Suchergebnisse

destruction of cultural heritage in Aleppo: banality of an act of war? ', Cairn.info electronic distribution for Harmattan. © Harmattan. All rights reserved for all countries. Reproduction or representation of this article, in particular by photocopying, is authorised only within the limits of the general conditions of use of the site or, where applicable, the general terms and conditions of the licence entered into by your establishment. Any other reproduction or representation, in whole or in part, in any form and manner, shall be prohibited unless the publisher has given its prior written consent, except in the cases provided for by the legislation in force in France. It is specified that storage in a database is also prohibited. Global opinion is rife about the destruction of heritage in Syria, as elsewhere in other wars, almost as much as violence against people. Heritage is, however, an ambiguous object, since the emotion it produces, both in its contemplation and its destruction, far from being universal, depends on the particular sensitivity of the viewer. It is marked by education, social and identity affiliations, and some historical developments. Heritage lists are generally defined by art specialists, architects or historians, in accordance with aesthetic or scientific criteria which can be discussed. Before further analysing the recent destruction of the Alpine heritage, it is therefore important to clarify what heritage is in this context. ; International audience ; destruction of cultural heritage in Aleppo: banality of an act of war? ', Cairn.info electronic distribution for Harmattan. © Harmattan. All rights reserved for all countries. Reproduction or representation of this article, in particular by photocopying, is authorised only within the limits of the general conditions of use of the site or, where applicable, the general terms and conditions of the licence entered into by your establishment. Any other reproduction or representation, in whole or in part, in any form and manner, shall be ...

Conditionality is a concept frequently linked to funds received from international financial institutions by countries in trouble. Most cases depend on the financial support to developing countries of the IMF, but also of other institutions like the World Bank, ADB, IBD, EIB or the EBRD that are targeting the Central and Eastern European countries. Besides the financial framework there is another application of conditionality often used by organizations like the EU for applicant countries that are in the European integration process. Although no reference was made to any specific conditionality criteria in the Treaty of Rome, the EEC first and the EU afterwards applied a process of conditionality criteria during the commercial negotiations with Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) in the 80's. While general principles were developed in international forum, from the Helsinki Final Act signed in 1975, until the Copenhagen criteria for membership adopted during the June 1993 European Council, a great evolution has happened and even stricter conditions were established in the future when Bulgaria and Romania became applicant countries. All these topics will be the purpose of the present article from an introspective point of view, providing relevant information of very little known bureaucratic procedures. Keywords: positive and negative conditionality, retaliation, sanctions safeguard clause, freeze of negotiations, human rights, rule of law, democracy, market economy, acquis communautaire. (Romanian Journal of European Affairs / SWP)

"Visualizations of cult" deals with the strategies of visual representations of cult as well as with concretisations of its visualization, in the perspective of historical and cultural studies. Cult is understood in a broad sense, describing modes of collective veneration and auratization, in religious, quasi-religious or trivial-profane connections. Cult practice and experience and their manifestations are treated under five aspects: (1) objects: staging of cult, (2) subjects: experiences of cult, (3) cult of persons, (4) spaces of cult, (5) manifestations of cult practice. "Visualisierungen von Kult" behandelt die Strategien visueller Darstellung von Kult sowie Konkretisierungen seiner Visualisierung aus historisch-kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Kult ist weit gefasst und beschreibt Formen der kollektiven Verehrung und Auratisierung, in religiösen, quasi-religiösen oder trivial-profanen Zusammenhängen. Es werden Praktiken und Erfahrung von Kult und ihre Manifestationen in fünf Themenkomplexen untersucht: (1) Objekte: Inszenierungen von Kult, (2) Subjekte: Erfahrungen von Kult, (3) Personenkult, (4) Kulträume sowie (5) Manifestationen von Kultpraxis.