, a quantitative analysis is performed that addresses coverage, collection, services, personnel, infrastructure, technological equipment and user data, relying on data provided by the Registro Nacional 23 de Municipalidades (RENAMU) (2013-2018). Likewise, a measurement of the performance of the municipal public libraries of Lima is carried out, through the "Estándares para bibliotecas públicas municipales" designed by the "Biblioteca Nacional del Perú" as well as a comparative analysis between the libraries of Lima and Madrid based on the performance indicators of the "Comunidades Autónomas" and the "Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte" (MECD). Fourth, the results of the study on technological innovation in Lima's Municipal Public Libraries are presented applying a questionnaire for data collection prepared for this study, which demonstrates the low level of use of technologies, which causes an insufficient development of innovation in libraries between 2017 and 2018. In this part, we examine the few innovative services that the city's libraries exhibit in the seven proposed categories, as well as the perceptions of those persons responsible for these information units on the topic of innovation, such as the work of the library in the current context and the use of technologies. In addition, a series of good practices carried out by libraries is shown, and it is demonstrated that despite the limitations, various activities can be carried out for their communities. Finally, in the fifth place, a diagnosis of the municipal public libraries of Lima and the strategic lines to initiate the renovation of these institutions is presented. Within the diagnosis, three issues prevail: the limited visibility of libraries within local governments, the lack of technology in services and the shortage of information professionals directing these centres. Therefore, a series of fundamental issues can be observed that are specific for this diagnosis, namely: The position of the libraries of Lima in the 21st century, lack of specialized personnel, technology outside the reach of libraries, young users, the experience of goal 27 and 06 in the promotion of reading, the absence of a library network in the city, limited resources, poor performance in terms of inclusiveness, the need for an adequate legal framework, the inclusion of libraries in the national agenda and the culture of participation in libraries. From this diagnosis, a proposal of five strategic lines was designed with the following strategic objectives, actions and indicators: Network of public libraries in Lima, trained and innovative personnel, digital presence of the library, diversification of services and spaces, and community-centered library. ; Programa de Doctorado en Documentación: Archivos y Bibliotecas en el Entorno Digital por la Universidad Carlos III de Madrid ; Presidente: José Antonio Moreiro González.- Secretario: Juan Carlos Marcos Recio.- Vocal: Martín Alonso Estrada Cuzcano

Contexte Les soins et l'aide de première ligne se caractérisent par une accessibilité universelle, une approche globale, axée sur les objectifs de la personne. Ils sont dispensés par une équipe de professionnels aux compétences généralistes, capables d'assurer la prise en charge de la grande majorité (90%) des problèmes de santé. Ce service doit s'accomplir dans un partenariat durable avec les personnes (usagers des services de santé ou non) et leurs aidants, dans le contexte de la famille et de la communauté locale, et joue un rôle central dans la coordination générale et la continuité des soins dispensés à la population. Si 90% des interactions en santé peuvent être assurées par la première ligne, la qualité d'un système de santé est fortement dépendante de la qualité de sa première ligne de soins et de l'aide. Or, en Belgique francophone, trop peu d'attention était portée jusqu'il y a peu, à cette première ligne de soins et de l'aide. Grâce au soutien du Fonds Dr. Daniël De Coninck, Be.hive vise à soutenir et organiser la recherche, l'enseignement et le partage des connaissances au sujet de la première ligne de soins et de l'aide. Le projet rassemble trois universités (l'Université catholique de Louvain, l'Université de Liège et l'Université Libre de Bruxelles) et trois hautes écoles (Haute Ecole Vinci, HENALLUX et la Haute Ecole Ilya Prigogine). Via son comité de pilotage, Be.Hive est également soutenue par la Plateforme de la Première Ligne Wallonne (PPLW), l'association des aidants proches (ASBL Aidants proches), la Société Scientifique de Médecine Générale (SSMG) et la Ligue des Usagers des Services de Santé (LUSS). Ce livre blanc s'inscrit dans une stratégie globale de Be.Hive, puisqu'il est le résultat d'une analyse littéraire et d'une enquête pour explorer la situation actuelle. C'est sur la base de ce travail que les chercheurs de Be.Hive souhaitent établir un ordre de priorités pour leurs activités de recherche et d'enseignement et attirer l'attention de leurs partenaires sur les urgences perçues par les acteurs de la première ligne. Cet exposé est forcément situé dans le temps, et exprimé sur la base de la réflexion et des données actuellement disponibles aux chercheurs de Be.Hive, et ne vise pas l'exhaustivité. Cette analyse a démarré dès 2019 en explorant la littérature nationale et internationale. Celle-ci, combinée aux expertises des chercheurs au sein de Be.Hive, a permis d'identifier 20 thématiques clés qui, mises ensemble, offraient une grille de lecture des caractéristiques permettant de renforcer la première ligne. Par la suite nous avons voulu capter la perception actuelle des acteurs de la première ligne en Belgique francophone, par une enquête à large échelle et des ateliers thématiques. Pour cela, en octobre 2019, des questionnaires étaient diffusés via les réseaux de Be.Hive. Au total, 5916 personnes ont répondu aux questionnaires en ligne et 130 aux questionnaires papier. En décembre nous avons organisé 5 ateliers thématiques participatifs, en divers endroits à Bruxelles et en Wallonie. Ces ateliers avaient deux objectifs. Le premier était d'approfondir les résultats provenant de l'exploitation des questionnaires et de faire émerger des aspects encore non abordés jusqu'alors. Le second était d'initier une démarche participative avec les acteurs de la première ligne. Au total, plus de 160 personnes extérieures à Be.Hive se sont inscrites aux 5 ateliers, venus d'horizons aussi différents que ceux qui avaient répondu aux questionnaires. Les principaux résultats sont présentés selon 4 axes thématiques présentés ci-dessous. Bien que ces axes soient présentés de manière distincte, leurs thématiques sont interreliées. Tous ont en commun de vouloir, à leur niveau, contribuer au quadruple objectif (Quadruple Aim en anglais) : améliorer la qualité de vie des personnes (et, le cas échéant, de leurs aidants), améliorer la qualité des soins (notamment, en centrant les soins sur les objectifs de vie de la personne), améliorer l'utilisation des ressources et améliorer la qualité de vie des professionnels. A ces quatre objectifs, Be.Hive en propose un cinquième, celui d'améliorer l'enseignement, afin de cadrer avec les missions spécifiques de Be.Hive. Chapitre 1. Enjeux liés à la structuration et au financement de la première ligne Les ateliers ont permis de confirmer largement que la première ligne francophone est peu structurée et que l'offre est peu visible. Une manière d'améliorer cette structuration et d'améliorer la visibilité, renseignée par la littérature scientifique et confirmée dans les ateliers, passe par une organisation avec une approche territoriale (par commune ; dans les villes, par quartier). Une autre approche passe par l'inscription auprès d'un médecin généraliste ou d'une pratique de médecine générale. Selon les données du questionnaire, plus de la moitié des répondants sont tout à fait d'accord avec cela. Ces réponses ouvrent un questionnement intéressant car il s'agit d'une restriction du choix par rapport aux pratiques actuelles, qui pourrait modifier les débats sur la structuration de la première ligne. Ces données mériteront d'être investiguées, pour compléter ces résultats. Le financement de la première ligne figurait dans les 20 thèmes identifiés lors de la revue de la littérature. Nous avons donc interrogé les professionnels par rapport à leur degré de satisfaction concernant la répartition du financement et du mode de paiement actuel et trouvé qu'ils n'en sont que moyennement satisfaits. Au travers de nos recherches futures, nous souhaitons étudier ces thématiques de façon multidisciplinaire, afin d'intégrer les perceptions des parties prenantes dans des propositions concrètes pour l'avenir. Ceci permettra de nourrir le débat sociétal autour de la territorialisation et a le potentiel pour améliorer la visibilité et l'image de la première ligne, pour le plus grand bénéfice de tous. Chapitre 2. L'accompagnement de la personne vivant une situation complexe La complexité représente une épreuve contemporaine majeure qui s'inscrit au cœur des missions de la première ligne. Elle est associée à l'incertitude et l'imprévisibilité que représente une situation en raison de l'interaction entre des éléments relatifs à la santé physique, psychique et aux conditions de vie, sociales et économiques. Elle nécessite le développement d'actions globales et coordonnées entre plusieurs professions, organisations et secteurs. De plus, elle implique de mobiliser les connaissances des personnes, afin de concevoir des réponses articulant leurs priorités et celles des professionnels. Les questionnaires et les ateliers Be.Hive ont mis en évidence une asymétrie importante dans la participation des professionnels, des personnes et des aidants proches à la définition des situations complexes. Ce constat s'applique aux niveaux de la recherche et de la relation de soins. Cette asymétrie est à l'origine d'incompréhensions provoquant à la fois l'insatisfaction des professionnels et le désengagement des personnes de leurs parcours de soins. Dès lors, nous en appelons à renforcer la communication et l'écoute entre les acteurs, ce qui nécessite de faire évoluer le contenu des formations des professionnels mais aussi les modes de financement des soins de santé. De plus, nous mettons en avant une approche symétrique de la complexité, à partir de laquelle penser l'adaptation, ou « résilience de la première ligne », face aux situations complexes. Cette approche est fondée sur deux axes de recherche. Le premier axe initie un dialogue entre la demande exprimée par les personnes, que nous distinguons des besoins perçus par les professionnels, et les nouvelles fonctions professionnelles et modes d'organisation, par exemple le case management ou les suivis multidisciplinaires, qui se développent en première ligne. Le second axe porte spécifiquement sur les questions de l'accès, du recours, du non-recours, ou du recours dit « non approprié » des personnes vues comme vulnérables à la première ligne. Il soulève la dimension relationnelle de l'accès et du recours à partir des représentations et expériences des personnes, avant de les mettre en lien avec le vécu des professionnels. Chapitre 3. La participation communautaire au service de la première ligne L'approche de santé communautaire se concrétise par la collaboration des acteurs d'une communauté (personnes, professionnels de santé, institutions) autour d'un éventail d'actions qui s'étend de l'analyse des besoins à la mise en œuvre de services de santé et leur évaluation. Cet axe de travail s'ancre sur le constat d'un manque de proximité du système de santé. Or, la première ligne en Belgique francophone se trouve dans une position privilégiée pour renforcer cette proximité, comme nous avons pu l'observer au travers de plusieurs initiatives intéressantes. A défaut, ce manque de proximité se marque notamment lorsque les activités de promotion ou de prévention de la santé n'atteignent pas leur public-cible. Au travers d'initiatives renforçant la proximité, nous avons pu observer que là où les personnes sont engagées comme véritables partenaires en première ligne, le système de santé s'en trouve renforcé. Par conséquent, au cours de nos recherches futures, nous souhaitons investiguer les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des professionnels de santé et des personnes sur la santé communautaire, dans une logique de proximité géographique, relationnelle et institutionnelle. Dans ce domaine également, Be.Hive souhaite participer à la diffusion des connaissances sur l'existant. Cela implique qu'une vieille informationnelle doit être mise en œuvre afin d'avoir accès aux innovations en matière de participation communautaire. Be.Hive a le potentiel de se construire sur l'existant, afin de participer à l'évaluation et la diffusion des pratiques prometteuses, notamment par le biais de l'évaluation participative. Chapitre 4. Collaboration interprofessionnelle et développement des compétences La professionnalisation des différents métiers depuis le 19ème siècle, a été suivie par une division du travail entre métiers relativement forte. Or, les transformations des politiques de santé, des pratiques professionnelles et des profils de personnes font de la collaboration l'un des défis importants de ces prochaines années. La confiance réciproque est identifiée comme une condition importante de cette collaboration, et celle-ci repose, d'après l'expérience de nos participants, sur la (re)connaissance mutuelle entre métiers et sur les relations interpersonnelles, qui voient le jour le plus souvent sur une base territoriale (quartier, commune). Ces acteurs mettent à la fois en évidence la nécessité de se fonder sur les initiatives existantes afin de les renforcer mais aussi de penser des nouveaux modèles, au-delà des dispositifs existant déjà au sein de certaines structures ou régions. Trois axes de recherche seront développés par les chercheurs de Be.Hive pour soutenir cette réflexion : 1° les collaborations interprofessionnelles impliquant les acteurs de l'aide sociale, de l'aide juridique et de la santé ; 2° les outils de la collaboration ; 3° la transformation des rapports entre première et deuxième ligne suite à certaines formes de désinstitutionalisation des soins. Ces trois axes de recherche principaux nourriront la réflexion autour de trois dimensions transversales : la formation, la production et l'analyse de données en première ligne et enfin, le bien-être des professionnels impliqués dans la collaboration. Discussion Ce livre blanc est le produit d'un premier processus participatif incluant l'ensemble des acteurs-clé. Pour Be.Hive, ce processus participatif a été l'occasion d'échanges, d'un temps nécessaire pour passer au-delà de la fragmentation et la méconnaissance mutuelle qui marquent également les chercheurs de Be.Hive, et d'expérimenter la nécessité de cette confiance. Ce processus n'ambitionne pas d'identifier de manière exhaustive tous les défis de la première ligne de soins et de l'aide francophone, mais permet à Be.Hive de se positionner, en proposant une liste déjà fournie de thématiques de recherche et d'enseignement dont voici les principales, qui s'entrecroisent forcément: - Structuration de la première ligne et contribution au quintuple objectif : modes de pratiques très concrètes, modes de financement et organisation territoriale ; - Organisation de la réponse aux situations complexes, en testant des modes d'interaction ; - Participation des personnes et la communauté à la santé et à l'organisation des services ; - Collaboration interprofessionnelle et renforcement des compétences professionnelles.

Contexte Les soins et l'aide de première ligne se caractérisent par une accessibilité universelle, une approche globale, axée sur les objectifs de la personne. Ils sont dispensés par une équipe de professionnels aux compétences généralistes, capables d'assurer la prise en charge de la grande majorité (90%) des problèmes de santé. Ce service doit s'accomplir dans un partenariat durable avec les personnes (usagers des services de santé ou non) et leurs aidants, dans le contexte de la famille et de la communauté locale, et joue un rôle central dans la coordination générale et la continuité des soins dispensés à la population. Si 90% des interactions en santé peuvent être assurées par la première ligne, la qualité d'un système de santé est fortement dépendante de la qualité de sa première ligne de soins et de l'aide. Or, en Belgique francophone, trop peu d'attention était portée jusqu'il y a peu, à cette première ligne de soins et de l'aide. Grâce au soutien du Fonds Dr. Daniël De Coninck, Be.hive vise à soutenir et organiser la recherche, l'enseignement et le partage des connaissances au sujet de la première ligne de soins et de l'aide. Le projet rassemble trois universités (l'Université catholique de Louvain, l'Université de Liège et l'Université Libre de Bruxelles) et trois hautes écoles (Haute Ecole Vinci, HENALLUX et la Haute Ecole Ilya Prigogine). Via son comité de pilotage, Be.Hive est également soutenue par la Plateforme de la Première Ligne Wallonne (PPLW), l'association des aidants proches (ASBL Aidants proches), la Société Scientifique de Médecine Générale (SSMG) et la Ligue des Usagers des Services de Santé (LUSS). Ce livre blanc s'inscrit dans une stratégie globale de Be.Hive, puisqu'il est le résultat d'une analyse littéraire et d'une enquête pour explorer la situation actuelle. C'est sur la base de ce travail que les chercheurs de Be.Hive souhaitent établir un ordre de priorités pour leurs activités de recherche et d'enseignement et attirer l'attention de leurs partenaires sur les urgences perçues par les acteurs de la première ligne. Cet exposé est forcément situé dans le temps, et exprimé sur la base de la réflexion et des données actuellement disponibles aux chercheurs de Be.Hive, et ne vise pas l'exhaustivité. Cette analyse a démarré dès 2019 en explorant la littérature nationale et internationale. Celle-ci, combinée aux expertises des chercheurs au sein de Be.Hive, a permis d'identifier 20 thématiques clés qui, mises ensemble, offraient une grille de lecture des caractéristiques permettant de renforcer la première ligne. Par la suite nous avons voulu capter la perception actuelle des acteurs de la première ligne en Belgique francophone, par une enquête à large échelle et des ateliers thématiques. Pour cela, en octobre 2019, des questionnaires étaient diffusés via les réseaux de Be.Hive. Au total, 5916 personnes ont répondu aux questionnaires en ligne et 130 aux questionnaires papier. En décembre nous avons organisé 5 ateliers thématiques participatifs, en divers endroits à Bruxelles et en Wallonie. Ces ateliers avaient deux objectifs. Le premier était d'approfondir les résultats provenant de l'exploitation des questionnaires et de faire émerger des aspects encore non abordés jusqu'alors. Le second était d'initier une démarche participative avec les acteurs de la première ligne. Au total, plus de 160 personnes extérieures à Be.Hive se sont inscrites aux 5 ateliers, venus d'horizons aussi différents que ceux qui avaient répondu aux questionnaires. Les principaux résultats sont présentés selon 4 axes thématiques présentés ci-dessous. Bien que ces axes soient présentés de manière distincte, leurs thématiques sont interreliées. Tous ont en commun de vouloir, à leur niveau, contribuer au quadruple objectif (Quadruple Aim en anglais) : améliorer la qualité de vie des personnes (et, le cas échéant, de leurs aidants), améliorer la qualité des soins (notamment, en centrant les soins sur les objectifs de vie de la personne), améliorer l'utilisation des ressources et améliorer la qualité de vie des professionnels. A ces quatre objectifs, Be.Hive en propose un cinquième, celui d'améliorer l'enseignement, afin de cadrer avec les missions spécifiques de Be.Hive. Chapitre 1. Enjeux liés à la structuration et au financement de la première ligne Les ateliers ont permis de confirmer largement que la première ligne francophone est peu structurée et que l'offre est peu visible. Une manière d'améliorer cette structuration et d'améliorer la visibilité, renseignée par la littérature scientifique et confirmée dans les ateliers, passe par une organisation avec une approche territoriale (par commune ; dans les villes, par quartier). Une autre approche passe par l'inscription auprès d'un médecin généraliste ou d'une pratique de médecine générale. Selon les données du questionnaire, plus de la moitié des répondants sont tout à fait d'accord avec cela. Ces réponses ouvrent un questionnement intéressant car il s'agit d'une restriction du choix par rapport aux pratiques actuelles, qui pourrait modifier les débats sur la structuration de la première ligne. Ces données mériteront d'être investiguées, pour compléter ces résultats. Le financement de la première ligne figurait dans les 20 thèmes identifiés lors de la revue de la littérature. Nous avons donc interrogé les professionnels par rapport à leur degré de satisfaction concernant la répartition du financement et du mode de paiement actuel et trouvé qu'ils n'en sont que moyennement satisfaits. Au travers de nos recherches futures, nous souhaitons étudier ces thématiques de façon multidisciplinaire, afin d'intégrer les perceptions des parties prenantes dans des propositions concrètes pour l'avenir. Ceci permettra de nourrir le débat sociétal autour de la territorialisation et a le potentiel pour améliorer la visibilité et l'image de la première ligne, pour le plus grand bénéfice de tous. Chapitre 2. L'accompagnement de la personne vivant une situation complexe La complexité représente une épreuve contemporaine majeure qui s'inscrit au cœur des missions de la première ligne. Elle est associée à l'incertitude et l'imprévisibilité que représente une situation en raison de l'interaction entre des éléments relatifs à la santé physique, psychique et aux conditions de vie, sociales et économiques. Elle nécessite le développement d'actions globales et coordonnées entre plusieurs professions, organisations et secteurs. De plus, elle implique de mobiliser les connaissances des personnes, afin de concevoir des réponses articulant leurs priorités et celles des professionnels. Les questionnaires et les ateliers Be.Hive ont mis en évidence une asymétrie importante dans la participation des professionnels, des personnes et des aidants proches à la définition des situations complexes. Ce constat s'applique aux niveaux de la recherche et de la relation de soins. Cette asymétrie est à l'origine d'incompréhensions provoquant à la fois l'insatisfaction des professionnels et le désengagement des personnes de leurs parcours de soins. Dès lors, nous en appelons à renforcer la communication et l'écoute entre les acteurs, ce qui nécessite de faire évoluer le contenu des formations des professionnels mais aussi les modes de financement des soins de santé. De plus, nous mettons en avant une approche symétrique de la complexité, à partir de laquelle penser l'adaptation, ou « résilience de la première ligne », face aux situations complexes. Cette approche est fondée sur deux axes de recherche. Le premier axe initie un dialogue entre la demande exprimée par les personnes, que nous distinguons des besoins perçus par les professionnels, et les nouvelles fonctions professionnelles et modes d'organisation, par exemple le case management ou les suivis multidisciplinaires, qui se développent en première ligne. Le second axe porte spécifiquement sur les questions de l'accès, du recours, du non-recours, ou du recours dit « non approprié » des personnes vues comme vulnérables à la première ligne. Il soulève la dimension relationnelle de l'accès et du recours à partir des représentations et expériences des personnes, avant de les mettre en lien avec le vécu des professionnels. Chapitre 3. La participation communautaire au service de la première ligne L'approche de santé communautaire se concrétise par la collaboration des acteurs d'une communauté (personnes, professionnels de santé, institutions) autour d'un éventail d'actions qui s'étend de l'analyse des besoins à la mise en œuvre de services de santé et leur évaluation. Cet axe de travail s'ancre sur le constat d'un manque de proximité du système de santé. Or, la première ligne en Belgique francophone se trouve dans une position privilégiée pour renforcer cette proximité, comme nous avons pu l'observer au travers de plusieurs initiatives intéressantes. A défaut, ce manque de proximité se marque notamment lorsque les activités de promotion ou de prévention de la santé n'atteignent pas leur public-cible. Au travers d'initiatives renforçant la proximité, nous avons pu observer que là où les personnes sont engagées comme véritables partenaires en première ligne, le système de santé s'en trouve renforcé. Par conséquent, au cours de nos recherches futures, nous souhaitons investiguer les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques des professionnels de santé et des personnes sur la santé communautaire, dans une logique de proximité géographique, relationnelle et institutionnelle. Dans ce domaine également, Be.Hive souhaite participer à la diffusion des connaissances sur l'existant. Cela implique qu'une vieille informationnelle doit être mise en œuvre afin d'avoir accès aux innovations en matière de participation communautaire. Be.Hive a le potentiel de se construire sur l'existant, afin de participer à l'évaluation et la diffusion des pratiques prometteuses, notamment par le biais de l'évaluation participative. Chapitre 4. Collaboration interprofessionnelle et développement des compétences La professionnalisation des différents métiers depuis le 19ème siècle, a été suivie par une division du travail entre métiers relativement forte. Or, les transformations des politiques de santé, des pratiques professionnelles et des profils de personnes font de la collaboration l'un des défis importants de ces prochaines années. La confiance réciproque est identifiée comme une condition importante de cette collaboration, et celle-ci repose, d'après l'expérience de nos participants, sur la (re)connaissance mutuelle entre métiers et sur les relations interpersonnelles, qui voient le jour le plus souvent sur une base territoriale (quartier, commune). Ces acteurs mettent à la fois en évidence la nécessité de se fonder sur les initiatives existantes afin de les renforcer mais aussi de penser des nouveaux modèles, au-delà des dispositifs existant déjà au sein de certaines structures ou régions. Trois axes de recherche seront développés par les chercheurs de Be.Hive pour soutenir cette réflexion : 1° les collaborations interprofessionnelles impliquant les acteurs de l'aide sociale, de l'aide juridique et de la santé ; 2° les outils de la collaboration ; 3° la transformation des rapports entre première et deuxième ligne suite à certaines formes de désinstitutionalisation des soins. Ces trois axes de recherche principaux nourriront la réflexion autour de trois dimensions transversales : la formation, la production et l'analyse de données en première ligne et enfin, le bien-être des professionnels impliqués dans la collaboration. Discussion Ce livre blanc est le produit d'un premier processus participatif incluant l'ensemble des acteurs-clé. Pour Be.Hive, ce processus participatif a été l'occasion d'échanges, d'un temps nécessaire pour passer au-delà de la fragmentation et la méconnaissance mutuelle qui marquent également les chercheurs de Be.Hive, et d'expérimenter la nécessité de cette confiance. Ce processus n'ambitionne pas d'identifier de manière exhaustive tous les défis de la première ligne de soins et de l'aide francophone, mais permet à Be.Hive de se positionner, en proposant une liste déjà fournie de thématiques de recherche et d'enseignement dont voici les principales, qui s'entrecroisent forcément: - Structuration de la première ligne et contribution au quintuple objectif : modes de pratiques très concrètes, modes de financement et organisation territoriale ; - Organisation de la réponse aux situations complexes, en testant des modes d'interaction ; - Participation des personnes et la communauté à la santé et à l'organisation des services ; - Collaboration interprofessionnelle et renforcement des compétences professionnelles.

Tradizionalmente, l'epidemiologia descrittiva viene considerata come un semplice strumento esplorativo. Tuttavia, nel corso degli anni, la maggiore disponibilità e il miglioramento della qualità dei dati epidemiologici hanno portato allo sviluppo di nuove tecniche statistiche che caratterizzano l'epidemiologia moderna. Questi metodi non sono solo esplicativi, ma anche predittivi. In ambito di sanità pubblica, le previsioni degli andamenti futuri di morbilità e mortalità sono essenziali per valutare le strategie di prevenzione, la gestione delle malattie e per pianificare l'allocazione delle risorse. Durante il mio dottorato di ricerca in "Epidemiologia, Ambiente e Sanità Pubblica" ho lavorato all'analisi degli andamenti di mortalità per tumore, utilizzando principalmente la banca dati della World Health Organization (WHO), ma anche quella della Pan American Health Organization, dell'Eurostat, della United Nation Population Division, dello United States Census Bureau e la banca dati del Japanese National Institute of Population. Considerando diversi siti neoplastici e diversi paesi nel mondo, ho calcolato i tassi specifici per ogni classe di età quinquennale (da 0-4 a 80+ o 85+ anni), e singolo anno di calendario o quinquennio. Per poter confrontare i tassi fra diversi paesi, ho calcolato, utilizzando il metodo diretto sulla base della popolazione mondiale standard, i tassi di mortalità standardizzati per età per 100.000 anni-persona. Nella maggior parte delle analisi, ho poi applicato il modello di regressione joinpoint ai tassi standardizzati con lo scopo di individuare gli anni in cui erano avvenuti cambiamenti significativi nell'andamento dei tassi; per ogni segmento individuato dalla regressione joinpoint, ho calcolato le variazioni percentuali annue. Inoltre, mi sono concentrata sulle proiezioni degli andamenti futuri. Con l'obiettivo di individuare il segmento più recente dell'andamento di mortalità, ho applicato il modello di regressione joinpoint al numero di morti in ogni gruppo di età quinquennale. Quindi, ho utilizzato i Modelli Lineari Generalizzati (GLM), scegliendo la distribuzione di Poisson e diverse funzioni link, sui dati dell'ultimo segmento individuato dal modello joinpoint. In particolare, ho considerato le funzioni link identità, logaritmica, quinta potenza e radice quadrata. Ho anche implementato un algoritmo che genera una regressione "ibrida"; questo algoritmo seleziona automaticamente, in base al valore della statistica Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), il modello GLM Poisson più performante, tra quelli generati dalle funzioni link di identità, logaritmica, quinta potenza e radice quadrata, da applicare a ciascuna classe di età quinquennale. La regressione risultante, sull'insieme dei singoli gruppi di età, è quindi una combinazione dei modelli considerati. Quindi, applicando i coefficienti ottenuti dalle quattro regressioni GLM Poisson e dalla regressione ibrida sugli anni di previsione, ho ottenuto le stime predette del numero di morti. A seguire, utilizzando il numero di morti predetto e le popolazioni predette, ho stimato i tassi previsti specifici per età e i corrispondenti intervalli di previsione al 95% (PI). Infine, come ulteriore modello di confronto, ho costruito un modello medio, che semplicemente calcola una media delle stime prodotte dai diversi modelli GLM Poisson. Al fine di confrontare fra loro i sei diversi metodi di previsione, ho utilizzato i dati relativi a 21 paesi in tutto il mondo e all'Unione Europea nel suo complesso, e ho considerato 25 maggiori cause di morte. Ho selezionato solo i paesi con oltre 5 milioni di abitanti e solo i paesi per i quali erano disponibili dati di buona qualità (ovvero con almeno il 90% di coverage). Ho analizzato i dati del periodo temporale compreso tra il 1980 e il 2011 e, in particolare, ho applicato i vari modelli sui dati dal 1980 al 2001 con l'idea di prevedere i tassi sul periodo 2002-2011, e ho poi utilizzato i dati effettivamente disponibili dal 2002 al 2011 per valutare le stime predette. Quindi, per misurare l'accuratezza predittiva dei diversi metodi, ho calcolato la deviazione relativa assoluta media (AARD). Questa quantità indica la deviazione media percentuale del valore stimato dal valore vero. Ho calcolato gli AARD su un periodo di previsione di 5 anni (i.e. 2002-2006), e anche su un periodo di 10 anni (i.e. 2002-2011). Dalle analisi è emerso che il modello ibrido non sempre forniva le migliori stime di previsione e, anche quando risultava il migliore, i corrispondenti valori di AARD non erano poi molto lontani da quelli degli altri metodi. Tuttavia, le proiezioni ottenute utilizzando il modello ibrido, per qualsiasi combinazione di sito di tumore e sesso, non sono mai risultate le peggiori. Questo modello è una sorta di compromesso tra le quattro funzioni link considerate. Anche il modello medio fornisce stime intermedie rispetto alle altre regressioni: non è mai risultato il miglior metodo di previsione, ma i suoi AARD erano competitivi rispetto agli altri metodi considerati. Complessivamente, il modello che mostra le migliori prestazioni predittive è il GLM Poisson con funzione link identità. Inoltre, questo metodo ha mostrato AARD estremamente bassi rispetto agli altri metodi, in particolare considerando un periodo di proiezione di 10 anni. Infine, bisogna tenere in considerazione che gli andamenti previsti, e i corrispondenti AARD, ottenuti da proiezioni su periodi di 5 anni sono molto più accurati rispetto a quelli su periodi di 10 anni. Le proiezioni ottenute con questi metodi per periodi superiori a 5 anni perdono in affidabilità e la loro utilità in sanità pubblica risulta quindi limitata. Durante l'implementazione della regressione ibrida e durante le analisi sono rimaste aperte alcune questioni: ci sono altri modelli rilevanti che possono essere aggiunti all'algoritmo? In che misura la regressione joinpoint influenza le proiezioni? Come trovare una regola "a priori" che aiuti a scegliere quale metodo predittivo applicare in base alle varie covariate disponibili? Tutte queste domande saranno tenute in considerazione per gli sviluppi futuri del progetto. Prevedere gli andamenti futuri è un processo complesso, le stime risultanti dovrebbero quindi essere considerate con cautela e solo come indicazioni generali in ambito epidemiologico e di pianificazione sanitaria. ; Descriptive epidemiology has traditionally only been concerned with the definition of a research problem's scope. However, the greater availability and improvement of epidemiological data over the years has led to the development of new statistical techniques that have characterized modern epidemiology. These methods are not only explanatory, but also predictive. In public health, predictions of future morbidity and mortality trends are essential to evaluate strategies for disease prevention and management, and to plan the allocation of resources. During my PhD at the school of "Epidemiology, Environment and Public Health" I worked on the analysis of cancer mortality trends, using data from the World Health Organization (WHO) database, available on electronic support (WHOSIS), and from other databases, including the Pan American Health Organization database, the Eurostat database, the United Nation Population Division database, the United States Census Bureau and the Japanese National Institute of Population database. Considering several cancer sites and several countries worldwide, I computed age-specific rates for each 5-year age-group (from 0–4 to 80+ or 85+ years) and calendar year or quinquennium. I then computed age-standardized mortality rates per 100,000 person-years using the direct method on the basis of the world standard population. I performed joinpoint models in order to identify the years when significant changes in trends occurred and I calculated the corresponding annual percent changes. Moreover, I focused on projections. I fitted joinpoint models to the numbers of certified deaths in each 5-year age-group in order to identify the most recent trend slope. Then, I applied Generalized Liner Model (GLM) Poisson regressions, considering different link functions, to the data over the time period identified by the joinpoint model. In particular, I considered the identity link, the logarithmic link, the power five link and the square root link. I also implemented an algorithm that generated a "hybrid" regression; this algorithm automatically selects the best fitting GLM Poisson model, among the identity, logarithmic, power five, and square root link functions, to apply for each age-group according to Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values. The resulting regression is a combination of the considered models. Thus, I computed the predicted age-specific numbers of deaths and rates, and the corresponding 95% prediction intervals (PIs) using the regression coefficients obtained previously from the four GLM Poisson regressions and from the hybrid GLM Poisson regression. Lastly, as a further comparison model, I implemented an average model, which just computes a mean of the estimates produced by the different considered GLM Poisson models. In order to compare the six different prediction methods, I used data from 21 countries worldwide and for the European Union as a whole, I considered 25 major causes of death. I selected countries with over 5 million inhabitants and with good quality data (i.e. with at least 90% of coverage). I analysed data for the period between 1980 and 2011 and, in particular, I considered data from 1980 to 2001 as a training dataset, and from 2002 to 2011 as a validation set. To measure the predictive accuracy of the different models, I computed the average absolute relative deviations (AARDs). These indicate the average percent deviation from the true value. I calculated AARDs on 5-year prediction period (i.e. 2002-2006), as well as for 10-year period (i.e. 2002-2011). The results showed that the hybrid model did not give always the best predictions, and when it was the best, the corresponding AARD estimates were not very far from the other methods. However, the hybrid model projections, for any combination of cancer site and sex, were never the worst. It acted as a compromise between the four considered models. The average model is also ranked in an intermediate position: it never was the best predictive method, but its AARDs were competitive compared to the other methods considered. Overall, the method that shows the best predictive performance is the Poisson GLM with an identity link function. Furthermore, this method, showed extremely low AARDs compared to other methods, particularly when I considered a 10-year projection period. Finally, we must take into account that predicted trends and corresponding AARDs derived from 5-year projections are much more accurate than those done over a 10-year period. Projections beyond five years with these methods lack reliability and become of limited use in public health. During the implementation of the algorithm and the analyses, several questions emerged: Are there other relevant models that can be added to the algorithm? How much does the Joinpoint regression influence projections? How to find an "a priori" rule that helps in choosing which predictive method apply according to various available covariates? All these questions are set aside for the future developments of the project. Prediction of future trends is a complex procedure, the resulting estimates should be taken with caution and considered only as general indications for epidemiology and health planning.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nilahalli-3 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 409 ha in Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought-prone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 320 ha (78%) in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 89 ha (22%) by others (habitation and water bodies). The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 10 soil series and 19 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use class.  The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 250 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 37 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are moderately deep to very deep (75 - >150 cm) and 41 per cent soils are shallow to moderately shallow (25-75 cm).  About 43 per cent area in the microwatershed has loamy soils, 27 per cent clayey soils and 9 per cent are sandy at the surface.  About 65per cent area of the microwatershed has non gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  Entire area in the microwatershed has very gently sloping (1-3% slope) lands.  An area of about 76 per cent are moderately (e2) eroded and 3 per cent area is severely (e3) eroded.  An area of about 4 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) in soil reaction, 13 per cent soils are slightly alkaline (pH 7.3-7.8), 31 per cent soils are moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 - 8.4), 25 per cent soils are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0) and 5 per cent soils are very strongly alkaline (pH >9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils in the entire area of the microwatershed is dominantly 0.75%) in organic carbon.  About4 per cent area is low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 26 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 33 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in 35 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Entire area in the microwatershed is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in available iron.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 298(73) Sapota - - Maize - 147(36) Pomegranate - 152(36) Bajra - 298(72) Musambi - 152(37) Groundnut - 78(19) Lime - 152(37) Sunflower - 151(37) Amla - 298(73) Redgram - 127(31) Cashew - - Bengal gram 24 (6) 274(67) Jackfruit - - Cotton 24 (6) 274(67) Jamun - 142(34) Chilli - 298(72) Custard apple - 298(73) Tomato - 147(36) Tamarind - 142(34) Drumstick - 151(36) Mulberry - - Mango - - Marigold - 298(72) Guava - - Chrysanthemum - 298(72)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nilahalli-3 is located at North latitude 160 38' 0.588" and 160 36' 23.07" and East longitude 770 16' 25.108'' and 770 14' 47.381" covering an area of about 409.04 ha coming under Neelahalli, Kudlura and Killanakera Villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nilahalli-3 micro watersheds of Kilankeri subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nilahalli-3 micro-watershed among households surveyed 4 (11.43%) were marginal, 15 (42.86%) were small, 14 (40.00 %) were semi medium and 1 (2.86 %) were medium farmers. 1 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 102 (59.30%) men and 69 (40.12 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4, marginal farmers were 5.3, small farmers were 4.9, semi medium farmers were 4.9 and medium farmers were 4.  Majority of the respondents (45.93%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 51.74 per cent illiterates, 1.74 percent were functional literates, 43.01 per cent pre university education and 3.49 per cent attained graduation.  About, 94.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 5.71 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 58.72 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 88.57 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 0.00 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 77.14 per cent possess TV, 62.86 per cent possess mixer grinder, 88.57 per cent possess mobile phones and 28.57 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 57.14 per cent of the households possess plough and 17.14 per cent possess bullock cart.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 20.00 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own men and women labour availability in the micro watershed was 9.92 each, while the hired labour (men) availability was 1.34.  Further, 2.86 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 66.26 per cent (53.61 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 24.38 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 9.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 25.71 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Cotton, Groundnut cropping intensity was recorded as 96.53 per cent.  Out of the sample households 2.86 percent possessed bank account and 2.86 per cent of them have savings in the account.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 100.00 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Cotton and Groundnut was Rs.23410.27 , 26041.35 and 56704.52 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 1.90 and 1: 1.24 respectively.  Further, 5.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.71 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 81817.14 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 55431.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 4 horticulture trees and 106 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 8428.57 for land development and Rs. 1000.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 5.71 per cent depends on own funds and 60.00 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 82.86 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (68.57%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 82.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 100.00 per cent of the households.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 94.29 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 100.00 per cent of the households possessed BPL card. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (77.14%) and oilseeds (14.29%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (85.71%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (2.86%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (80.00%), high rate of interest on credit (5.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (85.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.71%), inadequate extension services (2.86%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (60.00%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Chilayadgi-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 450 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 92 per cent is covered by soils, 2 per cent by rock outcrops and six per cent water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 15 soil series and 23 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is about 150 cm) in soil depth.  About 20 per cent area has clayey soils at the surface and 68 per cent area has loamy and 5 per cent area sandy soils.  About 37 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 8 per cent area has nearly level (0-1%), 76 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) and 9 per cent area has gently sloping (3-5%) lands.  An area of about 33 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and 60 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 17 per cent has soils that are moderately to lightly acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 27 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3) and 48 per cent are slightly to strongly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the entire soils is 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 35 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 15 per cent of the soils are low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 44 per cent area, 41 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 7 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 63 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 41 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 88 (20) 74 (17) Pomegranate 73 (16) 119 (26) Maize 72 (16) 73 (16) Guava 67 (15) 107 (24) Bajra 81 (18) 112 (25) Jackfruit 73 (16) 102 (23) Red gram 52 (12) 92 (21) Jamun 21 (5) 151 (33) Bengalgram 31 (7) 152 (34) Musambi 89 (20) 103 (23) Groundnut 16 (3) 248 (55) Lime 89 (20) 103 (23) Sunflower 68 (15) 56 (12) Cashew 88 (19) 141 (31) Cotton 22 (5) 161 (36) Custard apple 119 (26) 240 (54) Chilli 72 (16) 74 (17) Amla 103 (23) 256 (57) Tomato 72 (16) 73 (16) Tamarind 21 (5) 118 (26) Drumstick 52 (12) 146 (32) Marigold 72 (16) 90 (20) Mulbery 52 (12) 268 (59) Chrysanthemum 72 (16) 90 (20) Mango 21 (5) 77 (17) Jasmine 72 (16) 73 (16) Sapota 73 (16) 102 (23) Crossandra 72 (16) 73 (16) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Chilayadgi-1 is located at North latitude 150 24' 12.392" and 150 22' 56.964" and East longitude 760 11' 36.107'' and 760 9' 10.139" covering an area of about 450.05 ha coming under Chilavadagi and Tenakanakalu Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Chilayadgi-1 micro watersheds of Bhagyanagar subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Chilayadgi-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 12 (34.29%) were marginal, 8 (22.86%) were small, 9 (25.71 %) were semi medium and 2 (5.71 %) were medium farmers. 4 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 103 (57.22%) men and 77 (42.78 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.8, marginal farmers were 5.2, small farmers were 4.6, semi medium farmers were 5.4 and medium farmers were 6.5.  Majority of the respondents (43.89%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 28.89 per cent illiterates, 1.67 percent were functional literates, 67.23 per cent pre university education and 2.78 per cent attained graduation.  About, 65.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 31.43 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 23.33 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 97.14 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 80.00 per cent possess TV, 60.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 71.43 per cent possess mobile phones and 31.43 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 60.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart and 20.00 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 11.43 per cent possess local cow.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.71, women available in the micro watershed was 1.23, hired labour (men) available was 18.55 and hired labour (women) available was 18.42. 2  Further, 37.14 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 53.47 per cent (35.94 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 46.53 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 12.00 live bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 37.15 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bengal gram, Cotton, Bajra and Groundnut and cropping intensity was recorded as 80.82 per cent.  Out of the sample households 5.71 percent possessed bank account and 5.71 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 5.71 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bengal gram, Cotton, Bajra and Groundnut was Rs.29975.59, 18785.35, 27887.32, 34465.31 and 50936.92 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.50, 1: 4.90, 1: 1.40, 1: 0.70 and 1:1.30 respectively.  Further, 14.29 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 31.43 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 72562.86 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 58557.14 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 40 horticulture trees and 46 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 742.86 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 8.57 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 51.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 40.00 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 105.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (51.43%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 42.86 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 97.14 per cent of the households and 2.86 per cent households has LPG connection. 3  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 62.86 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 62.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 94.29 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 5.71 per cent of the household's possessed APL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (65.71%) and oilseeds (5.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (60.00%) wild animal menace on farm field (20.00%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (71.43%), inadequacy of irrigation water (8.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (34.29%), high rate of interest on credit (25.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (31.43%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (14.29%), inadequate extension services (5.71%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (20.00%), Less rainfall (37.14%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (34.29%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

ABSTRAK Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh tenaga kerja dan investasi terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa Tahun 2011-2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017 yang diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Teknik metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effetc Cross-Section Weight. Data diolah menggunakan Eviews 9.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja berpengaruh positif tetapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolaan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. Tenaga kerja dan investasi secara bersama-sama berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemiskinan dengan nilai F statistik 4508.827 dan Prob (F-statistic) 0,000000. Kata Kunci : PDRB Industri Pengolahan, Tenaga Kerja sektor industri, Investasi PMA sektor industri dan Investasi PMDN sektor industri. PENGARUH TENAGA KERJA DAN INVESTASI TERHADAP PDRB INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN DI PULAU JAWA1. Latar BelakangPDRB Industri Pengolahan merupakan sektor yang berkontribusi besar terhadap perekonomian. Sektor industri dianggap sebagai mesin pertumbuhan ekonomi. Menurut Kusumantoro (2009), kebijakan pembangunan strategis sektoral adalah kebijakan pembangunan di sektor industri. Sektor tersebut dipandang sebagai sektor yang memiliki tingkat produktivitas tinggi, sehingga keunggulannya akan diperoleh nilai tambah yang tinggi. Oleh karena itu, tujuan menciptakan kesejahteraan ekonomi masyarakat dapat lebih cepat direalisasikan dengan mengembangkan sektor ini. Pulau Jawa memiliki nilai kontribusi yang besar dalam perekonomian nasional yang sebagian besar kontribusinya pada PDRB Industri Pengolahan. Disamping itu, karena perannya yang sangat penting dalam perekonomian, PDRB Industri pengolahan dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Semakin bertambah besar lapangan kerja yang tersedia maka akan menyebabkan semakin meningkatnya pertumbuhan ekonomi di suatu daerah. Sedangkan dengan adanya investasi maka kapasitas dalam produksi akan meningkat yang kemudian akan mempengaruhi output yang dihasilkan. Meningkatnya output akan menyebabkan peningkatan pada PDRB. Akan tetapi, tenaga kerja dan investasi selalu mengalami fluktasi yang naik turun. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini untuk melihat apakah tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA/PMDN sektor industri berpengaruh terhadap terbentuknya PDRB industri pengolahan.2. PermasalahanAdapun Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini sebagai berikut :Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017?Apakah terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan investasi PMDN terhadap PDRB Industri Pengolahan di Pulau Jawa tahun 2011-2017? 3. Tujuan PenelitianUntuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh tenaga kerja sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMA di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.Untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa pengaruh investasi PMDN di sektor industri terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan di Pulau Jawa.4. Metode PenelitianPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bukti empiris atau menguji penjelasan sebab dan akibat yang berbentuk berbentuk regresi berganda. Dan penelitian ini menunjukkan arah hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat disamping mengukur kekuatan hubungannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan periode observasi 2011-2017. Data yang digunakan bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) di Pulau Jawa maupun publikasi lainnya yang terkait. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi berganda data panel dengan model regresi Fixed Effect Cross-Section Weights. Data diolah dengan menggunakan Eviews 9. 5. Hasil dan PembahasanHasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif tapi tidak signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien 0,048110 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,7183. Tenaga kerja sektor industri berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,104161 dan nilai probabilitas uji t statistik sebesar 0,0000 atau lebih kecil dari taraf signifikan 5% atau sebesar 0,05. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan dengan koefisien sebesar 0,052172 dan nilai probabilitas sebesar 0,0018. 6. Kesimpulan dan rekomendasiKesimpulanTenaga kerja sektor industri menunjukkan pengaruh positif tapi signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMA berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap PDRB industri pengolahan. Investasi PMDN berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain itu uji determinasi (R2) menunjukkan bahwa 99,90% variabel bebas (tenaga kerja sektor industri, investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri) mempengaruhi variabel terikat (PDRB industri pengolahan), sisanya dipengaruhi oleh variabel diluar variabel bebas.RekomendasiMengingat peran PDRB industri pengolahan yang memiliki kontribusi yang besar terhadap perekonomian yang dipengaruhi oleh tenaga kerja sektor industri dan investasi PMA dan PMDN di sektor industri. Pemerintah dan pengusaha diharapkan dapat mendorong terus adanya perbaikan kondisi pekerja dan lingkungannya, sehingga tingkat upah dan produktivitas diharapkan tumbuh selaras dan dapat memperbaiki kondisi kesejahteraan pekerja di Pulau Jawa. Serta menetapkan regulasi-regulasi tentang cara dan persyaratan investasi yang mudah diterima oleh para investor, adanya jaminan stabiltas politik, keamanan dan penegakan hukum yang konsisten, menyediakan informasi yang akurat untuk para investor, mewujudkan mekanisme pelayanan atu pintu yang efektif untutk calon investor.DAFTAR PUSTAKAAbbas, Q. (2011). "Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Gross Domestic Product." Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume 11(8), 35-39. Global Journals Inc. (USA).Arifin, Z. (2012). "Analisis Spasial Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Industri Manufaktur Besar dan Sedang di Pulau Jawa."Jurnal HumanityVol.7 No2, 111-116. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.Ariska, N., Hanim,A. (2016)."Dampak Investasi Sektor Industri Pengolahan Terhadap Perekonomian Jawa Timur (Pendekatan Analisis Input-Output). Artikel Ilmiah Mahasiswa. Universitas Jember.Arsyad, L. (2015). Ekonomi Industri. Universitas Terbuka: Banten.Basir, M. (2012). "Foreign Direct Investment in Java Island, Indonesia". International Journal of Business Vol 1(1), 1-9. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.Badan Pusat Statistik. (2012-2018). Keadaan Angkatan Kerja Indonesia: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka. DKI Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). Jawa Barat Barat Dalam Angka. Jawa Barat: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). Jawa Tengah Dalam Angka. Jawa Tengah: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). D.I Yogyakarta Dalam Angka. D.I Yogyakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). Jawa Timur Dalam Angka. Jawa Timur: Badan Pusat Statistik. --- . (2012-2018). Benten Dalam Angka. Benten: Badan Pusat Statistik.Fadilah, N., Nuraini, I. (2017). "Pengaruh Industri, Tenaga Kerja Industri dan PDRB Sektor Industri Terhadap Disparitas Pendapatan Antar Wilayah Provinsi Jawa Timur."Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 1(4), 441-452. Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang.Feriyanto, N. (2014). Ekonomi Sumber Daya Manusia. UPP STIM YKPN: D.I Yogyakarta.Gamot, A. (2012)."Dampak Tenaga Kerja Sektor Industri Terhadap Produk Dmestik Regional Bruto, Pajak, Investasi dan Upah di Kota Batam."Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen, Vol 8(1), 13-21.Program Studi Agribisnis - Universitas Terbuka.Glassburner, B., Chandra, A.(1985). Teori dan Kebijaksanaan Ekonomi Makro. DKI Jakarta: LP3ESGuechHeang, L., Moolio, P. (2013). "The Relationship between Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investment: The Case of Cambodia." KASBIT Business Journal Volume 6:87-99. University of Cambodia.Gujarati, D. (2004). Basic Econometrics, Fourth Edition. United States of America:McGraw-Hill.Gujarati, D. (2001). Ekonometrika Dasar. DKI Jakarta: Erlangga.Hasibuan, J.(2013). "Analisis Kontribusi Sektor Industri Terhadap PDRB Kota Medan."Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan, 2(1),53-61Irmawati, S (2015). "The Analysis on Leading industries in Central Java Province". JEJAK Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 8 (2), 215-228. Semarang State University, Indonesia.Karlita,B.S dan Yusuf, E. (2013). "Pengaruh Investasi, Tenaga Kerja, Dan Ekspor Terhadap PDRB Sektor Industri Di Kota Semarang Tahun 1993-2010". Diponegoro Journal Of Economics . Vol 2,No. 4.Kuncoro, M. (2001). Metode Kuantitatif: Teori dan Aplikasi Untuk Binsis dan Ekonomi. Yogyakarta: AMP YKPNKurniasih, E.P., Agustini, Y. (2016). "Pengaruh Investasi PMDN, PMA dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Jumlah Penduduk Miskin Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat". Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan Vol. 6(2), 97-119.Kurniasih, E.P. (2017). "Effect of economic growth on income inequality, labor absorption, and welfare". Economic Journal of Emerging Markets Vol. 9 (2), 181-188.Kurniasih, E.P. (2016). "Produktivitas Tenaga Kerja dan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. SEMNAS FEKON.Lintang, A., Rahman, Y. (2015). "Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi PDRB Kabupaten/Kota Jawa Tengah Tahun 2018-2012".Journal of Economics and Policy 8 (1), 88-99. Universitas Negeri Semarang.Mahyudi, A. (2014). Ekonomi Pembangunan & Analisis Data Empiris. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.Melyani, M., Maria, A. (2015). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDRB Sektor Industri di Provinsi Jawa Barat".Jurnal Media Ekonomi Vol. 23 No. 3. Universitas Trisakti,Menajang, H. (2014). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Kota Manado". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Studi Pembangunan Vol 13 (1), 1-16. Universitas Sam RatulangiPriyarsono, D., Siregar, H. (2017). "Kinerja Sektor Industri Manufaktur Provinsi Jawa Barat Berdasarkan Lokasi di Dalam dan di Luar Kawasan Industri."Jurnal Manajemen Teknologi16(3), 241-257. Insitut Pertanian Bogor.Purwasih,H. (2017). "Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Sektor Industri Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Kabupaten Sidoarjo."Jurnal Ekonomi Vol.5 No1.Universitas Negeri Surabaya.Rindayati, W., dkk. (2016). "Spatial Consentration and Factors that Affect the Competitiveness of Province Superior Industries in Indonesia". Journal of Economics and Development Studies Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 13-21. American Research Institute for Policy Development.Rosyidi, S. (2000). Pengantar Ilmu Ekonomi. DKI Jakarta: Erlangga.Salim, M. (2013). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDRB Provinsi Papua". Jurnal Manajemen dan Akuntansi (FJMA) Vol 1(1), 1-9. Universitas Yapis Papua, IndonesiaSarwono. (2016). "Analysis of Economic Growth Factors in West Pantura Areas of Central Java." Journal of Economics and Policy Vol 9 (1), 145-158. Diponegoro University, IndonesiaSholihah, I.M., dkk. (2017). "Analisis Investasi Sektor Industri Manufaktur, Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Indonesia". Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika Vol.12 (1), 11-22.Susilo,H.(2012)."Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap Output Sektor Industri Kecil Analisis Panel Data."Jurnal Studi Ekonomi Indonesia, Vol1-14. Universitas Sebelas Maret Jawa Tengah.Sulaksono, A.(2012). "Pengaruh Investasi dan Tenaga Kerja Terhadap PDB Sektor Pertambangan di Indonesia."Jurnal Ekonomi Bisnis Volume 20 No. 1,16-24. Universitas Gunadarma Jawa Barat.Sukirno, S. (2001). Pengantar Teori Mikro Ekonomi. Rajawali Pers. DKI Jakarta.Todaro, P., Smith, C. (2003). Pembangunan Ekonomi di Dunia Ketiga. DKI Jakarta: Erlangga.Wahyudi, T. (2010). "Regional Patterns of manufacturing Industries: a Study of manufacturing Industries in Java Region, Indonesia". Journal of Development Volume XXXVII No. 1, 96-115. Faculty of Economics and Business, Brawijaya University, MalangZulfiatan,T.P. (2016). 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Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Nageshanahalli-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 588 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 21 per cent is covered by soils, 77 per cent by rock outcrops and two per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 9 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm) soils.  About 7 per cent area has clayey soils, 5 per cent loamy soils and 9 per cent sandy soils at the surface.  About 9 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  About 21 per cent area has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in about 5 per cent, low (57 kg/ha) in 14 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 9 per cent area, 8 per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and 5 per cent is high (>1.0 ppm).  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in 14 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 7 per cent area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Highly suitable(S1) Moderately suitable(S2) Sorghum 52 (9) 59 (10) Pomegranate 23 (4) 81 (14) Maize 13 (2) 60 (10) Guava 23 (4) 42 (7) Bajra 13 (2) 59 (10) Jackfruit 23 (4) 42 (7) Red gram 13 (2) 92 (15) Jamun 2 (<1) 103 (17) Bengalgram 39 (7) 73 (12) Musambi 62 (11) 42 (7) Groundnut 23 (4) 49 (8) Lime 62 (11) 42 (7) Sunflower 52 (9) 52 (9) Cashew 23 (4) 42 (7) Cotton 39 (7) 72 (12) Custard apple 104 (18) 7 (1) Chilli 13 (2) 60 (10) Amla 23 (4) 87 (15) Tomato 13 (2) 60 (10) Tamarind 2 (<1) 61 (10) Drumstick 23 (4) 81 (14) Marigold 13 (2) 98 (17) Mulberry 23 (4) 81 (14) Chrysanthemum 13 (2) 98 (17) Mango 2 (<1) 22 (4) Jasmine 13 (2) 59 (10) Sapota 23 (4) 42 (7) Crossandra 13 (2) 71 (12) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.  Drainage line treatment and soil and water conservation treatment plans have been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub-marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Nageshanahalli-2 is located at North latitude 760 22' 35.076" and 760 20' 35.746" and East longitude 150 24' 45.725" and 150 23' 27.228" covering an area of about 587.79 ha coming under Kumar Ramanakunta and Nageshanahalli villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Nageshanahalli-2 micro watersheds of Kerehalli subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 35 farmers were sampled in Nageshanahalli-2 micro-watershed among households surveyed 5 (14.29%) were marginal, 12 (34.29%) were small, 11 (31.43 %) were semi medium, 1 (2.86 %) were medium large farmers. 6 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 88 (59.06%) men and 61 (40.94 %) were women. The average population of landless was 4.3, marginal farmers were 5, small farmers were 3.8, semi medium farmers were 4.3 and medium farmers were 5.  Majority of the respondents (42.95%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 34.90 per cent illiterates, 65.78 per cent pre university education and 2.01 per cent attained graduation.  About, 85.71 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 17.14 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 50.34 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 91.43 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 2.86 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 88.57 per cent possess TV, 60.00 per cent possess mixer grinder, 97.14 per cent possess mobile phones and 25.71 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 40.00 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.86 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart and 14.29 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.69, women available in the micro watershed was 1.38, hired labour (men) available was 11.17 and hired labour (women) available was 8.79.  Further, 11.43 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate during the agricultural season. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 58.68 per cent (42.29 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 41.32 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 8.00 live bore wells and 1.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore/open well was the major source of irrigation for 22.86 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Bajra, Paddy, Mango and Sugarcane and cropping intensity was recorded as 93.62 per cent.  Out of the sample households 31.43 percent possessed bank account.  About 20.00 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Bajra, Paddy, Mango and Sugarcane was Rs.29515.53, 21134.37, 48519.24, 24059.35 and 29955.11 with benefit cost ratio of 1:0.80, 1: 1.10, 1: 2.10, 1: 6.50 and 1:1.20 respectively.  Further, 45.71 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 14.29 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 121648.57 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 82991.43 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 225 horticulture trees and 145 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1228.97 for land development and Rs. 486.03 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 28.57 per cent depends on own funds and 11.43 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 77.14 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 8.57 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 85.71 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (57.14%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 74.29 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 94.29 per cent of the households and 5.71 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 40.00 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households. 3  In the study area, 34.29 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 97.14 per cent of the households possessed BPL card.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (100.00%), pulses (57.14%) and oilseeds (31.43%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (77.14%) wild animal menace on farm field (48.57%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.57%), inadequacy of irrigation water (5.71%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (68.57%), high rate of interest on credit (40.00%), low price for the agricultural commodities (65.71%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (54.29%), inadequate extension services (8.57%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (57.14%) and Less rainfall (11.43%) and Source of Agri-technology information (Newspaper/ TV/Mobile) (11.43%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Bandehalli-1 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behaviour and use potentials of the soils in the microwatersheds. The present study covers an area of 699 ha in Bandehalli-1 microwatershed in Yadgir taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south–west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 95 per cent is covered by soils, 5 per cent by habitation and water bodies. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 9 soil series and 11 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 120-150 days starting from the 1st week of June to 4th week of October.  From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated.  Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval.  Land suitability for growing 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops were assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated.  Entire land area of the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture.  About 2 per cent soils are very shallow (200 mm/m) in available water capacity, 27 per cent medium (101-150 mm/m), 14 per cent low (51-100 mm/m) and about 32 per cent very low (0.75%) in organic carbon.  An area of 18 per cent has soils that are low (57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus.  About 5 per cent low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in about 9 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available boron is low (1.0 ppm) in about 14 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available iron are sufficient (>4.5 ppm) in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available manganese is sufficient in all the soils of the microwatershed.  Available copper is sufficient in a maximum area of 95 per cent and deficient in <1 per cent area.  Major area of the microwatershed is deficient (<0.6 ppm) in available zinc and a small area of 1 per cent is sufficient in available zinc.  The land suitability for 26 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the Bandehalli-1 microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 152 (22) 239 (34) Sapota - 97 (14) Maize - 341 (49) Guava - 97 (14) Red gram - 392 (56) Pomegranate - 392 (56) Bajra - 439 (63) Jackfruit - 97 (14) Ground nut - 97 (14) Jamun - 152 (22) Sunflower 152 (22) 240 (34) Musambi 47 (7) 392 (56) Cotton 152 (22) 142 (20) Lime 47 (7) 392 (56) Bengalgram 152 (22) 142 (20) Cashew - - Chilli - 391 (56) Custard apple 213 (31) 178 (26) Tomato - 97 (14) Amla - 391 (56) Drumstick - 392 (56) Tamarind - 152 (22) Mulberry - 97 (14) Marigold - 391 (56) Mango - 81 (12) Chrysanthemum - 391 (56) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 6 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining the ecological balance in the microwatershed  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Bandehalli-1 is located at North latitude 160 35' 50.699" and 160 34' 16.29" and East longitude 770 23' 33.721'' and 770 20' 56.308" covering an area of about 698.41 ha coming under Baddepalli, Ajalapura and Vankasambara villages of Yadagiri taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Bandehalli-1 micro watersheds of Bandehalli subwatershed, Yadgiri taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample 35 farmers were sampled in Bandehalli-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 2 (5.71%) were marginal, 22 (62.86%) were small and 6 (17.14 %) were semi medium farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 86 (56.21%) men and 67 (43.79 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.2, marginal farmers were 4, small farmers were 4.6 and semi medium farmers were 4.7.  Majority of the respondents (33.33%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 37.91 per cent illiterates, 51.62 per cent pre university education and 5.88 per cent attained graduation.  About, 74.29 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 20.00 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 43.79 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 65.71 per cent of the households possess katcha house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 71.43 per cent possess TV, 57.14 per cent possess mixer grinder, 100.00 per cent possess mobile phones and 34.29 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 25.71 per cent of the households possess plough, 5.71 per cent possess tractor, 14.29 per cent possess bullock cart and 11.43 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 8.57 per cent possess local cow and 2.86 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.42, women available in the micro watershed was 1.48, hired labour (men) available was 10.45 and hired labour (women) available was 15.19.  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 100.00 per cent (44.81 ha) of the area is under dry condition.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Red gram, Groundut, Cotton and Maize and cropping intensity was recorded as 100.00 per cent. 2  Out of the sample households 97.14 percent possessed bank account and 17.14 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 57.14 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 6.67 per cent have borrowed loan from commercial banks and 133.33 per cent from co-operative/Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Red gram, Groundut, Cotton and Maize was Rs.28262.23, 49721.93, 31232.35 and17376.12 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 0.70, 1: 1.10 and 1: 1.70 respectively.  Further, 17.14 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 76591.43 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 48848.57 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 126 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  About 37.14 per cent of the households shown interest to cultivate horticultural crops.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1400.00 for land development and Rs. 400.00 for irrigation facility.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 34.29 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 91.43 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 2.86 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 37.14 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity.  Majority of the farmers (34.29%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 85.71 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 51.43 per cent of the households and 48.57 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 97.14 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100.00 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 42.86 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 88.57 per cent of the households possessed BPL card and 11.43 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards. 3  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (97.14%), pulses (88.57%) and oilseeds (45.71%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil (82.86%) wild animal menace on farm field (82.86%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (82.86%), inadequacy of irrigation water (88.57%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (85.71%), high rate of interest on credit (85.71%), low price for the agricultural commodities (88.57%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (74.29%), inadequate extension services (65.71%) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (85.71%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Alawandi-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 212 ha in Koppaltaluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 90 per cent is covered by soils, 10per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 8 soil series and 13 soil phases (management units) and 6 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 37 per cent area hasloamy soils and 52 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 39per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 8 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 82 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 66 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 23 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 2 per centhas neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 8 per cent slightly alkaline (pH 7.3 to 7.8), 63 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4) and 17 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 29 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 6per centof the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 30per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 60 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 46 per cent of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 10per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 62 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 153(72) Pomegranate - 62(29) Maize - 74(35) Guava - - Bajra - 74(35) Jackfruit - - Red gram - 62 (29) Jamun - 62(29) Bengal gram 17(8) 112 (53) Musambi - 62(29) Groundnut - 74 (35) Lime - 62(29) Sunflower - 62 (29) Cashew - 4(2) Cotton 17(8) 136(64) Custard apple 17 (8) 140(66) Chilli - 74(35) Amla - 157(74) Tomato - 74(35) Tamarind - 62(29) Drumstick - 62(29) Marigold - 153(72) Mulberry - 21 (10) Chrysanthemum - 153(72) Mango - - Jasmine - 91(43) Sapota - - Crossandra - 91(43) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the sixidentified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change FINDINGS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY  The survey was conducted in Alawandi-1 is located at North latitude 150 13' 46.49" and 150 12' 11.998" and East longitude 750 59' 12.174'' and 750 58' 21.011" covering an area of about 212.14 ha coming under Alawandi, Kampli and Byrapura Villages of Koppal taluk.  Socio-economic analysis of Alawandi-1 micro watersheds of Kavalur subwatershed, Koppala taluk & District indicated that, out of the total sample of 38 farmers were sampled in Alawandi-1 micro-watershed among households surveyed 11 (28.95%) were marginal, 13 (34.21%) were small, 7 (18.42 %) were semi medium, 1 (2.63 %) were medium and 1 (2.63 %) were large farmers. 5 landless farmers were also interviewed for the survey.  The population characteristics of households indicated that, there were 88 (56.05%) men and 69 (43.95 %) were women. The average population of landless was 3.6, marginal farmers were 4.5, small farmers were 3.2, semi medium farmers were 5.4, medium farmers were 7 and large farmers were 3.  Majority of the respondents (45.22%) were in the age group of 16-35 years.  Education level of the sample households indicated that, there were 21.66 per cent illiterates, 77.07 per cent pre university education and 8.92 per cent attained graduation.  About, 78.95 per cent of household heads practicing agriculture and 18.42 per cent of the household heads were engaged as agricultural labourers.  Agriculture was the major occupation for 59.87 per cent of the household members.  In the study area, 92.11 per cent of the households possess katcha house and 5.26 per cent possess pucca house.  The durable assets owned by the households showed that, 60.53 per cent possess TV, 21.05 per cent possess mixer grinder, 86.84 per cent possess mobile phones and 42.11 per cent possess motor cycles.  Farm implements owned by the households indicated that, 5.26 per cent of the households possess plough, 2.63 per cent possess bullock cart and 5.26 per cent possess sprayer.  Regarding livestock possession by the households, 7.89 per cent possess local cow and 2.63 per cent possess buffalo.  The average labour availability in the study area showed that, own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.44, women available in the micro watershed was 1.30, hired labour (men) available was 6.08 and hired labour (women) available was 6.49. 2  Out of the total land holding of the sample respondents 82.22 per cent (54.61 ha) of the area is under dry condition and the remaining 16.30 per cent area is irrigated land.  There were 3.00 live bore wells and 3.00 dry bore wells among the sampled households.  Bore well was the major source of irrigation for 7.89 per cent of the households.  The major crops grown by sample farmers are Maize, Sunflower, Green gram, Groundnut and Soeghum and cropping intensity was recorded as 83.68 per cent.  Out of the sample households 84.21 percent possessed bank account and 10.53 per cent of them have savings in the account.  About 42.11 per cent of the respondents borrowed credit from various sources.  Among the credit borrowed by households, 10.53 per cent from co-operative/ Grameena bank.  Majority of the respondents (100.00%) have borrowed loan for agriculture purpose.  Regarding the opinion on institutional sources of credit, 100.00 per cent of the households opined that credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The per hectare cost of cultivation for Maize, Sunflower, Green gram, Groundnut and Soeghum was Rs.26203.34, 19542.91, 19984.52, 32714.00 and 23213.22 with benefit cost ratio of 1:1.70, 1: 2.10, 1: 2.60, 1: 2.90 and 1:0.92 respectively.  Further, 18.42 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 2.63 per cent of the households have opined that the green fodder was adequate.  The average annual gross income of the farmers was Rs. 104680.26 in microwatershed, of which Rs. 48969.74 comes from agriculture.  Sampled households have grown 86 horticulture trees and 59 forestry trees together in the fields and back yards.  Households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 157.89 for land development.  Source of funds for additional investment is concerned, 2.56 per cent depends on bank loan for land development activities.  Regarding marketing channels, 57.89 per cent of the households have sold agricultural produce to the local/village merchants, while, 31.58 per cent have sold in regulated markets.  Further, 84.21 per cent of the households have used tractor for the transport of agriculture commodity. 3  Majority of the farmers (73.68%) have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the watershed and 81.58 per cent of the households were interested towards soil testing.  Fire was the major source of fuel for domestic use for 76.32 per cent of the households and 28.95 per cent households has LPG connection.  Piped supply was the major source for drinking water for 73.68 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.37 per cent of the households.  In the study area, 36.84 per cent of the households possess toilet facility.  Regarding possession of PDS card, 89.47 per cent of the households possessed BPL card, 2.63 per cent of the household's possessed APL card and 5.26 per cent of the household's were not having ration cards.  Households opined that, the requirement of cereals (84.21%), pulses (81.58%) and oilseeds (42.11%) are adequate for consumption.  Farming constraints experienced by households in the micro watersheds were lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by (84.21 %) per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (81.58%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (78.95%), inadequacy of irrigation water (39.47%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (76.32%), high rate of interest on credit (71.05%), low price for the agricultural commodities (71.05 %), lack of marketing facilities in the area (65.79%), inadequate extension services (18.42 %) and lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (36.84%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Las últimas reformas del código penal de 2010 y 2015 ponen de manifiesto que nuestro legislador empieza a entender que el derecho penal moderno solo se legitima, si trata de igual manera cualesquiera conductas gravemente lesivas para nuestra convivencia, incluso las realizadas por los sectores poderosos de nuestra sociedad, esto sucede cuando el derecho penal deja de ser derecho, destinado solo a aplicarse a los sectores sociales más desfavorecidos. Si bien la introducción de la responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica se realiza en 2010 , la primera regulación comprensiva se realiza en la reforma de 2015, es, en este sentido, un paso significativo, al introducir los requisitos y condiciones de la compliance. Será tras la reforma de 2015 cuando el art. 31 bis CP indique taxativamente los requisitos y condiciones para llevar a cabo esta nueva tarea que se les impone, siendo el aspecto más novedoso de la reforma del Código Penal de 2015, la completa regulación en los apartados 2, 3, 4 y 5 del art. 31 bis del CP de los programas de cumplimiento normativo o compliance guides denominados en el Código Penal como modelos de organización y gestión. En cuanto a la eficacia preventiva del sistema compliance existe acuerdo en considerar que, con carácter general, un programa de cumplimiento efectivo ha de promover tres objetivos esenciales: prevención, un programa de cumplimiento efectivo tiene que prevenir conductas ilegales que puedan enfrentar a la compañía a una responsabilidad penal; detección, tiene que conducir a una detección temprana en orden a remediarlas; y paliación, una vez que el delito se ha cometido, un programa de cumplimiento eficaz debe ayudar tanto a mitigar la responsabilidad penal (eximentes) como a reducir la posible sanción (atenuación). La responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas supuso un cambio de paradigma del Derecho Penal de ultima ratio del Estado a prima ratio, al anticipar la respuesta en la resolución del problema, el Derecho Penal se incorpora a la prevención empresarial. Este cambio de paradigma ha supuesto una privatización de la lucha contra la corrupción toda vez que el Estado ha obligado a las empresas a adoptar medidas preventivas internas, que por otro lado el Estado "el otro lado de la carretera" no ha adoptado como organización. La incorporación al ordenamiento jurídico español de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas se produce en tres etapas diferenciadas: 2010 con su introducción, 2012 con la incorporación de los partidos políticos y los sindicatos, siendo la alteración del Código Penal de 2015 la clave, porque en ella se concretan los requisitos compliance. Es importante asimismo en la reforma de 2015: la creación del delito de financiación del terrorismo o de financiación ilegal de los partidos políticos; además de la ampliación de delitos contra bienes colectivos de carácter socioeconómico, medioambiental, urbanístico o relacionados con nuevas tecnologías; las mejoras en los delitos contra la comunidad internacional; o la lucha contra la corrupción, en especial la mejorada regulación del delito de cohecho o la introducción del delito de corrupción entre particulares. La formulación legal o régimen jurídico de la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas se concentra en el Código Penal en diversos preceptos: 31 bis, 33.7 que describe las penas imponibles a las personas jurídicas; 52 sobre la forma de imponer la pena de multa y 53 referentes a la determinación y a la forma de pago de la pena de multa, 66 bis sobre medición y determinación de las penas imponibles a las personas jurídicas, 116.3 que declara que a la responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica irá unida la responsabilidad civil y el art. 130 que advierte que la transformación o fusión de una persona jurídica no extingue su responsabilidad. ; As últimas reformas do código penal de 2010 e 2015 poñen de manifesto que o noso lexislador empeza a entender que o dereito penal moderno só lexitímase, se trata de igual maneira calquera condutas gravemente lesivas para a nosa convivencia, incluso as realizadas polos sectores poderosos da nosa sociedade, isto sucede cando o dereito penal deixa de ser dereito, destinado só a aplicarse aos sectores sociais máis desfavorecidos. Aínda que a introdución da responsabilidade penal da persoa xurídica realízase en 2010 , a primeira regulación comprensiva realízase na reforma de 2015, é, neste sentido, un paso significativo, ao introducir os requisitos e condicións da compliance. Será tras a reforma de 2015 cando o art. 31 bis CP indique taxativamente os requisitos e condicións para levar a cabo esta nova tarefa que se lles impón, sendo o aspecto máis novo da reforma do Código penal de 2015, a completa regulación nos apartados 2, 3, 4 e 5 do art. 31 bis do CP dos programas de cumprimento normativo ou compliance guides denominados no Código penal como modelos de organización e xestión. En canto á eficacia preventiva do sistema compliance existe acordo en considerar que, con carácter xeral, un programa de cumprimento efectivo ha de promover tres obxectivos esenciais: prevención, un programa de cumprimento efectivo ten que previr condutas ilegais que poidan enfrontar á compañía a unha responsabilidade penal; detección, ten que conducir a unha detección temperá en orde a remedialas; e paliación, unha vez que o delito se ha cometido, un programa de cumprimento eficaz debe axudar tanto a mitigar a responsabilidade penal (eximentes) como a reducir a posible sanción (atenuación). A responsabilidade penal das persoas xurídicas supuxo un cambio de paradigma do Dereito Penal de ultima cociente do Estado a prima cociente, ao anticipar a resposta na resolución do problema, o Dereito Penal incorpórase á prevención empresarial. Este cambio de paradigma supuxo unha privatización da loita contra a corrupción tendo en conta que o Estado obrigou ás empresas para adoptar medidas preventivas internas, que doutra banda o Estado "o outro lado da estrada" non adoptou como organización. A incorporación ao ordenamento xurídico español da responsabilidade penal das persoas xurídicas prodúcese en tres etapas diferenciadas: 2010 coa súa introdución, 2012 coa incorporación dos partidos políticos e os sindicatos, sendo a alteración do Código penal de 2015 a clave, porque nela concrétanse os requisitos compliance. É importante así mesmo na reforma de 2015: a creación do delito de financiamento do terrorismo ou de financiamento ilegal dos partidos políticos; ademais da ampliación de delitos contra bens colectivos de carácter socioeconómico, ambiental, urbanístico ou relacionados con novas tecnoloxías; as melloras nos delitos contra a comunidade internacional; ou a loita contra a corrupción, en especial a mellorada regulación do delito de suborno ou a introdución do delito de corrupción entre particulares. A formulación legal ou réxime xurídico da responsabilidade penal das persoas xurídicas concéntrase no Código penal en diversos preceptos: 31 bis, 33.7 que describe as penas impoñibles ás persoas xurídicas; 52 sobre a forma de impoñer a pena de multa e 53 referentes á determinación e á forma de pago da pena de multa, 66 bis sobre medición e determinación das penas impoñibles ás persoas xurídicas, 116.3 que declara que á responsabilidade penal da persoa xurídica irá unida a responsabilidade civil e o art. 130 que advirte que a transformación ou fusión dunha persoa xurídica non extingue a súa responsabilidade. ; The latest reforms of the penal code of 2010 and 2015 show that our legislator is beginning to understand that modern criminal law is only legitimized, if it treats equally any conduct seriously damaging to our coexistence, including those carried out by the powerful sectors of our society. society, this happens when the criminal law ceases to be right, intended only to apply to the most disadvantaged social sectors. Although the introduction of criminal liability of the legal entity is made in 2010, the first comprehensive regulation is made in the 2015 reform, it is, in this sense, a significant step, by introducing the requirements and conditions of compliance. It will be after the reform of 2015 when the art. 31 bis CP indicate taxativamente the requirements and conditions to carry out this new task that imposes them , being the newest appearance of the reform of the Penal Code of 2015, the complete regulation in the sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the art. 31 bis of the CP of the programs of normative fulfillment or compliance guides designated in the Penal Code like models of organisation and management. Regarding the preventive efficiency of the system compliance exists agreement in considering that, with general character, a program of effective fulfillment has to promote three essential aims: prevention, a program of effective fulfillment has to warn illegal behaviours that can confront to the company to a penal responsibility; detection, has to drive to an early detection with a view to remedy them; and paliación, once that the crime has committed , a program of effective fulfillment has to help so much to mitigate the penal responsibility ( eximentes) as to reduce the possible sanction (mitigation). The penal responsibility of the legal persons supposed a change of paradigm of the Penal Right of ultima ratio of the State to premium ratio, when anticipating the answer in the resolution of the problem, the Penal Right incorporates to the business prevention. This change of paradigm has supposed a privatisation of the fight against the corruption all time that the State has forced to the companies to adopt preventive measures interns, that on the other hand the State "the another side of the road" has not adopted like organisation. The incorporation to the juridical legislation Spanish of the penal responsibility of the legal persons produces in three stages differentiated: 2010 with his introduction, 2012 with the incorporation of the political parties and the unions, being the alteration of the Penal Code of 2015 the key, because in her concretise the requirements compliance. It is important likewise in the reform of 2015: the creation of the crime of finance of the terrorism or of illegal finance of the political parties; in addition to the enlargement of crimes against collective goods of socioeconomic character, environmental, urbanístico or related with new technologies; the improvements in the crimes against the international community; or the fight against the corruption, especially the improved regulation of the crime of cohecho or the introduction of the crime of corruption between individuals. The legal formulation or juridical diet of the penal responsibility of the legal persons concentrates in the Penal Code in diverse precepts: 31 bis, 33.7 that describes the penalties imponibles to the legal persons; 52 on the form to impose the penalty of fine and 53 referents to the determination and to the form of payment of the penalty of fine, 66 bis on measurement and determination of the penalties imponibles to the legal persons, 116.3 that declares that to the penal responsibility of the legal person will go joined the civil responsibility and the art. 130 that warns that the transformation or fusion of a legal person does not extinguish his responsibility.

This doctoral research aims to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of development projects on the improvement of living conditions and livelihoods of rural households in Benin. It begins with the analysis of development trends in Atacora known about the last three decades. It is focused on matching between the dynamics promoted by intervention devices and those endogenous or emerging to lead a part in the consideration of the productive trajectories and performance of family farms and also in the analysis of effects of development projects on food security, living standards and poverty of rural households. The post-development theories and the various conceptions of poverty have served as a guideline for research work. The intervention mechanisms conducted in Atacora (north-western Benin) by the various cooperations (bilateral and multilateral) between 1990 and 2010 constituted the research object of this thesis. The empirical phase took place in the communes of Cobly (West) and Péhunco (East). These communes were selected from their contrasting agro-ecological and socio-economic situations and socio-economic indicators on the one hand and on the other on a typology of the concentration of development projects and the perception of their effects by local people. A stratified sample of 344 households (respectively 214 in Cobly and 130 in Péunco) was formed for the characterization survey. Later, a thorough investigation on living conditions and livelihood of households followed and involved 208 households (129 Cobly; 79 Péhunco). Finally 16 case studies (8 per commune) were conducted on the trajectories of evolution and accumulation of property and wealth of households and farms. Due to the empirical research, special attention was given to primary data collection which lasted more than three (3) years. Qualitative and quantitative tools (including PSM) were combined for the analysis of collected data through individual and group interviews. Results show that the development interventions do not always promote the endogenous dynamics but they generate and maintain, in rural areas, pathways that allow the integration and participation of producers in the world market for agricultural products. And to benefit from various promotional activities, producers adopt supported crops, this have some positive and negative consequences. The integration and participation of rural producers of Atacora to international trade, promote the increase of production and crop yields while further increasing their dependence on the world prices of agricultural products. So while the income of producers is increasing their vulnerability to food insecurity is also increasing because many of the food crops, already insufficient (because of the share of the cotton planted and the cotton production quotas established by the government) to cover food needs, are substracted from consumption to be sold on the market to meet urgent liquidity needs. Thereby, Atacora's rural households, despite the increase of their food production, suffered a rupture of food stocks resulting to annual food crises of at least 4 months (16 weeks) which strikes indiscriminately both recipient households than non-project beneficiaries. However with the increase of sources and income level of recipient households (36% of households of the study sites), those beneficiaries improve their homes and food consumption and invest more in the education of their children. This marks a significant difference between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of development projects. Indeed, installed with the same resources, we counted, in 2014, twice more prosperous households and fewer poor among beneficiaries than non-beneficiaries. Furthermore farms and households beneficiaries of assistance have accumulated and hold more productive assets (land, farm equipment, livestock rearing), economic assets and holdines (transportation measures, housing, plots and houses to rent, etc.) than non-beneficiaries with a highly significant difference at 1%. However the level of improvements and living conditions induced by development interventions are still inadequate and insecure, as reduced to the equivalent adult,income as well as capital show no significant difference between beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. Thus, households (even beneficiaries) remain vulnerable to crises so that any natural disaster (flood, drought, pest invasion, etc.), illness, injury and death of a member of the household, provokes the rapid degradation of living standards and the fall into poverty. This is compounded by the fact that farms owners' don't invest really in the restoration and enhancement of the capital '' land fertility ''; mainly in Cobly where the soil fertility level experienced a drastic decline with a consequent increasing use of chemical fertilizers that degrade the soil structure furthermore. It follows that any action aimed at poverty reduction should allow a sustainable improvement in conditions and livelihoods of rural producers by the preservation and restoration of soil fertility on the one hand and the increased resilience to crises on the other hand. Actions to identify specific needs with measures and solutions adapted to each category of producers and households with mainly particular mechanisms of management and restoration of the fertility of agricultural land shall be considered and implemented. ; La présente recherche doctorale vise à contribuer à une meilleure connaissance des effets des projets de développement sur l'amélioration des conditions de vie et d'existence des ménages ruraux du Bénin. Elle démarre par l'analyse des tendances d'évolution ducontexte socioéconomique et du système agraire de l'Atacora sur ces trois dernières décennies pour se focaliser sur l'adéquation entre les dynamiques promues par les dispositifs d'intervention et celles endogènes ou émergentes. Cette recherche aboutit d'une part à l'examen des trajectoires et performances productives des exploitations agricoles familiales et d'autre part à l'analyse des effets des dispositifs d'intervention sur la situation alimentaire, le niveau de vie et de pauvreté des ménages ruraux. Les théories de développement et plus précisément celle du post-développement renforcée par les considérations théoriques liées aux diverses conceptions de la pauvreté ont servi de fil conducteur aux travaux de recherche. Les dispositifs d'intervention conduits dans l'Atacora (au Nord-Ouest du Bénin) par les différentes coopérations (bilatérales et multilatérales) entre 1990 et 2010 ont constitué l'objet de recherche de cette thèse. La phase empirique s'est déroulée dans les communes de Cobly (à l'Ouest) et de Péhunco (à l'Est) du département. Ces communesont été retenues à partir de leurs situations agro-écologiques et socioéconomiques contrastées et des indicateurs socio-économiques d'une part et d'autre part d'une typologie à dire d'acteurs relative à la concentration des projets de développement et à la perception de leurs effets par les populations locales. Après un recensement des ménages, un échantillon stratifié, de 344 ménages (214 à Cobly et 130 à Péunco) a été constitué pour l'enquête de caractérisation. Ensuite, l'enquête approfondie sur les conditions de vie et d'existence des ménages a suivi et a concerné 208 ménages (129 à Cobly ; 79 à Péhunco). Enfin 16 études de cas (8 par commune) ont été conduites sur les trajectoires d'évolution et d'accumulation de biens et patrimoine des ménages et exploitations agricoles. Vu le caractère empirique de la recherche, une attention particulière a été accordée aux données primaires dont la collecte a duré plus de trois (3) ans. Des outils qualitatifs et quantitatifs (dont le PSM) ont été combinés pour l'analyse des données collectées par des entretiens individuels et de groupes. Les résultats révèlent que les dispositifs d'intervention ne promeuvent pas toujours les dynamiques endogènes mais qu'ils suscitent et entretiennent, dans les milieux ruraux, les filières qui permettent l'intégration et la participation des producteurs au marché mondial des produits agricoles. Ainsi pour bénéficier des diverses actions de promotion de filières (mise en place des intrants etde crédits, formation et renforcement de capacités techniques et organisationnelles, facilitation de l'accès aux équipements etdes aménagements hydro-agricoles, l'accès aux nouveaux marchés d'écoulement, etc.) mises en place par les dispositifs d'intervention, les producteurs adoptent les spéculations soutenues avec des conséquences à la fois positives et négatives. L'intégration et la participation des producteurs ruraux de l'Atacora au commerce international favorisent l'accroissement de la production agricole et des rendements culturaux tout en augmentant davantage la dépendance de ces derniers aux cours mondiaux des produits agricoles. Ainsi pendant que le revenu des producteursconnaît un accroissement, leur vulnérabilité à l'insécurité alimentaire augmente également car une bonne partie des productions vivrières, déjà insuffisantes (à cause du poids des emblavures en coton et de la politique gouvernementale de quota de production cotonnière à chaque commune) pour couvrir les besoins alimentaires, est soustraite à la consommation pour être vendue sur les marchés afin de répondre aux besoins urgents de liquidités. De ce fait, les ménages ruraux de l'Atacora, malgré l'accroissement de leurs productions vivrières, subissent une rupture des stocks vivriers avec pour conséquence une soudure alimentaire annuelle d'au moins 4 mois (soit 16 semaines) qui frappe indifféremment aussi bien les ménages bénéficiaires que ceux non bénéficiaires des projets. Toutefois avec l'augmentation des sources et du niveau de revenu des ménages bénéficiaires (soit 36% des ménages des sites d'étude), ces derniers améliorent leurs habitations, l'autoconsommation alimentaire et investissent davantage dans l'éducation de leurs enfants ; ceci marque une différence significative entre les bénéficiaires et les non bénéficiaires des projets de développement. En effet, installés avec les mêmes ressources, en 2014 on décompte deux fois plus de ménages prospères et moins de pauvres parmi les bénéficiaires que les non bénéficiaires. Par ailleurs les exploitations et ménages agricoles bénéficiaires des interventions ont accumulé et détiennent plus de capitaux productifs (foncier, équipements agricoles, cheptels d'élevage), économiques et patrimoine (moyens de transport, logement, parcelles et maisons mises en location, etc.) que les non bénéficiaires avec une différence hautement significative au seuil de 1%. Seulement les améliorations de niveau et conditions d'existence induites par les dispositifs d'intervention restent encore insuffisantes et précaires de sorte que ramenés à l'équivalent adulte aussi bien le revenu que les capitaux ne présentent pas de différence significative entre bénéficiaires et non bénéficiaires. Ainsi, les ménages (même les bénéficiaires) restent vulnérables aux crises et chocs de sorte qu'à la moindre catastrophe naturelle (inondation, sécheresse, envahissement des ravageurs, etc.), maladie, accident et décès d'un membre ou proche du ménage, le niveau de vie se dégrade rapidement et ils retombent dans la pauvreté. Cette situation est aggravée par le fait que les exploitations agricoles investissent très peu dans la restauration et l'amélioration du capital ''fertilité des terres '' cultivées surtout à Cobly où le niveau de fertilité des sols connaît une baisse drastique avec pour conséquence une utilisation de plus en plus accrue, par les producteurs, des engrais chimiques qui dégradent davantage la structure des sols. Il s'ensuit que toute action visant la réduction de la pauvreté doit permettre une amélioration durable des conditions et moyens d'existence des producteurs ruraux en vue de la préservation et de la restauration de la fertilité des terres d'une part et l'accroissement de la résilience aux crises d'autre part. Des actions d'identification des besoins spécifiques assortis de mesures et de solutions adaptées à chaque catégorie de producteurs et/ou ménages avec au centre des mécanismes particuliers de gestion et de restauration de la fertilité des terres agricoles devront être envisagées et mises en œuvre.

L'attività di ricerca descritta nella presente tesi di dottorato nasce dalla prima esperienza in Regione Campania di Dottorati in Azienda, finanziata con fondi Por Fse 2007-2013. In particolare, l'azienda che ha accolto con fervente entusiasmo e altrettanta professionalità l'attività di dottorato è l'Associazione Costruttori Edili di Napoli (ACEN). L'ACEN è un'associazione tra aziende private che opera nel settore delle costruzioni con finalità di salvaguardia e tutela dell'imprenditoria, di sviluppo e progresso dell'industria delle costruzioni, di qualificazione professionale delle imprese del settore e del loro avanzamento tecnologico. Date le finalità dell'Associazione, gli obiettivi dell'attività di dottorato sono stati definiti durante diversi mesi di confronto e collaborazione tra il Dipartimento di Strutture per l'Ingegneria e l'Architettura e l'ACEN. Perseguendo il fine di un progetto vasto e comune, i costruttori hanno manifestato l'esigenza di implementare e indagare nuovi metodi e procedure che potessero rendere più efficiente il processo edilizio e che fornissero strumenti per il monitoraggio e il controllo dei tempi e dei costi degli interventi edilizi. Il Dipartimento universitario, d'altro canto, seguendo il crescente interesse scientifico riferito allo sviluppo sostenibile nel settore delle costruzioni, hanno diretto le scelte verso lo studio e l'approfondimento di materiali e tecniche per l'edilizia con basso impatto ambientale. Pertanto si è cercato di interpretare le esigenze dei diversi soggetti coinvolti, stabilendo di approfondire alcune tematiche che, attualmente, governano la scena mondiale del settore delle costruzioni, quali la progettazione integrata e lo sviluppo sostenibile. Quest'ultimi principi rappresentano, appunto, i due fili conduttori che hanno ispirato le diverse attività descritte nei capitoli di cui la tesi si compone nonché, chiaramente, il titolo del presente lavoro: "Metodologie BIM per la progettazione integrata di interventi di riqualificazione e rinforzo strutturale orientati alla sostenibilità ambientale". Il Building Information Modeling (BIM), è una metodologia di progettazione e gestione delle opere civili che permette l'integrazione in un modello 3D, unico e condiviso, di tutti i livelli di progettazione quali architettonico, strutturale ed impiantistico, mediante una modellazione parametrica ad oggetti. Ogni oggetto non è più una mera rappresentazione grafica, riconoscibile per mezzo di dettagli o legende, ma un elemento 3D ricco di informazioni di vario genere che descrivono il comportamento meccanico, termico e funzionale dell'oggetto fino ad arrivare a dettagli specifici come il costo, il produttore, la provenienza e lo stato manutentivo dello stesso. Le forti potenzialità del BIM nell'archiviazione e gestione delle informazioni generate durante tutto il processo edilizio, dalla fase di ideazione di un'opera, passando per la progettazione e la realizzazione fino alla sua fase di uso, identifica tale metodologia come strumento a supporto della gestione di tutto il ciclo di vita delle opere civili. Il BIM risponde a pieno alle esigenze delle imprese di costruzioni che oggi si trovano ad affrontare realizzazioni di opere sempre più complesse con una richiesta di prestazioni sempre più elevata in uno scenario di crisi del settore. Pertanto, il controllo accurato delle quantità, dei costi e il monitoraggio contestuale dei tempi, tramite la gestione del cronoprogramma integrata con il modello BIM, sono le potenzialità che maggiormente hanno catturato l'interesse da parte di ACEN nell'affrontare questo tema di ricerca. L'attività di studio e ricerca sul BIM è stata integrata al tema dello sviluppo sostenibile del settore delle costruzioni, incentrato sull'implementazione di strumenti a supporto dei professionisti per facilitare il processo di decision making in un'ottica di riduzione degli impatti ambientali delle opere civili. La sostenibilità e l'eco-compatibilità dei materiali e dei processi produttivi dell'edilizia, sono oggi criteri che influenzano tutto il settore, a partire dalle strategie politiche di investimento fino a diventare parametri di preferenza per l'aggiudicazione di gare d'appalto. Da alcuni anni si sono infatti sviluppati diversi strumenti per la valutazione e la certificazione della sostenibilità nel campo dell'edilizia, come i sistemi di rating (es. LEED e Itaca), che risultano molto utilizzati anche nella pratica professionale. Un'altra metodologia che sta avendo una forte affermazione nel settore edilizio, soprattutto nell'industria di prodotto, è il Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Tale strumento permette di valutare gli impatti sull'ambiente di un prodotto o un processo, durante tutto il suo ciclo di vita, tenendo conto della fase di estrazione dei materiali, della fase di produzione e/o realizzazione, della fase di uso e, infine, della fase di dismissione o riciclo. Tale approccio alla valutazione degli impatti ambientali è anche noto come "from cradle to grave", espressione anglosassone che evidenzia in maniera esaustiva la filosofia life cycle-oriented. La metodologia LCA è dunque molto diffusa per la valutazione degli impatti sull'ambiente dei singoli materiali o dei processi produttivi industriali, ma non è ancora molto utilizzata per valutare gli impatti di sistemi complessi come le opere civili. Quest'aspetto, approfondito durante la trattazione, è determinato dalla forte complessità nel condurre tali analisi e dall'enorme quantità di dati e di informazioni da reperire e gestire. La gestione della complessità delle analisi LCA attraverso gli strumenti offerti dalla progettazione integrata BIM rappresenta sicuramente il minimo comune denominatore di tutte le attività seguite, svolte ed infine rappresentate nel presente elaborato. L'obiettivo di gestire valutazioni di impatto ambientale LCA-based con la metodologia BIM è quello di ampliare il campo delle ipotesi progettuali e del decision making degli operatori del settore delle costruzioni in modo tale da progettare e realizzare opere volte al minor impatto sull'ambiente. Un altro caso applicativo, di tale integrazione, è stato trattato con riferimento al consolidamento degli edifici esistenti ed in particolare alla valutazione di LCA di diverse tecniche di intervento per il rinforzo sismico per il raggiungimento del miglioramento e adeguamento sismico. E' ben noto che in Italia il patrimonio edilizio è caratterizzato da un'elevata vulnerabilità e gli ultimi eventi sismici, che hanno interessato il territorio nazionale, hanno confermato tale stato di degrado. Sebbene alcune aree italiane siano state classificate come sismiche già dalle ultime decadi del ventesimo secolo, negli edifici esistenti, si riscontrano sistematicamente regole sismiche di progetto obsolete che non sono in grado di assicurare un adeguato livello di sicurezza. Le strutture in cemento armato, realizzate prima delle moderne norme antisismiche, che rappresentano una parte significativa dell'edilizia italiana, sono state progettate per resistere primariamente ai carichi verticali, il che comporta scarsa qualità dei materiali, mancanza di cura nei dettagli costruttivi e soprattutto una ridotta quantità di armatura trasversale. I dati ISTAT del 14° censimento della popolazione e degli edifici hanno rilevato che per il solo costruito in cemento armato il 35% degli edifici sono stati costruiti prima dell'emanazione della Legge 2/2/74 n.64, in cui compaiono le prime disposizioni in materia antisismica. Il dato diventa ancora più allarmante se si considera che solo nel 2003, con l'emanazione dell'O.P.C.M. 3274, è stata effettuata una riclassificazione sismica del territorio italiano e sono comparse prescrizioni sismiche di moderna concezione. E' lecito ritenere che la maggior parte delle strutture esistenti soffrono di carenze strutturali e quindi necessitano di interventi di rinforzo sismico. Tuttavia il forte interesse per la riqualificazione degli edifici esistenti non nasce solo da una spingente necessità strutturale ma anche dall'andamento degli investimenti nell'industria delle costruzioni. In Italia, infatti, l'industria delle costruzioni mostra una diminuzione degli investimenti di circa il 32,1% dal 2008 al 2014 destinati alla realizzazione di nuove opere; di contro, si registra un aumento di investimenti per il recupero delle costruzioni esistenti di circa il 17% dal 2008 al 2014 [1] (CRESME ricerche SPA, 2014). Per tali motivi si è scelto di dedicare una particolare attenzione allo studio della vulnerabilità sismica di un edificio esistente che rispecchia le caratteristiche di una parte del costruito presente sul territorio italiano; lo studio è stato corredato da valutazione di LCA delle tecniche di rinforzo sismico con l'obiettivo di condurre un'analisi comparativa delle stesse. Quest'ultimo aspetto ha conferito alla parte di adeguamento e miglioramento sismico una connotazione innovativa e assolutamente in linea con le nuove necessità di protezione e controllo dell'ambiente. L'elaborato di tesi si articola, quindi, in cinque capitoli di cui si riporta una breve discussione del contenuto. Il Capitolo 1 illustra nel dettaglio la metodologia BIM, le sue potenzialità e i campi di applicazioni nella gestione della progettazione, nella realizzazione dell'opera, nell'organizzazione del cantiere e nella fase di gestione post operam (Facility Management). Si affrontano, inoltre, i diversi livelli di dettaglio della modellazione BIM comparandoli con i livelli di progettazione previsti dalla normativa italiana. Il Capitolo 2 affronta la modellazione di oggetti BIM, in particolare, della categoria di elementi strutturali e non strutturali. Per i primi si illustra come caso applicativo quello di un pilastro caratterizzato dai parametri relativi alle caratteristiche meccaniche e geometriche; mentre per gli elementi non strutturali si descrive la modellazione di un serramento per esterni e stratigrafia di una pavimentazione. Il Capitolo 3 descrive un caso di studio rappresentato da un'opera di nuova costruzione progettata in maniera tradizionale mediante un approccio CAD-oriented e riprogettata mediante un approccio BIM-oriented. Il progetto fa riferimento alla costruzione della Cassa Edile di Napoli inserita nel contesto della Cittadella dei Servizi degli Enti Paritetici di Napoli. Tale intervento prende vigore dalle intuizioni di Luigi Cosenza che progettò la Cittadella circa cinquant'anni fa, ma che fu realizzata solo in parte. Il progetto e tutta la documentazione sono stati messi a disposizione da ACEN. Il Capitolo 4 descrive un framework per integrare nella metodologia BIM analisi di impatto ambientale LCA-oriented. Dopo un'articolata disamina della procedura LCA, è descritta la metodologia d'interpretazione dei risultati IMPACT2002+. In tale attività si è sviluppato un prototipo di tool software che permette di effettuare analisi di LCA direttamente dal computo metrico dei materiali e delle lavorazioni necessarie per la realizzazione di un'opera. Tale attività nasce dalla collaborazione tra il Dipartimento di Strutture per l'Ingegneria e l'Architettura dell'Università Federico II di Napoli, il Consorzio TRE (Tecnologie per il Recupero Edilizio), il centro di ricerca AMRA (Analisi e Monitoraggio del Rischio Ambientale) e la società ACCA Software nell'ambito del progetto VINCES (Valutazione Integrata del Ciclo di vita per l'Edilizia Sostenibile). Nel Capitolo 5 si presenta una metodologia BIM-based di valutazione degli impatti ambientali relativi a diverse strategie progettuali di rinforzo sismico su una struttura esistente. La metodologia è applicata ad un caso di studio, per il quale, si è condotto preliminarmente un progetto simulato per ottenere tutti i dati necessari alla valutazione di vulnerabilità sismica di un edificio tipo mediante analisi statica non lineare. Note le crisi strutturali è stato realizzato il progetto di consolidamento strutturale mediante l'utilizzo di diverse tecniche di rinforzo sismico volte all'ottenimento sia del miglioramento sia dell'adeguamento sismico. Una volta noti gli interventi di rinforzo necessari, sono state condotte analisi di LCA degli stessi e sono state effettate analisi comparative che hanno consentito di individuare, tra tutte le tipologie di intervento, quella con il minor impatto ambientale.

Towards a bio-economy: the role of the forest Biomass has an increasingly important role in replacing fossil and mineral resources, and it is central in environmental impact-reduction strategies in companies and governments, locally, nationally and internationally. The European Union (EU) has recently taken action to strengthen the bio-economy, defined as "…the sustainable production and conversion of biomass into a range of food, health, fibre and industrial products and energy". Two thirds of the land area in Sweden is covered by forests, and forestry has been an important industry for centuries. Increased and/or more efficient use of forest biomass thus has a great potential for replacing the use of fossil and mineral resources in Sweden. There are two main reasons for why forest- and other bio-based products are seen as environmentally beneficial. Biomass is (most often) a renewable resource, in contrast to finite fossil and mineral resources, and there is often a balance between CO2 captured when the biomass grows, and CO2 released when the bio-based product is incinerated. The challenge: calculate carbon footprints Moving towards a bio-economy means replacing non-renewable fuels and materials with bio-based fuels and materials. This is a transition on many levels: technology, business models, infrastructure, political priorities, etc. To guide such a grand transition, there is a need to understand the environmental implications of new bio-based products. This includes assessing their climate impact, so-called carbon footprinting. Carbon footprinting of forest products is not as simple as saying that forest products are carbon and climate neutral by definition. Fossil energy used for producing and transporting the products has a carbon footprint. Also, the carbon balance can differ between forest products, which can influence their carbon footprint. For example, carbon stored in products, while CO2 is captured in the re-growing forest, can mitigate climate change. The modelling of the carbon balance is influenced by the study's geographical system boundaries – national, regional, landscape and single-stand perspectives often yield different results. Forestry can also lead to positive or negative changes in the levels of carbon stored in the soil, the levels of aerosols emitted by the trees (influencing cloud formation), and the albedo (surface reflectivity) of the forest land. An indirect effect of forestry can be increased competition for land, with expanding or intensified land use elsewhere, with positive or negative climate effects. All these factors are potentially important when calculating carbon footprints. There is limited knowledge about how and to which extent the aforementioned factors influence the carbon footprint of forest products. Also, there is a lack of methods for assessing some of these factors. In light of this, can the carbon footprints of today be trusted? And can we ensure that they provide relevant and robust decision support? Our approach: testing three different carbon footprint methods in five case studies In this study, we have: Identified different carbon footprint methods. Used the identified methods to calculate the carbon footprint of different forest products and non-forest benchmarks (using life cycle assessment, LCA). Compared the results to find out how and why they differ. We identified three main categories of carbon footprint methods: (i) the common practice in LCA, (ii) recommendations in standards and directives (we tested the EU sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids and the Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) guide), and (iii) more advanced methods proposed in the scientific literature (we tested dynamic LCA). For dynamic LCA, we tested different time horizons (20 and 100 years) and different geographical system boundaries, based on (a) the national level, assuming a net annual growth of biomass (which is the case in Sweden); (b) the landscape level, assuming a balance between the annual harvesting and growth (the level at which forests are often managed); and (c) the stand level, assuming regrowth during a time period of 80 years (a stand is the part of a landscape that is harvested in one year, a level often used by researchers developing new methods for modelling the dynamics of forest carbon flows). These methods were applied to five forest products: two automotive fuels (a lignin-based fuel produced from black liquor and butanol), a textile fibre (viscose), a timber structure building, and a chemical (methanol, used for different end products). Our findings We found that different carbon footprint methods can give different results. The common practice is close to the recommendation in the EU sustainability criteria and the PEF guide. Results from dynamic LCA differ considerably, as it accounts for the timing of (fossil and biogenic) greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and CO2 capture, which is ignored by the other methods. The results of dynamic LCA depend primarily on the geographical system boundaries, but also on the time horizon. When applying dynamic LCA with a stand perspective, we assumed that the CO2 uptake occurs after harvest. Alternatively, one could assume that the CO2 uptake occurs before harvest, which would give different (lower) results. When comparing the carbon footprints of the forest products with products they could be expected to replace, we see that the results for the forest products could range from being definitely favourable to worse. More results can be found in the full report. Results were produced to answer the research questions of this study, and should not be used out of context. Conclusions and recommendations Because there is (still) limited knowledge about how forest products influence the climate, and as carbon footprints will always depend on value-based assumptions (e.g. regarding geographical system boundaries), it is not possible to recommend one specific method which is suitable regardless of context. As different carbon footprint methods can give very different results, our key message is that we need to increase consciousness on these matters. It is important to be aware of the assumptions made in the study, the effects of those assumptions on results, and how results can and cannot be used for decision support in a certain context. More specific recommendations for decision makers are listed below. Further details and results can be found in the main report, along with recommendations for LCA practitioners and researchers. Decision makers must be aware that the main methodological choices influencing carbon footprints of Swedish forest products are the choice of geographical system boundaries (e.g. national-, landscape- or stand-level system boundaries) and whether the timing of CO2 capture and GHG emissions is accounted for. This is because Swedish forests are, in general, slow growing. If the aim of the decision is to obtain short-term climate impact reduction – for example, the urgent reduction that is possibly needed for preventing the world average temperature to rise with more than 2°C – the timing of CO2 capture and GHG emissions should be taken into account. Decision makers must be aware that a particular method for capturing timing (such as dynamic LCA) can be combined with different system boundaries, which can yield different results. When conclusions from existing LCA studies are synthesized for decision support, the decision maker must be aware that most existing studies do not account for the timing of CO2 capture and GHG emissions. This is particularly important when the decision concerns the prioritization of forest products with different service lives (e.g., fuels versus buildings). When timing is considered, decision makers must be aware that there are different views on when the CO2 capture occurs, which will influence the carbon footprint. One could either consider the CO2 captured before the harvest (i.e., the capture of the carbon that goes into the product system), or the CO2 captured after the harvest (i.e., the consequence of the harvest operation). In this study, we tested the second alternative when we applied dynamic LCA with a stand perspective – this does not mean we advocate the use of the second alternative over the first alternative. Decision makers must be aware that the location and management practices of the forestry influence the climate impact of a forest product. For example, growth rates, changes in soil carbon storages and fertilisers (a source of GHGs) differ between locations. Based on our results, we cannot say that the carbon footprints of some product categories are more robust than for others, i.e. less influenced by choice of methodology. However, the more forest biomass use in the product system, the higher the influence of the choice of method. As many interactions between the forest and the climate are still not fully understood, it is important to be open to new knowledge gained in methodology development work. Regarding how to use Swedish forests for the most efficient climate impact reduction, it is impossible to draw a general conclusion on the basis of our results. Factors that influence the "optimal" use are:Which fraction of forest biomass that is used. Various products use different fractions (as was the case in our case studies) and do not necessarily compete for the same biomass. However, a production system may be more or less optimised for a specific output. So there may be situations of competition also when feedstocks are not directly interchangeable. Which non-forest product that is assumed to be replaced by the forest product (if any). The carbon footprint of the non-forest product matters, but also how large the substitution effect is (i.e., does the forest product actually replace the non-forest alternative, or merely add products to the market, and what are the rebound effects from increased production?). If all other factors are identical: the longer the service life of the forest product the better, due to the climate benefit of storing carbon and thereby delaying CO2 emissions. This effect is particularly strong if the aim is to obtain short-term climate impact reduction. Moreover, the effect supports so-called cascade use of forest biomass, e.g. first using wood in a building structure, then reusing the wood in a commodity, and at end-of-life, as late as possible, recovering the energy content of the wood for heat or fuel production. Traditional LCA practice and methods required by the EU sustainability criteria and PEF have limitations in the support they can provide for the transition to a bio-economy, as they cannot capture the variations of different forest products in terms of rotation periods and service lives. Thus, decision makers need to consider studies using more advanced methods to be able to distinguish better or worse uses of forest biomass. We have tested one such advanced method (dynamic LCA), that proved applicable in combination with several different geographical perspectives, but also other methods exist (e.g. GWPbio). Climate change is not the only environmental impact category which is relevant in decision making concerned with how to use forests. Other environmental issues, such as loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services, are also important. There are also non-environmental sustainability issues of potential importance, e.g. related to indigenous rights and job creation. ; The method's influence on climate impact assessment of biofuels and other uses of forest biomass