Suchergebnisse

Interest in evaluation of severe accidents induced by extended station blackout (ESBO) has significantly increased after Fukushima. In this paper, the severe accident process under the high and low pressure induced by an ESBO for a small integrated pressurized water reactor (IPWR)-IP200 is simulated with the SCDAP/RELAP5 code. For both types of selected scenarios, the IP200 thermal hydraulic behavior and core meltdown are analyzed without operator actions. Core degradation studies firstly focus on the changes in the core water level and temperature. Then, the inhibition of natural circulation in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) on core temperature rise is studied. In addition, the phenomena of core oxidation and hydrogen generation and the reaction mechanism of zirconium with the water and steam during core degradation are analyzed. The temperature distribution and time point of the core melting process are obtained. And the IP200 severe accident management guideline (SAMG) entry condition is determined. Finally, it is compared with other core degradation studies of large distributed reactors to discuss the influence of the inherent design characteristics of IP200. Furthermore, through the comparison of four sets of scenarios, the effects of the passive safety system (PSS) on the mitigation of severe accidents are evaluated. Detailed results show that, for the quantitative conclusions, the low coolant storage of IP200 makes the core degradation very fast. The duration from core oxidation to corium relocation in the lower-pressure scenario is 53% faster than that of in the high-pressure scenario. The maximum temperature of liquid corium in the lower-pressure scenario is 134 K higher than that of the high-pressure scenario. Besides, the core forms a molten pool 2.8 h earlier in the lower-pressure scenario. The hydrogen generated in the high-pressure scenario is higher when compared to the low-pressure scenario due to the slower degradation of the core. After the reactor reaches the SAMG entry conditions, the PSS input can effectively alleviate the accident and prevent the core from being damaged and melted. There is more time to alleviate the accident. This study is aimed at providing a reference to improve the existing IPWR SAMGs.

Globally, a considerable amount of energy is consumed by the building sector. The building envelope can highly influence the energy consumption in buildings. In this regard, innovative technologies such as thermal energy storage (TES) can help to boost the energy efficiency and to reduce the CO2 emissions in this sector. The use of phase change materials (PCM), due to its high heat capacity, has been the centre of attention of many researchers. A considerable number of papers have been published on the application of PCM as passive system in building envelopes. Researches have shown that choosing the PCM melting temperature in different climate conditions is a key factor to improve the energy performance in buildings. In the present paper, a simulation-based optimization methodology will be presented by coupling EnergyPlus and GenOpt with an innovative enthalpy-temperature (h-T) function to define the optimum PCM peak melting temperature to enhance the cooling, heating, and the annual total heating and cooling energy performance of a residential building in various climate conditions based on Köppen-Geiger classification. Results show that in a cooling dominant climate the best PCM melting temperature to reduce the annual energy consumption is close to the maximum of 26ºC (melting range of 24ºC-28ºC), whereas in heating dominant climates PCM with lower melting temperature of 20ºC (melting range of 18ºC-22ºC) yields higher annual energy benefits. Moreover, it was found that the proper selection of PCM melting temperature in each climate zone can lead to notable energy savings for cooling energy consumption, heating energy consumption, and total annual energy consumption. ; The work is partially funded by the Spanish government (ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R (MINECO/FEDER) and ENE2015-64117-C5-3-R (MINECO/FEDER)). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality accreditation given to their research group GREA (2014 SGR 123). GREA is certified agent TECNIO in the category of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia. This project has received funding from the European Commission Seventh Framework Program (FP/2007-2013) under Grant agreement Nº PIRSES-GA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE) and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 657466 (INPATH-TES). Alvaro de Gracia would like to thank Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad de España for Grant Juan de la Cierva, FJCI-2014-19940.

Для решения проблемы переработки и использования резинотехнических отходов в России, необходима разработка и принятие комплекса мер, регламентирующих порядок их учета, сбора, хранения и поставки на переработку, подготовка и продвижение на федеральном и региональном уровнях законодательных актов, стимулирующих увеличение объемов восстановительного ремонта и переработки изношенных шин. В России наблюдается устойчивый количественный рост отходов, и никаких принципиальных изменений этой тенденции в обозримом будущем не предвидится. Это очевидным образом связано с ростом объема промышленного производства и уровня конечного потребления. При этом отходы потребления будут расти быстрее, чем отходы производства, из-за опережающего роста продукции конечного потребления - в первую очередь бытовой, компьютерной и радиоэлектронной техники, предметов домашнего обихода, одежды, автомобилей и т.д. [2]. Существует несколько методов переработки изношенных автомобильных шин и резинотехнических отходов в целом, но мы остановим свое внимание лишь на процессе пиролиза, как на одном из наиболее эффективных и экологически безопасных. Пиролиз - термическое разложение органических и многих неорганических соединений. В узком смысле, разложение органических природных соединений при недостатке воздуха. В более широком смысле - разложение любых соединений на составляющие менее тяжёлые молекулы, или элементы под действием повышения температуры [1] ; To solve the problem of reprocessing and use of rubber waste in Russia it is necessary to develop and adopt a set of measures regulating the procedure for their accounting, collection, storage and delivery for processing, as well as preparation and promotion of legislative acts at federal and regional levels, stimulating an increase in complete renovation and recycling of used tires. Russia has seen a steady increase in quantity of waste; fundamental changes to this trend in the nearest future are not expected. This is obviously due to the growth of industrial production and the level of final consumption. In this case, wastes of consumption will grow faster than production waste due to advanced growth of products of final consumption primarily household, computer and electronic equipment, household items, clothes, cars, etc. [2]. There are several methods of used tires and rubber waste reprocessing in general, but we focus only on the pyrolysis process, as one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly. Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition of many organic and inorganic compounds. In a narrow sense, the natural decomposition of organic compounds with air deficiency. In a wider sense decomposition of molecular entities constituting less heavy molecules or elements under the action of raising the temperature [1]

Для решения проблемы переработки и использования резинотехнических отходов в России, необходима разработка и принятие комплекса мер, регламентирующих порядок их учета, сбора, хранения и поставки на переработку, подготовка и продвижение на федеральном и региональном уровнях законодательных актов, стимулирующих увеличение объемов восстановительного ремонта и переработки изношенных шин. В России наблюдается устойчивый количественный рост отходов, и никаких принципиальных изменений этой тенденции в обозримом будущем не предвидится. Это очевидным образом связано с ростом объема промышленного производства и уровня конечного потребления. При этом отходы потребления будут расти быстрее, чем отходы производства, из-за опережающего роста продукции конечного потребления в первую очередь бытовой, компьютерной и радиоэлектронной техники, предметов домашнего обихода, одежды, автомобилей и т.д. [2]. Существует несколько методов переработки изношенных автомобильных шин и резинотехнических отходов в целом, но мы остановим свое внимание лишь на процессе пиролиза, как на одном из наиболее эффективных и экологически безопасных. Пиролиз термическое разложение органических и многих неорганических соединений. В узком смысле, разложение органических природных соединений при недостатке воздуха. В более широком смысле разложение любых соединений на составляющие менее тяжёлые молекулы, или элементы под действием повышения температуры [1] ; To solve the problem of reprocessing and use of rubber waste in Russia it is necessary to develop and adopt a set of measures regulating the procedure for their accounting, collection, storage and delivery for processing, as well as preparation and promotion of legislative acts at federal and regional levels, stimulating an increase in complete renovation and recycling of used tires. Russia has seen a steady increase in quantity of waste; fundamental changes to this trend in the nearest future are not expected. This is obviously due to the growth of industrial production and the level of final consumption. In this case, wastes of consumption will grow faster than production waste due to advanced growth of products of final consumption primarily household, computer and electronic equipment, household items, clothes, cars, etc. [2]. There are several methods of used tires and rubber waste reprocessing in general, but we focus only on the pyrolysis process, as one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly. Pyrolysis is thermal decomposition of many organic and inorganic compounds. In a narrow sense, the natural decomposition of organic compounds with air deficiency. In a wider sense decomposition of molecular entities constituting less heavy molecules or elements under the action of raising the temperature [1]

Die Suche nach effizienten Energieträgern ist ein zentrales Thema in der heutigen Zeit. Die vorliegende Magisterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der derzeitigen Energiesituation und der Suche nach nachhaltigen Alternativen zu klassischen fossilen Energieträgern. Die Arbeit gliedert sich in drei Teile und bezieht sich jeweils auf Nord- und Südamerika. Die ersten Kapitel beschäftigen sich mit der derzeitigen Energiepolitik Amerikas. Hier werden Programme vorgestellt, welche ein Wachsen der regenerativen Energien fördern und Anreize bieten, diese auch umzusetzen. Anschließend wird das Augenmerk auf die gesamte Energieproduktion sowie Energieverbrauch, klassifiziert in die einzelnen Energieträger, gelegt. Nicht außer Acht zu lassen sind die zukünftigen Herausforderungen und eine Betrachtung der unterschiedlichen Treibhausgase.Anschließend widmet sich der zweite Teil dem technischen Potential von Solarther-mischen Kraftwerken und Photovoltaikanlagen. Es werden die jeweiligen Funktionen und das Marktpotential erläutert.Der finale Teil der Magisterarbeit beschreibt das Konzept einer Panamerikanischen Kooperation im Bereich solarer Energieträger. Anlehnend an das Wüstenstrompro-jekt Desertec wird ein neues Projekt vorgestellt, das zum Inhalt hat, wie Nord- und Südamerika in eine gemeinsame Energiekooperation treten und somit das große Problem der Speicherung minimieren könnten. Zum Abschluss wird schließlich gezeigt welche Auswirkungen ein solches Großprojekt auf Lateinamerika haben kann und welche Hindernisse, vor allem politischer und wirtschaftlicher Natur, überwunden werden müssen. ; The search for efficient energy sources is a key issue in today's world. The present thesis deals with the current energy situation and the search for sustainable alterna-tives to traditional fossil fuels. The work is divided into three parts and published for North and South America. The first chapters deal with the current energy policy in America. This program will be presented that promote a growth of renewable energy and provide incentives to im-plement them. Subsequently, the emphasis is placed on the total energy production and energy consumption, classified in the various energy sources. Not to be over-looked are the future challenges and a consideration of different greenhouse gases.The second part is devoted to the technical potential of solar thermal power plants and photovoltaic systems. It explains the functions and the market potential.The final part of the thesis describes the concept of a Pan-American cooperation in the field of solar energy. In reference to the Desertec project a new project is pre-sented which has as its content, such as North and South America to enter into joint energy cooperation, and thus minimize the serious problem of storage. The last chapters describe the impact such a large project may have on Latin Ameri-ca and the obstacles, especially political and economic nature, have to be negotiat-ed. ; vorgelegt von Nathalie Harlander ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Masterarb., 2012 ; (VLID)222512

Infection, survival, and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria in humans depend on their capacity to impair host responses and acquire nutrients in a hostile environment. Among such nutrients is heme, a co-factor for oxygen storage, electron transport, photosynthesis, and redox biochemistry, which is indispensable for life. Porphyromonas gingivalis is the major human bacterial pathogen responsible for severe periodontitis. It recruits heme through HmuY, which sequesters heme from host carriers and delivers it to its cognate outer-membrane transporter, the TonB-dependent receptor HmuR. Here we report that heme binding does not significantly affect the secondary structure of HmuY. The crystal structure of hemebound HmuY reveals a new all-b fold mimicking a right hand. The thumb and fingers pinch heme iron through two apical histidine residues, giving rise to highly symmetric octahedral iron co-ordination. The tetrameric quaternary arrangement of the protein found in the crystal structure is consistent with experiments in solution. It shows that thumbs and fingertips, and, by extension, the bound heme groups, are shielded from competing heme-binding proteins from the host. This may also facilitate heme transport to HmuR for internalization. HmuY, both in its apo- and in its heme-bound forms, is resistant to proteolytic digestion by trypsin and the major secreted proteases of P. gingivalis, gingipains K and R. It is also stable against thermal and chemical denaturation. In conclusion, these studies reveal novel molecular properties of HmuY that are consistent with its role as a putative virulence factor during bacterial infection. © 2009 Wójtowicz et al. ; This study was supported by grants from Spanish ministries (BIO2006-02668, BFU2006-09593, BIO2009-XXXXX, PSE-010000-2007-1, and CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 Project "La Factoría de Cristalización" (CSD2006-00015)) and by grant 2005SGR00280 from the Generalitat de Catalunya. Additional funding was obtained from grants N401 029 32/0742 and 1642/B/P01/2008/35 from the Department of Scientific Research, Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education; from US National Institutes of Health grant DE 09761; and from the European Union through EU FP6 Strep Project LSHG-2006-018830 "CAMP" and EU FP7 Collaborative Project 223101 "AntiPathoGN". Further funding was provided by ESRF (http://www.esrf.eu/) for data collection ; Peer Reviewed

"The RDT evaluations summarized here were performed as a collaboration between WHO, TDR, FIND, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and other partners. All companies manufacturing under ISO 13485:2003 Quality System Standard were invited to submit up to 3 tests for evaluation under the programme. In the first round of testing, 41 products from 21 manufacturers were evaluated against prepared blood panels of cultured Plasmodium falciparum parasites, while 29 products from 13 manufacturers were evaluated in Round 2. In Round 3, 50 products were evaluated from 23 manufacturers, including 23 products re-submitted from earlier rounds (Table S3). Of these 120 total products, 118 progressed to testing against panels of patient-derived P. falciparum and P. vivax parasites, and a parasite-negative panel. Thermal stability was assessed after two months of storage at elevated temperature and humidity, and a descriptive ease of use assessment was recorded. Of the 118 fully evaluated products, 25 have been evaluated in more than one round. Of the 95 unique products tested by the programme, 29 detect P. falciparum alone, 57 detect and differentiate P. falciparum from non-P. falciparum malaria (either pan-specific or species specific), 8 detect P. falciparum and non-P. falciparum malaria without distinguishing between them, and one product was designed to detect P. vivax only. Manufacturers submitted two lots of each product for evaluation. Where the same products4 have been re-submitted in subsequent rounds of testing, the latter results replace results published from the earlier round. Thus, the performance of many tests in the results below differ from those published in the Round 1 and Round 2 reports. The evaluation is designed to provide comparative data on the performance of the submitted production lots of each product. Such data will be used to guide procurement decisions of WHO and other UN agencies and national governments. Product testing is part of a continuing programme of work to improve the quality of RDTs that are used, and to support broad implementation of reliable malaria diagnosis in areas where malaria is prevalent. A fourth round of product testing began in June 2011." - p. 1 ; "TDR/RDT/11.1." ; Mode of access: World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (2.47 MB, 16 p.).

I/Cosmochemistry -- Fitness in the Universe: Choices and Necessities -- Galactic Clouds of Organic Molecules -- The Outer Solar System: Perspectives for Exobiology -- Catalytic Reactions in the Solar Nebula: Implications for Interstellar Molecules and Organic Compounds in Meteorites -- II/Paleobiology -- Natural Evidence for Chemical and Early Biological Evolution -- Aspects of the Geologic History of Seawater -- Homeostatic Tendencies of the Earth's Atmosphere -- Microfossils from the Middle Precambrian McArthur Group, Northern Territory, Australia -- The Development and Diversification of Precambrian Life -- III/Primordial Organic Chemistry -- The Atmosphere of the Primitive Earth and the Prebiotic Synthesis of Amino Acids -- Biomolecules from HCN -- The Prebiotic Synthesis of Oligonucleotides -- The Possible Role of Clays in Prebiotic Peptide Synthesis -- Interactions Between Amino Acids and Nucleotides in the Prebiotic Milieu -- Coacervate Systems and Origin of Life -- Transfer RNA and the Translation Apparatus in the Origin of Life -- IV/Precellular Organization -- A Hypothetic Scheme for Evolution of Probionts -- From Proteinoid Microsphere to Contemporary Cell: Formation of Internucleotide and Peptide Bonds by Proteinoid Particles -- Chemical and Catalytical Properties of Thermal Polymers of Amino Acids (Proteinoids) -- Pre-Enzymic Origin of Metabolic Redox Processes and of the Energy Storage Processes -- Experimental Attempts for the Study of the Origin of Optical Activity on Earth -- Life's Beginnings — Origin or Evolution? -- V/Early Biochemical Evolution -- On the Chemical Constitution of Cometary Nuclei -- Photochemical Conversions of Lower Aldehydes in Aqueous Solutions and in Fog -- Inferences from Protein and Nucleic Acid Sequences: Early Molecular Evolution, Divergence of Kingdoms and Rates of Change -- On the Possible Origin and Evolution of the Genetic Code -- Genetics and the Origin of the Genetic Code -- Origin of the Genetic Code: A Physical-Chemical Model of Primitive Codon Assignments -- The Iron-Sulphur Proteins: Evolution of a Ubiquitous Protein from Model Systems to Higher Organisms -- A New Hypothesis for the Evolution of Biological Electron Transport -- Pathways of Chemical Evolution of Photosynthesis -- Inorganic Types of Fermentation and Anaerobic Respirations in the Evolution of Energy-Yielding Metabolism -- VI/Exobiology -- Test Results on the Viking Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer Experiment -- Automated Life-Detection Experiments for the Viking Mission to Mars -- Organic Contamination Problems in the Viking Molecular Analysis Experiment -- Model Systems for Life Processes on Mars -- An Automatically-Returned Martian Sample by 1985? -- Life on Jupiter? -- The Possibility of Organic Molecule Formation in the Venus Atmosphere -- Planetary Systems and Extraterrestrial Life -- The Origin of Life in a Cosmic Context -- List of Participants -- Index of Subjects.

Seismic anisotropy measurements show that upper mantle hydration at the Middle America Trench (MAT) is limited to serpentinization and/or water in fault zones, rather than distributed uniformly. Subduction of hydrated oceanic lithosphere recycles water back into the deep mantle, drives arc volcanism, and affects seismicity at subduction zones. Constraining the extent of upper mantle hydration is an important part of understanding many fundamental processes on Earth. Substantially reduced seismic velocities in tomography suggest that outer rise plate-bending faults provide a pathway for seawater to rehydrate the slab mantle just prior to subduction. Estimates of outer-rise hydration based on tomograms vary significantly, with some large enough to imply that, globally, subduction has consumed more than two oceans worth of water during the Phanerozoic. We found that, while the mean upper mantle wavespeed is reduced at the MAT outer rise, the amplitude and orientation of inherited anisotropy are preserved at depths >1 km below the Moho. At shallower depths, relict anisotropy is replaced by slowing in the fault-normal direction. These observations are incompatible with pervasive hydration but consistent with models of wave propagation through serpentinized fault zones that thin to 1 km below Moho. Confining hydration to fault zones reduces water storage estimates for the MAT upper mantle from similar to 3.5 wt% to <0.9 wt% H(2)0. Since the intermediate thermal structure in the similar to 24 Myr-old MAT slab favors serpentinization, limited hydration suggests that fault mechanics are the limiting factor, not temperatures. Subducting mantle may be similarly dry globally. ; US Ocean Bottom Seismograph Instrument Pool facilities at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California System ; Published version ; We are grateful for the hard work and dedication of the technicians, crews, officers, and science party of R/V Langseth cruise MGL0807, who overcame many obstacles during Langseth's first science program, and also Trish Gregg and everyone aboard R/V New Horizon cruise TC2NH, which handled OBS operations. The OBS were provided and supported by the US Ocean Bottom Seismograph Instrument Pool (http://www.obsip.org) facilities at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. We thank D. Shillington, S. Naif, F. Klein, and U. ten Brink for many productive discussions and J. Kluesner, C. Ruppel, A. Trehu, and J. Korenaga for reviews of this manuscript. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee

After the adoption of the National Program for the Implementation of the Strategy for the Management of Radioactive Waste Used Resources and Spent Nuclear Fuel, by the Government of the Republic of Croatia, the issue of radioactive waste management in Croatia became current. Slovene-Croatian co-ownership over the Krško nuclear power plant (KNPP) means that half of the operational and decommissioning waste, as well as spent nuclear fuel (SNF) belongs to Croatia. Until now, SNF has been kept in a pool at KNPP, and dry storage before disposal is also planned. A generic project of a SNF repository has been developed and has already undergone a second revision and review. The project idea involves site selection in both countries and the conceptual solution of the SKB-3V type in crystalline rock. This paper presents an estimate of the thermal-hydro-mechanical effects (THME) of the SNF repository in crystalline rock (granodiorite) of SKB-3V concept by developing a numerical model in the SIGMA/W, SEEP/W and TEMP/W software. Simulations have shown that it is possible to construct a SNF repository in the crystalline rocks of Croatia or Slovenia, that the generic repository project is well-designed and that a model of hydro-thermo-mechanical effects of spent nuclear fuel on the rock in Croatia/Slovenia can be produced, which proves the suitability of the rock mass for this purpose. ; Donošenjem Nacionalnoga programa provedbe Strategije zbrinjavanja radioaktivnoga otpada, iskorištenih izvora i istrošenoga nuklearnog goriva Vlade Republike Hrvatske pitanje upravljanja radioaktivnim otpadom u Hrvatskoj postaje aktualno. Suvlasništvo nad Nuklearnom elektranom Krško (NEK) znači da polovina pogonskoga i dekomisijskoga otpada te istrošenoga nuklearnog goriva (ING) pripada Hrvatskoj. Za sada se ING čuva u bazenu NEK-a, a predviđeno je i suho skladištenje do trenutka odlaganja. Generički projekt odlagališta ING-a već je prošao drugu reviziju i recenziju. Projektna ideja uključuje traženje lokacije na teritoriju obiju država te konceptualno rješenje tipa SKB-3V u kristaliničnoj stijeni. U radu je dana procjena termohidromehaničkih efekata (THME) odlagališta ING-a u kristaliničnoj stijeni (granodiorit) SKB-3V koncepta izradom numeričkoga modela u programima SIGMA/W, SEEP/W i TEMP/W. Simulacije su pokazale kako je moguće izgraditi odlagalište ING-a u kristaliničnim stijenama Hrvatske ili Slovenije, da je generički projekt dubokoga geološkog odlagališta dobro osmišljen i da je model termohidromehaničkih efekata ING-a na stijeni u Hrvatskoj/Sloveniji izvediv, što dokazuje podobnost stijenske mase za ovu svrhu.

After the adoption of the National Program for the Implementation of the Strategy for the Management of Radioactive Waste Used Resources and Spent Nuclear Fuel, by the Government of the Republic of Croatia, the issue of radioactive waste management in Croatia became current. Slovene-Croatian co-ownership over the Krško nuclear power plant (KNPP) means that half of the operational and decommissioning waste, as well as spent nuclear fuel (SNF) belongs to Croatia. Until now, SNF has been kept in a pool at KNPP, and dry storage before disposal is also planned. A generic project of a SNF repository has been developed and has already undergone a second revision and review. The project idea involves site selection in both countries and the conceptual solution of the SKB-3V type in crystalline rock. This paper presents an estimate of the thermal-hydro-mechanical effects (THME) of the SNF repository in crystalline rock (granodiorite) of SKB-3V concept by developing a numerical model in the SIGMA/W, SEEP/W and TEMP/W software. Simulations have shown that it is possible to construct a SNF repository in the crystalline rocks of Croatia or Slovenia, that the generic repository project is well-designed and that a model of hydro-thermo-mechanical effects of spent nuclear fuel on the rock in Croatia/Slovenia can be produced, which proves the suitability of the rock mass for this purpose. ; Donošenjem Nacionalnoga programa provedbe Strategije zbrinjavanja radioaktivnoga otpada, iskorištenih izvora i istrošenoga nuklearnog goriva Vlade Republike Hrvatske pitanje upravljanja radioaktivnim otpadom u Hrvatskoj postaje aktualno. Suvlasništvo nad Nuklearnom elektranom Krško (NEK) znači da polovina pogonskoga i dekomisijskoga otpada te istrošenoga nuklearnog goriva (ING) pripada Hrvatskoj. Za sada se ING čuva u bazenu NEK-a, a predviđeno je i suho skladištenje do trenutka odlaganja. Generički projekt odlagališta ING-a već je prošao drugu reviziju i recenziju. Projektna ideja uključuje traženje lokacije na teritoriju obiju država te konceptualno rješenje tipa SKB-3V u kristaliničnoj stijeni. U radu je dana procjena termohidromehaničkih efekata (THME) odlagališta ING-a u kristaliničnoj stijeni (granodiorit) SKB-3V koncepta izradom numeričkoga modela u programima SIGMA/W, SEEP/W i TEMP/W. Simulacije su pokazale kako je moguće izgraditi odlagalište ING-a u kristaliničnim stijenama Hrvatske ili Slovenije, da je generički projekt dubokoga geološkog odlagališta dobro osmišljen i da je model termohidromehaničkih efekata ING-a na stijeni u Hrvatskoj/Sloveniji izvediv, što dokazuje podobnost stijenske mase za ovu svrhu.

Real-world driving consist mostly of transients, where the engine parameters are constantly changing. In emission regulation this has been partially considered by including transient driving cycles in emission standards. However, specific particle emissions data for detailed driving conditions have remained limited. This thesis covers results of transient exhaust particle emissions, including both diesel and gasoline engines. The experiments were performed in laboratories and on the road. The focus was always on the real-world particle emissions. During transient cycles both heavy-duty (HD) diesel engines and light-duty (LD) gasoline vehicles produced elevated soot particle concentrations during accelerations. For instance, in on-road experiment of a LD gasoline vehicle, the exhaust plume particle concentrations at steady speeds were at clean ambient levels, but during accelerations concentrations were 10-50 times the background level. For gasoline vehicles the soot particle size distributions were bi-modal in nature. Currently neither LD gasoline nor nonroad HD diesel engines necessarily need to employ particle filtration in the exhaust system in order to meet the demands of the relevant legislation. Sulfur originating in the fuel or lubricant oil can be stored inside catalysts, and later be released, forming semivolatile nucleation mode (NM) particles when temperature rises. This behavior was detected for LD and HD engines in the engine laboratory, for a HD vehicle on the road and in a simplified measurement setup in an aerosol laboratory. The aerosol laboratory test indicated that the NM formation does not necessarily require hydrocarbons or sulfated hydrocarbons; particles are electrically neutral and evaporate when they undergo thermal treatment. While sulfur is released from the catalysts, the HD road engine study indicated that the increased NM particle emission is not explained by the concentration of gaseous sulfuric acid. The sulfur storage and release depends greatly on the driving history, also due to this NM particle emissions seem plausible, even with low sulfur fuels. With catalytic particle filters, the amount of soot is reduced, promoting semivolatile NM particle emissions. An unexpected observation was made that some engines produce nanoparticles containing lubricant oil derived metals during driving while not fueled. Exhaust particles were observed during engine braking events for a HD truck and LD gasoline vehicles. For the truck and gasoline vehicles, the engine braking related particles contributed up to 20-30% and 3-30% of the total number emissions, respectively. These particle emissions can be a reality for all vehicle types not using particle filtration, including the latest technology vehicles. In particle filters, engine braking related particles can affect the ash accumulation and transport mechanisms.

In Leichtwasserreaktoren (LWR) entstehen langlebige und radiologisch toxische Nuklide, wie z. B. Plutonium und Minore Aktinide (Neptunium, Americium, Curium, .), die nach der Brennelemententnahme für lange Zeit sicher verwahrt werden müssen. Zur Reduzierung des hochradioaktiven, langlebigen Materials wird unter anderem an der Umwandlung mittels Transmutation und Kernspaltung in kurzlebige Nuklide geforscht. Als Transmutationssyteme werden Generation-IV-Reaktoren und beschleunigergetriebene Systeme untersucht. Einer der Generation-IV-Reaktoren ist der grafitmoderierte, Helium gekühlte Hochtemperatur-Kugelhaufen-Reaktor (HTR). Die Vorteile des HTR ist zum einen die Brennelementstruktur, durch die hohe Abbrände möglich sind. Außerdem die inhärente Sicherheit, das heißt es ist möglich, den Reaktor ohne aktive Systeme in einen sicheren Zustand zu bringen, ohne dabei die Strukturen zu zerstören oder radioaktive Substanzen freizusetzen. In dieser Arbeit werden die aus den abgebrannten LWR-Brennelementen extrahierten Nuklide Plutonium, Neptunium und Americium zu neuem Brennstoff verarbeitet und in einen HTR eingesetzt. Das Ziel ist es, den Großteil der langlebigen Nuklide umzuwandeln, um damit die Menge langlebiger Nuklide und Toxizitäten im abgebrannten Brennelement zu reduzieren. Dafür wird der höchstmögliche Abbrand bestimmt. Die Grundidee stammt aus dem Projekt "Plutonium and Minor Actinides Waste Management" (PuMA) der Europäischen Union. Die Definition der Brennelement- und Reaktorgeometrie werden aus diesem Projekt entnommen. Der Referenzreaktor ist nahezu identisch zum südafrikanischen Hochtemperaturreaktor mit 400 MW_th Leistung und fester Grafitinnensäule (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor PBMR-400). Es zeigt sich, dass der maximale mittlere Entladeabbrand unterhalb von 700 MWd/kg SM liegt und nicht wesentlich von der geometrischen Form der Kugelschüttung beeinflusst wird. Untersucht wird außerdem das Verhalten des mit Plutonium- und Minoren Aktiniden-Brennstoff gefüllten stationären HTR im Vergleich zu dem mit Uran-Brennstoff betriebenen. Durch den veränderten Spaltstoff ist das Verhalten des Reaktors unterschiedlich, z. B. bei Temperaturänderung oder im Störfall. Die Temperaturen in den Plutonium- und Minoren Aktiniden-Brennelementen sind weit über den erlaubten Grenztemperaturen. Dies resultiert aus der veränderten Abbrand- und Leistungsverteilung im Vergleich zum Uran beladenen Reaktor. Eine Änderung des Reaktorkonzepts zu dem vorgegebenen Referenzsystem ist daher notwendig. Mittels verschiedener Variationen wird nach Verbesserungen gesucht. Die veränderte Nuklidzusammensetzung, deren Radiotoxizitäten und die Wärmefreisetzung der abgebrannten Brennelemente werden ebenfalls analysiert. Direkt nach Brennelemententnahme sind die Radiotoxizitäten und die Nachzerfallsleistung größer als die des frischen HTR-Brennelements, während das Abklingen dieser Werte schneller erfolgt. Durch die Forderung eines Zwischenlagers wäre es möglich, die Größe des Endlagers zu reduzieren und dadurch die Gesamtkosten zu verringern. ; Only one of many different ways to produce electric power is the Light Water Reactor (LWR).This reactor produces high level long-lived and radiotoxic nuclides like Plutonium and Minore Actinides (Neptunium, Americium, Curium, .), which have to be safely isolated and controlled in a final storage over a long time. Thus, many projects worldwide concentrate on the transformation of these long-lived nuclides into short-lived nuclides by transmutation and fission processes. Here, mainly accelerator driven systems and Generation-IV-reactors, like the graphite moderated, Helium cooled High Temperature Reactor (HTR), are in focus of research. The main advantages of the HTR are the fuel structure, which allows high burnups and the inherent safety. In case of a Loss Of Cooling Accident (LOCA), the decay heat will be dissipated without any active cooling system. This passive heat transfer is high enough to stay below the upper temperature limit in the fuel. Therefore, the fuel structure stays intact and the fission products retain inside the fuel. In this thesis, the long-lived nuclides like Plutonium, Neptunium and Americium, extracted from the spent LWR fuel, will be reused in a fresh fuel element for the HTR. To achieve the aim of reducing these nuclides and their radiotoxicity, the HTR has to operate at the highest possible burnup. Therefore parameters, like e.g. the fuel temperature or the power density distribution and also the behaviour in case of an accident have to be comparable to the HTR loaded with uranium fuel. The European Union project "Plutonium and Minore Actinide Waste Management" (PuMA) is the origin for the used reference reactor geometry, the fuel structure as well as the nuclide densities in the Plutonium and Minor Actinides fuel. The reactor design of this project is almost identical to the South African reactor concept with 400 MW_th thermal power and an inner graphite column (Pebble Bed Modular Reactor PBMR-400).For comparison also the uranium filled PBMR-400 will be calculated. It will be shown that the maximal average discharge burnup for a critical, stationary system will be less than 700 MWd/kg HM in the case of the plutonium filled reactor. The behaviour of this reactor varies, e.g. in the case of an accident or in load changes, compared to the reactor loaded with uranium fuel. Due to the different fission nuclides and the higher burnups of the plutonium fuel, the power distribution is strongly different and the temperature in the kernel is far above the upper-limit temperature. Therefore, the reference reactor design has to be adapted or the nominal power has to be reduced. Many calculations are shown with a varying reactor geometry, fuel design, nominal power and load strategy. As one result, no significant influence of the core geometry on the maximal burnup is observed. Furthermore, the reduction of the long-lived nuclides, the distribution of the radiotoxicity and the decay heat in dependence of the storage time are analyzed for the spent fuel in the reference design. The radiotoxicity and the decay heat from the spent fuel direct after removal from the reactor is higher compared with nuclide vector from a not burned plutonium fuel. In the repository the decrease of these parameters is greater than from the fresh fuel. With the request for an interim storage a smaller repository with lower total costs is possible.

Der anthropogene Klimawandel gefährdet das Wohlergehen der Menschheit. Aus diesem Grund haben Politiker wiederholt das Ziel formuliert, die Erhöhung der mittleren globalen Temperatur auf weniger als 2◦C über dem vorindustriellen Wert zu begrenzen. Dazu müssen die globalen Treibhausgasemissionen nahezu vollständig vermieden werden. Da das heutige globale System zur Energienutzung auf fossilen Rohstoffen beruht, erfordert die Reduktion von Treibhausgasemissionen eine fundamentale Umgestaltung unseres Energiesystems. Diese Arbeit erforscht die ökonomischen Anforderungen und Folgen von ambitionierten Klimaschutzzielen. Sie beginnt mit einer allgemeinen Analyse der charakteristischen Dekarbonisierungsmuster des globalen Energiesystems. Diese identifiziert zwei besonders relevante Aspekte von Klimaschutzszenarien: die Nutzung von variablen erneuerbaren Energien (VRE) für Emissionsminderungen im Stromsektor, sowie die Schwierigkeit der Dekarbonisierung des Verkehrssektors. Eine vertiefende Analyse der beiden Solartechnologien Photovoltaik (PV) und solarthermische Kraftwerke (CSP) mit dem IAM REMIND bestätigt die fundamentale Rolle dieser VRE für den Stromsektor. Aufgrund der in der letzten Dekade erreichten Kostensenkung ist PV mittlerweile in Regionen mit hohem mittäglichem Strombedarf und starker Sonneneinstrahlung konkurrenzfähig zu anderen Kraftwerksneubauten. Die Abbildung der Systemintegrationskosten in REMIND hat einen deutlichen Einfluss auf den Wettbewerb zwischen PV und CSP: CSP mit thermischem Speicher und Wasserstoff-Co-Feuerung kann gesicherte Leistung bereitstellen und hat deshalb niedrigere Integrationskosten als PV, wodurch CSP bei hohen Anteilen an VRE konkurrenzfähig wird. Eine modellübergreifende Studie zum Verkehrssektor bestätigt, dass dieser nur schwach auf CO2-Preise unter 100€/t CO2 Höhe reagiert: Bis 2050 hinken relative Emissionsreduktionen im Verkehrssektor 10–30 Jahre hinter denen in anderen Sektoren her, und Flüssigtreibstoffe bleiben Hauptenergieträger. Auf längere Sicht bis 2100 stellt der Verkehrssektor jedoch kein unüberwindbares Hindernis für ambitionierte Klimaschutzziele dar: Bei höheren CO2-Preisen zeigen die Modelle deutliche Reduktionen der Verkehrsemissionen, entweder mittels Wasserstoff-Brennstoffzellen bzw. batteriebetriebene Elektromobile oder mittels Biotreibstoffen der zweiten Generation (möglicherweise mit CCS). Die abschließende Studie beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen der Strenge eines Klimaschutzziels und den damit verbundenen technischen und ökonomischen Anforderungen und Folgen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Umgestaltung des globalen Energiesystems, die zur Einhaltung des 2◦C-Zieles mit einer Zweidrittel-Wahrscheinlichkeit notwendig ist, zu moderaten ökonomischen Kosten erreichbar ist. Dieses Resultat ist abhängig von der zeitnahen Umsetzung umfassender globaler Emisssionsminderungsmaßnahmen sowie der Verfügbarkeit verschiedener Technologien, die die Marktreife noch nicht gänzlich erreicht haben. Verzögert man die Einführung starker Klimaschutzpolitik, so erhöhen sich die Kosten substantiell, was das Erreichen ambitionierter Klimaschutzziele gefährdet. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine umfassende Analyse ambitionierter Klimaschutzszenarien und ihrer ökonomischen Anforderungen und Folgen durchgeführt, wobei ein besonderer Fokus auf der Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien einerseits und Emissionsreduktionen im Verkehr andererseits lag. Auf Basis umfangreicher eigener Modellrechnungen und globaler Modellvergleiche liefert die Arbeit entscheidende Erkenntnisse und Strategien für das Erreichen ambitionierter Klimaschutzziele. ; Anthropogenic climate change is threatening the welfare of mankind. Accordingly, policy makers have repeatedly stated the goal of slowing climate change and limiting the increase of global mean temperature to less than 2 °C above pre-industrial times (the so-called "two degree target"). Stabilizing the temperature requires drastic reductions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to nearly zero. As the global system of energy supply currently relies on fossil fuels, reducing GHG emissions can only be achieved through a full-scale transformation of the energy system. This thesis investigates the economic requirements and implications of different scenarios that achieve stringent climate mitigation targets. It starts with the analysis of characteristic decarbonization patterns and identifies two particularly relevant aspects of mitigation scenarios: deployment of variable renewable energies (VRE) and decarbonization of the transport sector. After investigating these fields in detail, we turned towards one of the most relevant questions for policy makers and analyzed the trade-off between the stringency of a climate target and its economic requirements and implications. All analyses are based on the improvement, application, comparison, and discussion of large-scale IAMs. The novel "mitigation share" metric allowed us to identify the relevance of specific technology groups for mitigation and to improve our understanding of the decarbonization patterns of different energy subsectors. It turned out that the power sector is decarbonized first and reaches lowest emissions, while the transport sector is slowest to decarbonize. For the power sector, non-biomass renewable energies contribute most to emission reductions, while the transport sector strongly relies on liquid fuels and therefore requires biomass in combination with carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) to reduce emissions. An in-depth investigation of the solar power technologies photovoltaics (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) in REMIND confirms the dominant role of these variable renewable energies for the decarbonization of the power sector. Recent cost reductions have brought PV to cost-competitiveness in regions with high midday electricity demand and high solar irradiance. The representation of system integration costs in REMIND is found to have significant impact on the competition between PV and CSP in the model: the low integration requirements of CSP equipped with thermal storage and hydrogen co-firing make CSP competitive at high shares of variable renewable energies, which leads to substantial deployment of both PV and CSP in low stabilization scenarios. A cross-model study of transport sector decarbonization confirms the earlier finding that the transport sector is not very reactive to intermediate carbon price levels: Until 2050, transport decarbonization lags 10-30 years behind the decarbonization of other sectors, and liquid fuels dominate the transport sector. In the long term, however, transportation does not seem to be an insurmountable barrier to stringent climate targets: As the price signals on CO2 increase further, transport emissions can be reduced substantially - if either hydrogen fuel cells or electromobility open a route to low-carbon energy carriers, or second generation biofuels (possibly in combination with CCS) allow the use of liquid-based transport modes with low emissions. The last study takes up the fundamental question of this thesis and analyses the trade-off between the stringency of a climate target and the resulting techno-economic requirements and costs. We find that transforming the global energy-economy system to keep a two-thirds likelihood of limiting global warming to below 2 °C is achievable at moderate economic implications. This result is contingent on the near-term implementation of stringent global climate policies and full availability of several technologies that are still in the demonstration phase. Delaying stringent policies and extending the current period of fragmented and weak action will substantially increase mitigation costs, such that stringent climate targets might be pushed out of reach. Should the current weak climate policies be extended until 2030, the transitional mitigation costs for keeping the 2 °C target would increase three-fold compared to a world in which global cooperative action is decided on in 2015 and where first deep emission reductions are achieved in 2020. In case of technology limitations, the urgency of reaching a global climate agreement is even higher. In this thesis, we performed a comprehensive analysis of stringent mitigation scenarios and their economic implications, with a special focus on VRE deployment and transport decarbonization. Based on extensive modeling work and global cross-model analyses, this thesis provides crucial insights and identifies strategies for achieving stringent mitigation targets.

In recent years, the decrease of electronic components consumption has led to the development of wireless devices. An interesting application concerns Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Sensors are used in various scenarios such as intelligent monitoring systems for office, home automation, medical or military applications. Today these sensors are powered by batteries. Despite significant progress, batteries still have a limited lifetime and their replacement is often complicated. This explains the motivation to find alternative ways to power these objects. A promising method consists in harvesting energy from the ambient environment of the sensor nodes. For instance, thermal gradients, mechanical vibrations, light or electromagnetic waves could serve such a purpose. This thesis has been funded by PRACOM and has been held in this context. The thesis aim is to contribute to the development of innovative solutions to design self-powered sensor networks particularly by exploiting the energy of Radio Frequency (RF) waves. These sensors are located in ambient environment, i.e. an environment for which the RF power densities are not controlled and generally low. First of all, different sources and energy harvesting techniques have been investigated. This study helps to position the RF energy harvesting to other systems such as the mechanical, thermal, chemical, photovoltaic energy. After having demonstrated the added value of harvesting energy over a wide frequency band, a statistical study has been conducted to evaluate the RF power density in urban environment and countryside. The sensor environment involves choices for the chosen architecture, such as the addition of an energy storage cell or the use of a dc-dc converter. Several multi-band RF harvesters have been designed and tested in various environments. They show the feasibility of powering small sensors. The issue of autonomous sensors worn by the person is also addressed. The study highlights how the presence of the human body has an impact on RF harvester performance. Several solutions are proposed such as the improvement of the impedance matching network or the use of a high impedance surface. ; Les réseaux de capteurs sans fil (WSN: Wireless Sensor Network), l'Internet des objets (IOT), profitent des progrès récents en terme de consommation énergétique pour concevoir des entités de contrôle intelligentes. Les batteries ou piles ont permis le développement de ces systèmes en les rendant autonomes. Néanmoins, cette méthode d'alimentation est inadaptée pour les applications modernes. Une solution alternative pour alimenter ces capteurs est d'utiliser l'énergie disponible dans leur environnement, comme par exemple les gradients thermiques, les vibrations mécaniques, ou encore les ondes lumineuses ou Radio-Fréquences. C'est dans ce contexte que s'est déroulé ce travail de thèse financé par PRACOM. Cette thèse propose de contribuer au developpement de solutions innovantes visant à rendre autonome en énergie un réseau de capteurs en exploitant notamment l'énergie des ondes Radio-Fréquences (RF). Ces capteurs sont placés en environnement ambiant, c'est-à-dire dans un environnement pour lequel les densités de puissances incidentes ne sont pas maîtrisées et sont généralement faibles. Tout d'abord différentes sources et techniques de récupération d'énergie ont été étudiées comme l'énergie mécanique, thermique, chimique et celle des ondes lumineuses et Radio-Fréquences. Cette étude a permis de positionner les systèmes de récupération d'énergie des ondes Radio Fréquences par rapport aux autres systèmes. Après avoir démontré l'intérêt de collecter l'énergie sur une large bande de fréquence, une étude statistique a été menée sur l'évaluation de la densité de puissance RF présente dans un environnement urbain et à la campagne. L'environnement du capteur implique des choix pour l'architecture choisie, comme par exemple l'ajout de cellule de stockage d'énergie ou encore l'utilisation d'un convertisseur dc-dc. Plusieurs récupérateurs d'énergie RF multibandes ont été conçus et testés dans divers environnements. Ceux-ci montrent la faisabilité d'alimenter des petits capteurs en extérieur. La problématique des capteurs autonomes en énergie portés par la personne est également abordée. Il s'agit de voir comment la présence du corps humain a un retentissement sur les performances du système de récupération d'énergie RF. Plusieurs solutions sont proposées comme l'amélioration du réseau d'adaptation d'impédances du récupérateur d'énergie RF, ou encore l'utilisation d'une surface à hautes impédances.