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What is capital? Despite centuries of debate, there is no clear answer to this question – and for a good reason. Capital is a polemic term. The way we define it attests our theoretical biases, ideological disposition, view of politics, class consciousness, social position, and more. Is capital the same as machines, or is it merely a financial asset? Is it a material article or a social process? Is it a static substance or a dynamic entity? The form of capital, its existence as monetary wealth, is hardly in doubt. The problem is with the content, the stuff that makes capital grow – and on this issue there is no agreement whatsoever. For example, does capital accumulate because it is productive, or due to the exploitation of workers? Does capital expand from within capitalism, or does it need non-capitalist institutions like the state and other 'external' forces? Is accumulation synonymous with economic growth, or can capital expand by damaging production and undermining efficiency? What exactly is being accumulated? Does the value of capital represent utility, abstract labour – or perhaps something totally different, such as power or force? What units should we use to measure its accumulation? Surprisingly, these questions remain unanswered; in fact, with the victory of liberalism, most of them are no longer being asked. But the silence cannot last for long. As crisis and social strife intensify, the questions are bound to resurface. The accumulation of capital is the central process of capitalism, and unless we can clarify what that process means, we'll remain unable to understand our world, let alone change it. The seminar has two related goals: substantive and pedagogical. The substantive purpose is to tackle the question of capital head on. The course explores a spectrum of liberal and Marxist theories, ideologies and dogmas – as well as a radical alternative to these views. The argument is developed theoretically, historically and empirically. The first part of the seminar provides a critical overview of political economy, examining its historical emergence, triumph and eventual demise. The second part deals with the two 'materialistic' schools of capital – the liberal theory of utility and the Marxist theory of labour time – dissecting their structure, strengths and limitations. The third part brings power back in: it analyses the relation between accumulation and sabotage, studies the institutions of the corporation and the state and introduces a new framework – the capitalist mode of power. The final part offers an alternative approach – the theory of capital as power – and illustrates how this approach can shed light on conflict-ridden processes such as corporate merger, stagflation, imperialism and the new wars of the twenty-first century. Pedagogically, the seminar seeks to prepare students toward conducting their own independent research. Students are introduced to various electronic data sources, instructed in different methods of analysis and tutored in developing their empirical research skills. As the seminar progresses, these skills are used both to assess various theories and to develop the students' own theoretical/empirical research projects.

Sharing ASEAN is a regular publication of the Center for International Relations and Strategic Studies (CIRSS) of the Foreign Service Institute. It contains updates on ASEAN's progress and provides information on the benefits, contribution, and participation of the Philippines in ASEAN. Sharing ASEAN promotes bringing ASEAN closer to the people to realize a people centered Community.

Peer Reviewed ; This paper has benefited from helpful comments made by anonymous referees and by the participants of European Policy on Intellectual Property Conference (Munich, 2003), Association Française de Science Economique Congress (2003), Conference in Honour of Zvi Griliches (Paris, 2003). Economic theory views patents as policy instruments aimed at fostering innovation and diffusion. Three major implications are drawn regarding current policy debates. First, patents may not be the most effective means of protection for inventors to recover R&D investments when imitation is costly and first mover advantages are important. Second, patentability requirements, such as novelty or non-obviousness, should be sufficiently stringent to avoid the grant of patents for inventions with low social value that increase the social cost of the patent system. Third, the trade-off between the patent policy instruments of length and breadth could be used to provide sufficient incentives to develop inventions with high social value. Beyond these three implications, economic theory also pleads for a mechanism design approach: an optimal patent system could be based on a menu of different degrees of patent protection where stronger protection would involve higher fees, allowing self-selection by inventors.

The economic corridor approach was adopted by the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) countries in 1998 to help accelerate subregional development. The development of economic corridors links production, trade, and infrastructure within a specific geographic area. The review of these corridors was conducted to take into account the opening up of Myanmar and ensure that there is a close match between corridor routes and trade flows; GMS capitals and major urban centers are connected to each other; and the corridors are linked with maritime gateways. The review came up with recommendations for possible extension and/or realignment of the corridors, and adoption of a classification system for corridor development. The GMS Ministers endorsed the recommendations of the study at the 21st GMS Ministerial Conference in Thailand in 2016.

As they generally say for football, currently the process of up upgrading customs union between Turkey and the European Union (EU) is not only about upgrading customs union. Although the initial motive was rather technical and economic, currently upgrading the customs union is either being regarded as a panacea that would take the Turkey-EU relations out of the current impasse they are in or suspension of which is thought as a punishment for Turkey that moves away from EU norms and values.

El motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus tiene como objetivo hacer los procesos de declaración de nulidad del matrimonio más ágiles y accesibles para los fieles. El Papa Francisco, apoyado en la fenomenología actual de la familia, fruto del iter sinodal de 2014, busca poner en práctica principios que ya estaban presentes en la eclesiología del concilio Vaticano II y que habían sido legislados en el código de 1983, tales como, la investigación pre-judicial; la posibilidad del juez único; la mayor cooperación de los laicos en el munus iudicialis del Obispo; la mayor cercanía de la justicia eclesiástica a los fieles; los criterios cuidadosos de discernimiento a fin de concederle mayor valor probatorio a las declaraciones de las partes y de los testigos; la suficiencia de una sola sentencia para que esta sea ejecutiva; el redescubrimiento de la Sede Metropolitana para eventuales apelaciones; pero principal y fundamentalmente, el redescubrimiento del Obispo como juez de los fieles que se le han encomendado. Los principios esenciales de dicha reforma encuentran su origen en las prácticas de la Iglesia naciente y en la conciencia que los Apóstoles y Obispos fueron teniendo de que la potestas sacra lleva consigo la misión de hacer justicia entre los fieles. La tesis analiza el ejercicio judicial de algunos Padres Apostólicos, los testimonios de la Didachè, la Didaskalia Apostolorum, la Episcopalis Audientia, el sínodo de los Obispos, así como la importancia que fue adquiriendo en el medioevo para el munus iudicialis de los Obispos, las decretales de los Papas y las colecciones canónicas, el decreto de Graciano, el Corpus Iuris Canonici y los concilios de Trento y Vaticano I, hasta llegar al primer código de 1917. A partir de la investigación ofrezco una exégesis de los cánones 1671-1691, teniendo como espectro de mirada al Obispo-juez, que junto con su vicario judicial, tienen la responsabilidad de implementar o direccionar el funcionamiento del Tribunal eclesiástico desarrollando los procesos de manera ágil y breve, para que aparezca con claridad la misericordia de la Iglesia para con los pobres, particularmente, aquellos que han fracasado en su unión matrimonial, pero que también tienen necesidad de la salus animarum. ; The motu proprio Mitis Iudex Dominus Iesus aims to make the processes of declaration of nullity of marriage more agile and accessible for the faithful. Pope Francis, supported by the current phenomenology of the family, fruit of the synodal iter of 2014, which seeks to put into practice principles that were already present in the ecclesiology of the second Vatican council and that had been legislated in the 1983 code, such as, the pre-judicial investigation; the possibility of the single judge; the greater cooperation of the laity in the munus iudicialis of the Bishop; the greater closeness of ecclesiastical justice to the faithful; thecareful criteria of discernment in order to grant greater probative value to the statements of the parties and witnesses; the sufficiency of a single sentence so that it is enforceable; the rediscovery of the Metropolitan Headquarters for eventual appeals; but principally and fundamentally, the rediscovery of the Bishop as judge of the faithful entrusted to him. The essential principles of this reform find their origin in the practices of the nascent Church and in the awareness that the Apostles and Bishops were having of the potetas sacra, they have the mission of doing justice among the faithful. The thesis analyzes the judicial exercise of some Apostolic Preachers, the testimonies of the Didachè, the Didaskalia Apostolorum, the Episcopalis Audientia, the synod of the Bishops, as well as the importance that was acquired in the middle ages for the munus iudicialis of the Bishops, the decretals of the Popes and the canonical collections, the decree of Gratian, the Corpus Iuris Canonici and the councils of Trent and Vatican I, until the first one code of 1917. From the investigation I offer an exegesis of the canons 1671-1691, taking as a spectrum of view the Bishop-judge, that together with his judicial vicar, has the responsibility to implement or direct the operation of the ecclesiastical court developing processes in an agile manner and brief, so that the mercy of the church to the poor appears with clarity, particularly, those who have failed in their marriage union, but who also need the salus animarum.

Fil: Montanari, Laura. Università Degli Studi di Udine (Uniud IT). Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche. Cátedra Diritto Pubblico Comparato. Udine, Italia ; La cátedra Jean Monnet es una cátedra universitaria otorgada por la Comisión Europea en el marco de su plan de acción. Tienen como objetivo reforzar la docencia y la investigación sobre la integración europea en las universidades, tanto de los Estados miembros como de terceros países. Su nombre hace honor a quien fuera un político francés que, como asesor de Robert Schuman, contribuyó decisivamente a poner los cimientos de las entonces Comunidades Europeas. -- La primera etapa de esta publicación concluyó en el año 2018, comenzó una segunda época en el año 2019 con el nombre Revista "Integración Regional y Derechos Humanos"

Economically, Australia has benefitted significantly from China's post-Cold War rise. Australian trade statistics underline how deep this commercial relationship has become. In 2016-17, China accounted for over a quarter of total Australian merchandise trade, close to a third of total merchandise exports, and over four-fifths of Australian exports of iron ore. In fact, Australia's trade with China was more than one and a half times larger than Australia's trade with the US and Japan combined.

The Philippine Journal of Development (PJD) is a professional journal published by the Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS). It accepts papers that examine key issues in development and have strong relevance to policy development. As a multidisciplinary social science journal, it accepts papers in the fields of economics, political science, public administration, sociology, and other related disciplines.