Suchergebnisse

"Given the number of undernourished people in the developing world and the increasingly complex risks to food security, policymakers are faced with an enormous agenda. Freeing people from hunger will require more and better-targeted investments, innovations, and policy actions, driven by a keen understanding of the dynamic risks and forces that shape the factors affecting people's access to food and the links with nutrition. The International Food Policy Research Institute's (IFPRI's) International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) provides insight into the management of these risks through appropriate policy actions. By projecting future global food scenarios to 2050, IMPACT explores the potential implications of policy action and inaction in several main risk areas as well as the effects on child malnutrition in the developing world, commodity prices, demand, cereal yields, production, and net trade. In the progressive policy actions scenario, which assumes increased investment in rural development, health, education, and agricultural research and development, developing country governments and the international community are able to dramatically reduce the number of food-insecure people, leading to a worldwide decline in hunger. Under these conditions, Latin America and China are able to virtually eliminate child malnutrition by 2050. Bolstered by the development and dissemination of improved technologies and better infrastructure, crop production and yields increase in developing countries. Notably, the bulk of the growth in production is driven by yield increases rather than by expanding land area. Spurred by growth in the agricultural sector, average incomes in developing countries increase. Rising incomes bolster demand for high-value agricultural products, such as meat, dairy, and fruits and vegetables; global livestock production more than doubles, for example. Average per capita calorie supplies for developing countries exceed 3,400 per day, well in excess of minimum requirements. The policy failure scenario assumes greater political discord and more extensive agricultural protectionism, together with the failure of policies to deal with food emergencies related to conflict. Slow growth and trade restrictions lead to stagnation in average per capita calorie availability, which remains only slightly above minimum requirements until after 2030, when availability increases. In addition, crucial investments in agriculture, rural development, and poverty reduction are forgone or displaced. Because of limited investment in agricultural research and technology, this scenario has a high level of crop area expansion as a result of relatively rapid population growth and slim yield improvements in developing countries. This scenario also results in flat maize prices, declining per capita cereal demand, falling beef prices, and relatively flat meat demand. As a result of the policies in this scenario, the number of malnourished children in developing countries rises between 1997 and 2015, after which there are only modest declines. In the technology and natural resource management failure scenario, yield growth falls even more than under the preceding scenario, forcing farmers to move into marginal producing areas, which causes a more rapid expansion of cereal area into less productive land that does not compensate for the yield shortfalls (and causes environmental degradation). As a result, cereal prices rise substantially through 2030 and then fall off only gradually. Beef and other meat prices, which are affected by the price of feed, follow a similar pattern. Developing-country per capita calorie availability is essentially unchanged over 1997–2050 and remains at a barely adequate average level. Given unequal access to the food that is available, millions of people actually consume less than the minimum. The occurrence of child undernourishment is even higher than under the policy failure scenario in all developing-country regions. Overall, the technology and natural resource management failure scenario results in the worst impact on food security and child malnourishment in the developing world. The progressive policy scenario outlines several of the most crucial positive steps. National governments and the international community must assume a new focus on agricultural growth and rural development, along with increasing their investments in education, social services, and health. Policies to encourage synergistic growth in the nonfarm sectors are also needed to spur broad-based economic growth. Underpinning these strategies and research agendas must be a firm commitment to reducing hunger and improving the welfare of the world's undernourished people." -- From Authors' Executive Summary ; PR ; IFPRI1; GRP38; Food Security, Hunger, Famine, and Crises; nobio; 2020 ; DGO; EPTD; FCND

Realiza-se breve análise histórica do sistema de saúde no Chile, a partir do Serviço Nacional de Saúde, com ênfase nas reformas ocorridas desde 1980,durante o regime militar, e as mudanças introduzidas a partir de 1990 pelos governos democráticos. Compara a oferta atual de serviços pelo sistema público com a do setor privado utilizando como indicadores por mil beneficiários: a taxa de consultas, de exames de laboratório, de hospitalização, de altas e de cirurgias e a satisfação dos usuários. Analisa os principais dilemas do sistema de saúde e suas perspectivas à luz das medidas presentemente tomadas. Há boas perspectivas de que o subsistema público mantenha sua liderança histórica na condução e oferta de serviços no Chile devido à rigorosa lógica geográfica e demográfica na prestação de serviços, a disponibilidade estável de recursos financeiros, uma rede de serviços suficiente e ainda a considerável motivação de seus recursos humanos. São mencionados aspectos inovadores que podem ser aproveitados por outros sistemas, especialmente na América Latina, como: organização e gestão de serviços regionais de saúde, metodologias inovadoras de remuneração de serviços, sistema de vigilância sanitária e a regulamentação estatal do financiamento privado em saúde. ; Se hace un breve análisis histórico del Sistema de Salud en Chile, desde el Sistema Nacional de Salud, con énfasis a las reformas ocurridas a partir de 1980, durante el régimen militar y los cambios introducidos desde 1990 por los gobiernos democráticos. Se compara la oferta actual de servicos por el subsistema público com aquella del privado utilizando como indicadores por mil beneficiarios: la tasa de consultas, de exámenes de laboratorio, de hospitalizaciones, de altas y de cirugías y la satisfación usuaria. Se analizan los principales dilemas del sistema de salud y las perspectivas de solución a la luz de las principales medidas tomadas en el presente. Hay buenas perpectivas de que el subsistema público mantenga su liderazgo histórico en la conducción y oferta de servicios en Chile debido a la rigurosa lógica geográfica y demográfica en la oferta de servicios, la disponibilidad estable de recursos financieros, una red de servicios suficiente y además, la considerable motivación de sus recursos humanos. Son mencionados aspectos innovadores que pueden ser útiles a otros sistemas, especialmente en América Latina, tales como: organización y gestión de servicios regionales de salud; metodologías innovadoras de pago de servicios; sistema de vigilancia sanitaria y la regulamentación estatal del financiamento privado en salud. ; The evolution of the health system in Chile, since its beginning and during the National Health Service period is discribed. The transfornations that this system underwent from 1980 on, during the military regime, and the changes introduced by the democratic governments from 1990 on, with the purpose of correcting distortions introduced in the previuos period, are commented on. The production of the health services is compared as between the public and private sub-sectors. The indicators used are outpatient attendance per thousand insured inhabitants, use of, lab texts on the same populational basis, hospitalization rates, discharges per thousand insured and surgery rates per thousand. Differences between the two sub-systems are commented on as also are those related to user satisfaction in the two sub-systems. The chief challenges to the public system are considered as well as their possible responses to them on the basis of current policies and the solutions implemented. The present situation in the Public/Private mix in health care in Chile gives rise to the positive expectation that the public subsystem may succed in maintaining its historical leadership in the orientation and health services offered in this country. This positive view is supported by the rigorous geographic and demographic logic of the public subsystem, the stable availability of financial resources (result of the 7% contribution for health applied on all salaries, complemented by tax funds), a not completely modern but reliable network of public health facilities and the considerable motivation shown by its statt. Some features of the Chilean health system's development are mentioned as potentially useful to the development of health systems in other countries, especially in Latin America, such as organization and management of regional health services, innovative methodologies in health service payment (diagnosed related payment, management agreements and per capita financing for primary care); the health surveilance system (especially for food and drugs) and the state regulation of private health care financers.

Book reviewed in this article:A HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War. By Renato ConstantinoSOCIAL ENDS AND POLITICAL MEANS. Edited by Ted HonderichTHE PRACTICE OF RIGHTS. By Richard E. FlathmanTHE EEC AND AUSTRALIA. By J.D.B. MillerBRITISH FOREIGN POLICY, 1945–1973. By Joseph FrankelGERMAN FOREIGN POLICIES, WEST AND EAST: On the Threshold of a New European Era. By Peter H. MerklCUTLASS AND CRESCENT MOON: A Case Study of Social and Political Change in Outer Indonesia. By Douglas MilesSTABILITY AND CHANGE IN AUSTRALIAN POLITICS. By Don AitkinAMERICAN ELECTORAL BEHAVIOUR: Change and Stability. Edited by Samuel A. KirkpatrickJAPAN: Beyond the Headlines. By George Caiger and John Godwin CaigerSERVANTS OF THE SWORD French Intendants of the Army 1630–70. By Douglas Clark BaxterWALTER NASH. By Keith SinclairREFORMING AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT: The Coombs Report and Beyond. Edited by Cameron Hazlehurst and J.R. NethercoteTHE SPOILED CHILD OF THE WESTERN WORLD: The Miscarriage of the American Idea in Our Time. By Henry FairlieSTUDIES ON INDIA AND VIETNAM. By Helen B. Lamb. Edited by Corliss Lamont. Foreword by Paul M. SleezyTHE LAST DOMINO Aspects of Australia's Foreign Relations. By Malcolm BookerUNEQUAL ALLIES Australian‐American Relations and the Pacific War. By Roger J. BellTHE UNITED NATIONS AND THE CONGO CRISIS. By Ram Chandra PradhanSTATE POLITICS IN INDIA. Edited by Iqbal NarainTHE RURAL ELITE IN AN INDIAN STATE: A Case Study of Rajasthan. By Iqbal Narain, K.C. Pande and Mohan Lal SharmaTREASURY CONTROL IN AUSTRALIA: A Study in Bureaucratic Politics. By Patrick Weller and James CuttAUSTRALIA'S NORTHERN NIEGHBOURS: Independent or Dependent? Edited by Edward P. WolfersCOMMONWEALTH ELECTIONS 1945–1970: A Bibliography. By Valerie BloomfieldINDONESIA: Selected Documents on Colonialism and Nationalism, 1830–1942. Edited and translated by Chr. L.M. PendersBEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: European Society and Economy 1000–1700. By Carlo M. CippolaTHE DYNAMICS OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. By Allan ThompsonCAMBODIA: Starvation and Revolution. By George C. Hildebrand and Gareth PorterCOLONIAL SELF‐GOVERNMENT: The British Experience 1759–1856. By John Manning WardSCALING THE IVORY TOWER: Merit and its Limits in Academic Careers. By Lionel S. LewisTHE MODEL OMBUDSMAN: Institutionalizing New Zealand's Democratic Experiment. By Larry B. HillTHE ORIGINS OF THE POPULAR PRESS IN ENGLAND, 1855–1914. By Alan J. LeeDOCUMENTS ON AUSTRALIAN FOREIGN POLICY 1937–49STRATEGY WITHOUT SLIDE‐RULE: British Air Strategy 1914–1939. By Barry D. PowersELECTORAL SUPPORT FOR IRISH POLITICAL PARTIES 1927–1973. By Michael GallagherAUSTRALIA'S ECONOMIC RELATIONS. Edited by J.D.B. MillerTHE ELECTIONS IN ISRAEL—1973. Edited by Asher ArianTHE SUPERPOWERS AND THEIR SPHERES OF INFLUENCE: The United States and the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe and Latin America. By Edy KaufmanDREAM AND DISILLUSION: A Search for Australian Cultural Identity. By David WalkerDEMOCRACY AND GOVERNMENT IN EUROPEAN TRADE UNIONS. By Anthony CarewTHE INTERNATIONAL POLITICS OF EASTERN EUROPE. Edited by Charles CatiGERMAN FOREIGN POLICY 1871–1914. By Imanuel GeissBRITAIN AND THE ORIGINS OF THE NEW EUROPE 1914–1918. By Kenneth J. CalderCITIES FOR SALE: Property, Politics and Urban Planning in Australia. By Leonie SandercockSOCIAL AND POLITICAL MOVEMENTS IN WESTERN EUROPE. Edited by Martin Kolinsky and William E. PatersonA TIME FOR BUILDING: Australian Administration in Papua and New Guinea 1951–1963. By Paul HasluckTHE SAVIOURS: An Intellectual History of the Left in Australia. By Patrick O'BrienTHE MAKING OF POLITICIANS: Studies from Africa and Asia. Edited by W.H. Morris‐JonesPOLITICS AND CLASS FORMATION IN UGANDA. By Mahmood MamdaniK'ANG HSI AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF CH'ING RULE 1661–1684. By Lawrence D. KesslerYEH MING‐CH'EN: Viceroy of Liang Kuang 1852–8. By J.Y. WongTHE PREMIERS' CONFERENCE: An Essay in Federal State Interaction. By Campbell SharmanTHE LOWER MIDDLE CLASS IN BRITAIN, 1870–1914. Edited by Geoffrey CrossickGOVERNMENT AND POLITICS OF ONTARIO. Edited by Donald C. MacDonaldREVOLUTION AND INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM: A Study in the Breakdown of International Stability. By Kyung‐Won KimABWEHRSCHLACHT AN DER WEICHSEL 1945: Vorbereitung, Ablauf, Erfahrungen. By Heinz MagenheimerTOBRUK 1941: Der Kampf in Nordafrika. By Adalbert von TaysenWORKING CLASS RADICALISM IN MID‐VICTORIAN ENGLAND. By Trygve TholfsenINDIVIDUAL AND STATE IN ANCIENT CHINA: Essays on Four Chinese Philosophers. By Vitaly A. Rubin, translated by Steven I. LevineMAP OF MAINLAND ASIA BY TREATY. By J.R.V. PrescottPOLICY MAKING IN BRITISH GOVERNMENT: An Analysis of Power and Rationality. By Brian SmithTHE DYNAMICS OF PUBLIC POLICY: A Comparative Analysis. Edited by Richard RoseCAPITALISM, SOCIALISM AND THE ENVIRONMENT. By Hugh StrettonENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIA, 1788–1914. Guardians, Improvers and Profit: An Introductory Survey. By J.M. PowellINTERWAR BRITAIN: A Social and Economic History. By Sean Glynn and John Oxborrow

Background Non-fatal outcomes of disease and injury increasingly detract from the ability of the world's population to live in full health, a trend largely attributable to an epidemiological transition in many countries from causes affecting children, to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) more common in adults. For the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015), we estimated the incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for diseases and injuries at the global, regional, and national scale over the period of 1990 to 2015. Methods We estimated incidence and prevalence by age, sex, cause, year, and geography with a wide range of updated and standardised analytical procedures. Improvements from GBD 2013 included the addition of new data sources, updates to literature reviews for 85 causes, and the identification and inclusion of additional studies published up to November, 2015, to expand the database used for estimation of non-fatal outcomes to 60�900 unique data sources. Prevalence and incidence by cause and sequelae were determined with DisMod-MR 2.1, an improved version of the DisMod-MR Bayesian meta-regression tool first developed for GBD 2010 and GBD 2013. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies where the complexity of the disease was not suited to DisMod-MR 2.1 or where incidence and prevalence needed to be determined from other data. For GBD 2015 we created a summary indicator that combines measures of income per capita, educational attainment, and fertility (the Socio-demographic Index SDI) and used it to compare observed patterns of health loss to the expected pattern for countries or locations with similar SDI scores. Findings We generated 9·3 billion estimates from the various combinations of prevalence, incidence, and YLDs for causes, sequelae, and impairments by age, sex, geography, and year. In 2015, two causes had acute incidences in excess of 1 billion: upper respiratory infections (17·2 billion, 95% uncertainty interval UI 15·4�19·2 billion) and diarrhoeal diseases (2·39 billion, 2·30�2·50 billion). Eight causes of chronic disease and injury each affected more than 10% of the world's population in 2015: permanent caries, tension-type headache, iron-deficiency anaemia, age-related and other hearing loss, migraine, genital herpes, refraction and accommodation disorders, and ascariasis. The impairment that affected the greatest number of people in 2015 was anaemia, with 2·36 billion (2·35�2·37 billion) individuals affected. The second and third leading impairments by number of individuals affected were hearing loss and vision loss, respectively. Between 2005 and 2015, there was little change in the leading causes of years lived with disability (YLDs) on a global basis. NCDs accounted for 18 of the leading 20 causes of age-standardised YLDs on a global scale. Where rates were decreasing, the rate of decrease for YLDs was slower than that of years of life lost (YLLs) for nearly every cause included in our analysis. For low SDI geographies, Group 1 causes typically accounted for 20�30% of total disability, largely attributable to nutritional deficiencies, malaria, neglected tropical diseases, HIV/AIDS, and tuberculosis. Lower back and neck pain was the leading global cause of disability in 2015 in most countries. The leading cause was sense organ disorders in 22 countries in Asia and Africa and one in central Latin America; diabetes in four countries in Oceania; HIV/AIDS in three southern sub-Saharan African countries; collective violence and legal intervention in two north African and Middle Eastern countries; iron-deficiency anaemia in Somalia and Venezuela; depression in Uganda; onchoceriasis in Liberia; and other neglected tropical diseases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Interpretation Ageing of the world's population is increasing the number of people living with sequelae of diseases and injuries. Shifts in the epidemiological profile driven by socioeconomic change also contribute to the continued increase in years lived with disability (YLDs) as well as the rate of increase in YLDs. Despite limitations imposed by gaps in data availability and the variable quality of the data available, the standardised and comprehensive approach of the GBD study provides opportunities to examine broad trends, compare those trends between countries or subnational geographies, benchmark against locations at similar stages of development, and gauge the strength or weakness of the estimates available. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY license

Surveillance for emergency events involving hazardous substances--United States, 1990-1992: "Problem/Condition: A review of existing reporting systems indicated that not enough information was being collected to determine the public health consequences of emergency events involving hazardous substances. Reporting Period Covered: January 1990 through December 1992. Description of System: State health departments in selected states collect and each quarter transmit information about the events, substances released, and the public health consequences of hazardous substance releases (i.e., morbidity, mortality, and evacuations) to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Five state health departments (Colorado, Iowa, Michigan, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin) began data collection on January 1, 1990. On January 1, 1992, the reporting state health departments included those from Colorado, Iowa, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin. Results and Interpretation: During 1990-1992, 3,125 events were reported from participating states to ATSDR's Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system. Of these events, 2,391 (77%) were fixed-facility events (i.e., occurred at stationary facilities), and 723 (23%) were transportation related. In 88% of events, a single chemical was released. The most frequently released hazardous substances were volatile organic compounds (18% of the total 4,034 substances released), herbicides (15%), acids (14%), and ammonias (11%). In 467 events (15% of all events), 1,446 persons were injured; 11 persons died as a result of these injuries. Respiratory irritation (37%) and eye irritation (23%) were the most frequently reported health effects. A total of 457 (15%) events resulted in evacuations; of these, 400 (88%) were ordered by an official (e.g., a police officer or firefighter" - p. 1 ; Dengue surveillance--United States, 1986-1992: "Problem/Condition: Dengue is an acute, mosquito-transmitted viral disease characterized by fever, headache, arthralgia, myalgia, rash, nausea, and vomiting. The worldwide incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) increased from the mid-1970s through 1992. Although dengue is not endemic to the 50 United States, it presents a risk to U.S. residents who visit dengue-endemic areas. Reporting Period Covered: 1986-1992. Description of System: Dengue surveillance in the 50 United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands relies on provider-initiated reports to state health departments. State health departments then submit clinical information and serum samples to CDC for diagnostic confirmation of disease among U.S. residents who become ill during or after travel to dengue-endemic areas and among residents of the U.S. Virgin Islands. In Puerto Rico, an active, laboratory-based surveillance program receives serum specimens from ambulatory and hospitalized patients throughout the island, clinical reports on hospitalized cases, and copies of death certificates that list dengue as a cause of death. Laboratory diagnosis relies on virus isolation or serologic diagnosis of disease (i.e., IgM or IgG antibodies against dengue viruses). Results: In 1986, the first indigenous transmission of dengue in the United States in 6 years occurred in Texas; from the time of that incident through 1992, however, no further endemic transmission was reported. During 1986-1992, CDC processed serum samples from 788 residents of 47 states and the District of Columbia. Among these 788 residents, 157 (20%) cases of dengue were diagnosed serologically or virologically. Of the 157 patients, 71 (45%) had visited Latin America or the Caribbean; 63 (40%), Asia and the Pacific; seven (4%), Africa; and nine (6%), several continents. All four dengue virus serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4) were isolated from travelers to Asia and the Pacific; however, travelers to the Americas acquired infections with only DEN-1, DEN-2, or DEN-4. Even though the number of laboratory-diagnosed dengue infections among travelers was small, severe and fatal disease was documented. In the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico, three serotypes (DEN-1, DEN-2, and DEN-4) circulated during 1986-1992. In Puerto Rico, disease transmission was characterized by a cyclical pattern, with peaks in incidence occurring during months with higher temperatures and humidity (usually from September through November). The highest incidence of laboratory-diagnosed disease (1.2 cases per 1,000 population) occurred among persons < 30 years of age; rates were similar for males and females." - p. 7 ; Surveillance for emergency events involving hazardous substances--United States, 1990-1992 / -- Dengue surveillance--United States, 1986-1992 / JoseÌ? G. Rigau-PeÌ?rez, Duane J. Gubler, A.Vance Vorndam, Gary G. Clark, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases ; "July 22, 1994." ; Also available via the World Wide Web. ; Includes bibliographical references.

Moving beyond studies of social movements and NGOs, this dissertation examines how grassroots groups in Guatemala use transnational flows of goods, ideas, and people to create new organizational forms and types of political action. This case study of an organization of returned migrants, former combatants, and indigenous youth demonstrates how marginalized groups create platforms that facilitate connections between disparate actors across nation-state and identity borders. Drawing on field research in Guatemala's Western Highlands, I explore how these platforms emerged, threats to them, their effects, and what they can teach us about political organizing in crisis. I begin by tracing the genesis of this organization from transnational migrant and fair-trade groups in the 2000s, showing how it built on and superseded these network(ed) movements. While platforms are often studied in the context of capitalist firms, my nine months of field research shows that they are present within civil society in the Global South and that they are shaped by particular violent contexts, in this case interpersonal violence and crime, racism, the legacy of civil war, migration, and free trade policies. By linking the interpersonal and structural, they challenge hegemonic representations of violence to multiple audiences. I also focus on the effects of these platforms through their facilitation of desires for development between Guatemalans and North American tourists, volunteers, and activists, including translating between multiple worldviews. This has had a profound effect especially in changing the position of women in several of the communities studied. While imbricated in the "third sector" of NGOs, my case study is an example of what I term entangled autonomy—the concrete practices by which radical organizations both use and refuse legibility and professionalization vis-à-vis the state, IGOs, and NGOs. The experience of civil society platforms challenges the vertical/horizontal dichotomy prevalent in social movement literature through its reconfiguration of inter and intraorganizational power dynamics. Marginalized actors use of these platforms to challenge structural issues demonstrate new modalities of transnational resistance in contemporary Central America.

Populism of the middle class? The first German-language analysis of Kirchnerism in Argentina.

Das östliche Tiefland von Bolivien, der so genannte Oriente, wird seit nunmehr einem halben Jahrhundert von umfangreichen Zuwanderungen aus den benachbarten Provinzen und dem Hochland heimgesucht. Dabei ist die Binnenmigration ein demographisches Phänomen, das den Oriente auf unterschiedliche Weise in seiner Regionalentwicklung beeinträchtigt. Einerseits kommt es zu einer tiefgründigen Modifikation der Landschaft durch Nutzung und Ausbeutung der natürlichen Ressourcen. Anderseits führen die Wanderungsbewegungen zu einer sukzessiven Transformation der Aufnahmegesellschaft. Intensität und Ausmaß der Gesellschaftsveränderungen hängen vom Grad der Integration der beteiligten Akteure ab. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass sowohl das gesellschaftliche als auch das ökologische Gleichgewicht davon abhängen, inwieweit eine Eingliederung der zugewanderten Individuen und Gruppen in das soziale System (soziale Integration) gelingt, – und inwieweit die verschiedenen Teilbereiche der Gesellschaft (politisches, ökonomisches, soziales und edukatives System) im Austausch miteinander stehen bzw. harmonieren. Die empirische Feldforschung im Agrarkolonisationsgebiet San Julián (Departamento de Santa Cruz) bezog sich auf den Zusammenhang zwischen der Integration von Zuwanderern und den Auswirkungen auf die regionale Kulturlandschaft. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass ein hohes Maß an individueller Einbindung über die vier Dimensionen der sozialen Integration nach dem Konzept von Hartmut Esser (2001; Kulturation, Platzierung, Interaktion, Identifikation) die Sensibilisierung für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit den gemeinsamen Ressourcen über lokalspezifische "livelihood strategies" erhöht. Die Datenerhebung beinhaltete zum einen qualitative Leitfadengespräche mit ausgewählten Schlüsselpersonen in den Untersuchungsdörfern sowie in der Gemeinde- (San Julián) und Departamentalhauptstadt (Santa Cruz de la Sierra). Des Weiteren wurden standardisierte Quantitativinterviews mit 90 Haushalten in den ausgewählten Dörfern El Progreso und San Martín durchgeführt. Die derzeitige Situation im Untersuchungsgebiet ist gekennzeichnet von einer schwachen systemischen Integration des Agrarkolonisationsgebietes in die Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft des Tieflandes. Es fehlt am Marktzugang für kleinbäuerliche Produktionsbetriebe, an der politischen und edukativen Partizipation der Bevölkerung sowie an den Bemühungen zur sozialen und insbesondere kulturellen Eingliederung der Zuwanderer. Eine solche Entwicklung erschwert nicht nur die soziale Integration und das interkulturelle Zusammenleben zwischen Migranten aus dem andinen Hochland ("Collas"/ Indigene, überwiegend Quechua, Aymará) und den Tieflandbewohnern ("Cambas"/ Mestizen), sondern bedroht auch das ökologische Gleichgewicht des Oriente. Die Untersuchungsbefunde weisen eine leichte Korrelation zwischen der sozialen Integration eines Individuums und dem individuellen Umgang mit den Kollektivgütern auf. Das Untersuchungsbeispiel zeigt, dass es ohne den politischen und zivilgesellschaftlichen Willen zur systemischen Integration ländlicher Regionen in Lateinamerika keine nachhaltige ökologische und vor allem sozioökonomische Regionalentwicklung geben kann.

"Vor dem Hintergrund ordnungs- und sicherheitspolitischer Herausforderungen im 21. Jahrhundert (Wandel der Gewaltformen, Möglichkeiten und Grenzen von Präventions- und Interventionsmaßnahmen) stellt sich die Frage, welchen theoretischen und praxeologischen Beitrag die friedenswissenschaftlich relevanten Teildisziplinen Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Internationale Beziehungen und Regionalwissenschaften leisten können. Damit verbunden ist das Problem, inwieweit ein 'Trialog' zwischen den Teildisziplinen möglich ist und ob die bislang voneinander abgekoppelte Forschungslandschaft sinnvoll verbunden bzw. überwunden werden kann. Die Klärung dieser doppelten Problematik stand im Mittelpunkt des Workshops zu den 'sich kreuzenden Blickwinkeln auf innerstaatliche Gewalt und Krisenprävention'. Die vorliegende Zwischenbilanz bietet nicht nur eine Bestandsaufnahme der jeweiligen Forschungslogiken und Zugänge sowie eine Identifikation erkennbarer friedenspolitischer Defizite, sondern benennt auch Anknüpfungspunkte für die theoretische und methodische Weiterentwicklung und institutioneller Kooperationsformen." (Autorenreferat). Inhaltsverzeichnis: Volker Matthies: Wissenschaftliche Blickwinkel auf Konflikt und Prävention (1-3); Andreas Mehler: Regionales Wissen - global-lokales Handeln: Schwachstellenanalyse aus DÜI-Perspektive (3-6); Debatte (7-8). 2. Die verschiedenen Blickwinkel auf Konflikte - Sven Chojnacki: Internationale Beziehungen (8-10); Klaus Schlichte: Kriegs- und Friedensforschung (10-12); Sabine Kurtenbach: Regionalwissenschaften (12-13); Christoph Weller: Praxisnahe Beratung (13-14); Debatte (15-16). 3. Gewalt und Krisenprävention aus regionaler Perspektive - Hanspeter Mattes: Arabische Welt (17-18); Andreas Mehler: Afrika südlich der Sahara (18-20); Sabine Kurtenbach: Lateinamerika (20-21); Heike Holbig: China (21-23); Wolfgang Sporrer: Balkan (23-24); Debatte (24-26). 4. Kooperation im analytischen Umgang mit gewaltsamen Konflikten - Wolf-Dieter Eberwein: Sprachlosigkeit/ Kommunikationsprobleme (26-28); Thomas Held: Pluridisziplinäre Forschungsförderung (28-29); Debatte (30).